{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-20","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 20","translated":"Chapter 20"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-20","lines":254},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-19","next":null,"license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h20-s1","source":"'t Was avend.","translation":"It was evening.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of Was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking subject to avend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Was","gloss":"evening"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h20-s2","source":"Tine zat te lezen in de binnengalery, en Havelaar teekende een borduurpatroon.","translation":"Tine sat reading in the inner gallery, and Havelaar was sketching an embroidery pattern.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tine zat te lezen in de binnengalery","title":"'zitten te' + infinitive (progressive)","body":"'Zat te lezen' = 'sat reading / was reading': a posture verb ('zitten') + 'te' + infinitive expresses an ongoing action, one of Dutch's ways to render the English continuous. 'Teekende' is the weak past of 'teekenen' (to draw)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zat","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnengalery","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnengalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnengalery","lemma":"binnengalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"inner gallery"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of teekende","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"teekende","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb coordinated with zat","gloss":"sketched"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of borduurpatroon","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"borduurpatroon","lemma":"borduurpatroon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of teekende","gloss":"embroidery pattern"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h20-s3","source":"Kleine Max tooverde een legprent in elkaar, en maakte zich driftig omdat hy niet vinden kon: \"het rooie lyf van die mevrouw.\" --Zou 't nu zóó goed wezen, Tine? vroeg Havelaar.","translation":"Little Max was conjuring a jigsaw picture together, and grew cross because he could not find \"the red body of that lady.\" --Would it be just right like this, Tine? asked Havelaar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"maakte zich driftig omdat hy niet vinden kon","title":"Reflexive 'zich driftig maken' + 'omdat'","body":"'Zich driftig maken' ('to get cross/worked up') is reflexive. 'Omdat' ('because') is a subordinating conjunction that sends its verb cluster 'vinden kon' to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"tooverde een legprent in elkaar","title":"Separable 'in elkaar tooveren'","body":"'In elkaar' splits off to the end of the clause as the separable element of the verb ('to conjure together / piece together'). 'Tooverde' is the weak past of 'tooveren' (period spelling of 'toveren')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zou 't nu zóó goed wezen","title":"Conditional 'zou' softening a question","body":"'Zou 't … wezen?' = 'would it be …?': the conditional 'zou' (with archaic 'wezen') softens the question into a tentative request for an opinion. ''t' is the clitic dummy 'het'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of tooverde and maakte","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"tooverde","lemma":"toveren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"conjured"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of legprent","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"legprent","lemma":"legprent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of tooverde","gloss":"jigsaw picture"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in elkaar","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"elkaar","lemma":"elkaar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"part of the idiom in elkaar","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with tooverde","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"driftig","lemma":"driftig","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of maakte","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vinden","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vinden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vinden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vinden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lyf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rooie","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies lyf","gloss":"red","note":"Colloquial inflected form of rood."},{"surface":"lyf","lemma":"lijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mevrouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mevrouw","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"Zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed wezen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h20-s4","source":"Kyk, ik heb dien palm wat grooter gemaakt ... 't is nu juist the line of beauty van Hogarth, niet waar?","translation":"Look, I have made that palm-frond a little bigger ... now it is exactly Hogarth's the line of beauty, is it not?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Kyk","lemma":"kijken","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative introducing the statement","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gemaakt","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of palm","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"palm","lemma":"palm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"palm-frond"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies grooter","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"object complement of gemaakt","gloss":"bigger"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject to line","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the predicate phrase","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"the","lemma":"the","morphology":"English determiner","role":"determiner of line","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"line","lemma":"line","morphology":"English noun, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"English preposition","role":"preposition marking beauty","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"beauty","lemma":"beauty","morphology":"English noun, singular","role":"object of of","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hogarth","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Hogarth","lemma":"Hogarth","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Hogarth"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate of the tag question niet waar","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h20-s5","source":"--Ja, Max! Maar die vetergaten staan te dicht op elkander.","translation":"--Yes, Max! But those lace-holes are set too close together.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die vetergaten staan te dicht op elkander","title":"Degree adverb 'te dicht'","body":"'Te dicht' = 'too close': here 'te' is the degree adverb 'too' (not the infinitive marker), with 'dicht' ('close'). 'Op elkander' ('on one another') is the older form of 'op elkaar'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"standalone answer","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of staan","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vetergaten","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"vetergaten","lemma":"vetergat","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"lace-holes"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are set"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of dicht","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"dicht","lemma":"dicht","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of staan","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom dicht op elkander","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkaar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of op","gloss":"each other"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h20-s6","source":"--Zoo?","translation":"--Are they?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical question meaning “like that?”","gloss":"like that"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h20-s7","source":"En die anderen strooken dan?","translation":"And those other scallops, then?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this elliptical question to the preceding speech","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of strooken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected, plural","role":"modifies strooken","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"strooken","lemma":"strook","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"head of the elliptical question","gloss":"scallops"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds contrast to the elliptical question","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h20-s8","source":"Max, laat me je broekjen eens zien!","translation":"Max, let me see your little trousers a moment!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"laat me je broekjen eens zien","title":"Causative 'laten' + bare infinitive","body":"'Laat … zien' = 'let (me) see / show': 'laten' is the causative/permissive auxiliary taking a bare infinitive 'zien'. 'Broekjen' is the diminutive of 'broek' ('little trousers'), in the older -jen spelling for -je."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"broekjen","title":"Diminutive -jen / -je","body":"'Broekjen' adds the diminutive suffix to 'broek', making it small and dear ('little trousers') — and, like all diminutives, grammatically neuter (het broekje). The -jen ending is the 1860 spelling of modern -je."}],"words":[{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of zien governed by laat","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of broekjen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"broekjen","lemma":"broekje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"little trousers"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"softens the imperative laat","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laat","gloss":"see"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h20-s9","source":"Ei, heb je die strook aan?","translation":"Ah, have you got that border on?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ei","lemma":"ei","morphology":"interjection","role":"expresses surprise","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of strook","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"strook","lemma":"strook","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"border"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"completes aanhebben with heb","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h20-s10","source":"Ach, ik weet nog waar je die geborduurd hebt, Tine!","translation":"Why, I still remember where you embroidered it, Tine!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik weet nog waar je die geborduurd hebt","title":"Indirect question + present perfect","body":"'Waar … geborduurd hebt' is an indirect question, verb-final, with the present perfect 'hebt geborduurd' ('embroidered'). 'Die' here is a stressed object pronoun pointing back to the border ('it')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ach","lemma":"ach","morphology":"interjection","role":"expresses sudden recollection","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb governing the subordinate clause","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the subordinate clause of geborduurd","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geborduurd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of geborduurd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"geborduurd","lemma":"borduren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"embroidered"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geborduurd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h20-s11","source":"--Ik niet. Waar dan?","translation":"--I don't. Where, then?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of the elliptical response","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the omitted verb weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"head of the elliptical question","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Waar","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h20-s12","source":"--'t Was in den Haag, toen Max ziek was en we zoo geschrokken waren omdat de dokter zei dat hy een zoo ongewoon gevormd hoofd had, en dat er zooveel zorg vereischt werd om aandrang naar de hersenen te voorkomen, juist in die dagen was je bezig aan die strook.","translation":"--It was at The Hague, when Max was ill and we were so frightened because the doctor said he had so unusually a shaped head, and that great care was needed to prevent a rush of blood to the brain — it was just in those days that you were busy with that border.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen Max ziek was en we zoo geschrokken waren","title":"'toen' + verb-final past clauses","body":"'Toen' ('when', of a single past event) is subordinating, sending 'was' and 'waren geschrokken' to the end. 'Waren geschrokken' is the pluperfect of 'schrikken' ('to be startled'), which takes 'zijn'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er zooveel zorg vereischt werd om aandrang … te voorkomen","title":"'er' + passive + purpose 'om … te'","body":"'Er … vereischt werd' is an impersonal worden-passive with placeholder 'er' ('so much care was needed'). 'Om … te voorkomen' supplies the purpose ('in order to prevent')."}],"words":[{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Was","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the opening clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place phrase in den Haag","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of Haag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Haag","lemma":"Haag","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Hague"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"ziek","lemma":"ziek","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Max and ziek","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses of was and waren","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geschrokken","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschrokken","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"geschrokken","lemma":"schrikken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main predicate with waren","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geschrokken","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zei","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dokter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dokter","lemma":"dokter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ongewoon","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ongewoon","lemma":"ongewoon","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevormd","gloss":"unusually"},{"surface":"gevormd","lemma":"vormen","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies hoofd","gloss":"shaped"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first reported clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two reported clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of werd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in the passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of zorg","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"vereischt","lemma":"vereisen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"required"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vereischt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"aandrang","lemma":"aandrang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorkomen","gloss":"rush"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hersenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hersenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hersenen","lemma":"hersenen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of naar","gloss":"brain"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks the infinitive voorkomen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of vereischt werd","gloss":"prevent"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the time phrase in die dagen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dagen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking je and bezig","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bezig","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"bezig","lemma":"bezig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"busy"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking strook","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of strook","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"strook","lemma":"strook","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bezig","gloss":"border"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h20-s13","source":"Tine stond op, en kuste den kleine.","translation":"Tine stood up, and kissed the little one.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kuste den kleine","title":"Nominalised adjective + dative 'den'","body":"'Den kleine' = 'the little one': an adjective used as a noun ('the small [child]'), with the old masculine accusative 'den'. 'Kuste' is the weak past of 'kussen' ('to kiss')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"completes opstaan with stond","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kuste","lemma":"kussen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with stond","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of substantivized kleine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"direct object of kuste","gloss":"little one"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h20-s14","source":"--Ik hèb haar buik, ik hèb haar buik! riep 't kind vroolyk, en de rooie mevrouw was kompleet. --Wie hoort daar een tontong slaan? vroeg de moeder.","translation":"--I've got her belly, I've got her belly! cried the child gleefully, and the red lady was complete. --Who is that I hear striking a tontong? asked the mother.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik hèb haar buik","title":"Emphatic present 'hèb'","body":"'Hèb' (with grave accent for stress) is the 1st-person present of 'hebben' ('I have/I've got'). The child's triumphant repetition shows the bare stem-based present tense in lively speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hèb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hèb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular, emphatic","role":"main verb of the quoted exclamation","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of buik","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"buik","lemma":"buik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hèb","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of the second hèb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hèb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular, emphatic","role":"main verb of the repeated exclamation","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of buik","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"buik","lemma":"buik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of the second hèb","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"speech-reporting verb","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"vroolyk","lemma":"vrolijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies riep","gloss":"gleefully"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mevrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rooie","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective, inflected, colloquial form","role":"modifies mevrouw","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to kompleet","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"kompleet","lemma":"compleet","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of hoort","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"hoort","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying slaan","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tontong","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tontong","lemma":"tontong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of slaan","gloss":"tontong"},{"surface":"slaan","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare-infinitive complement of hoort","gloss":"being struck"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h20-s15","source":"--Ik, zei kleine Max. --En wat beduidt dat?","translation":"--I am, said little Max. --And what does that mean?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"elliptical answer and subject of omitted hoor","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of beduidt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"beduidt","lemma":"beduiden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of beduidt","gloss":"that"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h20-s16","source":"--Bedtyd! Maar ... ik heb nog niet gegeten.","translation":"--Bedtime! But ... I haven't had any supper yet.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Bedtyd","lemma":"bedtijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical exclamation","gloss":"Bedtime"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gegeten","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gegeten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms the time expression nog niet","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegeten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gegeten","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with heb","gloss":"eaten"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h20-s17","source":"--Eerst kryg je eten, dat spreekt vanzelf.","translation":"--First you'll get something to eat, that goes without saying.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Eerst kryg je eten, dat spreekt vanzelf","title":"Fronted 'eerst' + inversion; idiom","body":"Fronting 'eerst' ('first') forces verb-second: 'kryg je' (verb before subject 'je'). 'Dat spreekt vanzelf' is the fixed idiom 'that goes without saying'. 'Kryg' is period spelling of 'krijg'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kryg","gloss":"First"},{"surface":"kryg","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kryg","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"eten","lemma":"eten","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass","role":"direct object of kryg","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of spreekt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the idiom spreekt vanzelf","gloss":"for itself"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h20-s18","source":"En ze stond op, en gaf hem zyn eenvoudig maal dat ze uit een goed gesloten kast in haar kamer scheen gehaald te hebben, want men had het knippen van vele sloten gehoord.","translation":"And she rose, and gave him his plain little meal, which she seemed to have fetched from a well-locked cupboard in her room, for one had heard the snapping of many locks.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ze uit een goed gesloten kast … scheen gehaald te hebben","title":"'schijnen' + perfect te-infinitive","body":"'Scheen … gehaald te hebben' = 'seemed to have fetched': 'schijnen' governs a perfect 'te'-infinitive ('te hebben gehaald'). 'Goed gesloten' is a participle ('well-locked') modifying 'kast'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want men had het knippen van vele sloten gehoord","title":"Impersonal 'men' + perfect","body":"'Men' is the impersonal pronoun 'one/people'. 'Had … gehoord' is the pluperfect; 'het knippen' nominalises the verb ('the snapping'). 'Want' ('for') coordinates without sending the verb to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stond","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stond and gaf","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"completes opstaan with stond","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with stond","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of maal","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies maal","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"maal","lemma":"maal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"meal"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, accusative","role":"direct object of gehaald","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kast","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kast","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesloten","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"gesloten","lemma":"sluiten","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies kast","gloss":"locked"},{"surface":"kast","lemma":"kast","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gehaald","gloss":"cupboard"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kamer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kamer","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"gehaald","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb governed by scheen","gloss":"fetched"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks perfect infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gehaald","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nominalized knippen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"knippen","lemma":"knippen","morphology":"noun, neuter, verbal noun","role":"direct object of gehoord","gloss":"snapping"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sloten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of sloten","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"sloten","lemma":"slot","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"locks"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h20-s19","source":"--Wat geef je 'm daar? vroeg Havelaar.","translation":"--What are you giving him there? asked Havelaar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of geef","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geef","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"'m","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of geef","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geef","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h20-s20","source":"--O wees gerust, Max: 't is beschuit uit een blik van Batavia!","translation":"--Oh, set your mind at rest, Max: it is rusk from a tin out of Batavia!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wees gerust, Max","title":"Imperative 'wees'","body":"'Wees gerust' = 'set your mind at rest / don't worry': 'wees' is the irregular imperative of 'zijn' ('be'). The bare-form command directs reassurance to Max."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the reassurance","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"wees","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"copula linking implied subject and gerust","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"gerust","lemma":"gerust","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of wees","gloss":"at ease"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het and beschuit","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"beschuit","lemma":"beschuit","morphology":"noun, common gender, mass","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"rusk"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking blik","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of blik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"tin"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Batavia"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h20-s21","source":"En ook de suiker is altyd achter slot geweest.","translation":"And the sugar too has always been kept under lock and key.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de suiker is altyd achter slot geweest","title":"Perfect 'is geweest' of a state","body":"'Is … geweest' is the present perfect of 'zijn' ('has been'). 'Achter slot' = 'under lock and key' (literally 'behind a lock'), an idiom for kept safely locked away."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geweest","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses de suiker","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of suiker","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is geweest","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the idiom achter slot","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"slot","lemma":"slot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of achter","gloss":"lock"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h20-s22","source":"Havelaars gedachten keerden terug naar 't punt waarop ze waren afgebroken.","translation":"Havelaar's thoughts turned back to the point at which they had been broken off.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"keerden terug naar 't punt waarop ze waren afgebroken","title":"Separable 'terugkeeren' + relative 'waarop'","body":"'Keerden terug' separates the prefix of 'terugkeeren' ('to return'). 'Waarop ze waren afgebroken' = 'at which they had been broken off': 'waarop' is the pronominal-adverb relative, with pluperfect 'waren afgebroken'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive, singular","role":"possessor of gedachten","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of keerden","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"keerden","lemma":"keren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"completes terugkeren with keerden","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking punt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of punt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"punt","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of keerden","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause and modifies afgebroken","gloss":"at which"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of waren afgebroken","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of afgebroken","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"afgebroken","lemma":"afbreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on punt","gloss":"broken off"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h20-s23","source":"--Weet je wel, ging hy voort, dat wy de rekening van dien dokter nog niet betaald hebben ... o, dat is zeer hard?","translation":"--Do you realize, he went on, that we have still not paid that doctor's bill ... oh, that is very hard?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ging hy voort","title":"Separable 'voortgaan'; inversion","body":"'Ging … voort' is the separable 'voortgaan' ('to continue / go on'), the prefix 'voort' splitting to the end. Inversion ('ging hy') marks the inserted speech tag."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat wy de rekening … nog niet betaald hebben","title":"'nog niet' + present perfect in 'dat'-clause","body":"'Nog niet … betaald hebben' = 'have still not paid': 'nog niet' is 'not yet'. The 'dat'-clause is verb-final, so the present perfect 'hebben betaald' clusters at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of quoted question","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb reinforcing Weet","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of ging ... voort","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of betaald","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of betaald hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rekening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rekening","lemma":"rekening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of betaald","gloss":"bill"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dokter","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflected","role":"determiner of dokter","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dokter","lemma":"dokter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies rekening","gloss":"doctor"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betaald hebben","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betaald","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"betaald","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by hebben","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of betaald","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing the final exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat to hard","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hard","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"hard","lemma":"hard","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"hard"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h20-s24","source":"--Lieve Max, we leven hier zoo spaarzaam, weldra zullen wy alles kunnen afdoen!","translation":"--Dear Max, we live so frugally here that before long we shall be able to settle everything!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"weldra zullen wy alles kunnen afdoen","title":"Future 'zullen' + modal + separable infinitive","body":"'Zullen … kunnen afdoen' = 'shall be able to settle': 'zullen' (future) over 'kunnen' (modal) over separable 'afdoen', all infinitives stacked at the end. Fronted 'weldra' ('before long') triggers inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"vocative modifier of Max","gloss":"Dear"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leven","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spaarzaam","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"spaarzaam","lemma":"spaarzaam","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"frugally"},{"surface":"weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afdoen","gloss":"before long"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of afdoen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of afdoen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of afdoen","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of zullen; governs afdoen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"afdoen","lemma":"afdoen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kunnen","gloss":"settle"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h20-s25","source":"Bovendien, je zult wel spoedig resident worden, en dan is alles geregeld in weinig tyds.","translation":"Besides, you are sure to be made resident soon, and then everything will be put right in no time.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je zult wel spoedig resident worden","title":"Future with 'zullen' + modal particle 'wel'","body":"'Zult … worden' is the future ('will become'). The little particle 'wel' here softens into a confident prediction ('you're sure to become'). 'Resident worden' = 'to be made/become resident'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies worden","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of worden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of worden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal adverb expressing confidence","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies worden","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zult","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is geregeld","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking alles to geregeld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"geregeld","lemma":"regelen","morphology":"past participial adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time expression in weinig tijds","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifying adjective","role":"modifies tijds","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"tyds","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, archaic genitive","role":"object of in","gloss":"time","note":"Tyds is an old genitive form and spelling of tijd, used in the phrase in weinig tijds."}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h20-s26","source":"--Dat is nu juist een zaak die me verdrietig maakt, zei Havelaar.","translation":"--That is just the very thing that grieves me, said Havelaar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s26.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to zaak","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying juist","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses een zaak","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object made verdrietig by maakt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"verdrietig","lemma":"verdrietig","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of maakt","gloss":"sad"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying zaak","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb for the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h20-s27","source":"Ik zou zoo heel ongaarne Lebak verlaten ... dit zal ik je uitleggen.","translation":"I should so very reluctantly leave Lebak ... let me explain this to you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zou zoo heel ongaarne Lebak verlaten","title":"Conditional 'zou' + archaic 'ongaarne'","body":"'Zou … verlaten' is the conditional ('I should/would leave'). 'Ongaarne' ('unwillingly, reluctantly') is the older negated form of 'gaarne' (gladly), now literary; modern Dutch says 'niet graag'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verlaten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying heel","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ongaarne","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ongaarne","lemma":"ongaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verlaten","gloss":"reluctantly"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of uitleggen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitleggen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of uitleggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of uitleggen","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"uitleggen","lemma":"uitleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"explain"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h20-s28","source":"Geloof je niet dat we nog meer van onzen Max hielden na zyn ziekte?","translation":"Don't you think we loved our Max all the more after his illness?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Geloof je niet dat we nog meer van onzen Max hielden na zyn ziekte?","title":"Comparative 'meer'; dative 'onzen'","body":"'Meer … van … hielden' uses 'meer' (comparative of 'veel') with 'houden van' ('to love'). 'Onzen Max' shows the old masculine accusative possessive ending -en ('our Max'). 'Hielden' is the strong past of 'houden'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Geloof","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Geloof","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hielden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hielden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meer","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying hielden","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of hielden (houden van)","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onzen","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflected","role":"possessive determiner of Max","gloss":"our","note":"Onzen is an archaically inflected form of ons."},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"hielden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the dat-clause; combines with van","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ziekte","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ziekte","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ziekte","lemma":"ziekte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of hielden","gloss":"illness"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h20-s29","source":"Nu, zóó ook zal ik dat arme Lebak liefhebben na de genezing van den kanker waaraan 't lydt sedert zooveel jaren. De gedachte aan bevordering doet me schrikken: ik kan hier niet gemist worden, Tine!","translation":"Well, just so I shall love that poor Lebak too, once the cancer it has suffered from for so many years is cured. The thought of promotion makes me shudder: I cannot be spared here, Tine!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de genezing van den kanker waaraan 't lydt","title":"Relative 'waaraan' + fixed 'lijden aan'","body":"'Waaraan 't lydt' = 'which it suffers from': 'waaraan' is the pronominal-adverb relative ('aan welke'), because 'lijden aan' ('to suffer from') takes the preposition 'aan'. 'Den kanker' carries the old accusative -den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik kan hier niet gemist worden","title":"Modal + passive infinitive","body":"'Kan … niet gemist worden' = 'cannot be spared': the modal 'kan' governs the passive infinitive 'gemist worden' ('to be spared/dispensed with'). 'Missen' here means 'to do without'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the comparison","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb referring to the preceding comparison","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liefhebben","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of liefhebben","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liefhebben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lebak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Lebak","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of liefhebben","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"liefhebben","lemma":"liefhebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genezing","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of genezing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"genezing","lemma":"genezing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of liefhebben","gloss":"healing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement kanker of genezing","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflected","role":"determiner of kanker","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kanker","lemma":"kanker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"cancer"},{"surface":"waaraan","lemma":"waaraan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of lydt; refers to kanker","gloss":"from which"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, elided","role":"subject of lydt","gloss":"it","note":"'t is the unstressed elided form of het."},{"surface":"lydt","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying kanker","gloss":"suffers"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces duration phrase sedert zooveel jaren","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of jaren","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of sedert; duration of lydt","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedachte","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"gedachte","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevordering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bevordering","lemma":"bevordering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan; modifies gedachte","gloss":"promotion"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of causative doet","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"schrikken","lemma":"schrikken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of causative doet","gloss":"shudder"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive gemist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemist","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemist","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gemist","lemma":"missen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive construction","gloss":"missed"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h20-s30","source":"En toch, aan den anderen kant, als ik weer bedenk dat we schulden hebben ...","translation":"And yet, on the other hand, when I remember again that we are in debt ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik weer bedenk dat we schulden hebben","title":"'als' + 'dat': stacked subordinate clauses","body":"'Als' ('when/if') sends 'bedenk' to the end of its clause, and the embedded 'dat'-clause sends 'hebben' to the end of its own. Two subordinators, two verb-final clauses nested."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates with the preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive discourse adverb","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces idiom aan den anderen kant","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflected","role":"determiner of kant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kant","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bedenk","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bedenk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedenk","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"bedenk","lemma":"bedenken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of subordinate als-clause","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hebben","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"schulden","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"debts"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"clausal complement of bedenk","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h20-s31","source":"--Alles zal wel goed gaan, Max! Al moest je nu van hier, dan kan je later Lebak helpen als je Gouverneur-generaal bent.","translation":"--All will turn out well, Max! Even if you had to leave here now, you could still help Lebak later, when you are Governor-General.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Al moest je nu van hier, dan kan je later Lebak helpen","title":"Concessive 'al' + resumptive 'dan'","body":"'Al moest je …' = 'even if you had to …': 'al' + a finite verb (here past-tense 'moest' for hypothetical force) makes a concession, resumed by 'dan' in the main clause, which inverts ('kan je')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als je Gouverneur-generaal bent","title":"'als' + present for future","body":"'Als je … bent' ('when you are') uses the present tense for a future condition — Dutch routinely lets the present cover the future inside an 'als'-clause. The verb 'bent' goes to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of gaan","gloss":"Everything"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gaan","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal adverb expressing confidence","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaan","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"with moest, introduces concessive clause","gloss":"Even if"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"verb of concessive clause; omitted motion infinitive understood","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moest","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source phrase van hier","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of van; source complement of moest","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies helpen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of helpen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of helpen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies helpen","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of helpen","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"helpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of bent","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of bent","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h20-s32","source":"Daar kwamen woeste strepen in Havelaars borduurpatroon! Er was toorn in dat bloemsel, die vetergaten werden hoekig, scherp, ze beten elkaar ...","translation":"Then wild strokes came into Havelaar's embroidery pattern! There was wrath in that foliage, the lace-holes turned angular, sharp, they bit at one another ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar kwamen woeste strepen in Havelaars borduurpatroon","title":"Fronted 'daar' + inversion","body":"Fronting 'daar' ('there/then') puts the verb 'kwamen' before its subject 'woeste strepen' (verb-second). The plural verb 'kwamen' agrees with the plural subject 'strepen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er was toorn in dat bloemsel","title":"Existential 'er was'","body":"'Er was toorn' = 'there was wrath': existential 'er' + 'was' introduces something into the scene. 'Bloemsel' is a rare collective for 'flowerwork/foliage' in the embroidery design."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwamen","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"kwamen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"woeste","lemma":"woest","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies strepen","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"strepen","lemma":"streep","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of kwamen","gloss":"strokes"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination phrase in Havelaars borduurpatroon","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of borduurpatroon","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"borduurpatroon","lemma":"borduurpatroon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"embroidery pattern"},{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"expletive introducing toorn","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"toorn","lemma":"toorn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"wrath"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bloemsel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bloemsel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bloemsel","lemma":"bloemsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"foliage"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of vetergaten","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"vetergaten","lemma":"vetergat","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of werden","gloss":"lace-holes"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking vetergaten to hoekig and scherp","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"hoekig","lemma":"hoekig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of werden","gloss":"angular"},{"surface":"scherp","lemma":"scherp","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with hoekig","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"beten","lemma":"bijten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"bit"},{"surface":"elkaar","lemma":"elkaar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"reciprocal direct object of beten","gloss":"one another"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h20-s33","source":"Tine begreep dat ze iets miszegd had.","translation":"Tine understood that she had said something amiss.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tine begreep dat ze iets miszegd had","title":"Pluperfect of separable 'miszeggen'","body":"'Miszegd had' is the pluperfect of 'miszeggen' ('to misspeak / say something amiss'); in the 'dat'-clause the verb 'had' goes to the end after its participle. 'Begreep' is the strong past of 'begrijpen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of miszegd had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of miszegd had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of miszegd","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"miszegd","lemma":"miszeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"said amiss"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of miszegd","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h20-s34","source":"--Lieve Max ... begon ze vriendelyk.","translation":"--Dear Max ... she began gently.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s34.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"vocative modifier of Max","gloss":"Dear"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"vriendelyk","lemma":"vriendelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begon","gloss":"gently","note":"Vriendelyk is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern vriendelijk."}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h20-s35","source":"--Vervloekt!","translation":"--Damnation!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s35.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vervloekt","lemma":"vervloeken","morphology":"past participle used as an interjection","role":"standalone exclamation","gloss":"Damnation"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h20-s36","source":"Wil je die stumperts zóó lang laten hongeren?","translation":"Would you have those poor wretches go hungry that long?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wil je die stumperts zóó lang laten hongeren?","title":"'willen' + causative 'laten' + infinitive","body":"'Wil je … laten hongeren?' = 'would you have … go hungry?': modal 'willen' governs causative 'laten', which itself takes a bare infinitive 'hongeren'. 'Stumperts' (period plural of 'stumper') are 'poor wretches'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb governing laten","gloss":"Would"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Wil","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stumperts","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"stumperts","lemma":"stumperd","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of laten and understood subject of hongeren","gloss":"poor wretches"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying lang","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hongeren","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of Wil","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"hongeren","lemma":"hongeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"go hungry"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h20-s37","source":"Kan jy leven van zand?","translation":"Can you live on sand?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Kan jy leven van zand?","title":"Modal 'kan' + infinitive; archaic 'jy'","body":"'Kan jy leven?' = 'can you live?': modal 'kan' sends the main verb 'leven' to the end. 'Jy' is the period spelling of 'jij' ('you'). 'Leven van' ('to live on') takes 'van'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal verb governing leven","gloss":"Can"},{"surface":"jy","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by Kan","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zand","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zand","lemma":"zand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; complement of leven","gloss":"sand"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h20-s38","source":"--Lieve Max!","translation":"--Dear Max!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s38.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"vocative modifier of Max","gloss":"Dear"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h20-s39","source":"Maar hy sprong op. Er werd niet meer geteekend, dien avend.","translation":"But he sprang up. There was no more sketching that evening.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar hy sprong op","title":"Separable 'opspringen'","body":"'Sprong … op' separates the prefix of 'opspringen' ('to spring up'): finite verb 'sprong' (strong past of 'springen') in second position, prefix 'op' at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er werd niet meer geteekend, dien avend","title":"Impersonal passive with 'er'","body":"'Er werd … geteekend' is an impersonal worden-passive with no real subject ('there was … sketching / no one sketched'). 'Niet meer' = 'no more/no longer'. 'Dien avend' shows the old accusative -den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sprong","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sprong","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sprong","lemma":"springen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle of sprong ... op","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"expletive in impersonal passive","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geteekend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geteekend","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"with niet, means no longer","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"geteekend","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in impersonal passive","gloss":"sketched"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflected","role":"determiner of avend","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"adverbial time expression modifying geteekend","gloss":"evening"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h20-s40","source":"Hy ging toornig op-en-neer in de binnengalery, en eindelyk sprak hy op een toon die ruw en hard zou geklonken hebben aan iederen vreemde, doch door Tine heel anders werd opgevat:","translation":"He paced angrily up and down the inner gallery, and at last he spoke in a tone that would have sounded rough and harsh to any stranger, but which Tine took in quite differently:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou geklonken hebben","title":"Conditional perfect","body":"zou + the perfect infinitive geklonken hebben builds a counterfactual: it 'would have sounded.' The zou-conditional pairs here with a perfect to project a hypothetical past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op-en-neer","title":"Separable directional","body":"op-en-neer ('up and down') functions as a separable directional element trailing the verb ging, the typical Dutch pattern of putting motion adverbs after the finite verb in the middle field."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"werd opgevat","title":"Worden-passive, separable verb","body":"werd opgevat is a process passive of separable opvatten ('to take/construe'): the imperfect of worden plus the participle, here 'was taken/construed.' Note the participle keeps the separable prefix op-."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"binnengalery","title":"Inner gallery (Indies house)","body":"The binnengalerij is the covered inner veranda of a colonial Indies house — a recurring domestic setting in the novel. Spelled with period y for ij."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iederen vreemde","title":"Case-remnant -en ending","body":"The adjective/determiner ending -en in iederen vreemde ('to any stranger') is a frozen masculine accusative/dative remnant, standard in 1860 written Dutch after a preposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with sprak","gloss":"paced"},{"surface":"toornig","lemma":"toornig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"angrily"},{"surface":"op-en-neer","lemma":"op en neer","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"directional complement of ging","gloss":"up and down"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnengalery","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of binnengalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnengalery","lemma":"binnengalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"inner gallery"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links ging and sprak","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with ging","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toon","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of toon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou hebben geklonken and patient of werd opgevat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ruw","lemma":"ruw","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of geklonken","gloss":"rough"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links ruw and hard","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hard","lemma":"hard","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated with ruw","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of hebben geklonken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"geklonken","lemma":"klinken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on toon","gloss":"sounded"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geklonken","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iederen vreemde","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"iederen","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected singular","role":"determiner of vreemde","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"vreemde","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"substantivized adjective, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"contrasts the two relative-clause predicates","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the agent Tine","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"agent of opgevat","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies anders","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgevat","gloss":"differently"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgevat","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"opgevat","lemma":"opvatten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated predicate in relative clause on toon","gloss":"taken"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h20-s41","source":"--Vervloekt die lauwheid, die schandelyke lauwheid!","translation":"--Curse this lukewarmness, this shameful lukewarmness!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"lauwheid","title":"Lukewarmness","body":"lauwheid ('lukewarmness, half-heartedness') is built from lauw ('tepid') plus the abstract suffix -heid. Havelaar curses the bureaucracy's moral indifference."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vervloekt","lemma":"vervloeken","morphology":"verb, past participle used optatively","role":"optative predicate of die lauwheid","gloss":"Curse"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of lauwheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"lauwheid","lemma":"lauwheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of optative Vervloekt","gloss":"lukewarmness"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of lauwheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"schandelyke","lemma":"schandelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies lauwheid","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"lauwheid","lemma":"lauwheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to the first lauwheid","gloss":"lukewarmness"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h20-s42","source":"Daar zit ik nu sedert een maand te wachten op recht, en intusschen wordt er vreeselyk geleden door dat arme volk.","translation":"Here I sit a whole month now, waiting on justice, and in the meantime that poor people suffers dreadfully.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zit ik ... te wachten","title":"zitten te + infinitive (progressive)","body":"zitten/staan/liggen + te + infinitive is the Dutch way of marking an action in progress: zit ik te wachten = 'I sit waiting / I am waiting.' The posture verb carries the literal sense of how the subject waits."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wordt er ... geleden","title":"Impersonal passive with er","body":"wordt er vreeselyk geleden ('there is dreadful suffering') is a subjectless worden-passive; the dummy er fills the subject slot for an intransitive verb that has no object to promote."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"intusschen","title":"Meanwhile (period spelling)","body":"intusschen ('meanwhile') shows the 1860 sch- where modern Dutch writes intussen. The sch cluster was later simplified to s before a consonant in many words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of zit","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"zit","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zit","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zit te wachten","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking een maand","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of maand","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"maand","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of sedert","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces wachten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verbal complement of zit","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"intusschen","lemma":"intussen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wordt geleden","gloss":"in the meantime"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geleden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in the impersonal passive","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vreeselyk","lemma":"vreselijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleden","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the impersonal passive","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the experiencer dat arme volk","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of volk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies volk","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h20-s43","source":"De Regent schynt er op te rekenen dat niemand hem aandurft!","translation":"The Regent seems to be counting on it that no one dares to face him!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schynt er op te rekenen","title":"Pronominal adverb er...op","body":"rekenen op ('to count on') splits into the pronominal adverb er...op when the object is a clause; erop te rekenen dat... = 'to count on it that...' Here er and op are separated across the verb cluster."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"aandurft","title":"aandurven — dare to face","body":"aandurven ('to dare to take on / face up to') is a separable verb; niemand hem aandurft = 'no one dares to challenge him.' The prefix aan- adds the sense of confronting."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schynt","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement er ... op of rekenen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"prepositional part of er ... op rekenen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces rekenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rekenen","lemma":"rekenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of schynt","gloss":"be counting"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of rekenen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of aandurft","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of aandurft","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aandurft","lemma":"aandurven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"dares to face"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h20-s44","source":"Zie ... Hy ging in zyn kantoor, en kwam terug met een brief in de hand, een brief die voor me ligt, lezer!","translation":"Look ... He went into his office, and came back with a letter in his hand, a letter that lies before me, reader!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ging ... en kwam terug","title":"Strong past + separable verb","body":"ging (from gaan) and kwam (from komen) are strong imperfects with vowel change; terugkomen is separable, so terug splits off after the verb: kwam terug ('came back')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een brief die voor me ligt","title":"Relative die for a de-word","body":"brief is a de-word, so the relative pronoun is die: een brief die voor me ligt ('a letter that lies before me'). The relative clause is verb-final, with ligt at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"standalone imperative","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ging and kwam","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with kwam","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kantoor","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of kantoor","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kantoor","lemma":"kantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links ging and kwam","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with ging","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of kwam ... terug","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking een brief","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking de hand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to the first brief","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on brief","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h20-s45","source":"--Zie, in dezen brief durft hy me voorstellen doen over de soort van arbeid dien hy wil laten verrichten door de menschen die hy onwettig heeft opgeroepen. Is dit niet de onbeschaamdheid te vèr gedreven?","translation":"--Look, in this letter he dares to make me proposals about the sort of labour he wants performed by the people he has unlawfully summoned. Is this not carrying impudence too far?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wil laten verrichten","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"laten + infinitive means 'to have something done by someone': wil laten verrichten = 'wants to have performed.' Note the stack of three verbs at the end — modal wil, causative laten, main verrichten."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den arbeid dien hy wil","title":"Relative dien (case remnant)","body":"dien is the masculine accusative form of the relative die, a period feature: de soort van arbeid dien hy wil... Modern Dutch would use uninflected die here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"heeft opgeroepen","title":"Present perfect, separable verb","body":"heeft opgeroepen ('has summoned') is the perfect of separable oproepen; in the participle the ge- infix sits inside, opgeroepen, and the whole form goes to clause end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"onbeschaamdheid","title":"Effrontery","body":"onbeschaamdheid ('impudence, effrontery') = on- (un-) + beschaamd ('ashamed') + -heid: literally 'shamelessness.' Havelaar's rhetorical climax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"standalone imperative","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dezen brief","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, inflected singular","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"durft","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of durft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, singular","role":"indirect object of doen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"voorstellen","lemma":"voorstel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"proposals"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of durft","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking de soort","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arbeid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verrichten","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on arbeid","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"verrichten","lemma":"verrichten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"performed"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the agent de menschen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of opgeroepen","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heeft opgeroepen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"onwettig","lemma":"onwettig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgeroepen","gloss":"unlawfully"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of opgeroepen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"opgeroepen","lemma":"oproepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on menschen","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links dit to onbeschaamdheid","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of onbeschaamdheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onbeschaamdheid","lemma":"onbeschaamdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"impudence"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies vèr","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"vèr","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"result complement of gedreven","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"gedreven","lemma":"drijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of onbeschaamdheid","gloss":"carried"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h20-s46","source":"En weet je wie dat zyn?","translation":"And do you know who those people are?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"weet je wie dat zyn","title":"Embedded question, verb-final","body":"wie dat zyn is an indirect question functioning as object of weet; the interrogative wie introduces it and the verb zyn lands at the end. The relative/interrogative dat after wie is a period flavoring."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects the question to the preceding speech","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural reference","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"those people"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h20-s47","source":"Dat zyn vrouwen met kleine kinderen, met zuigelingen, zwangere vrouwen die van Parang-Koedjang zyn gedreven naar de hoofdplaats om voor hèm te werken! Mannen zyn er niet meer!","translation":"They are women with little children, with infants at the breast, pregnant women who have been driven from Parang-Koedjang to the chief town to work for him! There are no men left!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ... zyn gedreven naar de hoofdplaats","title":"Perfect passive with zijn","body":"zyn gedreven ('have been driven') is the perfect passive: zijn + past participle, with the worden dropped. The relative die opens a verb-final clause closing on the participle gedreven."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Mannen zyn er niet meer","title":"Existential er","body":"er niet meer ('no longer any') uses existential er to assert (non-)existence: Mannen zyn er niet meer = 'There are no men left.' The fronted Mannen triggers verb-second inversion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zuigelingen","title":"Infants at the breast","body":"zuigeling ('suckling, nursing infant') comes from zuigen ('to suck'). The image of pregnant women and nursing mothers driven to forced labour sharpens the indictment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural reference","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"links Dat to vrouwen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kinderen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kinderen","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zuigelingen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zuigelingen","lemma":"zuigeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"nursing infants"},{"surface":"zwangere","lemma":"zwanger","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vrouwen","gloss":"pregnant"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition to the first vrouwen","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject and patient of zyn gedreven","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Parang-Koedjang","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"passive auxiliary, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gedreven","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"gedreven","lemma":"drijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on vrouwen","gloss":"driven"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdplaats","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"purpose-clause marker","role":"introduces om ... te werken","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hèm","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hèm","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, singular, emphatic","role":"object of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces werken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"werken","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of purpose clause","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"Mannen","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"Men"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative-presentational complement of zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zyn","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with niet to mean no longer","gloss":"longer"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h20-s48","source":"En ze hebben niets te eten, en ze slapen op den weg, en eten zand!","translation":"And they have nothing to eat, and they sleep on the road, and they eat sand!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze hebben niets te eten","title":"Negative word niets","body":"niets ('nothing') is a single negative carrying the whole clause's negation — no double negative is added. hebben niets te eten = 'have nothing to eat,' with the te-infinitive as complement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op den weg","title":"Dative remnant den","body":"op den weg ('on the road') keeps the old masculine dative article den after the preposition op — a frozen case form normal in 1860 print, leveled to de today."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the preceding speech","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces eten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"eten","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival modifier of niets","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links hebben and slapen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of slapen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"slapen","lemma":"slapen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb coordinated with hebben","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, inflected","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links slapen and eten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eten","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb coordinated with slapen","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"zand","lemma":"zand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of eten","gloss":"sand"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h20-s49","source":"Kan jy zand eten?","translation":"Can you eat sand?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Kan jy zand eten?","title":"Yes/no question with modal","body":"A yes/no question fronts the finite verb: modal Kan first, subject jy, and the main verb eten at the end as a bare infinitive. Period spelling jy for jij."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"jy","title":"Pronoun jy (period spelling)","body":"jy is the 1860 spelling of jij ('you,' familiar singular). Havelaar shifts to intimate jij/je with Tine — and rhetorically with the reader — versus the formal gij of the official letters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of eten","gloss":"Can"},{"surface":"jy","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of eten","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zand","lemma":"zand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of eten","gloss":"sand"},{"surface":"eten","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"eat"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h20-s50","source":"Moeten ze zand eten tot ik Gouverneur-generaal ben?","translation":"Must they eat sand until I am Governor-General?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Moeten ze zand eten tot ik ... ben?","title":"Modal question + subordinate tot","body":"Modal Moeten heads the question and sends eten to the end as a bare infinitive; the conjunction tot ('until') opens a subordinate clause that is verb-final, ending on ben."}],"words":[{"surface":"Moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of eten","gloss":"Must"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of eten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zand","lemma":"zand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of eten","gloss":"sand"},{"surface":"eten","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links ik to Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"am"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h20-s51","source":"Vervloekt!","translation":"Damnation!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Vervloekt","lemma":"vervloeken","morphology":"verb, past participle used as an exclamation","role":"standalone exclamation","gloss":"Damnation"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h20-s52","source":"Tine wist zeer goed op wien Max eigenlyk boos was, als hy zoo sprak tot haar die hy zoo liefhad.","translation":"Tine knew very well with whom Max was truly angry, when he spoke this way to her whom he loved so dearly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"op wien Max ... boos was","title":"Pied-piped relative wien","body":"op wien ('with whom') uses the dative relative wien for a person after a preposition, a formal/period construction; modern Dutch prefers op wie. The whole is an embedded clause governed by wist."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die hy zoo liefhad","title":"Relative die + separable liefhebben","body":"haar die hy zoo liefhad ('her whom he loved so'): relative die opens a verb-final clause; liefhebben is separable, and in this subordinate clause the parts reunite as liefhad at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by boos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, oblique","role":"object of op","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies boos was","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"boos","lemma":"boos","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links Max to boos","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the als-clause","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, singular","role":"object of tot and antecedent of die","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of liefhad","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of liefhad","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies liefhad","gloss":"so dearly"},{"surface":"liefhad","lemma":"liefhebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on haar","gloss":"loved"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h20-s53","source":"--En, ging Havelaar voort, dat loopt alles ter myner verantwoording!","translation":"--And, Havelaar went on, it all falls to my responsibility!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ging Havelaar voort","title":"Separable voortgaan, inverted","body":"voortgaan ('to go on, continue') is separable; in this inserted speech tag the verb ging precedes the subject (V2 inversion after the fronted clause) and the prefix voort lands at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ter myner verantwoording","title":"Frozen genitive ter ... -er","body":"ter (= te + der) plus the genitive-flavored myner verantwoording is a fossilized inflected phrase ('to my account/responsibility'), typical of solemn 1860 register."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"continues Havelaar's speech","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb with voort","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of ging ... voort","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of loopt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"loopt","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"quantifies dat","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition, contracted with article","role":"preposition marking verantwoording","gloss":"to","note":"Ter is the contraction of te + der in this fixed expression."},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, archaic genitive","role":"possessive modifier of verantwoording","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verantwoording","lemma":"verantwoording","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of ter","gloss":"responsibility"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h20-s54","source":"Als er op dit oogenblik van die arme wezens ronddwalen daar buiten ... als zy 't schynsel zien van onze lampen, zullen zy zeggen: \"daar woont de ellendeling die ons beschermen zou! Daar zit hy rustig by vrouw en kind, en teekent borduurpatroontjes, en wy liggen hier als boschhonden op den weg verhongeren met onze kinderen!\" Ja, ik hoor het wel, ik hoor het wel, dat roepen om wraak over myn hoofd!","translation":"If at this very moment any of those poor creatures are wandering about out there ... if they see the glow of our lamps, they will say: \"there lives the wretch who was supposed to protect us! There he sits snug with wife and child, sketching little embroidery patterns, while we lie out here like wild dogs on the road, starving with our children!\" Yes, I hear it well, I hear it well, that cry for vengeance upon my head!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als er ... ronddwalen ... zullen zy zeggen","title":"Conditional sentence with als + zullen","body":"An als ('if') clause states the condition (verb-final ronddwalen) and the main clause uses zullen + infinitive for the consequence: zullen zy zeggen = 'they will say.' Fronting the als-clause forces V2 inversion in the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ons beschermen zou","title":"Relative + conditional zou","body":"die ons beschermen zou ('who was supposed to protect us') is a relative clause with zou expressing an expectation/obligation that went unmet — the conditional softening into 'was meant to.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"borduurpatroontjes","title":"Diminutive -tje + plural","body":"borduurpatroontjes = borduur- (embroider) + patroon (pattern) + diminutive -tje + plural -s. The diminutive drips with self-contempt here — trivial busywork while people starve."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"boschhonden","title":"Wild dogs (compound, period sch)","body":"boschhonden ('forest/wild dogs') compounds bosch (period spelling of bos, 'forest') + honden ('dogs'). The double-h at the seam and the sch are both 1860 features."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ronddwalen","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing the indefinite subject","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the partitive phrase van die arme wezens","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wezens","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wezens","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"wezens","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"partitive subject of ronddwalen","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"ronddwalen","lemma":"ronddwalen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"are wandering"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies buiten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ronddwalen with daar","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zien","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zien","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schynsel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schynsel","lemma":"schijnsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"glow"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lampen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of lampen","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"lampen","lemma":"lamp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"lamps"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zullen","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies woont","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"woont","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ellendeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ellendeling","lemma":"ellendeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of woont","gloss":"wretch"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zou beschermen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of beschermen","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"beschermen","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"protect"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary in relative clause on ellendeling","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of zit","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"zit","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zit","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"rustig","lemma":"rustig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zit","gloss":"peacefully"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouw en kind","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with vrouw","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"teekent","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with zit","gloss":"sketches"},{"surface":"borduurpatroontjes","lemma":"borduurpatroontje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of teekent","gloss":"embroidery patterns"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links contrasting clauses","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of liggen and verhongeren","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated with zit","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liggen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with boschhonden","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"boschhonden","lemma":"boshond","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of comparative als","gloss":"wild dogs"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"verhongeren","lemma":"verhongeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"progressive infinitive governed by liggen","gloss":"starving"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kinderen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kinderen","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoor","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoor","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hoor","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoor","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoor","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoor","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parallel clause to hoor","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hoor","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoor","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of roepen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"infinitive used as a noun","role":"appositional direct object of hoor","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wraak","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"wraak","lemma":"wraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of roepen","gloss":"vengeance"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"head"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h20-s55","source":"Hier, Max, hier!","translation":"Here, Max, here!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s55.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"repetition of Hier","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h20-s56","source":"En hy kuste zyn kind met een wildheid die 't verschrikte. --Myn kind, als men je zeggen zal dat ik een ellendeling ben die geen moed had om recht te doen ... dat er zooveel moeders zyn gestorven door myn schuld ... als men je zeggen zal dat het verzuim van je vader den zegen wegstal van je hoofd ... o Max, o Max, getuig dan wat ik leed!","translation":"And he kissed his child with a wildness that frightened it. --My child, if they should tell you that I was a wretch who lacked the courage to do what was right ... that so many mothers died through my fault ... if they should tell you that your father's neglect stole the blessing from off your head ... oh Max, oh Max, then bear witness to what I suffered!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als men je zeggen zal","title":"Indefinite men + future","body":"men ('one/they') is the impersonal subject; als men je zeggen zal ('if they tell you') is a verb-final als-clause with the future zal pushed to the end with the infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zooveel moeders zyn gestorven","title":"Perfect with zijn (motion/change)","body":"sterven ('to die') takes zijn, not hebben, in the perfect because it marks a change of state: zyn gestorven = 'have died.' The participle gestorven is strong."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"getuig dan","title":"Imperative getuig","body":"getuig ('bear witness!') is a bare-stem imperative addressed to his child. Dutch forms commands from the verb stem with no ending and no subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kuste","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of kuste","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kuste","lemma":"kussen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of kuste","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wildheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wildheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wildheid","lemma":"wildheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of kuste","gloss":"wildness"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verschrikte, referring to wildheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of verschrikte, referring to kind","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"verschrikte","lemma":"verschrikken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on wildheid","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zeggen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, indirect object","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the conditional clause, governed by zal","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ellendeling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ellendeling","lemma":"ellendeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"wretch"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking ik to ellendeling","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of had","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moed","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on ellendeling","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause om ... te doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moed","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gestorven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing moeders","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of moeders","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"moeders","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn gestorven","gloss":"mothers"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schuld","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of schuld","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zeggen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, indirect object","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the conditional clause, governed by zal","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verzuim","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzuim","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verzuim","lemma":"verzuim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wegstal","gloss":"neglect"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vader","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van, modifying verzuim","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of zegen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zegen","lemma":"zegen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wegstal","gloss":"blessing"},{"surface":"wegstal","lemma":"wegstelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"stole away"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces vocative Max","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated interjection introducing Max","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"getuig","lemma":"getuigen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"bear witness"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb answering als","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of leed and complement of getuig","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leed","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"leed","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"suffered"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h20-s57","source":"En hy berstte in tranen uit, die Tine afkuste.","translation":"And he burst into tears, which Tine kissed away.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"berstte ... uit","title":"Separable uitbarsten","body":"uitbarsten ('to burst out') is separable; in this past-tense main clause the prefix uit lands at the end: berstte ... uit ('burst into [tears]'). Period spelling berstte for barstte."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die Tine afkuste","title":"Relative die + separable afkussen","body":"tranen ... die Tine afkuste ('tears, which Tine kissed away'): the de-word antecedent tranen takes relative die, and separable afkussen reunites as afkuste in this verb-final clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of berstte","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of berstte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"berstte","lemma":"barsten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burst"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in tranen uitbarsten","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"tranen","lemma":"traan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of berstte ... uit","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of afkuste, referring to tranen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of afkuste","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"afkuste","lemma":"afkussen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on tranen","gloss":"kissed away"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h20-s58","source":"Zy bracht daarop kleinen Max naar zyn bedjen--een stroomat--en toen ze terugkwam, vond ze Havelaar in gesprek met Verbrugge en Duclari die zoo-even waren binnen getreden.","translation":"She then took little Max to his bed — a straw mat — and when she returned, she found Havelaar in conversation with Verbrugge and Duclari, who had come in just a moment before.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen ze terugkwam","title":"toen-clause, verb-final","body":"toen ('when,' past) opens a subordinate clause that is verb-final: toen ze terugkwam ('when she came back'), with separable terugkomen reunited. toen is the past counterpart of als/wanneer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"kleinen Max","title":"Adjective case ending -en","body":"kleinen Max keeps the old masculine accusative -en on the adjective ('little Max,' as direct object). In modern Dutch this would simply be kleine Max."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"bedjen","title":"Diminutive bedje","body":"bedjen (modern bedje) is the diminutive of bed ('bed'), with the period -en spelling of the suffix. Diminutives are always het-words and carry an affectionate note here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of bracht","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bracht","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little","note":"Kleinen is an older inflected form of kleine before a masculine personal name."},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedjen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of bedjen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bedjen","lemma":"bedje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"bed","note":"Bedjen is an older spelling of the diminutive bedje."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stroomat","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stroomat","lemma":"stromat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to bedjen","gloss":"straw mat"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of terugkwam","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of terugkwam","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"terugkwam","lemma":"terugkomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on vond","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with bracht","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gesprek","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vond","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Verbrugge","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of met","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Verbrugge","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of waren getreden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren getreden","gloss":"just before"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of getreden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of binnen treden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"getreden","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on Verbrugge en Duclari","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h20-s59","source":"Het gesprek liep over de verwachte beslissing van de Regeering.","translation":"The talk ran on the decision expected from the Government.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"liep over","title":"lopen over — to be about","body":"Here lopen over means 'to be about / turn on a subject': het gesprek liep over... = 'the talk ran on / concerned...' A figurative use of the verb 'to walk/run.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de verwachte beslissing","title":"Participle as attributive adjective","body":"verwachte ('expected') is a past participle used attributively before a noun, and so takes the adjectival -e: de verwachte beslissing ('the expected decision')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gesprek","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of liep","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"liep","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beslissing","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beslissing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verwachte","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies beslissing","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"beslissing","lemma":"beslissing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Government"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h20-s60","source":"--Ik begryp zeer goed dat de resident in een moeielyken toestand is, zei Duclari.","translation":"--I quite understand that the resident is in a difficult position, said Duclari.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik begryp ... dat de resident ... is","title":"dat-clause, verb-final","body":"The conjunction dat opens an object clause that is verb-final: dat de resident in een moeielyken toestand is ('that the resident is in a difficult position'), with is at the very end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"moeielyken toestand","title":"Adjective -en after een","body":"moeielyken ('difficult') carries the masculine accusative/dative -en after the preposition in een ... toestand — a period inflection now reduced to moeilijke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begryp","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"begryp","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begryp","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of begryp","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toestand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeielyken","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"moeielyken","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies toestand","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"toestand","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb governing the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Duclari"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h20-s61","source":"Hy kan 't Gouvernement niet aanraden gevolg te geven aan uw voorstellen, want dan zou er te veel aan den dag komen.","translation":"He cannot advise the Government to act on your proposals, for then too much would come to light.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kan 't Gouvernement niet aanraden ... te geven","title":"Modal + te-infinitive complement","body":"Modal kan governs the bare infinitive aanraden ('advise'), which in turn takes a te-infinitive object gevolg te geven aan ('to act on'). Watch the layered infinitive cluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want dan zou er ... komen","title":"want + conditional zou with er","body":"want ('for, because') is coordinating, so its clause keeps main-clause order: dan zou er te veel aan den dag komen. zou marks the hypothetical, and er supports the idiom aan den dag komen ('come to light')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aanraden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of aanraden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of aanraden","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanraden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aanraden","lemma":"aanraden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"advise"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of aanraden","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorstellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of voorstellen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"voorstellen","lemma":"voorstel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of geven","gloss":"proposals"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of komen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with komen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom aan den dag komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan in idiom aan den dag komen","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h20-s62","source":"Ik ben reeds lang in 't Bantamsche, en weet er veel van, meer nog dan uzelf, m'nheer Havelaar!","translation":"I have been long in the Bantam country already, and I know a good deal about it, more even than you yourself, Mr. Havelaar!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"reeds lang in 't Bantamsche","title":"Substantivized region name","body":"'t Bantamsche ('the Bantam country') is an adjective made a neuter noun for a region — the area of Bantam. The het-article plus -sche is a period regional naming pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"meer ... dan uzelf","title":"Comparative with dan","body":"meer ... dan uzelf ('more ... than you yourself') is a comparative: meer is the irregular comparative of veel, and dan introduces the standard of comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben and weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantamsche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Bantamsche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bantamsche","lemma":"Bantams","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Bantam country"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"combines with van: about it","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"combines with er: about it","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative pronoun","role":"elliptical direct object of weet","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meer","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with uzelf","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"uzelf","lemma":"uzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"object of comparison after dan","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to m'nheer","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h20-s63","source":"Ik was reeds als onderofficier in deze streken, en dan komt men zaken te weten die de inlander zoo niet durft zeggen aan de ambtenaren.","translation":"I was already here as a non-commissioned officer, and then one comes to learn of things the native does not dare to tell the officials.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"komt men zaken te weten","title":"te weten komen — to find out","body":"te weten komen is a fixed expression ('to come to learn, find out'); komt men ... te weten = 'one comes to learn.' Inversion puts komt before the impersonal subject men."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die de inlander zoo niet durft zeggen","title":"Relative die, verb-final cluster","body":"zaken die de inlander ... niet durft zeggen ('things the native does not dare to say'): relative die opens a verb-final clause where modal-like durft and the infinitive zeggen close it out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks role underofficier","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"onderofficier","lemma":"onderofficier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"non-commissioned officer"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking streken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of streken","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of komt","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inlander","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inlander","lemma":"inlander","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of durft","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet zeggen","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"durft","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on zaken","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of durft","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambtenaren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ambtenaren","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"officials"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h20-s64","source":"Maar als nu na een openlyk onderzoek dat alles aan den dag komt, zal de Gouverneur-generaal den resident ter verantwoording roepen, en hem afvragen hoe 't komt dat hy in twee jaren niet ontdekt heeft, wat u terstond in 't oog is gevallen?","translation":"But if now, after an open inquiry, all that comes to light, the Governor-General will call the resident to account, and ask him how it is that in two years he has discovered nothing of what struck your eye at once?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zal de Gouverneur-generaal ... roepen, en ... afvragen","title":"Future zullen across two infinitives","body":"A fronted als-clause triggers V2 inversion (zal before the subject), and zal carries two coordinated infinitives at the end: roepen ... en afvragen ('will call ... and ask')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat u terstond in 't oog is gevallen","title":"Relative wat + perfect with zijn","body":"wat ('what / that which') is the relative for an indefinite/neuter antecedent; in 't oog vallen ('to catch the eye') forms its perfect with zijn: is gevallen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe 't komt dat hy ... niet ontdekt heeft","title":"Embedded question + dat-clause","body":"hoe 't komt dat... ('how it is that...') nests an indirect question inside, with the dat-clause verb-final on the perfect ontdekt heeft."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links to preceding discourse","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of komt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderzoek","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"openlyk","lemma":"openlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies onderzoek","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom aan den dag komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan in idiom aan den dag komen","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of roepen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of roepen","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of roepen","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and determiner","role":"part of idiom ter verantwoording roepen","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"verantwoording","lemma":"verantwoording","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of ter in idiom ter verantwoording roepen","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of afvragen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"afvragen","lemma":"afvragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive with roepen","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with komt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of afvragen","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ontdekt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontdekt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"time adjunct of ontdekt","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontdekt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ontdekt","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of subordinate clause","gloss":"discovered"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontdekt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is gevallen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer with in het oog vallen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is gevallen","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in het oog vallen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in in idiom in het oog vallen","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevallen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of relative clause","gloss":"fallen"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h20-s65","source":"Hy moet dus natuurlyk trachten zoodanig onderzoek te verkomen ...","translation":"So naturally he must try to forestall any such inquiry ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"moet ... trachten ... te verkomen","title":"Modal moeten + te-infinitive","body":"Modal moet governs trachten ('to attempt'), which itself takes a te-infinitive: trachten ... te verkomen ('try to forestall'). verkomen is an archaic/period-literary synonym of voorkomen (both 'to forestall, prevent') but morphologically distinct: ver- + komen, not voor- + komen — not a spelling variant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dus natuurlyk","title":"Inferential dus","body":"dus ('so, therefore') draws a conclusion and, as a sentence adverb here, triggers V2 inversion: Hy moet dus ... trachten. (As a coordinator dus would not invert.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trachten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of trachten","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trachten","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trachten","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"trachten","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies onderzoek","gloss":"such an"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verkomen","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verkomen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verkomen","lemma":"verkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of trachten","gloss":"forestall","note":"Verkomen is an archaic verb meaning “to forestall or prevent.”"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h20-s66","source":"--Ik heb dit ingezien, antwoordde Havelaar, en, wakker gemaakt door zyn poging om den Adhipatti te bewegen iets tegen my intebrengen--hetgeen schynt aantetoonen dat hy beproeven wil de kwestie te verleggen, door by-voorbeeld my te beschuldigen van ... ik weet niet wat--heb ik me hiertegen gedekt door afschriften van myn brieven rechtstreeks aan de Regeering te zenden.","translation":"--I have seen this, Havelaar replied, and, roused by his attempt to move the Adhipatti to bring something against me — which seems to show that he means to try to shift the question by accusing me, for instance, of ... I know not what — I have guarded myself against this by sending copies of my letters straight to the Government.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wakker gemaakt door zyn poging","title":"Passive participle phrase + agent door","body":"wakker gemaakt door... ('roused by...') is a reduced passive participle clause; the agent is marked by door, the standard passive 'by.' wakker maken ('to wake/rouse') is separable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den Adhipatti te bewegen iets tegen my intebrengen","title":"te-infinitive + bare infinitive cluster","body":"bewegen ('to move/induce someone') takes a te-infinitive, and inbrengen ('to bring in / lodge') follows. intebrengen is the period joined spelling of in te brengen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb ik me ... gedekt","title":"Reflexive zich dekken, perfect","body":"zich dekken ('to guard/cover oneself') is reflexive; me is the 1st-person reflexive. The perfect heb ... gedekt brackets the clause, with the participle at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ingezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of ingezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ingezien","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ingezien","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of quoted clause","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"replied"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links ingezien to heb gedekt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wakker","lemma":"wakker","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of gemaakt","gloss":"awake"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial modifier of ik","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking poging","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of poging","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"poging","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"attempt"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive conjunction","role":"introduces infinitival complement","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewegen","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bewegen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewegen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying poging","gloss":"induce"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of intebrengen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"intebrengen","lemma":"inbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of bewegen","gloss":"bring forward"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of schynt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"aantetoonen","lemma":"aantonen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of schynt","gloss":"to show","note":"Historical spelling fuses aan te toonen into one written form."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beproeven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beproeven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"beproeven","lemma":"beproeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kwestie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kwestie","lemma":"kwestie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verleggen","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verleggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verleggen","lemma":"verleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of beproeven","gloss":"shift"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"subordinating preposition","role":"introduces manner clause with beschuldigen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"by-voorbeeld","lemma":"bijvoorbeeld","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beschuldigen","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of beschuldigen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beschuldigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschuldigen","lemma":"beschuldigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of door","gloss":"accuse"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing accusation","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"clausal object of weet","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedekt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedekt","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of gedekt","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"hiertegen","lemma":"hiertegen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedekt","gloss":"against this"},{"surface":"gedekt","lemma":"dekken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of second coordinated clause","gloss":"protected"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"subordinating preposition","role":"introduces manner clause with zenden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"afschriften","lemma":"afschrift","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zenden","gloss":"copies"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brieven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of brieven","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"rechtstreeks","lemma":"rechtstreeks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zenden","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zenden","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zenden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zenden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of door","gloss":"send"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h20-s67","source":"In een daarvan komt het verzoek voor, ter verantwoording te worden geroepen wanneer er misschien mocht worden voorgegeven dat ik iets misdaan had.","translation":"In one of them there is a request to be called to account, should it perhaps be alleged that I had done something wrong.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"komt het verzoek voor","title":"Separable voorkomen — to occur","body":"voorkomen ('to appear/occur in a text') is separable; here komt ... voor splits across the fronted locative In een daarvan, with the prefix voor at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ter verantwoording te worden geroepen","title":"Passive te-infinitive","body":"te worden geroepen ('to be called') is a passive infinitive with te: worden + participle in infinitival form. The idiom ter verantwoording roepen = 'to call to account.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer er ... mocht worden voorgegeven","title":"Modal mocht + impersonal passive","body":"mocht (past subjunctive-flavored of mogen) softens to 'should it perhaps...'; er ... worden voorgegeven is a subjectless passive, with dummy er holding the subject slot."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking een","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of in","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"partitive modifier of een","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb voorkomen","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing komt ... voor","gloss":"occurs"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and determiner","role":"part of idiom ter verantwoording roepen","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"verantwoording","lemma":"verantwoording","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of ter in idiom ter verantwoording roepen","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks passive infinitive worden geroepen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clause modifying verzoek","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorgegeven","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgegeven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgegeven","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorgegeven","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of voorgegeven","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"voorgegeven","lemma":"voorgeven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of conditional clause","gloss":"alleged"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of voorgegeven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had misdaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of misdaan","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"misdaan","lemma":"misdoen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of content clause","gloss":"done wrong"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of misdaan","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h20-s68","source":"Als nu de resident my aantast, kan daarop in gewone billykheid geen beslissing worden genomen zonder dat men my vooraf heeft gehoord.","translation":"Now if the resident attacks me, no decision can in ordinary fairness be taken on it without my having first been heard.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kan ... geen beslissing worden genomen","title":"Modal + passive infinitive","body":"Modal kan governs the passive infinitive worden genomen ('be taken'); geen beslissing is the negated indefinite subject. Note geen (not niet) because it negates an indefinite noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zonder dat men my vooraf heeft gehoord","title":"zonder dat clause","body":"zonder dat ('without ...-ing') opens a verb-final subordinate clause: ...zonder dat men my vooraf heeft gehoord ('without my first having been heard'), closing on the perfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aantast","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aantast","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aantast","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of aantast","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"aantast","lemma":"aantasten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"adverbial clause on genomen","gloss":"attacks"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of genomen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of genomen","gloss":"on that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking billykheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gewone","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies billykheid","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"billykheid","lemma":"billijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of genomen","gloss":"fairness"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beslissing","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"beslissing","lemma":"beslissing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive genomen","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of genomen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"combines with dat to introduce subordinate clause","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"combines with zonder to introduce subordinate clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft gehoord","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gehoord","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"vooraf","lemma":"vooraf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehoord","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of subordinate clause","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h20-s69","source":"Dit is men zelfs een misdadiger schuldig, en daar ik niets misdaan heb ...","translation":"This is owed even to a criminal, and since I have done nothing wrong ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar ik niets misdaan heb","title":"Causal daar (archaic 'since')","body":"daar as a conjunction means 'since, because' in older/literary Dutch and opens a verb-final clause: daar ik niets misdaan heb ('since I have done nothing wrong')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit is men ... een misdadiger schuldig","title":"Fronted object + indefinite men","body":"Fronting the object Dit forces V2 inversion (is before men); schuldig zijn ('to owe') governs the dative een misdadiger. The sense: 'This one owes even to a criminal.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, neuter singular","role":"direct object of schuldig","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of schuldig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schuldig","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misdadiger","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"misdadiger","lemma":"misdadiger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of schuldig","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"owes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of misdaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of misdaan","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"misdaan","lemma":"misdoen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"done wrong"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of misdaan","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h20-s70","source":"Daar komt de post aan! riep Verbrugge.","translation":"There comes the post! cried Verbrugge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar komt de post aan!","title":"Fronted Daar + separable aankomen","body":"Fronting deictic Daar ('there') inverts to Daar komt...; aankomen is separable, so aan lands at the end: Daar komt de post aan! ('There comes the post!')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of aankomt","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of aankomt","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of post","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"post","lemma":"post","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aankomt","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of aankomt","gloss":"arrives","note":"Aan completes the separable verb aankomen, “to arrive.”"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h20-s71","source":"Ja, 't was de post! De post, die den volgenden brief meebracht van den Gouverneur-generaal van Nederlandsch Indie aan den gewezen adsistent- resident van Lebak, Havelaar.","translation":"Yes, it was the post! The post, which brought the following letter from the Governor-General of Netherlands India to the former assistant resident of Lebak, Havelaar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die den volgenden brief meebracht","title":"Relative die + separable meebrengen","body":"De post, die ... meebracht ('the post, which brought along'): relative die for the de-word, and separable meebrengen reunited as meebracht in this verb-final clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den volgenden brief / den gewezen adsistent-resident","title":"Accumulated den ... -en case endings","body":"den volgenden brief and aan den ... adsistent-resident show the full old masculine accusative/dative pattern: den on the article and -en on the adjective. Standard 1860 print declension."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative interjection","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it","note":"’t is the elided form of het."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking subject to post","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of post","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"post","lemma":"post","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of post","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"post","lemma":"post","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"topic repeated for emphasis","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of meebracht","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies brief","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of meebracht","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"meebracht","lemma":"meebrengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"brought along"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederlandsch Indie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies Indie","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"India"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewezen","lemma":"gewezen","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies resident","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"adsistent","lemma":"assistent","morphology":"noun used attributively","role":"modifies resident","gloss":"assistant","note":"Adsistent is an older spelling of assistent."},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to resident","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h20-s72","source":"\"Kabinet.","translation":"\"Cabinet.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Kabinet","lemma":"kabinet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"document heading","gloss":"Cabinet"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h20-s73","source":"N° 54.","translation":"No. 54.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s73.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"document number label","gloss":"No."}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h20-s74","source":"Buitenzorg, 23 Maart 1856.","translation":"Buitenzorg, 23 March 1856.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Buitenzorg","lemma":"Buitenzorg","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"place in dateline","gloss":"Buitenzorg"},{"surface":"Maart","lemma":"maart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"month in dateline","gloss":"March"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h20-s75","source":"De wijze, waarop door u is te werk gegaan, bij de ontdekking of vooronderstelling van kwade praktijken van de Hoofden in de afdeeling Lebak, en de houding daarbij door u tegenover uwen Chef, den Resident van Bantam, aangenomen, hebben in hooge mate mijne ontevredenheid verwekt.","translation":"The manner in which you have proceeded, upon the discovery or supposition of malpractices by the Chiefs in the district of Lebak, and the attitude therein adopted by you toward your Chief, the Resident of Bantam, have in the highest degree aroused my displeasure.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De wijze, waarop door u is te werk gegaan","title":"Pronominal relative waarop + impersonal passive","body":"waarop ('in/by which') is a pronominal-adverb relative (waar- + op); door u is te werk gegaan is a subjectless passive ('was proceeded by you'), the bureaucratic agentless style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de houding ... door u ... aangenomen","title":"Postposed participle phrase","body":"de houding ... door u ... aangenomen ('the attitude adopted by you') is a heavy reduced passive clause with the participle aangenomen at the end and the agent in door — the dense officialese the letter is parodying."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"uwen Chef","title":"Possessive uwen (period/formal)","body":"uwen is the formal possessive uw ('your') with old masculine accusative -en, matching the formal gij/u address the Governor-General's letter uses throughout."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wijze","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"wijze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of hebben","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"adverbial complement of te werk gegaan","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun","role":"agent of passive gegaan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom te werk gaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom te werk gaan","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause on wijze","gloss":"proceeded"},{"surface":"bij","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontdekking","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontdekking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontdekking","lemma":"ontdekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"discovery"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"vooronderstelling","lemma":"vooronderstelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with ontdekking","gloss":"supposition"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking praktijken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kwade","lemma":"kwaad","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies praktijken","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"praktijken","lemma":"praktijk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"practices"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afdeeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to afdeeling","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of houding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"houding","lemma":"houding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second coordinated subject of hebben","gloss":"attitude"},{"surface":"daarbij","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangenomen","gloss":"therein"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun","role":"agent of aangenomen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"tegenover","lemma":"tegenover","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uwen","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"uwen","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of Chef","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Chef","lemma":"chef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegenover","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Chef","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"aangenomen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"modifies houding","gloss":"adopted"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"finite auxiliary of verwekt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mate","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hooge","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies mate","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"mate","lemma":"mate","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verwekt","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"mijne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of ontevredenheid","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ontevredenheid","lemma":"ontevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verwekt","gloss":"displeasure"},{"surface":"verwekt","lemma":"verwekken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"aroused"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h20-s76","source":"In uwe bedoelde handelingen worden evenzeer gemist bezadigd overleg, beleid en voorzichtigheid, zoo zeer vereischt in eenen ambtenaar met uitvoering van gezag in de binnenlanden bekleed (sic) als begrippen van ondergeschiktheid aan uwen onmiddelijken superieur.","translation":"In your aforesaid actions there is wanting alike that calm deliberation, judgment and prudence so very requisite in an official invested with the exercise of authority in the interior (sic), as also any notion of subordination toward your immediate superior.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"worden ... gemist ... overleg, beleid en voorzichtigheid","title":"Worden-passive, fronted","body":"worden ... gemist ('are wanting/lacking') is a process passive with the subjects (overleg, beleid, voorzichtigheid) following — heavy inversion that buries the real subject, classic chancery prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in eenen ambtenaar ... bekleed","title":"Dative eenen + participle modifier","body":"in eenen ambtenaar shows the old masculine dative article eenen after in; bekleed met ('invested/clothed with') is a participle modifying ambtenaar."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handelingen","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of handelingen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"bedoelde","lemma":"bedoeld","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies handelingen","gloss":"aforesaid"},{"surface":"handelingen","lemma":"handeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"actions"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gemist","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"evenzeer","lemma":"evenzeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemist","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"gemist","lemma":"missen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lacking"},{"surface":"bezadigd","lemma":"bezadigd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies overleg","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"overleg","lemma":"overleg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of worden gemist","gloss":"deliberation"},{"surface":"beleid","lemma":"beleid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated subject with overleg","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voorzichtigheid","lemma":"voorzichtigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject with overleg","gloss":"prudence"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vereischt","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vereischt","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"vereischt","lemma":"vereisen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of overleg, beleid and voorzichtigheid","gloss":"required"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambtenaar","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"eenen","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitvoering","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"uitvoering","lemma":"uitvoering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"exercise"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of uitvoering","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnenlanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnenlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnenlanden","lemma":"binnenland","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"interior regions"},{"surface":"bekleed","lemma":"bekleden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"modifies ambtenaar","gloss":"invested"},{"surface":"sic","lemma":"sic","morphology":"adverb","role":"editorial annotation","gloss":"sic"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links second term of evenzeer ... als","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"begrippen","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated subject with overleg, beleid and voorzichtigheid","gloss":"notions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ondergeschiktheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ondergeschiktheid","lemma":"ondergeschiktheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of begrippen","gloss":"subordination"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uwen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"uwen","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of superieur","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"onmiddelijken","lemma":"onmiddellijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies superieur","gloss":"immediate","note":"Onmiddelijken is an older inflected spelling of onmiddellijke."},{"surface":"superieur","lemma":"superieur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"superior"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h20-s77","source":"Reeds weinige dagen na de aanvaarding uwer betrekking hebt gij kunnen goedvinden, zonder voorafgaande raadpleging van (sic) den Resident, het hoofd van het Inlandsch Bestuur te Lebak te maken tot het doelwit van bezwarende onderzoekingen.","translation":"Already a few days after taking up your post you saw fit, without prior consultation of (sic) the Resident, to make the head of the Native Administration at Lebak the target of incriminating investigations.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hebt gij kunnen goedvinden","title":"Formal gij + perfect of a modal","body":"hebt gij kunnen goedvinden ('you saw fit') uses the formal pronoun gij and the 'infinitivus pro participio': after the perfect auxiliary, modal kunnen appears as a bare infinitive, not as a participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het hoofd ... te maken tot het doelwit","title":"te-infinitive object clause","body":"The whole clause hangs on a te-infinitive: ...te maken tot het doelwit van bezwarende onderzoekingen ('to make ... the target of incriminating investigations'). bezwarende is a present-participle-style attributive adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goedvinden","gloss":"Already"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dagen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"temporal adverbial modifying hebt goedvinden","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanvaarding","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanvaarding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanvaarding","lemma":"aanvaarding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"taking up"},{"surface":"uwer","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of betrekking","gloss":"your","note":"Uwer is an old genitive form of uw, meaning “of your.”"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of aanvaarding","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of goedvinden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gij","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of hebt","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"goedvinden","lemma":"goedvinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by hebt kunnen","gloss":"see fit"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking raadpleging","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"voorafgaande","lemma":"voorafgaand","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies raadpleging","gloss":"prior"},{"surface":"raadpleging","lemma":"raadpleging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"consultation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sic","lemma":"sic","morphology":"adverb","role":"editorial annotation","gloss":"sic"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bestuur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Inlandsch","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies Bestuur","gloss":"Native"},{"surface":"Bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Administration"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of goedvinden","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doelwit","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doelwit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doelwit","lemma":"doelwit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of maken","gloss":"target"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderzoekingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bezwarende","lemma":"bezwarend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies onderzoekingen","gloss":"incriminating"},{"surface":"onderzoekingen","lemma":"onderzoeking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of doelwit","gloss":"investigations"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h20-s78","source":"In die onderzoekingen hebt gij aanleiding gevonden, zonder zelfs uwe beschuldigingen tegen dat Hoofd door feiten, veel minder bewijzen te staven, tot het doen van voorstellen, die de strekking hadden een Inlandsch Ambtenaar van de stempel van den Regent van Lebak, een zestigjarigen doch nog ijverigen Landsdienaar, aan naburige aanzienlijke Regentengeslachten vermaagschapt, en omtrent wien steeds gunstige getuigenissen waren uitgebracht, aan eene hem moreel geheel vernietigende bejegening te onderwerpen.","translation":"In those investigations you found occasion, without even substantiating your accusations against that Chief by facts, much less by proofs, to proceed to making proposals whose tendency was to subject a Native Official of the stamp of the Regent of Lebak — a man of sixty, yet still a zealous servant of the State, allied by marriage to neighbouring families of rank among the Regents, and concerning whom favourable testimonies had always been rendered — to a treatment morally annihilating to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hebt gij aanleiding gevonden ... tot het doen van voorstellen","title":"Perfect bracket over a long clause","body":"The finite hebt and the participle gevonden bracket an enormous middle field of qualifications — the sentence's main verb pair is hebt ... gevonden ('you found [occasion]'). Reading 1860 prose means holding the opening verb until the participle lands."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een zestigjarigen doch nog ijverigen Landsdienaar","title":"Stacked -en adjectives + archaic doch","body":"zestigjarigen and ijverigen both take accusative -en agreeing with Landsdienaar; doch ('yet, but') is a literary/archaic adversative coordinator."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omtrent wien ... waren uitgebracht","title":"Formal relative wien + pluperfect passive","body":"omtrent wien ('concerning whom') uses formal dative wien; waren uitgebracht is a pluperfect passive of separable uitbrengen ('had been rendered')."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderzoekingen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderzoekingen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"onderzoekingen","lemma":"onderzoeking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of gevonden","gloss":"investigations"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gij","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevonden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"aanleiding","lemma":"aanleiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of staven","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staven","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of beschuldigingen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"beschuldigingen","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of staven","gloss":"accusations"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofd","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of tegen","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking feiten","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"feiten","lemma":"feit","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of staven","gloss":"facts"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies minder","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the ellipsis before bewijzen","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"bewijzen","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of implicit door","gloss":"proofs"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of staven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"staven","lemma":"staven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial complement of gevonden","gloss":"substantiate"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"oblique complement of aanleiding","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorstellen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"voorstellen","lemma":"voorstel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of doen","gloss":"proposals"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of strekking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"strekking","lemma":"strekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"tendency"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause verb modifying voorstellen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Ambtenaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Inlandsch","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Ambtenaar","gloss":"Native"},{"surface":"Ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of onderwerpen","gloss":"Official"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stempel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stempel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stempel","lemma":"stempel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"stamp"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Landsdienaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zestigjarigen","lemma":"zestigjarig","morphology":"adjective, masculine oblique singular","role":"modifies Landsdienaar","gloss":"sixty-year-old"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ijverigen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ijverigen","lemma":"ijverig","morphology":"adjective, masculine oblique singular","role":"modifies Landsdienaar","gloss":"zealous"},{"surface":"Landsdienaar","lemma":"landsdienaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Ambtenaar","gloss":"State servant"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governed by vermaagschapt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"naburige","lemma":"naburig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Regentengeslachten","gloss":"neighbouring"},{"surface":"aanzienlijke","lemma":"aanzienlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Regentengeslachten","gloss":"distinguished"},{"surface":"Regentengeslachten","lemma":"regentengeslacht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"Regent families"},{"surface":"vermaagschapt","lemma":"vermaagschappen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies Landsdienaar","gloss":"allied by marriage"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates vermaagschapt and the relative clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wien","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, oblique","role":"oblique complement of omtrent","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"steeds","lemma":"steeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitgebracht","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"gunstige","lemma":"gunstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies getuigenissen","gloss":"favourable"},{"surface":"getuigenissen","lemma":"getuigenis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive uitgebracht","gloss":"testimonies"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of uitgebracht","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"uitgebracht","lemma":"uitbrengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause on wien","gloss":"rendered"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bejegening","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"eene","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, feminine oblique singular","role":"determiner of bejegening","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vernietigende","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"moreel","lemma":"moreel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vernietigende","gloss":"morally"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vernietigende","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"vernietigende","lemma":"vernietigen","morphology":"present participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies bejegening","gloss":"annihilating"},{"surface":"bejegening","lemma":"bejegening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"treatment"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of onderwerpen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"onderwerpen","lemma":"onderwerpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of strekking","gloss":"subject"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h20-s79","source":"Daarenboven hebt gij, toen de resident zich ongenegen betoonde aan uw voorstellen gereedelijk gevolg te geven geweigerd aan het billijk verlangen van uwen Chef te voldoen om volle opening te geven van hetgeen u omtrent de handelingen van het Inlandsch Bestuur te Lebak, bekend was.","translation":"Moreover, when the resident showed himself disinclined to give ready effect to your proposals, you refused to satisfy the reasonable wish of your Chief that you should give full disclosure of what was known to you concerning the conduct of the Native Administration at Lebak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen de resident zich ongenegen betoonde","title":"toen-clause + reflexive zich betonen","body":"toen opens a verb-final past clause; zich betonen ('to show oneself [to be]') is reflexive, with zich the 3rd-person reflexive and ongenegen ('disinclined') its predicate."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hebt gij ... geweigerd ... te voldoen","title":"Perfect of weigeren + te-infinitive","body":"geweigerd ('refused') governs a te-infinitive complement te voldoen aan ('to satisfy/comply with'); the whole sits inside the perfect bracket hebt gij ... geweigerd."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daarenboven","lemma":"daarenboven","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebt","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweigerd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gij","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geweigerd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of betoonde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of betoonde","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of betoonde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ongenegen","lemma":"ongenegen","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of betoonde","gloss":"disinclined"},{"surface":"betoonde","lemma":"betonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorstellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of voorstellen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"voorstellen","lemma":"voorstel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"proposals"},{"surface":"gereedelijk","lemma":"geredelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"readily","note":"Gereedelijk is an older spelling of geredelijk, “readily.”"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of ongenegen","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"geweigerd","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition required by voldoen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verlangen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"billijk","lemma":"billijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verlangen","gloss":"reasonable"},{"surface":"verlangen","lemma":"verlangen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uwen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uwen","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of Chef","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Chef","lemma":"chef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessive complement of van","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of voldoen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voldoen","lemma":"voldoen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of geweigerd","gloss":"satisfy"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of verlangen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"volle","lemma":"vol","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies opening","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"opening","lemma":"opening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"disclosure"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hetgeen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bekend was","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of bekend","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handelingen","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of handelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"handelingen","lemma":"handeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of omtrent","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Inlandsch","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Inlandsch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Inlandsch","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Bestuur","gloss":"Native"},{"surface":"Bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Administration"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of bekend","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h20-s80","source":"Zulke handelingen verdienen alle afkeuring, en doen lichtelijk gelooven aan ongeschiktheid voor het bekleeden eene betrekking bij het Binnenlandsch Bestuur.","translation":"Such conduct deserves all censure, and readily gives reason to believe in unfitness to hold a post in the Interior Administration.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"doen lichtelijk gelooven aan","title":"doen + bare infinitive (causative)","body":"doen + infinitive is a causative like laten: doen ... gelooven aan = 'give cause to believe in / make one believe in.' lichtelijk ('readily') is an adverb in -lijk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zulke handelingen","title":"Archaic zulk(e)","body":"zulke ('such') is the literary/period demonstrative-quantifier zulk + -e; in solemn register it replaces the more colloquial zo'n / dergelijke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of handelingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"handelingen","lemma":"handeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of verdienen and doen","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"verdienen","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deserve"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afkeuring","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"afkeuring","lemma":"afkeuring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verdienen","gloss":"censure"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated main verb with verdienen","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"lichtelijk","lemma":"lichtelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen gelooven","gloss":"readily"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of causative doen","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ongeschiktheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ongeschiktheid","lemma":"ongeschiktheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gelooven","gloss":"unfitness"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bekleeden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bekleeden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bekleeden","lemma":"bekleden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"nominalized infinitive governed by voor","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"eene","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, feminine singular","role":"determiner of betrekking","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bekleeden","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"bij","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bestuur","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Binnenlandsch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Binnenlandsch","lemma":"binnenlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Bestuur","gloss":"Interior"},{"surface":"Bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"Administration"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h20-s81","source":"Ik heb mij verplicht gezien, u van de verdere vervulling der betrekking van Adsistent-resident van Lebak te ontheffen.","translation":"I have seen myself obliged to relieve you of the further discharge of the post of Assistant Resident of Lebak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb mij verplicht gezien ... te ontheffen","title":"Reflexive perfect + te-infinitive","body":"zich verplicht zien ('to see oneself obliged') is reflexive (mij); the perfect heb ... gezien brackets it, and a te-infinitive te ontheffen ('to relieve') states what he is obliged to do."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"der betrekking","title":"Genitive article der","body":"der ('of the') is the old feminine/plural genitive article: van de verdere vervulling der betrekking = 'of the further discharge of the post.' A frozen genitive normal in this formal prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"mij","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"verplicht","lemma":"verplichten","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"object complement of mij","gloss":"obliged"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ontheffen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vervulling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vervulling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdere","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vervulling","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"vervulling","lemma":"vervulling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ontheffen","gloss":"discharge"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of betrekking","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of vervulling","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adsistent-resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of ontheffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontheffen","lemma":"ontheffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verplicht","gloss":"relieve"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h20-s82","source":"Uit aanmerking evenwel van gunstige rapporten, vroeger omtrent u ontvangen, heb ik in het voorgevallene geen reden willen vinden, om u het uitzicht op eene wederplaatsing bij het Binnenlandsch Bestuur te benemen.","translation":"In consideration, nevertheless, of the favourable reports formerly received concerning you, I have not wished to find in what has occurred any reason to deprive you of the prospect of a reassignment within the Interior Administration.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb ik ... geen reden willen vinden, om u ... te benemen","title":"Perfect of willen + om...te purpose","body":"willen appears as a bare infinitive after the perfect heb (infinitivus pro participio); om u ... te benemen ('to deprive you of') is an om...te purpose clause closing on the infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vroeger omtrent u ontvangen","title":"Reduced participle clause","body":"gunstige rapporten, vroeger omtrent u ontvangen ('favourable reports formerly received concerning you') is a reduced passive participle phrase modifying rapporten — the participle ontvangen ends it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanmerking","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"aanmerking","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the idiom uit aanmerking van","gloss":"consideration"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rapporten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gunstige","lemma":"gunstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rapporten","gloss":"favourable"},{"surface":"rapporten","lemma":"rapport","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontvangen","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of omtrent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial clause modifying rapporten","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of willen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of willen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorgevallene","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorgevallene","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgevallene","lemma":"voorvallen","morphology":"nominalized past participle, neuter singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"occurrence"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reden","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with auxiliary heb","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of benemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of benemen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitzicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitzicht","lemma":"uitzicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of benemen","gloss":"prospect"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wederplaatsing","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eene","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, feminine singular","role":"determiner of wederplaatsing","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wederplaatsing","lemma":"wederplaatsing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"reassignment"},{"surface":"bij","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bestuur","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Binnenlandsch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Binnenlandsch","lemma":"binnenlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Bestuur","gloss":"Interior"},{"surface":"Bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"Administration"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of benemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"benemen","lemma":"benemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying reden","gloss":"deprive"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h20-s83","source":"Ik heb u daarom voorloopig belast met de waarneming der betrekking van Adsistent-resident van Ngawi.","translation":"I have therefore provisionally charged you with the conduct of the post of Assistant Resident of Ngawi.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb ... belast met de waarneming der betrekking","title":"Perfect belasten + genitive der","body":"belasten met ('to charge with') in the perfect heb ... belast; der betrekking again shows the genitive article der ('of the post'). voorloopig ('provisionally') sits in the middle field."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of belast","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of belast","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of belast","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies belast","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"voorloopig","lemma":"voorlopig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies belast","gloss":"provisionally"},{"surface":"belast","lemma":"belasten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waarneming","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarneming","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarneming","lemma":"waarneming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of belast","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of betrekking","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of waarneming","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adsistent-resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ngawi","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Ngawi","lemma":"Ngawi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Ngawi"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h20-s84","source":"Van uwe verdere handelingen in die betrekking zal het geheel afhangen of gij bij het Binnenlandsch Bestuur zult kunnen geplaatst blijven.\"","translation":"Upon your further conduct in that post it shall depend entirely whether you can remain in the Interior Administration.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Van uwe verdere handelingen ... zal het ... afhangen of gij ... zult kunnen geplaatst blijven","title":"Fronted PP + future zullen, twice","body":"A fronted prepositional phrase inverts the main clause (zal het afhangen); the of-clause ('whether') is verb-final with a future zult plus a stacked infinitive cluster kunnen geplaatst blijven."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"afhangen of gij ...","title":"Indirect yes/no with of","body":"of ('whether') introduces an embedded yes/no question after afhangen ('to depend'); the clause is verb-final. This is the dependent counterpart of a yes/no question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handelingen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of handelingen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"verdere","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies handelingen","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"handelingen","lemma":"handeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of afhangen","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betrekking","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betrekking","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of afhangen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, impersonal","role":"subject of afhangen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afhangen","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"afhangen","lemma":"afhangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"depend"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal complement of afhangen","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"gij","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of blijven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"bij","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Binnenlandsch","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Binnenlandsch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Binnenlandsch","lemma":"binnenlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Bestuur","gloss":"Interior"},{"surface":"Bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"Administration"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of kunnen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of blijven","gloss":"be able"},{"surface":"geplaatst","lemma":"plaatsen","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of blijven","gloss":"posted"},{"surface":"blijven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"remain"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h20-s85","source":"En daaronder stond de naam van den man, op wiens \"yver, bekwaamheid en goede trouw\" de Koning zeide te kunnen staat-maken, toen hy diens benoeming tot Gouverneur-generaal van Nederlandsch Indie onderteekende.","translation":"And beneath it stood the name of the man on whose \"zeal, ability and good faith\" the King said he could rely, when he signed the man's appointment as Governor-General of Netherlands India.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"op wiens ... de Koning zeide te kunnen staat-maken","title":"Genitive relative wiens + te-infinitive","body":"wiens ('on whose') is the genitive relative for a person; zeide te kunnen staat-maken op ('said he could rely on') stacks the verb of saying with a te-infinitive containing modal kunnen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen hy diens benoeming ... onderteekende","title":"toen-clause + demonstrative diens","body":"toen opens a verb-final past clause closing on onderteekende; diens ('that man's, his') is the genitive of die used to avoid ambiguity — formal and precise."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stond","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"daaronder","lemma":"daaronder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"beneath it"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the possessor man","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the basis of staat-maken","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"wiens","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of yver","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"yver","lemma":"ijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"zeal"},{"surface":"bekwaamheid","lemma":"bekwaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of op with yver","gloss":"ability"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links bekwaamheid and trouw","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies trouw","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"trouw","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of op with yver","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying man","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive staat-maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of staat-maken","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"staat-maken","lemma":"staat maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kunnen","gloss":"rely","note":"Staat maken op is an older expression meaning to rely on."},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of onderteekende","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of onderteekende","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"diens","lemma":"die","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of benoeming","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"benoeming","lemma":"benoeming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of onderteekende","gloss":"appointment"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the appointed office","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing Nederlandsch Indie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"proper adjective","role":"modifies Indie","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"India"},{"surface":"onderteekende","lemma":"ondertekenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the toen-clause","gloss":"signed"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h20-s86","source":"--We gaan van hier, beste Tine, zei Havelaar gelaten, en hy reikte den kabinetsbrief aan Verbrugge, die 't stuk las tezamen met Duclari.","translation":"--We are leaving here, dear Tine, said Havelaar with resignation, and he handed the cabinet letter to Verbrugge, who read the document together with Duclari.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"We gaan van hier","title":"Present tense for near future","body":"gaan in the simple present here means 'we are leaving' — Dutch routinely uses the present tense for a settled near-future plan, with no need for zullen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die 't stuk las tezamen met Duclari","title":"Relative die + strong past las","body":"die opens a relative clause; las is the strong imperfect of lezen ('to read'), with the vowel change e→a (the long e is written as a single e in the open syllable le-zen) typical of strong verbs."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaan","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"are leaving"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in van hier","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of van","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"beste","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"vocative modifier of Tine","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"gelaten","lemma":"gelaten","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"resignedly"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links zei and reikte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of reikte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"reikte","lemma":"reiken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with zei","gloss":"handed"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of kabinetsbrief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kabinetsbrief","lemma":"kabinetsbrief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of reikte","gloss":"cabinet letter"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Verbrugge","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of las","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of las","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying Verbrugge","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"tezamen","lemma":"tezamen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies las","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Duclari","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of met","gloss":"Duclari"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h20-s87","source":"Verbrugge had tranen in de oogen, maar sprak niet.","translation":"Verbrugge had tears in his eyes, but said nothing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"maar sprak niet","title":"Coordinating maar (no inversion)","body":"maar ('but') is coordinating, so it does not send the verb to the end nor invert; the subject (here elided) and finite sprak keep main-clause order. niet negates the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of had and sprak","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"tranen","lemma":"traan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the location of the tears","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links had and sprak","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with had","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h20-s88","source":"Duclari, een zeer beschaafd mensch, berstte in een wilden vloek uit:","translation":"Duclari, a thoroughly well-bred man, burst out with a wild oath:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"berstte in een wilden vloek uit","title":"Separable uitbarsten + accusative -en","body":"uitbarsten splits (berstte ... uit); een wilden vloek keeps the old masculine accusative -en on the adjective after in. Period spelling berstte for barstte."}],"words":[{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of berstte","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beschaafd","gloss":"thoroughly"},{"surface":"beschaafd","lemma":"beschaafd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"well-bred"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Duclari","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"berstte","lemma":"barsten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb berstte ... uit","gloss":"burst"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing vloek","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vloek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wilden","lemma":"wild","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vloek","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"vloek","lemma":"vloek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing berstte ... uit","gloss":"out"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h20-s89","source":"--G.......... ik heb hier in 't bestuur schelmen en dieven gezien ... ze zyn in eere van hier gegaan, en men schryft aan U zulk een brief!","translation":"--G......... I have seen rogues and thieves here in the administration ... they left with honour, and to YOU they write such a letter!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze zyn in eere van hier gegaan","title":"Perfect with zijn (motion)","body":"gaan forms its perfect with zijn because it is a verb of motion: ze zyn ... gegaan ('they went/left'). in eere ('in honour') keeps a frozen -e dative ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"men schryft aan U zulk een brief","title":"Impersonal men + archaic zulk een","body":"men ('they, one') is the impersonal subject; zulk een brief ('such a letter') is the literary periphrasis for zo'n brief, with zulk uninflected before een."}],"words":[{"surface":"G","lemma":"God","morphology":"interjection, censored","role":"censored exclamation","gloss":"God—","note":"The initial G followed by dots censors an oath, probably God."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing bestuur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"schelmen","lemma":"schelm","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"rogues"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dieven","lemma":"dief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with schelmen","gloss":"thieves"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of heb gezien","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyn gegaan","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in the phrase in eere","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"eere","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic dative","role":"object of in","gloss":"honour","note":"In eere is an older form of in eer, meaning with honour."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in van hier","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of van","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of zyn gegaan","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links gegaan and schryft","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schryft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"schryft","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the recipient U","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"U","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative, formal","role":"object of aan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"modifies brief","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schryft","gloss":"letter"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h20-s90","source":"--'t Is niets, zei Havelaar, de Gouverneur-generaal is een eerlyk man: hy moet bedrogen zyn ... hoewel hy zich tegen dat bedrog had kunnen hoeden door my eerst te hooren. Hy is verstrikt in 't web van de buitenzorgsche ambtenary.","translation":"--It is nothing, said Havelaar, the Governor-General is an honest man: he must have been deceived ... though he could have guarded himself against that deception by hearing me first. He is caught in the web of the Buitenzorg officialdom.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy moet bedrogen zyn","title":"Modal moeten (epistemic) + passive","body":"moet here is epistemic ('must, surely'); bedrogen zyn is a state passive (zijn + participle): 'he must have been deceived.' bedrogen is the strong participle of bedriegen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoewel hy zich ... had kunnen hoeden","title":"hoewel + reflexive + modal pluperfect","body":"hoewel ('although') opens a verb-final concessive clause; zich hoeden ('to guard oneself') is reflexive, and had kunnen hoeden is a pluperfect with the modal as a bare infinitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ambtenary","title":"Officialdom (pejorative)","body":"ambtenary ('officialdom, the bureaucracy,' modern ambtenarij) carries a dismissive ring — the self-serving administrative machine. Spelled with period y."}],"words":[{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject to niets","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Gouverneur-generaal to man","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"eerlyk","lemma":"eerlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies man","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet ... zyn","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"bedrogen","lemma":"bedriegen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the passive zyn bedrogen","gloss":"deceived"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of bedrogen","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"hoewel","lemma":"hoewel","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hoeden","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had kunnen hoeden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of hoeden","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedrog","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bedrog","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bedrog","lemma":"bedrog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"deception"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen hoeden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of hoeden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"hoeden","lemma":"hoeden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kunnen","gloss":"guard"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means clause","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hooren","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive hooren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of door","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is verstrikt","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Hy to verstrikt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"verstrikt","lemma":"verstrikken","morphology":"adjective, predicative participle","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing web","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of web","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"web","lemma":"web","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"web"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing ambtenary","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenary","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buitenzorgsche","lemma":"Buitenzorgs","morphology":"proper adjective, inflected","role":"modifies ambtenary","gloss":"Buitenzorg"},{"surface":"ambtenary","lemma":"ambtenarij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"officialdom","note":"Ambtenary is an older spelling of ambtenarij, the body of officials."}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h20-s91","source":"We kennen dat! Maar ik zal tot hem gaan en hem aantoonen hoe hier de zaken staan.","translation":"We know that! But I shall go to him and show him how matters stand here.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik zal tot hem gaan en hem aantoonen","title":"Future zullen over two infinitives","body":"zal carries two coordinated end-infinitives: gaan ... en aantoonen ('go ... and show'). aantoonen ('to demonstrate') is separable but stays whole as a final infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe hier de zaken staan","title":"Embedded hoe-clause, verb-final","body":"hoe ... de zaken staan ('how matters stand') is an indirect question functioning as the object of aantoonen, with the verb staan at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kennen","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of kennen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gaan","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gaan","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing hem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of tot","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zal","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links gaan and aantoonen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of aantoonen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aantoonen","lemma":"aantonen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive with gaan","gloss":"show","note":"Aantoonen is the older spelling of aantonen."},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the clause of staan","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staan","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"stand"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h20-s92","source":"Hy zal recht doen, ik ben er zeker van!","translation":"He will do justice, I am sure of it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik ben er zeker van","title":"Pronominal adverb er...van (split)","body":"zeker zijn van ('to be sure of') uses the pronominal adverb er...van when the object is implied: ik ben er zeker van = 'I am sure of it,' with er and van split around the predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zal","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to zeker","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement completed by van","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"sure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes the pronominal phrase er ... van","gloss":"of"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h20-s93","source":"--Maar, als ge naar Ngawi gaat ...","translation":"--But, if you go to Ngawi ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ge naar Ngawi gaat","title":"Conditional als + pronoun ge","body":"als ('if') opens a verb-final conditional clause closing on gaat; ge is the unstressed clitic of formal/literary gij ('you'), common in 1860 dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the unfinished response","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gaat","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ngawi","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ngawi","lemma":"Ngawi","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gaat","gloss":"Ngawi"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h20-s94","source":"--Juist, ik weet dit! Te Ngawi is de Regent verwant aan het Djokjasche hof.","translation":"--Just so, I know this! At Ngawi the Regent is related to the court of Djokja.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is de Regent verwant aan","title":"State passive / adjectival verwant","body":"verwant aan ('related to') is a participle-turned-adjective with zijn, giving a resulting state: is verwant aan = 'is related to.' It governs its object with aan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent affirmation","gloss":"Just so"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing Ngawi","gloss":"At"},{"surface":"Ngawi","lemma":"Ngawi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of Te","gloss":"Ngawi"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Regent to verwant","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"verwant","lemma":"verwant","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hof","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hof","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Djokjasche","lemma":"Djokjas","morphology":"proper adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hof","gloss":"Djokja","note":"Djokjasche uses the older -sch- spelling of modern Djokjase."},{"surface":"hof","lemma":"hof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"court"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h20-s95","source":"Ik ken Ngawi, want ik was twee jaar lang in de Baglen, dat in de buurt is. Ik zou te Ngawi hetzelfde moeten doen wat ik hier gedaan heb: dat zou nutteloos heen-en-weer reizen zyn.","translation":"I know Ngawi, for I was two years in the Baglen, which lies nearby. At Ngawi I should have to do the very same thing I have done here: that would be useless travelling back and forth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat in de buurt is","title":"Relative dat for a het-word","body":"de Baglen is treated as a het-region here, so the relative is dat: dat in de buurt is ('which lies nearby'), verb-final on is."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zou ... hetzelfde moeten doen wat ik hier gedaan heb","title":"Conditional zou + modal + relative wat","body":"zou ... moeten doen ('should have to do') is a conditional with a modal; wat ik hier gedaan heb is a free relative ('what I have done here') with the perfect at the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"heen-en-weer reizen","title":"Travelling back and forth","body":"heen-en-weer ('there and back, to and fro') is a fixed adverbial pair; heen-en-weer reizen = 'travelling back and forth.' nutteloos ('useless') modifies the whole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ken","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Ngawi","lemma":"Ngawi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of ken","gloss":"Ngawi"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"head of the duration phrase","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies twee jaar","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing Baglen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Baglen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Baglen","lemma":"Bagelen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Baglen"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buurt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buurt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buurt","lemma":"buurt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"vicinity"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying Baglen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of moeten doen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing Ngawi","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ngawi","lemma":"Ngawi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Ngawi"},{"surface":"hetzelfde","lemma":"hetzelfde","morphology":"pronoun, neuter","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of doen","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moeten","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of heb gedaan","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zou ... zyn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"nutteloos","lemma":"nutteloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies reizen","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"heen-en-weer","lemma":"heen en weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reizen","gloss":"back and forth"},{"surface":"reizen","lemma":"reizen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as a noun","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"travelling"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h20-s96","source":"Bovendien, 't is my onmogelyk dienst te doen op de proef alsof ik me slecht gedragen had! En eindelyk, ik zie in dat ik om een eind te maken aan al dat geknoei, geen ambtenaar moet wezen.","translation":"Besides, it is impossible for me to serve on probation, as though I had behaved badly! And finally, I see that, to put an end to all this jobbery, I must not be an official.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t is my onmogelyk dienst te doen","title":"Impersonal het + te-infinitive","body":"Dummy 't ('it') is the impersonal subject of 't is my onmogelyk ('it is impossible for me'), with the real content in the te-infinitive dienst te doen ('to serve'). my is the dative experiencer."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alsof ik me slecht gedragen had","title":"alsof + reflexive pluperfect","body":"alsof ('as if') opens a verb-final clause with counterfactual force; zich gedragen ('to behave') is reflexive, and the pluperfect gedragen had closes the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om een eind te maken aan al dat geknoei","title":"om...te purpose clause","body":"om ... te maken ('in order to put an end') frames a purpose clause; een eind maken aan ('to put an end to') is the idiom. geknoei ('bungling, jobbery') is a ge-collective noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying is","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"dummy subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb linking onmogelyk to clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, first person singular","role":"experiencer complement of onmogelyk","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"onmogelyk","lemma":"onmogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of infinitival subject clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces fixed phrase op de proef","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of proef","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"proef","lemma":"proef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"probation","note":"Op de proef means on probation or on trial."},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subordinate clause headed by gedragen","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of gedragen had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, first person singular","role":"reflexive object of gedragen","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of gedragen","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"gedragen","lemma":"gedragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"behaved"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gedragen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links sentence to preceding statement","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying zie in","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of separable verb zie in","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zie in","gloss":"realize"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of zie in","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of moet wezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive maken","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of eind maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"quantifies dat geknoei","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of geknoei","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"geknoei","lemma":"geknoei","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"jobbery"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"not an"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing wezen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h20-s97","source":"Als ambtenaar staan er tusschen de Regeering en my te veel personen die belang hebben by 't loochenen der ellende van de bevolking.","translation":"As an official, there stand between the Government and me too many persons who have an interest in denying the misery of the population.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"staan er tusschen de Regeering en my te veel personen","title":"Existential er + fronted Als ambtenaar","body":"Fronting Als ambtenaar inverts the main clause; existential er introduces the count subject te veel personen ('too many persons'), the standard er-construction for 'there are.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die belang hebben by 't loochenen der ellende","title":"Relative die + genitive der","body":"die opens the relative clause; der ellende ('of the misery') is the genitive article der. loochenen ('to deny') is here nominalized as 't loochenen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative capacity phrase","gloss":"As"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als, referring to speaker","gloss":"an official"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing subject personen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces position between coordinated objects","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Regeering and my","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular","role":"second object of tusschen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies personen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben, antecedent personen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"an interest"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of belang hebben","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of loochenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loochenen","lemma":"loochenen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"denying"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive, singular","role":"determiner of ellende","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ellende","lemma":"ellende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of loochenen","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ellende","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"population"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h20-s98","source":"Er zyn nog meer redenen die my beletten naar Ngawi te gaan.","translation":"There are still more reasons that keep me from going to Ngawi.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"redenen die my beletten naar Ngawi te gaan","title":"Relative die + beletten + te-infinitive","body":"beletten ('to prevent') governs a te-infinitive (te gaan); the relative die opens the clause and the infinitive cluster te gaan closes it, verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing subject redenen","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb agreeing with redenen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meer","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, comparative","role":"quantifies redenen","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"redenen","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of beletten, antecedent redenen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular","role":"direct object of beletten","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"beletten","lemma":"beletten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination Ngawi","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ngawi","lemma":"Ngawi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Ngawi"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive gaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of beletten","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h20-s99","source":"Die plaats was niet vakant ... ze is voor my open gemaakt, kyk!","translation":"That post was not vacant ... it has been made open for me, look!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze is voor my open gemaakt","title":"Passive of separable openmaken","body":"is ... open gemaakt is a state passive of separable openmaken ('to open up'): 'it has been made open.' The separable parts open and gemaakt straddle the agent phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"kyk!","title":"Imperative kijk","body":"kyk! ('look!,' modern kijk) is a bare-stem imperative. Havelaar's clipped commands — Zie, kyk, hoor — punctuate his demonstration to the others."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking plaats and vakant","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates vakant","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vakant","lemma":"vakant","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"vacant"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of passive gemaakt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces beneficiary my","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"open","lemma":"open","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"resultative complement of gemaakt","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"kyk","lemma":"kijken","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"look"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h20-s100","source":"En hij toonde in de Javasche Courant die met dezelfde post was aangekomen, dat inderdaad by 'tzelfde besluit der Regeering waarby hem het Bestuur van Ngawi werd opgedragen, de adsistent-resident van die provincie verplaatst werd naar een andere afdeeling die vakant was.","translation":"And he showed in the Java Courant, which had come by the same post, that indeed by the very same decree of the Government that assigned him the administration of Ngawi, the assistant resident of that province was transferred to another district that was vacant.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die met dezelfde post was aangekomen","title":"Relative die + pluperfect with zijn","body":"die ... was aangekomen ('which had arrived') is a relative clause with a pluperfect of separable aankomen, formed with zijn (motion) and the participle aangekomen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"by 'tzelfde besluit ... waarby hem het Bestuur ... werd opgedragen","title":"Pronominal relative waarby + worden-passive","body":"waarby (waar- + by, 'by which') is a pronominal-adverb relative; werd opgedragen is a worden-passive of separable opdragen ('to assign'), with hem as dative recipient."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links sentence to preceding statement","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hij","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of toonde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"toonde","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source Javasche Courant","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Javasche Courant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javasche","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies Courant","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"Courant","lemma":"courant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; part of newspaper title","gloss":"Courant"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was aangekomen, antecedent Courant","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means post","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"dezelfde","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of post","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"post","lemma":"post","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of aangekomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aangekomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of toonde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verplaatst werd","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces decree as circumstance","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"tzelfde","lemma":"hetzelfde","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of besluit","gloss":"the same","note":"Elided form of hetzelfde after the apostrophe in the source phrase by 'tzelfde."},{"surface":"besluit","lemma":"besluit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"decree"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive, singular","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of besluit","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"waarby","lemma":"waarbij","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying besluit","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third person singular","role":"indirect object of opgedragen","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive opgedragen","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement Ngawi","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Ngawi","lemma":"Ngawi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Ngawi"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgedragen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"opgedragen","lemma":"opdragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative passive clause","gloss":"assigned"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verplaatst werd","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement provincie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of provincie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"provincie","lemma":"provincie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"province"},{"surface":"verplaatst","lemma":"verplaatsen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of object-clause passive","gloss":"transferred"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verplaatst","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination afdeeling","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies afdeeling","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was, antecedent afdeeling","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vakant","lemma":"vakant","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"vacant"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of relative clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h20-s101","source":"--Weet ge waarom ik juist naar Ngawi moet, en niet naar die vakante afdeeling?","translation":"--Do you know why I am to go precisely to Ngawi, and not to that vacant district?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Weet ge waarom ik ... moet","title":"Embedded waarom + verb-final modal","body":"waarom ('why') introduces an indirect question, object of Weet; the clause is verb-final, ending on the modal moet ('am to / must'). ge is the clitic of gij."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of interrogative sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of Weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces embedded question governed by Weet","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of naar Ngawi","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination Ngawi","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ngawi","lemma":"Ngawi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Ngawi"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of embedded question; omitted gaan understood","gloss":"am to go"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates destination phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates elliptical destination alternative","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces alternative destination afdeeling","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vakante","lemma":"vakant","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies afdeeling","gloss":"vacant"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"district"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h20-s102","source":"Dat zal ik je zeggen! De resident van Madiven, waaronder Ngawi behoort, is de schoonbroeder van den vorigen resident van Bantam.","translation":"I will tell you! The resident of Madiven, under whom Ngawi falls, is the brother-in-law of the former resident of Bantam.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waaronder Ngawi behoort","title":"Pronominal relative waaronder","body":"waaronder ('under whom/which') is a fused pronominal-adverb relative (waar- + onder); the clause is verb-final on behoort ('belongs/falls')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"schoonbroeder","title":"Brother-in-law","body":"schoonbroeder ('brother-in-law,' modern usually zwager) uses the schoon- prefix that marks relations 'by marriage' (schoonvader, schoonmoeder). Havelaar exposes the kinship web protecting the corrupt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, second person singular","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement Madiven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Madiven","lemma":"Madiven","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Madiven"},{"surface":"waaronder","lemma":"waaronder","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying resident","gloss":"under whom"},{"surface":"Ngawi","lemma":"Ngawi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of behoort","gloss":"Ngawi"},{"surface":"behoort","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking resident and schoonbroeder","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of schoonbroeder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoonbroeder","lemma":"schoonbroeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"brother-in-law"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorigen","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine, singular, inflected","role":"modifies resident","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Bantam"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h20-s103","source":"Ik heb gezegd dat de Regent vroeger zulke slechte voorbeelden had gehad ...","translation":"I have said that the Regent had had such bad examples before him ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de Regent ... zulke slechte voorbeelden had gehad","title":"dat-clause + pluperfect","body":"dat opens a verb-final object clause closing on the pluperfect had gehad ('had had'). zulke ('such') is the literary quantifier; slechte takes adjectival -e."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of heb gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had gehad","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had gehad","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of voorbeelden","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"slechte","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies voorbeelden","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"voorbeelden","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"examples"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of object clause","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h20-s104","source":"--Ah, riepen Verbrugge en Duclari tegelyk.","translation":"--Ah, cried Verbrugge and Duclari at once.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s104.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ah","lemma":"ah","morphology":"interjection","role":"quoted exclamation functioning as complement of riepen","gloss":"Ah"},{"surface":"riepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first coordinated subject of riepen","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Verbrugge and Duclari","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second coordinated subject of riepen","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"tegelyk","lemma":"tegelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies riepen","gloss":"at once","note":"Historical spelling of modern tegelijk."}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h20-s105","source":"Ze begrepen waarom Havelaar juist naar Ngawi verplaatst werd om op de proef te dienen, of hy zich misschien beteren zou!","translation":"They understood why Havelaar was being transferred precisely to Ngawi to serve on probation, to see whether he might perhaps mend his ways!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom Havelaar ... verplaatst werd","title":"Embedded waarom + worden-passive","body":"waarom opens the indirect question (object of begrepen); verplaatst werd is a worden-passive ('was being transferred'), verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of hy zich misschien beteren zou","title":"Indirect of-question + reflexive + zou","body":"of ('whether') introduces an embedded yes/no clause; zich beteren ('to mend one's ways') is reflexive, and the conditional zou closes the verb-final clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person plural","role":"subject of begrepen","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"begrepen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces embedded question governed by begrepen","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of passive verplaatst werd","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of naar Ngawi","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination Ngawi","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ngawi","lemma":"Ngawi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Ngawi"},{"surface":"verplaatst","lemma":"verplaatsen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of embedded passive clause","gloss":"transferred"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verplaatst","gloss":"was being"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive dienen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces fixed phrase op de proef","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of proef","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"proef","lemma":"proef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"probation","note":"Op de proef means on probation or on trial."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive dienen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause modifying verplaatst","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces embedded yes-no question of beteren zou","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zich beteren zou","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, third person singular","role":"reflexive object of beteren","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beteren zou","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"beteren","lemma":"beteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"improve","note":"Zich beteren means to reform or mend one's ways."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal governing beteren","gloss":"might"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h20-s106","source":"--En om nòg een reden kan ik niet daarheen gaan, zeide hy. De tegenwoordige Gouverneur-generaal zal spoedig aftreden ... zyn opvolger ken ik, en ik weet dat er van hem niets te wachten valt.","translation":"--And for yet one more reason I cannot go there, he said. The present Governor-General will soon retire ... I know his successor, and I know that nothing is to be expected from him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om nòg een reden kan ik niet daarheen gaan","title":"Fronted PP + V2 inversion","body":"Fronting the reason phrase forces verb-second: kan precedes the subject ik. daarheen ('thither') is a pronominal-adverb direction word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er van hem niets te wachten valt","title":"Existential er + idiom te wachten vallen","body":"er ... niets te wachten valt ('nothing is to be expected') is an impersonal er-construction with niets and the idiom te wachten vallen ('to be expected'), verb-final in the dat-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this statement to the preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the reason phrase","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"nòg","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies een reden","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of reden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gaan","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kan gaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kan gaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"daarheen","lemma":"daarheen","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of gaan","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kan","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, simple past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, masculine, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"tegenwoordige","lemma":"tegenwoordig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zal aftreden","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"future auxiliary of aftreden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aftreden","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"aftreden","lemma":"aftreden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zal","gloss":"retire"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular masculine","role":"determiner of opvolger","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"opvolger","lemma":"opvolger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ken","gloss":"successor"},{"surface":"ken","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates ken and weet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in the clause of valt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hem as the source of expectation","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, masculine, object form","role":"object of van","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of valt","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks wachten as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in te wachten valt","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb in the construction te wachten valt","gloss":"can","note":"Te wachten vallen means ‘to be expected’ or ‘to be obtainable.’"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h20-s107","source":"Om dus nog tydig voor dat arme volk iets te verrichten, moet ik den tegenwoordigen Gouverneur spreken voor zyn vertrek, en als ik nu naar Ngawi ging, zou dat onmogelyk wezen.","translation":"So, in order to do something in time for that poor people, I must speak to the present Governor before his departure, and if I went to Ngawi now, that would be impossible.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Om ... nog tydig ... iets te verrichten, moet ik ... spreken","title":"Fronted om...te + V2 main clause","body":"A fronted om...te purpose clause inverts the main clause (moet ik); the purpose closes on the infinitive te verrichten ('to accomplish')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik nu naar Ngawi ging, zou dat onmogelyk wezen","title":"Counterfactual als + zou","body":"An als-clause with the imperfect ging plus a main clause with zou (zou ... wezen, 'would be') builds an unreal present conditional. wezen is the older infinitive of zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive verrichten","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"connects the purpose to the preceding reasoning","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tydig","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"tydig","lemma":"tijdig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verrichten","gloss":"in time","note":"Tydig is the nineteenth-century spelling of tijdig."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the beneficiary dat arme volk","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of volk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies volk","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of verrichten","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verrichten as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verrichten","lemma":"verrichten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive introduced by om te","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of spreken","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of moet spreken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Gouverneur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tegenwoordigen","lemma":"tegenwoordig","morphology":"adjective, archaic inflected masculine accusative singular","role":"modifies Gouverneur","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"Gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of spreken","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moet","gloss":"speak to"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time phrase zyn vertrek","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular masculine","role":"determiner of vertrek","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vertrek","lemma":"vertrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"departure"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination Ngawi","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ngawi","lemma":"Ngawi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Ngawi"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, simple past, first person singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, conditional, third person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou wezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"onmogelyk","lemma":"onmogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of wezen","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h20-s108","source":"Tine, hoor eens!","translation":"Tine, listen a moment!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s108.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"hoor","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, imperative, second person singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal particle","role":"softens the imperative hoor","gloss":"a moment"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h20-s109","source":"--Lieve Max?","translation":"--Dear Max?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s109.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vocative Max","gloss":"Dear"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h20-s110","source":"--Je hebt moed, niet waar?","translation":"--You have courage, haven't you?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"niet waar?","title":"Tag question 'niet waar?'","body":"niet waar? ('isn't it? / right?') is the standard Dutch question tag appended to a statement to invite agreement — here softening 'You have courage.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebt","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"first element of the tag question niet waar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"second element of the tag question niet waar","gloss":"true","note":"Niet waar? is a tag question meaning ‘isn’t that so?’"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h20-s111","source":"--Max, je weet dat ik moed heb ... als ik by je ben!","translation":"--Max, you know that I have courage ... when I am with you!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik by je ben","title":"Conditional als clause, verb-final","body":"als ('when, if') opens a verb-final clause closing on ben: 'when I am with you.' by je ('with you,' modern bij jou) uses the familiar clitic je."}],"words":[{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite verb of the complement clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces je as complement of ben","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, object form","role":"object of by","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"am"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h20-s112","source":"--Welnu!","translation":"--Well then!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent discourse marker","gloss":"Well then"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h20-s113","source":"Hy stond op, en schreef 't volgend rekwest, naar myn inzien een voorbeeld van welsprekendheid.","translation":"He stood up, and wrote the following petition, in my view a model of eloquence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy stond op, en schreef","title":"Separable opstaan + strong past schreef","body":"opstaan ('to stand up') is separable (stond ... op); schreef is the strong imperfect of schrijven, with the ij→ee vowel change of strong verbs."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rekwest","title":"Formal petition","body":"rekwest ('petition, formal request,' a French/Latin loan) is the bureaucratic word for a written application to authority — fitting for Havelaar's resignation letter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, masculine, nominative","role":"subject of stond and schreef","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, simple past, third person singular","role":"finite base of stond op","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of stond op","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates stond op and schreef","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, simple past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of rekwest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgend","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, uninflected, neuter singular","role":"modifies rekwest","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"rekwest","lemma":"rekest","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schreef","gloss":"petition","note":"Rekwest is an older spelling of rekest."},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the fixed phrase naar myn inzien","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of inzien","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"inzien","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar in the parenthetical phrase","gloss":"view","note":"Naar mijn inzien is a fixed expression meaning ‘in my view.’"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of voorbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"voorbeeld","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"appositive complement describing rekwest","gloss":"model"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of voorbeeld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"welsprekendheid","lemma":"welsprekendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"eloquence"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h20-s114","source":"\"Rangkas-Betoeng, 29 Maart 1856.","translation":"\"Rangkas-Betoeng, 29 March 1856.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s114.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"place name in the dateline","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"Maart","lemma":"maart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"month in the dateline","gloss":"March"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h20-s115","source":"Aan den Gouverneur-Generaal van Nederlandsch-Indie.","translation":"To the Governor-General of Netherlands India.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s115.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the addressee","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-Generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-Generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Aan","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the territorial complement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nederlandsch-Indie","lemma":"Nederlands-Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Dutch East Indies"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h20-s116","source":"Ik had de eer te ontvangen uwer Excellentie's kabinetsmissive van 23 dezer, N° 54.","translation":"I had the honour to receive Your Excellency's cabinet dispatch of the 23rd of this month, No. 54.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik had de eer te ontvangen","title":"Formal idiom de eer hebben te + inf","body":"de eer hebben te ('to have the honour to') is a fixed polite formula governing a te-infinitive: had de eer te ontvangen ('had the honour to receive')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"uwer Excellentie's kabinetsmissive van 23 dezer","title":"Genitive uwer + dezer","body":"uwer ('your,' genitive of uw) and dezer ('of this [month]') are frozen genitive forms; van 23 dezer = 'of the 23rd of this [month]' — the dating formula of period correspondence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, simple past, first person singular","role":"main verb in the idiom de eer hebben","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks ontvangen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of de eer had","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"uwer","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, archaic genitive singular","role":"determiner of Excellentie's","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Excellentie's","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of kabinetsmissive","gloss":"Excellency's"},{"surface":"kabinetsmissive","lemma":"kabinetsmissive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontvangen","gloss":"cabinet dispatch"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the date modifying kabinetsmissive","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, archaic genitive feminine singular","role":"elliptical complement of the date 23","gloss":"this month","note":"Dezer is a formal elliptical expression meaning ‘of this month.’"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation, noun","role":"introduces the dispatch number 54","gloss":"No."}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h20-s117","source":"Ik zie me genoodzaakt, in antwoord op dat stuk, Uwe Excellentie te verzoeken my te verleenen een eervol ontslag uit 's Lands dienst.","translation":"I see myself constrained, in answer to that document, to request Your Excellency to grant me an honourable discharge from the service of the State.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zie me genoodzaakt ... te verzoeken ... my te verleenen een ... ontslag","title":"Reflexive + nested te-infinitives","body":"zich genoodzaakt zien ('to see oneself compelled') is reflexive (me); it governs te verzoeken ('to request'), which in turn governs te verleenen ('to grant') — a chain of te-infinitives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"uit 's Lands dienst","title":"Genitive 's Lands","body":"'s Lands ('of the State,' literally 'of the land') is a contracted genitive ('s = des) frozen in formal phrases like 's Lands dienst ('the service of the State')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first person singular","role":"reflexive object in zie me genoodzaakt","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"genoodzaakt","lemma":"noodzaken","morphology":"past participle, predicative","role":"object complement of me after zie","gloss":"constrained"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"first preposition of the phrase in antwoord op","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of antwoord","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"document"},{"surface":"Uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal inflected","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verzoeken","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verzoeken as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verzoeken","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of genoodzaakt","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of verleenen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verleenen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verleenen","lemma":"verlenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verzoeken","gloss":"grant","note":"Verleenen is the older spelling of verlenen."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of ontslag","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"eervol","lemma":"eervol","morphology":"adjective, uninflected, neuter singular","role":"modifies ontslag","gloss":"honourable"},{"surface":"ontslag","lemma":"ontslag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verleenen","gloss":"discharge"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the service from which discharge is sought","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, archaic genitive singular","role":"marks Lands as genitive","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lands","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, archaic genitive","role":"possessive modifier of dienst","gloss":"State's","note":"’s Lands is an archaic genitive expression meaning ‘of the State.’"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"service"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h20-s118","source":"MAX HAVELAAR.\"","translation":"MAX HAVELAAR.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s118.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"MAX","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"given name in the signature","gloss":"MAX"},{"surface":"HAVELAAR","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname in the signature","gloss":"HAVELAAR"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h20-s119","source":"Er was te Buitenzorg tot het verleenen van 't gevraagd ontslag niet zoo langen tyd noodig als er scheen vereischt geweest te zyn voor de beslissing hoe men Havelaars aanklacht kon afwenden.","translation":"At Buitenzorg the granting of the discharge that had been requested took not so long a time as had seemed to be required for the decision how Havelaar's accusation might be parried.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet zoo langen tyd noodig als er scheen vereischt geweest te zyn","title":"Comparative zoo...als + impersonal er","body":"zoo ... als ('as ... as') frames the comparison; the impersonal er with scheen ... te zyn ('seemed to have been') builds a passive te-infinitive (vereischt geweest te zyn, 'to have been required')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe men ... kon afwenden","title":"Embedded hoe + separable afwenden","body":"hoe ('how') opens an indirect question, verb-final on the separable modal cluster kon afwenden ('could parry'). men is the impersonal subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive subject marker with was","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, simple past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the main clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location Buitenzorg","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Buitenzorg","lemma":"Buitenzorg","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Buitenzorg"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose het verleenen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of nominalized verleenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verleenen","lemma":"verlenen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"granting"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of verleenen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of ontslag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally, uninflected","role":"modifies ontslag","gloss":"requested"},{"surface":"ontslag","lemma":"ontslag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"discharge"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zoo langen tyd noodig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies langen in the comparison zoo ... als","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"langen","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, archaic inflected masculine singular","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was noodig","gloss":"a time"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in the comparative clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, simple past, third person singular","role":"finite verb governing vereist geweest te zijn","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"vereischt","lemma":"vereisen","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical participle in vereist geweest te zijn","gloss":"required","note":"Vereischt is the older spelling of vereist."},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"past participle","role":"perfect auxiliary in vereist geweest te zijn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zyn as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of scheen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the purpose de beslissing","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of beslissing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beslissing","lemma":"beslissing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the embedded question modifying beslissing","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kon afwenden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of aanklacht","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"aanklacht","lemma":"aanklacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afwenden","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, simple past, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of afwenden","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"afwenden","lemma":"afwenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kon","gloss":"parry"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h20-s120","source":"Dit toch had een maand gevorderd, en 't gevraagd ontslag kwam binnen weinig dagen te Lebak aan.","translation":"This, after all, had demanded a month, whereas the requested discharge arrived at Lebak within a few days.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit toch had een maand gevorderd","title":"Particle toch + perfect","body":"toch here is a modal particle ('after all, indeed') reinforcing the statement; had ... gevorderd is the pluperfect of vorderen ('to demand/take [time]')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"kwam ... te Lebak aan","title":"Separable aankomen, split","body":"aankomen ('to arrive') is separable; 't gevraagd ontslag kwam ... aan splits the verb, with aan at the clause end. te Lebak ('at Lebak') uses the older locative te."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of had gevorderd","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"emphasizes the contrast with the preceding statement","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, simple past, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gevorderd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of maand","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"maand","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gevorderd","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"gevorderd","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle of had gevorderd","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two clauses with contrastive force","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of ontslag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally, uninflected","role":"modifies ontslag","gloss":"requested"},{"surface":"ontslag","lemma":"ontslag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kwam aan","gloss":"discharge"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, simple past, third person singular","role":"finite base of kwam aan","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time span weinig dagen","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of binnen","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location Lebak","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of kwam aan","gloss":"arrived"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h20-s121","source":"--Goddank, riep Tine, dat je eindelyk jezelf kunt zyn!","translation":"\"Thank God,\" cried Tine, \"that you can at last be yourself!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat je eindelyk jezelf kunt zyn","title":"dat-clause + modal verb-final","body":"dat opens a verb-final clause; modal kunt sends zyn to the end as a bare infinitive: jezelf kunt zyn ('can be yourself'). jezelf is the emphatic reflexive of je."}],"words":[{"surface":"Goddank","lemma":"goddank","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent exclamation serving as the content of riep","gloss":"Thank God"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, simple past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the exclamative content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kunt zyn","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kunt zyn","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"jezelf","lemma":"jezelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, second person singular, predicative","role":"subject complement of zyn","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"kunt","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, second person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kunt","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h20-s122","source":"Havelaar ontving geen last om 't Bestuur zyner Afdeeling voorloopig overtegeven aan Verbrugge, en meende dus zyn opvolger te moeten afwachten.","translation":"Havelaar received no order to hand over the administration of his Division provisionally to Verbrugge, and so he supposed that he must wait for his successor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ontving geen last om ... overtegeven","title":"geen + om...te clause","body":"geen ('no') negates the indefinite noun last ('order'); om ... overtegeven ('to hand over') is a purpose clause. overtegeven is the joined 1860 spelling of over te geven."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"meende ... zyn opvolger te moeten afwachten","title":"menen + modal te-infinitive","body":"menen ('to suppose') governs a te-infinitive containing a modal: te moeten afwachten ('to have to await'). zyner is a genitive possessive ('his') in the formal register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of last","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of overtegeven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of Bestuur","gloss":"the","note":"’t is the elided form of het."},{"surface":"Bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of overtegeven","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive, feminine singular","role":"possessor of Afdeeling","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of Bestuur","gloss":"Division"},{"surface":"voorloopig","lemma":"voorlopig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overtegeven","gloss":"provisionally"},{"surface":"overtegeven","lemma":"overgeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of last","gloss":"to hand over","note":"Historical spelling joins over te geven into one word."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Verbrugge","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with ontving","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meende","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of opvolger","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"opvolger","lemma":"opvolger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afwachten","gloss":"successor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks moeten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of afwachten","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"afwachten","lemma":"afwachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moeten","gloss":"wait for"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h20-s123","source":"Deze bleef lang uit omdat hy uit een geheel anderen hoek van Java komen moest.","translation":"The man was long in coming, because he had to travel from an altogether different corner of Java.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bleef lang uit","title":"Separable uitblijven, strong past","body":"uitblijven ('to stay away, fail to appear') is separable; bleef ... uit splits the strong imperfect of blijven with the prefix uit at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat hy ... komen moest","title":"omdat clause, verb-final modal","body":"omdat ('because') opens a verb-final causal clause; the modal moest pulls komen to the end as a bare infinitive: komen moest ('had to come')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of bleef","gloss":"This man"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bleef uit","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of bleef ... uit","gloss":"failed to appear","note":"Uitblijven means to fail to appear or be delayed."},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of komen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoek","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoek","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies anderen","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hoek","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"hoek","lemma":"hoek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of komen","gloss":"had to"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h20-s124","source":"Na byna drie weken wachtens schreef de gewezen adsistent-resident van Lebak, die echter nog altyd als zoodanig was opgetreden, den volgenden brief aan den kontroleur Verbrugge:","translation":"After almost three weeks of waiting, the former assistant-resident of Lebak — who, however, had all the while continued to act as such — wrote the following letter to the comptroller Verbrugge:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Na byna drie weken wachtens","title":"Genitive of the gerund: wachtens","body":"wachtens is an old genitive of the verbal noun ('of waiting'): drie weken wachtens = 'three weeks of waiting.' A fossilized genitive surviving in set time phrases."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die echter nog altyd als zoodanig was opgetreden","title":"Relative die + pluperfect optreden","body":"die opens the relative clause; was opgetreden is the pluperfect of separable optreden ('to act, appear'), formed with zijn. als zoodanig = 'as such.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weken","gloss":"After"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies drie weken","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies weken","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"weken","lemma":"week","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of temporal phrase na ... wachtens","gloss":"weeks"},{"surface":"wachtens","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verbal noun, genitive singular","role":"genitive complement of weken","gloss":"of waiting","note":"Wachtens is an archaic genitive verbal noun: “of waiting.”"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewezen","lemma":"gewezen","morphology":"adjective, past-participial","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of was opgetreden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgetreden","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies altyd","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was opgetreden","gloss":"all the while"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative zoodanig","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of als","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of opgetreden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"opgetreden","lemma":"optreden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of relative clause modifying adsistent-resident","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, oblique","role":"modifies brief","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schreef","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the recipient kontroleur Verbrugge","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"comptroller"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"apposition to kontroleur","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h20-s125","source":"\"N° 153 Rangkas-Betoeng, 15 April 1856.","translation":"\"No. 153 Rangkas-Betoeng, 15 April 1856.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s125.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation, noun, neuter singular","role":"document number label","gloss":"No.","note":"N° abbreviates nummer (“number”)."},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"place of writing","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"April","lemma":"april","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"month in the date 15 April 1856","gloss":"April"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h20-s126","source":"Aan den Kontroleur van Lebak.","translation":"To the Comptroller of Lebak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s126.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the addressee","gloss":"To"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Aan","gloss":"Comptroller"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h20-s127","source":"Het is u bewust dat ik by Gouvernements Besluit van den 4den dezer, N° 4, op myn verzoek eervol ben ontslagen uit 's Lands dienst.","translation":"You are aware that, by Government Decree of the 4th of this month, No. 4, I have at my own request been honourably discharged from the service of the State.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s127.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het is u bewust dat ...","title":"Impersonal het + dative experiencer","body":"Het is u bewust ('it is known to you, you are aware') uses dummy het as subject and u as a dative experiencer, with the real content in the dat-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ben ontslagen uit 's Lands dienst","title":"State passive + genitive 's Lands","body":"ben ontslagen ('have been / am discharged') is a state passive with zijn; 's Lands dienst again shows the frozen genitive 's (= des)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with bewust","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking bewust to clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, second-person formal","role":"experiencer of bewust","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"bewust","lemma":"bewust","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of bewust","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben ontslagen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the authority for ontslagen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Gouvernements","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of Besluit","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"Besluit","lemma":"besluit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"Decree"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the date of Besluit","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of 4den","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"vierde","morphology":"ordinal numeral, masculine singular, oblique","role":"object of van","gloss":"4th"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, genitive singular","role":"elliptical modifier meaning of this month","gloss":"of this month"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation, noun, neuter singular","role":"identifies the decree number","gloss":"No."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verzoek","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verzoek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ontslagen","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"eervol","lemma":"eervol","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontslagen","gloss":"honourably"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of ontslagen","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"ontslagen","lemma":"ontslaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of the content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"discharged"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the service left by dismissal","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive singular","role":"determiner in the genitive phrase Lands","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lands","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of dienst","gloss":"State’s"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"service"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h20-s128","source":"Misschien ware ik in myn recht geweest, na de ontvangst van die beschikking myn betrekking van adsistent-resident terstond neerteleggen, daar het een anomalie schynt een funktie te vervullen zonder ambtenaar te wezen.","translation":"I might perhaps have been within my rights, upon receiving that decision, to lay down at once my office of assistant-resident, since it seems an anomaly to fill a function without being an official.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s128.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Misschien ware ik in myn recht geweest","title":"Subjunctive ware (conditional)","body":"ware is the past subjunctive of zijn ('were'); ware ik ... geweest = 'I might have been,' a counterfactual softened by Misschien. A literary subjunctive, rare in modern speech."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar het ... schynt een funktie te vervullen zonder ambtenaar te wezen","title":"Causal daar + nested te-infinitives","body":"daar ('since') opens the clause; impersonal het schynt ('it seems') governs te vervullen, and zonder ... te wezen ('without being') is a second te-infinitive. wezen = older zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ware geweest","gloss":"Perhaps"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"might have","note":"Ware is the literary past subjunctive of zijn."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the idiom in mijn recht","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of recht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by ware","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontvangst","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontvangst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontvangst","lemma":"ontvangst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"receipt"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beschikking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschikking","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"beschikking","lemma":"beschikking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"decision"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of betrekking","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of neerteleggen","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adsistent-resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies neerteleggen","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"neerteleggen","lemma":"neerleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of ware geweest","gloss":"to lay down","note":"Historical spelling joins neer te leggen into one word."},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of anomalie","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of schynt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of anomalie","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"anomalie","lemma":"anomalie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of schynt","gloss":"anomaly"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of funktie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"funktie","lemma":"functie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vervullen","gloss":"function"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks vervullen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vervullen","lemma":"vervullen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause explaining anomalie","gloss":"fill"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause te wezen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"an official"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zonder","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"h20-s129","source":"Ik ontving evenwel geen aanschryving om myn betrekking overtegeven, en gedeeltelyk uit besef van de verplichting myn post niet te verlaten zonder behoorlyk afgelost te zyn, gedeeltelyk uit oorzaken van ondergeschikt belang, wachtte ik de komst van myn opvolger af, in de meening dat die ambtenaar spoedig--althans deze maand--zou arriveeren.","translation":"I received, however, no instruction to hand over my office, and partly out of a sense of the obligation not to abandon my post before being properly relieved, partly from causes of lesser moment, I awaited the arrival of my successor, in the belief that this official would arrive soon — this month at the latest.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gedeeltelyk ... gedeeltelyk ...","title":"Correlative pair (parallel adverbials)","body":"gedeeltelyk ... gedeeltelyk ('partly ... partly') is a balanced correlative listing two motives; both adverbial phrases sit in the middle field before the main verb wachtte."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zonder behoorlyk afgelost te zyn","title":"zonder + passive te-infinitive","body":"zonder ... afgelost te zyn ('without being relieved') is a passive te-infinitive: the participle afgelost plus te zyn. aflossen ('to relieve [a post]') is separable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in de meening dat die ambtenaar ... zou arriveeren","title":"dat-clause + conditional/future zou","body":"dat opens a verb-final clause; zou arriveeren here projects expectation ('would arrive'). althans ('at least') is a hedging adverb in the middle field."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontving","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanschryving","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"aanschryving","lemma":"aanschrijving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"instruction"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause overtegeven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of betrekking","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of overtegeven","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"overtegeven","lemma":"overgeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of aanschryving","gloss":"to hand over"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gedeeltelyk","lemma":"gedeeltelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"first element of gedeeltelyk ... gedeeltelyk","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking besef","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"besef","lemma":"besef","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"a sense"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verplichting","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verplichting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verplichting","lemma":"verplichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"obligation"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of post","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"post","lemma":"post","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verlaten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verlaten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement specifying verplichting","gloss":"abandon"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause te zyn","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"behoorlyk","lemma":"behoorlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgelost","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"afgelost","lemma":"aflossen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive infinitive","gloss":"relieved"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of afgelost","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"gedeeltelyk","lemma":"gedeeltelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"second element of gedeeltelyk ... gedeeltelyk","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorzaken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking belang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ondergeschikt","lemma":"ondergeschikt","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies belang","gloss":"lesser"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with ontving","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of komst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"komst","lemma":"komst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wachtte af","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of opvolger","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"opvolger","lemma":"opvolger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"successor"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of wachtte ... af","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meening","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"belief"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of arriveeren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of arriveeren","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arriveeren","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deze maand","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maand","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"maand","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of arriveeren","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of arriveeren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"arriveeren","lemma":"arriveren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"arrive"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"h20-s130","source":"Thans verneem ik van u dat myn vervanger nog niet zoo spoedig kan verwacht worden--ge hebt, meen ik, die tyding te Serang gehoord--en tevens dat het den resident verwonderde dat ik, in de zeer byzondere pozitie waarin ik verkeer, nog niet heb verzocht het Bestuur aan u te mogen overdragen. Niets kon my aangenamer zyn dan dit bericht.","translation":"I now learn from you that my replacement cannot be expected so soon — you heard that news, I believe, at Serang — and likewise that the resident was surprised that I, in the very singular position in which I find myself, had not yet asked leave to make over the administration to you. Nothing could have been more welcome to me than this report.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s130.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Thans verneem ik van u dat ...","title":"Fronted adverb + V2 + dat-clause","body":"Fronting Thans ('now,' archaic) inverts to verneem ik; the dat-clause that follows is verb-final. Thans is a literary register marker for 'now / at present.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"kan ... verwacht worden","title":"Modal + passive infinitive","body":"kan ... verwacht worden ('can be expected') stacks modal kan over the passive infinitive verwacht worden (participle + worden)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verneem","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"verneem","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verneem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of van","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of verneem","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vervanger","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vervanger","lemma":"vervanger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive verwacht worden","gloss":"replacement"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwacht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spoedig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwacht worden","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verwacht","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"verwacht","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive clause","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of verwacht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt gehoord","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of tijding","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tyding","lemma":"tijding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gehoord","gloss":"news"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Serang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by hebt","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinates a second complement of verneem","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of verneem","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, nominative","role":"anticipatory subject of verwonderde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verwonderde","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"verwonderde","lemma":"verwonderen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"surprised"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of verwonderde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb verzocht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pozitie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pozitie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies byzondere","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"byzondere","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies positie","gloss":"singular"},{"surface":"pozitie","lemma":"positie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on positie","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verkeer","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verkeer","lemma":"verkeren","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"find myself"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzocht","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzocht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of verzocht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"verzocht","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by heb","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of overdragen","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of aan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks mogen overdragen infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mogen","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of overdragen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"overdragen","lemma":"overdragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of verzocht","gloss":"transfer"},{"surface":"Niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of kon zijn","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"indirect object of aangenaam zijn","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"aangenamer","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"more welcome"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative complement","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bericht","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"bericht","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"report"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"h20-s131","source":"Want ik behoef u niet te verzekeren dat ik, die verklaard heb niet anders te kunnen dienen dan ik hier deed ... ik die voor deze wyze van dienen ben gestraft met berisping, met een ruïneuze en deshonorante overplaatsing ... met den last om de arme lieden te verraden die op myn loyauteit vertrouwden --met de keus alzoo tusschen oneer en broodsgebrek!--dat ik na dit alles met moeite en zorg elk voorkomend geval te toetsen had aan myn plicht, en dat de eenvoudigste zaak my zwaar viel, geplaatst als ik was tusschen myn geweten en de principes van 't Gouvernement waaraan ik trouw schuldig ben zoolang ik niet ontheven ben van myn ambt. Deze moeielykheid openbaarde zich vooral by 't antwoord dat ik geven moest aan klagers.","translation":"For I need not assure you that I — who have declared myself unable to serve otherwise than I did here ... I who for this manner of serving have been punished with a reprimand, with a ruinous and dishonouring transfer ... with the charge of betraying the poor folk who trusted in my loyalty — with the choice, then, between dishonour and want of bread! — that I, after all this, had with toil and care to weigh every case that arose against my duty, and that the simplest matter fell heavy upon me, placed as I was between my conscience and the principles of the Government to which I owe fidelity so long as I am not relieved of my office. This difficulty showed itself above all in the answer I had to give to those who came with complaints.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik, die verklaard heb niet anders te kunnen dienen dan ik hier deed","title":"Relative die + perfect + te-infinitive + dan","body":"The relative die (referring to ik) opens a clause whose perfect verklaard heb governs te kunnen dienen ('to be able to serve'); dan ik hier deed ('than I did here') is the comparison standard."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ben gestraft met ... een ruïneuze en deshonorante overplaatsing","title":"State passive with zijn","body":"ben gestraft ('have been punished') is a state passive with zijn; the agent/instrument follows with met. deshonorante is a French loan ('dishonouring')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de principes van 't Gouvernement waaraan ik trouw schuldig ben","title":"Pronominal relative waaraan","body":"waaraan ('to which') is a pronominal-adverb relative (waar- + aan); trouw schuldig zijn aan ('to owe fidelity to') governs its object with aan, fused into waaraan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of behoef","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of behoef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"behoef","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"direct object of verzekeren","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzekeren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verzekeren infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verzekeren","lemma":"verzekeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of behoef","gloss":"assure"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of verzekeren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject resumed by ik at w62","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verklaard","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"verklaard","lemma":"verklaren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by heb","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verklaard","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dienen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dienen","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks kunnen dienen infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of dienen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kunnen","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deed","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of comparative clause","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"apposition resuming ik at w9","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive gestraft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wyze","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of wijze","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"serving"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gestraft","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"gestraft","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of relative clause","gloss":"punished"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking berisping","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"berisping","lemma":"berisping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gestraft","gloss":"a reprimand"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overplaatsing","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ruïneuze","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ruïneuze","lemma":"ruïneus","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies overplaatsing","gloss":"ruinous"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"deshonorante","lemma":"deshonorant","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies overplaatsing","gloss":"dishonouring"},{"surface":"overplaatsing","lemma":"overplaatsing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"transfer"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking last","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of last","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive complement of last","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lieden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lieden","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verraden","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verraden infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verraden","lemma":"verraden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of last","gloss":"betray"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vertrouwden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loyauteit","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of loyauteit","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"loyauteit","lemma":"loyauteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"loyalty"},{"surface":"vertrouwden","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"trusted"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking keus","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keus","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keus","lemma":"keus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"choice"},{"surface":"alzoo","lemma":"alzo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the choice phrase","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oneer and broodsgebrek","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"oneer","lemma":"oneer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated object of tussen","gloss":"dishonour"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"broodsgebrek","lemma":"broodsgebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second coordinated object of tussen","gloss":"want of bread"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"resumes complement clause after parenthesis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had te toetsen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of na","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeite","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of toetsen","gloss":"toil"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with moeite","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"elk","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"voorkomend","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"present participle","role":"modifies geval","gloss":"arising"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of toetsen","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks toetsen infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"toetsen","lemma":"toetsen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of had","gloss":"weigh"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"modal construction with te toetsen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated complement clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eenvoudigste","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies zaak","gloss":"simplest"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"indirect object of viel","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"zwaar","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of viel","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"geplaatst","lemma":"plaatsen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"supplementary predicate modifying ik","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of comparative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geweten and principes","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of geweten","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"geweten","lemma":"geweten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first coordinated object of tussen","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of principes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"principes","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"second coordinated object of tussen","gloss":"principles"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gouvernement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"waaraan","lemma":"waaraan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on Gouvernement","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"trouw","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object complement with schuldig","gloss":"fidelity"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"owing"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking to schuldig","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"zoolang","lemma":"zolang","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"as long as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive ontheven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontheven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ontheven","lemma":"ontheffen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive clause","gloss":"relieved"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ontheven","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of ambt","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ontheven","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeielykheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"moeielykheid","lemma":"moeilijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of openbaarde","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"openbaarde","lemma":"openbaren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of openbaarde","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies openbaarde","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking antwoord","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moest","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geven","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klagers","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"klagers","lemma":"klager","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of geven","gloss":"complainants"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"h20-s132","source":"Eens toch had ik beloofd niemand te zullen overleveren aan de rankune zyner hoofden!","translation":"For once I had promised to deliver no one to the rancour of his chiefs!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ik beloofd niemand te zullen overleveren","title":"Pluperfect + future te-infinitive","body":"had ... beloofd ('had promised') governs a te-infinitive that itself carries a future: te zullen overleveren ('to deliver [in future]'). niemand is the negative object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyner hoofden","title":"Genitive possessive zyner","body":"zyner ('his,' genitive of zijn) modifies hoofden: de rankune zyner hoofden = 'the rancour of his chiefs.' A formal inflected possessive of the period."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beloofd","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beloofd","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of beloofd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beloofd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"beloofd","lemma":"beloven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by had","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of overleveren","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zullen overleveren infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of overleveren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"overleveren","lemma":"overleveren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of beloofd","gloss":"deliver"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rankune","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rankune","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rankune","lemma":"rancune","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"rancour"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of hoofden","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive dependent of rancune","gloss":"chiefs"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"h20-s133","source":"Eenmaal had ik--onvoorzichtig genoeg!--myn woord ten borg gesteld voor de rechtvaardigheid van 't Gouvernement.","translation":"Once — imprudently enough! — I had pledged my word as surety for the justice of the Government.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s133.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ik ... myn woord ten borg gesteld","title":"Pluperfect of a fixed idiom","body":"ten borg stellen ('to pledge as surety') is a frozen idiom with ten (= te + den); had ... gesteld is its pluperfect. ten borg keeps an old dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesteld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gesteld","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"onvoorzichtig","lemma":"onvoorzichtig","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of gesteld","gloss":"imprudently"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onvoorzichtig","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gesteld","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"ten","morphology":"contracted preposition and article","role":"marks predicative phrase ten borg","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"borg","lemma":"borg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gesteld","gloss":"surety"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by had","gloss":"pledged"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rechtvaardigheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rechtvaardigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rechtvaardigheid","lemma":"rechtvaardigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gesteld","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 't","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Government"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"h20-s134","source":"De arme bevolking kon niet weten dat die belofte en die borgstelling gedesavoueerd waren, en dat ik arm en onmachtig alleen stond met myn zucht voor recht en menschelykheid.","translation":"The poor population could not know that this promise and this surety had been disavowed, and that I, poor and powerless, stood alone with my craving for justice and humanity.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s134.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kon niet weten dat die belofte ... gedesavoueerd waren","title":"Modal + dat-clause pluperfect passive","body":"kon niet weten ('could not know') governs a dat-clause that is verb-final on a pluperfect passive: waren gedesavoueerd ('had been disavowed'). gedesavoueerd is a French loan-participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik arm en onmachtig alleen stond met myn zucht voor recht","title":"Predicative adjectives in the middle field","body":"arm en onmachtig ('poor and powerless') are predicative adjectives describing the subject's state, sitting before the verb stond in this verb-final dat-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kon weten","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of weten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kon weten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kon","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first complement clause of weten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of belofte","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"belofte","lemma":"belofte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject of gedesavoueerd waren","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links belofte and borgstelling","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of borgstelling","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"borgstelling","lemma":"borgstelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject of gedesavoueerd waren","gloss":"surety"},{"surface":"gedesavoueerd","lemma":"desavoueren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first passive complement clause","gloss":"disavowed"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gedesavoueerd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two complement clauses of weten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second complement clause of weten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"first appositive predicate modifying ik","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links arm and onmachtig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onmachtig","lemma":"onmachtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"second appositive predicate modifying ik","gloss":"powerless"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second complement clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement headed by zucht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of zucht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"zucht","lemma":"zucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of zucht","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of voor","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links recht and menschelykheid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"menschelykheid","lemma":"menselijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of voor","gloss":"humanity","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch menselijkheid."}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"h20-s135","source":"En men ging met klagen voort!","translation":"And still they went on complaining!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s135.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"men ging met klagen voort","title":"Separable voortgaan met","body":"voortgaan met ('to go on with') is separable; ging ... voort splits, with the nominalized klagen ('complaining') as object of met. The whole: 'they kept on complaining.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ging","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of the construction ging voort","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces klagen in met klagen voortgaan","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"klagen","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"object of met","gloss":"complaining"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ging voort, with met klagen","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"h20-s136","source":"Het was grievend, na de ontvangst der kabinetsmissive van 23 Maart, dáár te zitten als vermeende toevlucht, als machtelooze beschermer.","translation":"It was galling, after receiving the cabinet dispatch of 23 March, to sit there as a supposed refuge, as a protector without power.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het was grievend ... dáár te zitten","title":"Impersonal het + te-infinitive subject","body":"Het was grievend ('it was galling') uses dummy het, with the logical subject in the te-infinitive dáár te zitten ('to sit there'). The stressed dáár adds bitter emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"der kabinetsmissive","title":"Genitive article der","body":"na de ontvangst der kabinetsmissive ('after receiving the cabinet dispatch') uses the genitive der ('of the'), the formal alternative to van de."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of was grievend","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Het to grievend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"grievend","lemma":"grievend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"galling"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal phrase headed by ontvangst","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontvangst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontvangst","lemma":"ontvangst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"receipt"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of kabinetsmissive","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"kabinetsmissive","lemma":"kabinetsmissive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of ontvangst","gloss":"cabinet dispatch"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the date modifying kabinetsmissive","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Maart","lemma":"maart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"month in the date 23 Maart","gloss":"March"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zitten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces zitten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zitten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed infinitival subject of was grievend","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the first predicative complement of zitten","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"vermeende","lemma":"vermeend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies toevlucht","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"toevlucht","lemma":"toevlucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement introduced by als","gloss":"refuge"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the second predicative complement of zitten","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"machtelooze","lemma":"machteloos","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies beschermer","gloss":"powerless","note":"Historical spelling of inflected modern Dutch machteloze."},{"surface":"beschermer","lemma":"beschermer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement introduced by als","gloss":"protector"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"h20-s137","source":"Het was hartverscheurend de klachten aantehooren over mishandeling, uitzuiging, armoede, honger ... terwyl ikzelf nu met vrouw en kind honger en armoede te-gemoet ga.","translation":"It was heartrending to hear out the complaints of ill-treatment, extortion, poverty, hunger ... while I myself now, with wife and child, go to meet hunger and poverty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het was hartverscheurend de klachten aantehooren","title":"Impersonal het + te-infinitive","body":"Het was hartverscheurend ('it was heartrending'), again with dummy het and the real subject in the te-infinitive de klachten aantehooren ('to hear out the complaints'). aantehooren = joined 1860 aan te hooren."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"terwyl ikzelf nu ... honger en armoede te-gemoet ga","title":"terwyl clause, verb-final","body":"terwyl ('while') opens a verb-final clause; te-gemoet gaan ('to go to meet') puts the object honger en armoede before the verb ga at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of was hartverscheurend","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Het to hartverscheurend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hartverscheurend","lemma":"hartverscheurend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"heartrending"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klachten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klachten","lemma":"klacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of aantehooren","gloss":"complaints"},{"surface":"aantehooren","lemma":"aanhoren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed infinitival subject of was hartverscheurend","gloss":"to hear out","note":"Historical spelling and formerly joined form of modern Dutch aan te horen."},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the subject matter of klachten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mishandeling","lemma":"mishandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated object of over","gloss":"ill-treatment"},{"surface":"uitzuiging","lemma":"uitzuiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of over","gloss":"extortion"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of over","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"honger","lemma":"honger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of over","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"terwyl","lemma":"terwijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause of ga","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ikzelf","lemma":"ikzelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ga","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ga","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the accompaniment phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links vrouw and kind","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"honger","lemma":"honger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of tegemoet ga","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links honger and armoede","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of tegemoet ga","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"te-gemoet","lemma":"tegemoet","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ga in tegemoetgaan","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite base of tegemoet ga","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"h20-s138","source":"En ook 't Gouvernement mocht ik niet verraden.","translation":"And the Government, too, I was not allowed to betray.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ook 't Gouvernement mocht ik niet verraden","title":"Fronted object + modal mogen (permission)","body":"Fronting the object 't Gouvernement inverts to mocht ik; mogen here is the modal of permission, negated: mocht ... niet verraden = 'was not allowed to betray.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of mocht verraden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses Gouvernement","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"fronted direct object of verraden","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of verraden","gloss":"was allowed"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of mocht verraden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates mocht verraden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verraden","lemma":"verraden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by mocht","gloss":"betray"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"h20-s139","source":"Ik mocht tot die arme lieden niet zeggen: \"gaat en lydt, want het Bestuur wil dat gy gekneveld wordt!\" Ik mocht myn onmacht niet erkennen, één als ze was met de schande en de gewetenloosheid der raadgevers van den Gouverneur-generaal.","translation":"I was not allowed to say to those poor folk: \"Go and suffer, for the administration wills that you be ground down!\" I was not allowed to confess my powerlessness, which was one with the shame and the unscrupulousness of the Governor-General's advisers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"want het Bestuur wil dat gy gekneveld wordt","title":"want + dat-clause passive","body":"want ('for') keeps main-clause order; wil governs a dat-clause that is verb-final on a worden-passive: gy gekneveld wordt ('you are ground down/shackled'). gy is the formal pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik mocht ... niet erkennen","title":"mogen (permission) negated","body":"Ik mocht ... niet erkennen ('I was not allowed to acknowledge') again uses mogen for permission, sending the main verb erkennen to the end as a bare infinitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gekneveld","title":"knevelen — to extort / shackle","body":"knevelen literally means 'to bind/gag,' figuratively 'to extort, oppress.' gekneveld wordt = 'is being ground down.' A loaded word for colonial exploitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of mocht zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"was allowed"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the addressee of zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of lieden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies lieden","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tot and addressee of zeggen","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates mocht zeggen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by mocht","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural","role":"first imperative in the quoted command","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links gaat and lydt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lydt","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural","role":"second imperative in the quoted command","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of wil","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"wills"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of wil","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gekneveld wordt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gekneveld","lemma":"knevelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive complement clause","gloss":"ground down"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gekneveld","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of mocht erkennen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of erkennen","gloss":"was allowed"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of onmacht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"onmacht","lemma":"onmacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of erkennen and antecedent of ze","gloss":"powerlessness"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates mocht erkennen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by mocht","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"supplementary predicate of onmacht","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of was","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was, referring to onmacht","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ze to één met","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of één","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schande","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schande","lemma":"schande","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links schande and gewetenloosheid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gewetenloosheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewetenloosheid","lemma":"gewetenloosheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"unscrupulousness"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of raadgevers","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"raadgevers","lemma":"raadgever","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive complement of schande and gewetenloosheid","gloss":"advisers"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of raadgevers","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Governor-General"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"h20-s140","source":"Ziehier wat ik antwoordde:","translation":"Here is what I answered:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s140.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ziehier","lemma":"ziehier","morphology":"presentative interjection","role":"introduces the clause wat ik antwoordde","gloss":"here is"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of antwoordde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"h20-s141","source":"\"Terstond kan ik u niet helpen!","translation":"\"At once I cannot help you!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s141.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kan helpen","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of helpen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of kan helpen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of helpen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kan helpen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"helpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kan","gloss":"help"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"h20-s142","source":"Doch ik zal naar Batavia gaan, ik zal den Grooten-Heer spreken over uw ellende.","translation":"But I shall go to Batavia, I shall speak of your misery to the Great Lord.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik zal ... spreken over uw ellende","title":"Future zullen + present for plan","body":"ik zal ... spreken ('I shall speak') uses zullen for a promise/intention; the parallel ik zal naar Batavia gaan announces a planned act. zullen marks the explicit future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause of zal gaan","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zal gaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of gaan","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination of gaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zal spreken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of spreken","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Grooten-Heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Grooten-Heer","lemma":"Grote Heer","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"direct object of spreken","gloss":"Great Lord","note":"Historically inflected spelling of the title Grote Heer."},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"speak to"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the subject matter of spreken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of ellende","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ellende","lemma":"ellende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"misery"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"h20-s143","source":"Hy is rechtvaardig, en hy zal u bystaan.","translation":"He is just, and he will stand by you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s143.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Hy to rechtvaardig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"rechtvaardig","lemma":"rechtvaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses of is and zal bystaan","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zal bystaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of bystaan","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bystaan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"bystaan","lemma":"bijstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"stand by","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch bijstaan."}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"h20-s144","source":"Gaat voorloopig rustig naar huis ...verzet u niet ...verhuist nog niet ... wacht geduldig: ik denk, ik ... hoop dat er recht zal geschieden!\"","translation":"Go home quietly for the present ... do not resist ... do not yet move away ... wait patiently: I think — I ... hope that justice will be done!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s144.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Gaat ... verzet u niet ... verhuist nog niet ... wacht","title":"Plural imperatives (period -t)","body":"Gaat, verhuist, wacht are imperatives addressed to several people, taking the old plural -t (modern would drop it: ga, verhuis); verzet u niet ('do not resist') is a reflexive imperative with u."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural","role":"main verb of the first command","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"voorloopig","lemma":"voorlopig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Gaat","gloss":"for the present","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch voorlopig."},{"surface":"rustig","lemma":"rustig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Gaat","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination of Gaat","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar in naar huis","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"verzet","lemma":"verzetten","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural","role":"main verb of the second command","gloss":"resist"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of verzet","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verzet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verhuist","lemma":"verhuizen","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural","role":"main verb of the third command","gloss":"move away"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with niet to modify verhuist","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verhuist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wacht","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural","role":"main verb of the fourth command","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"geduldig","lemma":"geduldig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wacht","gloss":"patiently"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of denk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"denk","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of its clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hoop","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb governing the dat-clause","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of hoop","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential subject recht","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zal geschieden","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of geschieden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"geschieden","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"be done"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"h20-s145","source":"Zóó meende ik, beschaamd over de schending myner toezegging van hulp, myn denkbeelden in overeenstemming te brengen met myn plicht omtrent het Bestuur dat my nog deze maand betaalt, en ik zou aldus tot de komst van myn opvolger zyn voortgegaan, indien niet een byzonder voorval my heden in de noodzakelykheid bracht aan die dubbelzinnige verhouding een eind te maken.","translation":"Thus I thought — ashamed at the breaking of my promise of help — to bring my own convictions into accord with my duty toward the administration that still pays me this month, and so I should have carried on until the arrival of my successor, had not a singular occurrence put me today under the necessity of ending that ambiguous relation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"meende ik ... myn denkbeelden in overeenstemming te brengen met myn plicht","title":"menen + te-infinitive, inverted","body":"Fronting Zóó inverts to meende ik; menen governs the te-infinitive te brengen. The idiom in overeenstemming brengen met = 'to bring into accord with.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"indien niet een byzonder voorval my ... in de noodzakelykheid bracht","title":"Archaic conditional indien","body":"indien ('if') is the literary/formal conditional conjunction, opening a verb-final clause; here it states the counterfactual that did occur. de noodzakelykheid ... aan ... een eind te maken nests a te-infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meende","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"beschaamd","lemma":"beschaamd","morphology":"adjective","role":"depictive complement of ik","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schending","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schending","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schending","lemma":"schending","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of over","gloss":"breaking"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive","role":"possessive determiner of toezegging","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"toezegging","lemma":"toezegging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of schending","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hulp","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeelden","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"convictions"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overeenstemming","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"overeenstemming","lemma":"overeenstemming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of brengen","gloss":"accord"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of meende","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plicht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bestuur","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of omtrent","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, nominative","role":"subject of betaalt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of betaalt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betaalt","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maand","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"maand","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial of time modifying betaalt","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"betaalt","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on Bestuur","gloss":"pays"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates meende and zou voortgegaan zijn","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou voortgegaan zijn","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of voortgegaan zijn","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"aldus","lemma":"aldus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voortgegaan","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking komst","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of komst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"komst","lemma":"komst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opvolger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of opvolger","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"opvolger","lemma":"opvolger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"successor"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of voortgegaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"voortgegaan","lemma":"voortgaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb governed by zou and zijn","gloss":"carried on"},{"surface":"indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces counterfactual condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates bracht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorval","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"byzonder","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voorval","gloss":"singular"},{"surface":"voorval","lemma":"voorval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bracht","gloss":"occurrence"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"heden","lemma":"heden","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial of time modifying bracht","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noodzakelykheid","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of noodzakelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noodzakelykheid","lemma":"noodzakelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"necessity","note":"Noodzakelykheid is an older spelling of modern noodzakelijkheid."},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in een eind maken aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dubbelzinnige","lemma":"dubbelzinnig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verhouding","gloss":"ambiguous"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of noodzakelijkheid","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"h20-s146","source":"Zeven personen hadden geklaagd.","translation":"Seven persons had lodged complaints.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s146.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zeven personen hadden geklaagd","title":"Pluperfect of weak klagen","body":"hadden geklaagd ('had complained') is the pluperfect of the weak verb klagen — weak verbs add the dental -d/-t participle (ge-klaag-d) with no vowel change."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zeven","lemma":"zeven","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies personen","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of geklaagd","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geklaagd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geklaagd","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lodged complaints"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"h20-s147","source":"Ik gaf hun bovenstaand antwoord.","translation":"I gave them the answer set out above.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s147.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"bovenstaand","lemma":"bovenstaand","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies antwoord","gloss":"set out above"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"answer"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"h20-s148","source":"Zy keerden naar hun woonstede terug.","translation":"They turned back toward their dwelling-place.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s148.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zy keerden naar hun woonstede terug","title":"Separable terugkeeren, past","body":"terugkeeren ('to return') is separable; keerden ... terug splits in this past main clause, with terug at the end. woonstede ('dwelling-place') is an archaic/literary word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of keerden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"keerden","lemma":"keren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woonstede","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of woonstede","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"woonstede","lemma":"woonstede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of keerden","gloss":"dwelling-place"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of keerden ... terug","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"h20-s149","source":"Onder-weg ontmoet hen hun dorpshoofd.","translation":"On the way their village chief met them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s149.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Onder-weg ontmoet hen hun dorpshoofd","title":"Historical present + V2 inversion","body":"ontmoet is a vivid historical present (Havelaar narrates past events in the present for immediacy); the fronted Onder-weg inverts the verb before the subject hun dorpshoofd."}],"words":[{"surface":"Onder-weg","lemma":"onderweg","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifying ontmoet","gloss":"on the way"},{"surface":"ontmoet","lemma":"ontmoeten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"meets"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ontmoet","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of dorpshoofd","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"dorpshoofd","lemma":"dorpshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ontmoet","gloss":"village chief"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"h20-s150","source":"Hy moet ze verboden hebben hun kampong weder te verlaten, en nam ze--naar men my rapporteert--hun kleederen af, om hen te dwingen tehuis te blyven.","translation":"He must have forbidden them to leave their kampong again, and — so I am told — took their clothes from them, in order to force them to stay at home.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s150.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy moet ze verboden hebben ... te verlaten","title":"Modal moeten (epistemic) + perfect inf","body":"moet ... verboden hebben ('must have forbidden') is epistemic moeten over a perfect infinitive; verbieden ('to forbid') governs a te-infinitive te verlaten ('to leave')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"nam ze ... hun kleederen af, om hen te dwingen tehuis te blyven","title":"Separable afnemen + om...te","body":"afnemen ('to take away from') is separable (nam ... af) and takes a dative ze; om hen te dwingen ... te blyven ('to force them to stay') is a purpose clause with a nested te-infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of moet verboden hebben and nam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verboden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"indirect object of verboden","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"verboden","lemma":"verbieden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb governed by moet hebben","gloss":"forbidden"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of verboden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kampong","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"kampong","lemma":"kampong","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"kampong"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verlaten","gloss":"again","note":"Weder here means ‘again’."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verlaten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verboden","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates moet verboden hebben and nam","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"second main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of nam ... af","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical report","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of rapporteert","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of rapporteert","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"rapporteert","lemma":"rapporteren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kleederen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"kleederen","lemma":"kleed","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of nam ... af","gloss":"clothes","note":"Kleederen is an older plural of kleed, here meaning clothes."},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle of nam ... af","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive dwingen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of dwingen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive dwingen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dwingen","lemma":"dwingen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying nam ... af","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"tehuis","lemma":"tehuis","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative location with blijven","gloss":"at home","note":"Tehuis is an archaic adverb meaning ‘at home’."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive blijven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of dwingen","gloss":"stay"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"h20-s151","source":"Één hunner ontsnapt, vervoegt zich weder by my en verklaart: niet naar zyn dorp te durven terugkeeren.","translation":"One of them escaped, presented himself again before me, and declared that he dared not return to his village.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s151.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Één hunner ontsnapt, vervoegt zich ... en verklaart","title":"Historical present + reflexive zich vervoegen","body":"ontsnapt, vervoegt, verklaart are vivid historical presents; zich vervoegen by ('to present oneself before') is reflexive. hunner ('of them') is a genitive partitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet naar zyn dorp te durven terugkeeren","title":"te-infinitive with negation + durven","body":"The reported content is a te-infinitive: te durven terugkeeren ('to dare to return'), negated by niet. durven here governs a bare terugkeeren inside the te-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Één","lemma":"een","morphology":"numeral","role":"head of subject phrase één hunner","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hunner","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"partitive complement of Één","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"ontsnapt","lemma":"ontsnappen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"first main verb of the sentence","gloss":"escapes"},{"surface":"vervoegt","lemma":"vervoegen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with ontsnapt","gloss":"presents"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vervoegt","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vervoegt","gloss":"again","note":"Weder here means ‘again’."},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mij","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates vervoegt and verklaart","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verklaart","lemma":"verklaren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with vervoegt","gloss":"declares"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates durven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dorp","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of dorp","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of terugkeeren","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive durven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"durven","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verklaart","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"terugkeeren","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of durven","gloss":"return"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"h20-s152","source":"Wat ik nu dien man moet antwoorden, weet ik niet!","translation":"What I am now to answer that man, I do not know!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s152.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat ik nu dien man moet antwoorden, weet ik niet","title":"Fronted embedded question + V2","body":"The whole indirect question Wat ik ... moet antwoorden is fronted as object, forcing inversion in the matrix: weet ik niet. dien man keeps the old accusative den/dien."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of antwoorden and head of subordinate clause","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of antwoorden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies antwoorden","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, dative","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of antwoorden","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of antwoorden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"antwoorden","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of subordinate clause governed by moet","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the matrix clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"h20-s153","source":"Ik kan hem niet beschermen ... ik mag hem myn onmacht niet bekennen ... ik wil 't aangeklaagd dorpshoofd niet vervolgen, daar zulks den schyn zou meebrengen alsof deze zaak pour le besoin de ma cause door my was opgerakeld: ik weet niet meer wat te doen ...","translation":"I cannot protect him ... I may not confess to him my powerlessness ... I will not prosecute the accused village chief, since that would create the appearance that this affair had been stirred up by me pour le besoin de ma cause: I no longer know what to do ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s153.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik mag hem myn onmacht niet bekennen","title":"mogen (permission) + double object","body":"mag ... niet bekennen ('may not confess') uses mogen for permission; hem is the indirect (dative) object and myn onmacht the direct object, both before the final infinitive bekennen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar zulks den schyn zou meebrengen alsof ...","title":"Causal daar + archaic zulks + zou","body":"daar ('since') opens the clause; zulks ('such a thing,' the neuter genitive-flavored form of zulk) is the subject; zou meebrengen ('would entail') is conditional, followed by alsof ('as if')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"pour le besoin de ma cause","title":"French interjection","body":"pour le besoin de ma cause ('for the needs of my case') is a French phrase Multatuli drops in untranslated — a mark of the educated register and the bilingual culture of the colonial elite."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beschermen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of beschermen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of beschermen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beschermen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beschermen","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kan","gloss":"protect"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bekennen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bekennen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of bekennen","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of onmacht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"onmacht","lemma":"onmacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bekennen","gloss":"powerlessness"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekennen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bekennen","lemma":"bekennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by mag","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of vervolgen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorpshoofd","gloss":"the","note":"’t is a contraction of het."},{"surface":"aangeklaagd","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"modifies dorpshoofd","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"dorpshoofd","lemma":"dorpshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vervolgen","gloss":"village chief"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vervolgen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vervolgen","lemma":"vervolgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"prosecute"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"zulks","lemma":"zulks","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zou meebrengen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative","role":"determiner of schijn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schyn","lemma":"schijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of meebrengen","gloss":"appearance","note":"Schyn is an older spelling of modern schijn."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of meebrengen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"meebrengen","lemma":"meebrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of causal clause governed by zou","gloss":"create"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opgerakeld","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was opgerakeld","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"pour","lemma":"pour","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces French purpose phrase","gloss":"for","note":"Pour le besoin de ma cause is French for ‘to serve the needs of my case’."},{"surface":"le","lemma":"le","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular","role":"determiner of besoin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"besoin","lemma":"besoin","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"complement of pour","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cause","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ma","lemma":"ma","morphology":"possessive determiner, feminine singular","role":"determiner of cause","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"cause","lemma":"cause","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"complement of de","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking agent mij","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"agent complement of door","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgerakeld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"opgerakeld","lemma":"oprakelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of alsof-clause","gloss":"stirred up"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with niet as niet meer","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of weet","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"h20-s154","source":"Ik belast u, onder nadere goedkeuring des Residents van Bantam, vanaf morgen-ochtend met het bestuur der afdeeling Lebak. De Adsistent-resident van Lebak,","translation":"I charge you, subject to the further approval of the Resident of Bantam, with the administration of the division of Lebak from tomorrow morning. The Assistant-Resident of Lebak,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s154.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"onder nadere goedkeuring des Residents","title":"Genitive des + -s","body":"des Residents ('of the Resident') is a full old genitive: the article des plus the -s ending on the noun. The most formal possessive form, alive in 1860 chancery prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik belast u ... met het bestuur","title":"Performative present belasten","body":"Ik belast u met ('I charge you with') is a performative present — the very utterance enacts the transfer of office. belasten met governs its object with met."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of belast","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"belast","lemma":"belasten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of belast","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking goedkeuring","gloss":"subject to"},{"surface":"nadere","lemma":"nader","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies goedkeuring","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"goedkeuring","lemma":"goedkeuring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of belast","gloss":"approval"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of Residents","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Residents","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"possessor of goedkeuring","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"vanaf","lemma":"vanaf","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking morgen-ochtend","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"morgen-ochtend","lemma":"morgenochtend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of vanaf","gloss":"tomorrow morning","note":"Morgen-ochtend is an older hyphenated spelling of morgenochtend."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestuur","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"possessor of bestuur","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"name of afdeeling","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title of Max Havelaar in h20-s155","gloss":"Assistant-Resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"h20-s155","source":"MAX HAVELAAR.\"","translation":"MAX HAVELAAR.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s155.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"MAX","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"given name in signature","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"HAVELAAR","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname in signature; appositive to title in h20-s154","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"h20-s156","source":"Daarop vertrok Havelaar met vrouw en kind van Rangkas-Betoeng.","translation":"Thereupon Havelaar departed from Rangkas-Betoeng with wife and child.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s156.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daarop vertrok Havelaar","title":"Fronted Daarop + V2 + strong past","body":"Fronting Daarop ('thereupon') inverts to vertrok Havelaar; vertrok is the strong imperfect of vertrekken ('to depart'), with vowel change e→o."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertrok","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"vertrok","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vertrok","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouw","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with vrouw","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"h20-s157","source":"Hy weigerde alle geleide.","translation":"He refused all escort.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s157.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of weigerde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"weigerde","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geleide","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"geleide","lemma":"geleide","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of weigerde","gloss":"escort"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"h20-s158","source":"Duclari en Verbrugge waren diep geroerd by 't afscheid.","translation":"Duclari and Verbrugge were deeply moved at the parting.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s158.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waren diep geroerd by 't afscheid","title":"State passive geroerd","body":"waren ... geroerd ('were moved') is a state passive with zijn describing an emotional state; the participle geroerd of roeren ('to stir, move') functions adjectivally."}],"words":[{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of geroerd","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"second coordinated subject of geroerd","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking to geroerd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geroerd","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"geroerd","lemma":"roeren","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afscheid","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afscheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afscheid","lemma":"afscheid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"parting"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"h20-s159","source":"Ook Max was aangedaan, vooral toen hy op de eerste wisselplaats eene talryke menigte vond, die weggeslopen was uit Rangkas-Betoeng om hem daar te begroeten voor het laatst.","translation":"Max too was stirred, above all when at the first relay station he found a great crowd that had slipped away from Rangkas-Betoeng to greet him there one last time.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s159.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vooral toen hy ... vond, die weggeslopen was","title":"Subordinate clauses send the verb to the end","body":"After toen ('when') the finite verb vond moves to the clause's end, and the relative die weggeslopen was likewise closes on its verb. Two stacked verb-final clauses inside one sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"weggeslopen was","title":"Pluperfect with zijn","body":"wegsluipen ('to slip away') forms its perfect with zijn (a verb of motion), and the imperfect was puts it one step further back: 'had slipped away'. The separable prefix weg- is glued to the participle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb modifying Max","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Max to aangedaan","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aangedaan","lemma":"aandoen","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the toen-clause","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vond","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wisselplaats","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wisselplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies wisselplaats","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"wisselplaats","lemma":"wisselplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"relay station"},{"surface":"eene","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, inflected historical form","role":"determiner of menigte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"talryke","lemma":"talrijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies menigte","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"menigte","lemma":"menigte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"crowd"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the toen-clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was weggeslopen; refers to menigte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"weggeslopen","lemma":"wegsluipen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle with auxiliary was","gloss":"slipped away"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of weggeslopen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of uit","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive begroeten","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, third-person singular","role":"direct object of begroeten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begroeten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive begroeten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"begroeten","lemma":"begroeten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on weggeslopen","gloss":"greet"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the fixed phrase voor het laatst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner in voor het laatst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatst","lemma":"laatst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, substantivized","role":"head of the fixed phrase voor het laatst","gloss":"last time"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"h20-s160","source":"Te Serang stapte de familie by den heer Slymering af, die haar met de gewone indische gastvryheid ontving.","translation":"At Serang the family stopped at the house of Mr. Slymering, who received them with the usual Indian hospitality.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s160.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Te Serang stapte de familie ... af","title":"Fronting + V2 + separable afstappen","body":"The sentence opens with the place phrase Te Serang, so the finite verb stapte must come second; the separable prefix af- of afstappen ('to alight, stop') breaks off to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"by den heer Slymering","title":"Dative remnant: den","body":"After the preposition by, the masculine article appears as den — a frozen dative case-ending alive in 1860 prose (modern: bij de heer / bij meneer)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Serang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of Te","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"stapte","lemma":"stappen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb afstappen","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stapte","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den heer Slymering","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title preceding Slymering","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Slymering","lemma":"Slymering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to heer; object of bij","gloss":"Slymering"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of stapte ... af","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ontving; refers to Slymering","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, third-person singular","role":"direct object of ontving; refers to familie","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gastvryheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gastvryheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewone","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gastvryheid","gloss":"usual"},{"surface":"indische","lemma":"indisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gastvryheid","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"gastvryheid","lemma":"gastvrijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"hospitality"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"received"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"h20-s161","source":"'s Avends kwam er veel bezoek by den resident.","translation":"In the evening many visitors came to the resident's.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s161.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kwam er veel bezoek","title":"Existential er with inversion","body":"er here introduces something onto the scene ('there came...'); fronting 's Avends forces V2, so kwam stands second and the subject veel bezoek follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'s Avends","title":"Frozen genitive 's","body":"'s Avends ('in the evening') is a petrified old genitive: 's is the reduced article des. Avends spells modern avonds with period vowel choice."}],"words":[{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"contracted genitive article","role":"part of the fixed temporal phrase 's avonds","gloss":"in the","note":"In the fixed expression 's avonds, 's is a remnant of the old genitive article des."},{"surface":"Avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, old genitive form","role":"head of the fixed temporal phrase 's avonds","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive with kwam","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"quantifies bezoek","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kwam; collective sense","gloss":"visitors"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den resident","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"resident's"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"h20-s162","source":"Men zeide zoo beteekenisvol mogelyk, gekomen te zyn om Havelaar te begroeten, en Max ontving menig welsprekenden handdruk ...","translation":"They said, as meaningfully as they could, that they had come to greet Havelaar, and Max received many an eloquent handshake ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s162.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men zeide ... gekomen te zyn","title":"Impersonal men + te-infinitive","body":"men ('one / people') is the indefinite subject; zeggen here governs a reported infinitive clause, the perfect infinitive gekomen te zyn ('to have come')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"menig welsprekenden handdruk","title":"Inflected adjective on a masculine object","body":"welsprekenden carries the old -en that masculine accusatives took after menig; modern Dutch would write menige welsprekende handdruk."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"beteekenisvol","title":"beteekenisvol = 'meaningful, pointed'","body":"Period spelling of betekenisvol. Here it is sardonic: the visitors said 'as pointedly as possible' that they had come to greet Havelaar — hinting at sympathy they dared not voice openly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"first element of zo ... mogelijk","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"beteekenisvol","lemma":"betekenisvol","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeide","gloss":"meaningfully"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"second element of zo ... mogelijk","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the reported infinitive clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the perfect infinitive gekomen te zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive begroeten","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of begroeten","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive begroeten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"begroeten","lemma":"begroeten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on gekomen","gloss":"greet"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses headed by zeide and ontving","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zeide","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"menig","lemma":"menig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of handdruk","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"welsprekenden","lemma":"welsprekend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical masculine ending","role":"modifies handdruk","gloss":"eloquent"},{"surface":"handdruk","lemma":"handdruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"handshake"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"h20-s163","source":"Maar hy moest naar Batavia om den Gouverneur-generaal te spreken ...","translation":"But he had to go on to Batavia to speak with the Governor-General ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s163.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"moest naar Batavia om ... te spreken","title":"Modal moeten + purpose om ... te","body":"moest (past of moeten, 'had to') is a modal here used with a bare directional goal naar Batavia; the purpose is framed by om ... te spreken ('in order to speak')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates with the preceding discourse","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal with an understood motion verb and purpose clause","gloss":"had to go"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive spreken","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of spreken","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on moest","gloss":"speak with"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"h20-s164","source":"Dáár aangekomen, liet hy om gehoor verzoeken.","translation":"Having arrived there, he sent in a request for an audience.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dáár aangekomen, liet hy ... verzoeken","title":"Participial absolute + causative laten","body":"Dáár aangekomen ('having arrived there') is a participial phrase standing for a full clause. liet ... verzoeken is causative laten: 'he had a request made' rather than making it himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangekomen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"aangekomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial clause modifying hy","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"causative verb, past, singular","role":"finite causative governing verzoeken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gehoor","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"gehoor","lemma":"gehoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"an audience"},{"surface":"verzoeken","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of liet","gloss":"request"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"h20-s165","source":"Dit werd hem geweigerd omdat er een fytzweer was aan den voet van zyn Excellentie.","translation":"This was refused him, because there was a boil on the foot of His Excellency.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s165.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit werd hem geweigerd","title":"worden-passive","body":"werd ... geweigerd is the process passive (worden + participle): the request 'was refused'. The recipient hem stands in the dative without a preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat er een fytzweer was","title":"omdat sends the verb to the end; existential er","body":"The causal conjunction omdat opens a verb-final clause (here the verb 'was' precedes a heavy place PP 'aan den voet…', which normally follows, so 'was' is not literally the last word), and er ... was supplies the existential 'there was'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"fytzweer","title":"fytzweer = a whitlow / abscess","body":"Period spelling of fijtzweer, a painful boil or whitlow. Multatuli's bathos: an empire's redress turns on a sore on the Governor-General's foot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive geweigerd","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geweigerd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of geweigerd","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"geweigerd","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause headed by was","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive subject of was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fytzweer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fytzweer","lemma":"fijtzweer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of was","gloss":"boil"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reason clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den voet","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of voet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor zyn Excellentie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"Excellentie","morphology":"noun used as honorific, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Excellency"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"h20-s166","source":"Havelaar wachtte tot die fytzweer genezen was.","translation":"Havelaar waited until that boil was healed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s166.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wachtte tot die fytzweer genezen was","title":"tot-clause with verb-final pluperfect","body":"tot ('until') subordinates the clause, so genezen was closes it. genezen with zijn marks a completed change of state ('had healed')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause genezen was","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fytzweer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fytzweer","lemma":"fijtzweer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of genezen was","gloss":"boil"},{"surface":"genezen","lemma":"genezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the subordinate clause","gloss":"healed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of genezen","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"h20-s167","source":"Toen liet hy andermaal verzoeken gehoord te worden.","translation":"Then he asked once more to be heard.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s167.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen liet hy andermaal verzoeken gehoord te worden","title":"Causative laten + passive infinitive","body":"Fronting Toen ('then') keeps liet in second position. laten ... verzoeken again has the request made on his behalf, and gehoord te worden ('to be heard') is a passive te-infinitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"andermaal","title":"andermaal = 'once again'","body":"A literary, slightly archaic adverb for 'a second time / once more', heightening the wearying repetition of Havelaar's requests."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liet","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"causative verb, past, singular","role":"finite causative governing verzoeken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"andermaal","lemma":"andermaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzoeken","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"verzoeken","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of liet","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the passive infinitive","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the passive infinitive gehoord te worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"h20-s168","source":"Zyn Excellentie \"had het zoo druk dat zy zelfs aan den Direkteur-generaal van financien een audientie had moeten weigeren\" en kon dus ook Havelaar niet ontvangen.","translation":"His Excellency \"was so busy that he had even had to refuse an audience to the Director-General of Finance,\" and so could not receive Havelaar either.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s168.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ... moeten weigeren","title":"Perfect of a modal: the infinitivus pro participio","body":"When a modal like moeten governs another verb in the perfect, it appears as a bare infinitive, not a participle: had moeten weigeren ('had had to refuse'), with two infinitives stacked at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zy zelfs ... had moeten weigeren","title":"dat-clause and the curious zy","body":"dat opens a verb-final clause. Note the pronoun zy ('she') referring to the male Governor-General — the grammatical gender of zyn Excellentie ('His Excellency', a feminine-treated title) governs agreement, not the man's sex."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"Excellentie","morphology":"noun used as honorific, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had and kon","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb in the idiom het druk hebben","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter","role":"fixed object in het druk hebben","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies druk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"druk","lemma":"druk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement in het druk hebben","gloss":"busy"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weigeren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had moeten weigeren","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weigeren","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den Direkteur-generaal","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of Direkteur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Direkteur-generaal","lemma":"directeur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Director-General"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement financien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"financien","lemma":"financiën","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"Finance"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of audientie","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"audientie","lemma":"audiëntie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weigeren","gloss":"audience"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of moeten weigeren","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of weigeren","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"weigeren","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive in the result clause","gloss":"refuse"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates had with kon","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal governing ontvangen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontvangen","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb in ook ... niet","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontvangen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontvangen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"receive"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"h20-s169","source":"Havelaar wachtte tot zyn Excellentie zou heengeworsteld zyn door die drukte. Intusschen voelde hy iets als nayver op de personen die aan zyn Excellentie waren toegevoegd in den arbeid.","translation":"Havelaar waited until His Excellency should have struggled through all that press of business. Meanwhile he felt something like envy of the persons who had been attached to His Excellency in the work.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s169.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"tot zyn Excellentie zou heengeworsteld zyn","title":"Future-perfect-in-the-past with zou","body":"zou + the perfect infinitive heengeworsteld zyn expresses 'should have struggled through' — a conditional/future cast back into a past narration, all verbs clustered at the clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die aan zyn Excellentie waren toegevoegd","title":"Relative die + worden-less past passive","body":"Relative die ('who') refers to de personen; waren toegevoegd is the pluperfect passive ('had been assigned'), with the separable participle toegevoegd at the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"nayver","title":"nayver = 'envy, jealousy'","body":"Period spelling of naijver — here a wry, almost tender envy: Havelaar, a man who loved hard work, envies those allowed to share the Governor-General's labour while he is left only to wait."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause headed by zou","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"Excellentie","morphology":"noun used as honorific, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of heengeworsteld","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"heengeworsteld","lemma":"heenworstelen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle in zou ... zijn","gloss":"struggled"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of heengeworsteld","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking drukte","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of drukte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"drukte","lemma":"drukte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"workload"},{"surface":"Intusschen","lemma":"intussen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voelde","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of voelde","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison nayver","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"nayver","lemma":"naijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"envy"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of personen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of waren toegevoegd; refers to personen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"Excellentie","morphology":"noun used as honorific, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of toegevoegd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"toegevoegd","lemma":"toevoegen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause","gloss":"attached"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"work"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"h20-s170","source":"Want hy werkte gaarne snel en veel, en gewoonlyk smolten zulke \"drukten\" weg onder zyn hand.","translation":"For he liked to work fast and much, and usually such \"presses of business\" melted away beneath his hand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s170.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want hy werkte gaarne snel en veel","title":"want: a coordinating conjunction","body":"want ('for, because') joins clauses as equals and does NOT send the verb to the end — hy werkte keeps normal main-clause order, unlike the subordinator omdat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"smolten ... weg","title":"Strong past + separable wegsmelten","body":"smolten is the strong simple past of smelten ('to melt'), with the vowel change e→o; the separable prefix weg- splits off to the end ('melted away')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gaarne","title":"gaarne = 'gladly, with pleasure'","body":"A literary equivalent of modern graag; gaarne ... werken means 'liked to work'. It survives today mainly in formal letters."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of werkte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"werkte","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werkte","gloss":"liked to"},{"surface":"snel","lemma":"snel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werkte","gloss":"fast"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werkte","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses headed by werkte and smolten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies smolten","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"smolten","lemma":"smelten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with werkte","gloss":"melted"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of drukten","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"drukten","lemma":"drukte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of smolten","gloss":"workloads"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of smolten ... weg","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zyn hand","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"h20-s171","source":"Hiervan echter was nu natuurlyk geen spraak.","translation":"Of that, however, there could now of course be no question.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s171.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hiervan ... was nu ... geen spraak","title":"Pronominal adverb hiervan + geen","body":"hiervan ('of this') fuses hier- with the preposition van, fronted for emphasis. geen spraak negates the indefinite noun: 'no question/talk of it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complement of spraak","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking spraak to the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverb modifying was","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spraak","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"question"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"h20-s172","source":"Havelaars arbeid was zwaarder dan arbeid: hy wachtte!","translation":"Havelaar's labour was heavier than labour: he waited!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s172.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zwaarder dan arbeid","title":"Comparative with dan","body":"zwaarder is the comparative of zwaar ('heavy'), and dan ('than') introduces the comparison: 'heavier than labour'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaars arbeid","title":"Genitive -s on a name","body":"Havelaars is the inflected genitive ('Havelaar's'), the one productive genitive ending still normal in Dutch, used freely with proper names."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, singular","role":"possessor of arbeid","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking arbeid to zwaarder","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zwaarder","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"heavier"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison arbeid","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"h20-s173","source":"Hy wachtte.","translation":"He waited.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s173.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"h20-s174","source":"Eindelyk liet hy op-nieuw verzoeken om gehoord te worden.","translation":"At last he asked again to be heard.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s174.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Eindelyk liet hy op-nieuw verzoeken om gehoord te worden","title":"Causative laten + passive purpose clause","body":"Fronted Eindelyk triggers V2 (liet second). The request is again made for him (laten), with the purpose om gehoord te worden, 'in order to be heard'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liet","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op-nieuw","lemma":"opnieuw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzoeken","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"verzoeken","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of liet","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of the passive infinitive","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks worden as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"h20-s175","source":"Men gaf hem ten-antwoord \"dat zyn Excellentie hem niet kon ontvangen, wyl ze hierin verhinderd werd door de drukte van haar aanstaand vertrek.\"","translation":"He was given for answer \"that His Excellency could not receive him, being prevented from doing so by the press of his imminent departure.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s175.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wyl ze hierin verhinderd werd","title":"Archaic subordinator wyl + worden-passive","body":"wyl ('because, while') is an older causal conjunction sending the verb to the end; werd ... verhinderd is the process passive, 'was prevented'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men gaf hem ten-antwoord","title":"Impersonal men as agent-dodge","body":"men ('they/one') keeps the refusing party faceless, mirroring the evasive bureaucracy; gaf ... ten-antwoord is a fixed phrase 'gave in answer'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ten-antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, fossilized dative","role":"predicative complement of gaf","gloss":"for answer"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of gaf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of ontvangen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kon ontvangen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing ontvangen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"wyl","lemma":"wijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of werd","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of werd verhinderd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hierin","lemma":"hierin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of verhinderd","gloss":"from doing so"},{"surface":"verhinderd","lemma":"verhinderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of the passive clause","gloss":"prevented"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verhinderd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the cause of verhinderd","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of drukte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"drukte","lemma":"drukte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"press"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a complement of drukte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vertrek","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aanstaand","lemma":"aanstaand","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies vertrek","gloss":"imminent"},{"surface":"vertrek","lemma":"vertrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"departure"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"h20-s176","source":"Max beval zich aan in de gunst van zyn Excellentie om één half uur gehoor, zoodra er een kleine ruimte wezen zou tusschen twee \"drukten.\"","translation":"Max commended himself to the favour of His Excellency for one half-hour's audience, as soon as some small gap should fall between two \"presses of business.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s176.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Max beval zich aan","title":"Reflexive zich + separable aanbevelen","body":"zich aanbevelen ('to commend oneself') is reflexive: the 3rd-person reflexive zich, with the separable prefix aan splitting to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoodra er een kleine ruimte wezen zou","title":"zoodra-clause + future-in-past wezen zou","body":"zoodra ('as soon as') subordinates the clause; wezen is the old infinitive of zijn ('to be'), and zou casts it as a future-in-the-past: 'should fall/be'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of beval","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"beval","lemma":"aanbevelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable beval ... aan","gloss":"commended"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"reflexive object of beval ... aan","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of beval ... aan","gloss":"for consideration"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement gunst","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of gunst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gunst","lemma":"gunst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"favour"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of gunst","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the request for gehoor","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies uur","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"half","lemma":"half","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies uur","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"measure modifier of gehoor","gloss":"hour's"},{"surface":"gehoor","lemma":"gehoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"audience"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of zou wezen","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of ruimte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies ruimte","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"ruimte","lemma":"ruimte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou wezen","gloss":"gap"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the position of ruimte","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies drukten","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"drukten","lemma":"drukte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of tusschen","gloss":"presses of business"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"h20-s177","source":"Eindelyk vernam hy dat zyn Excellentie den volgenden dag vertrekken zou!","translation":"At last he learned that His Excellency would depart the following day!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s177.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vernam hy dat zyn Excellentie ... vertrekken zou","title":"Reported clause with future zou(den)","body":"After vernam ('learned') the dat-clause is verb-final; vertrekken zou is the future-in-the-past, 'would depart', with zou last."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den volgenden dag","title":"Accusative-of-time den ...-en","body":"den volgenden dag ('the following day') is a fossilised accusative of time: both article (den) and adjective (volgenden) carry the old masculine -en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vernam","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"vernam","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vernam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of vernam","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou vertrekken","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine accusative singular","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial of time modifying vertrekken","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"vertrekken","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"depart"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of vertrekken","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"h20-s178","source":"Dit was hem een donderslag.","translation":"This was a thunderbolt to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s178.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit was hem een donderslag","title":"Dative of person without a preposition","body":"hem here is a 'free dative' — 'to him this was a thunderbolt' — without any preposition, a construction Dutch still uses for affected persons."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links Dit to donderslag","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative of affected person","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of donderslag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"donderslag","lemma":"donderslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"thunderbolt"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"h20-s179","source":"Nog altyd hield hy zich krampachtig vast aan 't geloof dat de aftredende Landvoogd eerlyk man, en ... bedrogen was.","translation":"Still he clung convulsively to the belief that the outgoing Governor was an honest man, and ... had been deceived.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s179.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hield hy zich krampachtig vast","title":"Reflexive zich + separable vasthouden","body":"zich vasthouden ('to cling') is reflexive; the fronted Nog altyd forces V2 (hield second), and the prefix vast lands at the end. krampachtig ('convulsively') is adverbial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de aftredende Landvoogd","title":"Present participle as adjective","body":"aftredende ('outgoing, retiring') is the -end(e) present participle of aftreden used attributively, inflected with -e before a de-word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Landvoogd","title":"Landvoogd = 'governor of a land'","body":"A solemn, archaic synonym for the Governor-General — literally 'land-warden'. Multatuli varies his titles (Landvoogd, Gouverneur-generaal, Excellentie) for rhetorical colour."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the temporal phrase Nog altyd","gloss":"Still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the temporal phrase Nog altyd","gloss":"all along"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"vasthouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable hield ... vast","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"reflexive object of hield ... vast","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"krampachtig","lemma":"krampachtig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hield ... vast","gloss":"convulsively"},{"surface":"vast","lemma":"vast","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of hield ... vast","gloss":"clung"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of vasthouden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of geloof","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"belief"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause modifying geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Landvoogd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aftredende","lemma":"aftreden","morphology":"present participle, attributive","role":"modifies Landvoogd","gloss":"outgoing"},{"surface":"Landvoogd","lemma":"landvoogd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Governor"},{"surface":"eerlyk","lemma":"eerlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies man","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the predicates man and bedrogen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bedrogen","lemma":"bedriegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"second predicate governed by was","gloss":"deceived"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular and auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"copula with man and perfect auxiliary of bedrogen","gloss":"was; had been"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"h20-s180","source":"Een vierendeel uurs ware voldoende geweest om derechtvaardigheid zyner zaak te bewyzen, en dit vierendeel uurs scheen men hem niet te willen geven.","translation":"A quarter of an hour would have been enough to prove the justice of his cause, and that quarter of an hour they seemed unwilling to grant him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s180.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een vierendeel uurs ware voldoende geweest","title":"Subjunctive ware (irrealis)","body":"ware is the past subjunctive of zijn, surviving in 1860 to mark the unreal: 'would have been enough'. Modern Dutch uses zou ... zijn geweest."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vierendeel uurs ... rechtvaardigheid zyner zaak","title":"Genitive -s and possessive zyner","body":"uurs and zyner are inflected genitives ('of an hour', 'of his cause') — 1860 still declines where modern Dutch prefers van: een kwartier, van zijn zaak."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"scheen men hem niet te willen geven","title":"Raising verb schijnen + te-infinitive","body":"schijnen ('to seem') takes a te-infinitive, here stacking a modal: te willen geven ('to be willing to give'). niet negates the whole verbal complex."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of vierendeel","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"vierendeel","lemma":"vierendeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the subject phrase","gloss":"quarter"},{"surface":"uurs","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of vierendeel","gloss":"of an hour"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"voldoende","lemma":"voldoende","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle completing ware","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of bewyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"derechtvaardigheid","lemma":"rechtvaardigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, with fused article","role":"direct object of bewyzen","gloss":"the justice","note":"The printed form fuses de and rechtvaardigheid into one token."},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, feminine genitive singular","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of rechtvaardigheid","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks bewyzen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement introduced by om","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of vierendeel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vierendeel","lemma":"vierendeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the fronted object phrase","gloss":"quarter"},{"surface":"uurs","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of vierendeel","gloss":"of an hour"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing te willen","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates willen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks willen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of scheen","gloss":"be willing"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of willen","gloss":"grant"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"h20-s181","source":"Ik vind onder Havelaars papieren de minuut van een brief dien hy aan den aftredenden Gouverneur-generaal schynt geschreven te hebben op den laatsten avend voor diens vertrek naar 't moederland.","translation":"Among Havelaar's papers I find the draft of a letter that he seems to have written to the outgoing Governor-General on the last evening before that man's departure for the mother country.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s181.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een brief dien hy ... schynt geschreven te hebben","title":"Relative dien + perfect te-infinitive","body":"dien is the old masculine accusative of die ('that, which'), object of the relative clause; schynt ... geschreven te hebben means 'seems to have written'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor diens vertrek","title":"Demonstrative genitive diens","body":"diens is the genitive of die ('that man's') — a compact period form for 'before that man's departure', avoiding ambiguity with zijn."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de minuut van een brief","title":"minuut = the draft/original of a letter","body":"A false friend: here minuut is not 'minute' but a chancery term for the retained draft or master copy of a document — the rough text before the fair copy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of vind","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessive modifier of papieren","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"papieren","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of minuut","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minuut","lemma":"minuut","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"draft"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement brief","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine accusative singular","role":"direct object of geschreven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of schynt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient of geschreven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aftredenden","lemma":"aftreden","morphology":"present participle, attributive, masculine dative singular","role":"modifies Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"outgoing"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb governing geschreven te hebben","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of the perfect infinitive","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks hebben as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time expression avend","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of avend","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laatst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, attributive, masculine accusative singular","role":"modifies avend","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time relation to vertrek","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"diens","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine genitive singular","role":"possessive modifier of vertrek","gloss":"that man's"},{"surface":"vertrek","lemma":"vertrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"departure"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination of vertrek","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of moederland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moederland","lemma":"moederland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"mother country"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"h20-s182","source":"Op den rand staat met potlood aangeteekend: \"niet juist\" waaruit ik opmaak dat sommige zinsneden by 't afschryven veranderd zyn.","translation":"In the margin there is noted in pencil: \"not exact,\" from which I conclude that some passages were altered in the copying out.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s182.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waaruit ik opmaak dat ... veranderd zyn","title":"Pronominal adverb waaruit + dat-clause","body":"waaruit ('from which') fuses waar- + uit and links to the noted phrase; the following dat-clause is verb-final, ending on the passive veranderd zyn ('were altered')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"by 't afschryven","title":"Infinitive as a noun","body":"afschryven ('to copy out') is used as a verbal noun governed by by: 'during the copying'. Such nominalised infinitives are neuter (het) — hence 't."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of staat","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of rand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rand","lemma":"rand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Op","gloss":"margin"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the instrument of aangeteekend","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"potlood","lemma":"potlood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"pencil"},{"surface":"aangeteekend","lemma":"aantekenen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial complement of staat","gloss":"noted"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates juist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"quoted content of aangeteekend","gloss":"exact"},{"surface":"waaruit","lemma":"waaruit","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"fronted complement of opmaak","gloss":"from which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of opmaak","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"opmaak","lemma":"opmaken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"conclude"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of opmaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of zinsneden","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"zinsneden","lemma":"zinsnede","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zyn veranderd","gloss":"passages"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the circumstance of veranderd","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of afschryven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afschryven","lemma":"afschrijven","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"copying out"},{"surface":"veranderd","lemma":"veranderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of the passive perfect","gloss":"altered"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of veranderd","gloss":"have been"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"h20-s183","source":"Ik doe dit opmerken, om niet uit het gemis aan letterlyke overeenstemming van dit stuk, twyfel te doen geboren worden aan de echtheid der andere officieele stukken die ik meedeelde, en die allen door een vreemde hand voor eensluidend afschrift zyn geteekend.","translation":"I point this out so as not to let the lack of literal agreement of this piece breed any doubt as to the authenticity of the other official documents I have communicated, all of which have been certified by an outside hand as a true copy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s183.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om niet ... twyfel te doen geboren worden","title":"Negated purpose om ... te + causative doen","body":"om niet ... te ('so as not to ...') frames a negative purpose; doen geboren worden is causative doen ('cause to be born') over a passive — 'to make doubt be born'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de echtheid der ... stukken","title":"Genitive article der","body":"der is the old feminine/plural genitive article: der andere officieele stukken = 'of the other official documents'. Modern Dutch uses van de."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ... door een vreemde hand ... zyn geteekend","title":"Perfect passive with zijn","body":"zyn geteekend is the perfect passive ('have been signed/certified'), the relative die referring to plural stukken; voor eensluidend afschrift = 'as a true copy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, present, singular","role":"main verb governing opmerken","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of opmerken","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"opmerken","lemma":"opmerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doe","gloss":"point out"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of doen","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates doen geboren worden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source of twyfel","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of gemis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gemis","lemma":"gemis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"lack"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of gemis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"letterlyke","lemma":"letterlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies overeenstemming","gloss":"literal"},{"surface":"overeenstemming","lemma":"overeenstemming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"agreement"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of overeenstemming","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"twyfel","lemma":"twijfel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geboren worden","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement introduced by om","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"geboren","lemma":"geboren","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"be","note":"The idiom geboren worden means ‘to arise’ here, literally ‘to be born.’"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of twyfel","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of echtheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"echtheid","lemma":"echtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"authenticity"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive plural","role":"determiner of stukken","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies stukken","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"officieele","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies stukken","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of echtheid","gloss":"documents"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of meedeelde","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of meedeelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meedeelde","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative-clause verb modifying stukken","gloss":"communicated"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two relative clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zyn geteekend","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying pronoun, plural","role":"supplement to die","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of geteekend","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"vreemde","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies hand","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the certification complement","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"eensluidend","lemma":"eensluidend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies afschrift","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"afschrift","lemma":"afschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"copy"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of geteekend","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"geteekend","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of the passive perfect","gloss":"certified"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"h20-s184","source":"Misschien heeft de man aan wien deze brief gericht was, lust den volkomen-juisten tekst daarvan publiek te maken. Men zou door vergelyking kunnen zien hoever Havelaar is afgeweken van zyn minuut.","translation":"Perhaps the man to whom this letter was addressed has a mind to make the wholly exact text of it public. By comparison one could see how far Havelaar departed from his draft.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s184.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de man aan wien deze brief gericht was","title":"Relative wien after a preposition","body":"When a relative refers to a person and follows a preposition, Dutch uses wie (here the old dative wien): aan wien ... gericht was, 'to whom ... was addressed'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men zou ... kunnen zien hoever Havelaar is afgeweken","title":"Conditional zou + embedded indirect question","body":"zou ... kunnen zien is the conditional 'one could see'; hoever ('how far') opens an indirect question that is verb-final, ending on the perfect is afgeweken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying heeft","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb; predicate of man","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing wien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, oblique","role":"object of aan","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gericht was","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"gericht","lemma":"richten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula with gericht","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"lust","lemma":"lust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"a mind","note":"Lust hebben iets te doen means “to feel inclined to do something.”"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historically inflected","role":"determiner of tekst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volkomen-juisten","lemma":"volkomen-juist","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historically inflected","role":"modifies tekst","gloss":"wholly exact"},{"surface":"tekst","lemma":"tekst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"text"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"postmodifier of tekst","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"publiek","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of tekst with maken","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of lust","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou kunnen zien","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal governing kunnen zien","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing vergelijking","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"vergelyking","lemma":"vergelijking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door; manner adjunct of zien","gloss":"comparison"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou; governs zien","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kunnen","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"hoever","lemma":"hoever","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"degree adjunct of afgeweken","gloss":"how far"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of is afgeweken","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of afgeweken","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"afgeweken","lemma":"afwijken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"clausal complement of zien","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing minuut","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of minuut","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"minuut","lemma":"minuut","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"draft"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"h20-s185","source":"Zakelyk korrekt was de inhoud aldus: \"Batavia, 23 Mei 1856.","translation":"In substance the contents ran thus: \"Batavia, 23 May 1856.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s185.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Zakelyk korrekt ... de inhoud aldus","title":"zakelijk / aldus","body":"Zakelyk korrekt = 'correct in substance'; aldus is a formal 'thus, as follows', here introducing the quoted letter. korrekt and inhoud show period spelling habits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zakelyk","lemma":"zakelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies korrekt","gloss":"in substance","note":"Historical spelling of zakelijk."},{"surface":"korrekt","lemma":"correct","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"correct","note":"Korrekt is a historical spelling of correct."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking inhoud and korrekt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of inhoud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inhoud","lemma":"inhoud","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"contents"},{"surface":"aldus","lemma":"aldus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun, place name","role":"place in the letter heading","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"Mei","lemma":"mei","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"month in the date","gloss":"May"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"h20-s186","source":"Excellentie! Myn ambtshalve by missive van 28 Februari gedaan verzoek om aangaande de Lebaksche zaken te worden gehoord, is zonder gevolg gebleven.","translation":"Excellency! My official request, made by dispatch of 28 February, to be heard concerning the affairs of Lebak, has remained without result.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s186.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is zonder gevolg gebleven","title":"Perfect of blijven with zijn","body":"blijven ('to remain') forms its perfect with zijn: is ... gebleven, 'has remained'. zonder gevolg = 'without result'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Myn ... verzoek om ... te worden gehoord","title":"Noun + om ... te + passive infinitive","body":"verzoek om ... gehoord te worden ('request to be heard') hangs a passive te-infinitive off the noun. ambtshalve = 'in one's official capacity'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative form of address","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of verzoek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ambtshalve","lemma":"ambtshalve","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"officially"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing missive","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"missive","lemma":"missive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"dispatch"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the date modifying missive","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Februari","lemma":"februari","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"month in the date","gloss":"February"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of verzoek","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is gebleven","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitival complement of verzoek","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"aangaande","lemma":"aangaande","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing zaken","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historically inflected","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"of Lebak"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aangaande","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"infinitival complement of verzoek","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gebleven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing gevolg","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"result"},{"surface":"gebleven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"h20-s187","source":"Evenzoo heeft Uwe Excellentie niet gelieven te voldoen aan myn herhaalde verzoeken om audientie.","translation":"Likewise Your Excellency has not been pleased to comply with my repeated requests for an audience.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s187.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heeft Uwe Excellentie niet gelieven te voldoen","title":"Perfect of gelieven (infinitivus pro participio)","body":"heeft ... gelieven te voldoen: gelieven ('to please, deign') appears as a bare infinitive, not a participle, when it governs another verb in the perfect — the same pattern as modals."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Uwe Excellentie","title":"Honorific address Uwe Excellentie","body":"Uwe is the older inflected form of uw ('your'); the title is grammatically feminine, so it takes haar/zy elsewhere. Evenzoo = 'likewise'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Evenzoo","lemma":"evenzo","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying heeft gelieven","gloss":"likewise","note":"Historical spelling of evenzo."},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary governing gelieven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"Uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"Your","note":"Uwe is an older formal inflected form of uw."},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft gelieven","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gelieven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gelieven","lemma":"gelieven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by heeft","gloss":"been pleased"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks voldoen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voldoen","lemma":"voldoen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of gelieven","gloss":"comply"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing verzoeken","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of verzoeken","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"herhaalde","lemma":"herhaald","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies verzoeken","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"verzoeken","lemma":"verzoek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"requests"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement audientie","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"audientie","lemma":"audiëntie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om; complement of verzoeken","gloss":"an audience","note":"Historical spelling without the modern diaeresis."}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"h20-s188","source":"Uwe Exellentie heeft dus een ambtenaar die gunstig by het Gouvernement bekend stond--dit zyn uwer Excellentie's eigen woorden!--iemand die zeventien jaren het Land in deze gewesten diende, iemand die niet alleen niets misdeed, maar zelfs met ongekende zelfverloochening het goede beoogde en voor eer en plicht alles veil had ... zóó iemand heeft Uwe Excellentie gesteld beneden den misdadiger. Want dien hoort men ten-minste.","translation":"Your Excellency has thus set an official who stood in good repute with the Government — these are Your Excellency's own words! — a man who served the Land in these provinces for seventeen years, a man who not only did nothing amiss, but with rare self-renunciation aimed at the good and held all things cheap for the sake of honour and duty ... such a man Your Excellency has placed beneath the criminal. For him, at least, one hears.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s188.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Uwe Exellentie heeft ... gesteld beneden den misdadiger","title":"Heavily delayed participle + dative remnant den","body":"The finite heeft is stranded far from its participle gesteld by a long appositive interruption — a deliberate rhetorical suspension. den misdadiger shows the old masculine accusative -en after beneden."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een ambtenaar die ... bekend stond","title":"Relative die + separable bekendstaan","body":"die ('who') refers to ambtenaar; bekend stond is the separable bekendstaan ('to be known/reputed') with its prefix split in the verb-final relative clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zelfverloochening / veil had","title":"self-renunciation; veil hebben","body":"zelfverloochening = 'self-denial, self-sacrifice'. iets veil hebben (voor) is an idiom: 'to be willing to sacrifice / hold cheap' something for a cause — here honour and duty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal","role":"determiner of Exellentie","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Exellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of anticipatory heeft","gloss":"Excellency","note":"Exellentie is a misspelling of Excellentie in the source."},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"anticipatory auxiliary resumed by heeft gesteld","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft gesteld","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"fronted direct object of gesteld","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gunstig","lemma":"gunstig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekend","gloss":"favorably"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing Gouvernement","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"separable particle of bekendstond","gloss":"in repute"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"bekendstaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative-clause predicate modifying ambtenaar","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking dit and woorden","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"uwer","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive, formal","role":"part of possessive phrase modifying woorden","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Excellentie's","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, possessive","role":"possessor of woorden","gloss":"Excellency’s"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies woorden","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"apposition to ambtenaar","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of diende","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zeventien","lemma":"zeventien","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"seventeen"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"duration adjunct of diende","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of diende","gloss":"Land"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing gewesten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of gewesten","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"gewesten","lemma":"gewest","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"provinces"},{"surface":"diende","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative-clause predicate modifying iemand","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"apposition to ambtenaar","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of misdeed, beoogde, and had","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of correlative niet alleen ... maar zelfs","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of correlative niet alleen ... maar zelfs","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of misdeed","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"misdeed","lemma":"misdoen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative-clause predicate modifying iemand","gloss":"did amiss"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links misdeed with beoogde and had","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the coordinated clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing zelfverloochening","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ongekende","lemma":"ongekend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies zelfverloochening","gloss":"rare"},{"surface":"zelfverloochening","lemma":"zelfverloochening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met; manner adjunct","gloss":"self-renunciation"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner substantivizing goede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of beoogde","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"beoogde","lemma":"beogen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated relative-clause predicate","gloss":"aimed at"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links beoogde and had","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing eer and plicht","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links eer and plicht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of voor","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"veil","lemma":"veil","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of alles with had","gloss":"cheap"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated relative-clause predicate","gloss":"held","note":"Iets veil hebben means to be willing to sacrifice it for a cause."},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"demonstrative adverb","role":"modifies iemand","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gesteld","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gesteld","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"Uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft gesteld","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"beneden","lemma":"beneden","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing misdadiger","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historically inflected","role":"determiner of misdadiger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misdadiger","lemma":"misdadiger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of beneden","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory sentence","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, accusative, historically inflected","role":"direct object of hoort","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hoort","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoort","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ten-minste","lemma":"ten minste","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoort","gloss":"at least"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"h20-s189","source":"Dat men Uwe Excellentie omtrent my misleid heeft, begryp ik. Maar dat Uwe Excellentie niet de gelegenheid heeft aangegrepen om die misleiding te ontgaan, begryp ik niet.","translation":"That Your Excellency has been misled concerning me, I understand. But that Your Excellency has not seized the opportunity to escape that misleading, I do not understand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s189.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat men ... misleid heeft, begryp ik","title":"Fronted dat-clause as subject + V2","body":"A whole dat-clause is fronted into first position, so the main verb begryp comes second and the subject ik follows: 'That ... I understand'. The pattern is repeated for emphatic contrast."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de gelegenheid ... aangegrepen om ... te ontgaan","title":"Separable perfect + om ... te","body":"heeft ... aangegrepen is the perfect of separable aangrijpen ('to seize'); om die misleiding te ontgaan is the purpose 'to escape that deception'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of begryp","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft misleid","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"Uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft misleid","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing my","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"object of omtrent","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"misleid","lemma":"misleiden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"misled"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of misleid","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"begryp","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb; takes preceding dat-clause as object","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of begryp","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two sentences contrastively","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of begryp","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft aangegrepen","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates heeft aangegrepen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aangegrepen","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of aangegrepen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"aangegrepen","lemma":"aangrijpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive ontgaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of misleiding","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"misleiding","lemma":"misleiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontgaan","gloss":"misleading"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks ontgaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontgaan","lemma":"ontgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of gelegenheid","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"begryp","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb; takes preceding dat-clause as object","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of begryp","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates begryp","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"h20-s190","source":"Morgen gaat uwe Excellentie van hier, en ik mag haar niet laten vertrekken zonder nog eenmaal gezegd te hebben dat ik myn PLICHT heb gedaan, GEHEEL-EN-AL MYN PLICHT, met beleid, met bezadigdheid, met menschlievendheid, met zachtheid en met moed.","translation":"Tomorrow Your Excellency departs from here, and I may not let you go without having said once more that I have done my DUTY, MY WHOLE DUTY ENTIRE, with prudence, with composure, with humanity, with gentleness, and with courage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s190.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik mag haar niet laten vertrekken","title":"Modal mogen + causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"mag (modal, 'may') governs the bare infinitives laten vertrekken, causative laten 'let depart'. haar ('her') = the feminine-gendered Excellency."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zonder ... gezegd te hebben","title":"zonder + perfect te-infinitive","body":"zonder ('without') governs a te-infinitive; the perfect gezegd te hebben means 'without having said' — a non-finite clause of accompaniment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"met beleid, met bezadigdheid, met menschlievendheid","title":"A drumbeat of virtues","body":"beleid = 'prudence, tact'; bezadigdheid = 'composure, level-headedness'; menschlievendheid = 'humanity, philanthropy'. The piled 'met ...' phrases hammer home Havelaar's conduct."}],"words":[{"surface":"Morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"adverb","role":"time adjunct of gaat","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"departs"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"combines with hier as source adjunct","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of van","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of mag laten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing laten","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of laten and understood subject of vertrekken","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates mag laten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by mag","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"vertrekken","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"depart"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces perfect infinitival adjunct","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"with eenmaal, modifies gezegd","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"with nog, modifies gezegd","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of perfect infinitive","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gedaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of PLICHT","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"PLICHT","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"DUTY"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"GEHEEL-EN-AL","lemma":"geheel en al","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"emphatically modifies appositional PLICHT","gloss":"WHOLE AND ENTIRE"},{"surface":"MYN","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of PLICHT","gloss":"MY"},{"surface":"PLICHT","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition restating myn PLICHT","gloss":"DUTY"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing beleid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"beleid","lemma":"beleid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"manner adjunct of gedaan","gloss":"prudence"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing bezadigdheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"bezadigdheid","lemma":"bezadigdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"manner adjunct of gedaan","gloss":"composure"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing menschlievendheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"menschlievendheid","lemma":"menslievendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"manner adjunct of gedaan","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing zachtheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"manner adjunct of gedaan","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the final manner adjunct","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing moed","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met; manner adjunct of gedaan","gloss":"courage"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"h20-s191","source":"De gronden waarop gebazeerd is de afkeuring in Uwer Excellentie's kabinetsmissive van 23 Maart, zyn geheel-en-al verdicht en logenachtig.","translation":"The grounds on which the censure in Your Excellency's cabinet dispatch of 23 March is based are wholly fabricated and false.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s191.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De gronden waarop gebazeerd is de afkeuring","title":"Pronominal adverb waarop + inverted relative","body":"waarop ('on which') opens the relative clause; the period order puts the participle gebazeerd before its long subject de afkeuring ... — verb-final but stylistically inverted."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Uwer Excellentie's kabinetsmissive","title":"Double genitive Uwer ... 's","body":"Uwer is the old genitive of uw, redundantly reinforced by the modern 's — a hyper-formal possessive, 'Your Excellency's'. kabinetsmissive is a noun compound."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gronden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gronden","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"grounds"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of gebazeerd","gloss":"on which"},{"surface":"gebazeerd","lemma":"baseren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in relative clause on gronden","gloss":"based","note":"Historical spelling of modern gebaseerd."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebazeerd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afkeuring","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afkeuring","lemma":"afkeuring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is in relative clause","gloss":"censure"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces phrase modifying afkeuring","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Uwer","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal, genitive","role":"possessive determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Excellentie's","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"possessor of kabinetsmissive","gloss":"Excellency’s"},{"surface":"kabinetsmissive","lemma":"kabinetsmissive","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; modifies afkeuring","gloss":"cabinet dispatch"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces date modifying kabinetsmissive","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Maart","lemma":"maart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of date phrase","gloss":"March"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking gronden to verdicht and logenachtig","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"geheel-en-al","lemma":"geheel en al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verdicht and logenachtig","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"verdicht","lemma":"verdichten","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"fabricated"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"logenachtig","lemma":"leugenachtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with verdicht","gloss":"false"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"h20-s192","source":"Ik kan dit bewyzen, en dit ware reeds geschied, als Uwe Excellentie my één half uur gehoor had willen schenken. Als Uwe Excellentie één half uur tyd had kunnen vinden om recht te doen!","translation":"I can prove this, and it would already have been done, had Your Excellency been willing to grant me one half-hour's hearing. Had Your Excellency been able to find one half-hour's time to do justice!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s192.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit ware reeds geschied, als Uwe Excellentie ... had willen schenken","title":"Counterfactual conditional","body":"An unreal condition: ware ... geschied ('would have happened') in the main clause, with the als-clause holding the pluperfect modal had willen schenken ('had been willing to grant')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had kunnen vinden om recht te doen","title":"Perfect modal + purpose clause","body":"had kunnen vinden stacks modal kunnen as a bare infinitive in the pluperfect; om recht te doen ('in order to do justice') is the purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bewyzen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bewyzen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geschied","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschied","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschied","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"geschied","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by ware","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces counterfactual condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had willen schenken","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, object","role":"indirect object of schenken","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"determiner of half uur","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"half","lemma":"half","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies uur","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"measure modifier of gehoor","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"gehoor","lemma":"gehoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schenken","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of willen schenken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal governing schenken","gloss":"been willing"},{"surface":"schenken","lemma":"schenken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"to grant"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical counterfactual exclamation","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"Uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had kunnen vinden","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"determiner of half uur","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"half","lemma":"half","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies uur","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"measure modifier of tyd","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vinden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal governing vinden","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"to find"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of vinden","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"h20-s193","source":"Dit is zoo niet geweest! Een deftig gezin is daardoor tot den bedelstaf gebracht ...","translation":"This has not been so! A respectable family has thereby been brought to the beggar's staff ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s193.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een deftig gezin is daardoor tot den bedelstaf gebracht","title":"Perfect passive + pronominal daardoor","body":"is ... gebracht is the perfect passive ('has been brought'); daardoor ('thereby') is a pronominal adverb. den bedelstaf shows the dative/accusative remnant -en."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tot den bedelstaf gebracht","title":"Idiom: tot de bedelstaf brengen","body":"Literally 'brought to the beggar's staff' — a set idiom meaning 'reduced to beggary, utterly ruined'. deftig = 'respectable, genteel', sharpening the fall."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweest","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezin","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"deftig","lemma":"deftig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gezin","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"gezin","lemma":"gezin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive gebracht","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"daardoor","lemma":"daardoor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebracht","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces result phrase","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of bedelstaf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bedelstaf","lemma":"bedelstaf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"beggar’s staff"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"h20-s194","source":"Hierover evenwel klaag ik niet.","translation":"Of this, however, I do not complain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s194.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hierover ... klaag ik niet","title":"Fronted pronominal adverb + V2 + niet","body":"Hierover ('about this') is fronted, forcing inversion (klaag second, then ik); niet negates the verb. evenwel = 'however'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hierover","lemma":"hierover","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klaag","gloss":"about this"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klaag","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"klaag","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of klaag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klaag","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"h20-s195","source":"Maar Uwe Excellentie heeft gesanktioneerd: HET STELSEL VAN MISBRUIK VAN GEZAG, VAN ROOF EN MOORD, WAARONDER DE ARME JAVAAN GEBUKT GAAT, en dáárover klaag ik.","translation":"But Your Excellency has sanctioned: THE SYSTEM OF ABUSE OF AUTHORITY, OF PLUNDER AND MURDER, UNDER WHICH THE POOR JAVANESE GOES BOWED DOWN, and of that I do complain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s195.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Uwe Excellentie heeft gesanktioneerd: HET STELSEL ...","title":"Suspended object after the participle","body":"The capitalised object HET STELSEL VAN MISBRUIK ... is held back until after gesanktioneerd ('has sanctioned'), a deliberate climactic dislocation. dáárover ... klaag ik = 'of THAT I do complain'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"WAARONDER DE ARME JAVAAN GEBUKT GAAT","title":"Relative pronominal waaronder + separable gebukt gaan","body":"waaronder ('under which') opens a verb-final relative; gebukt gaan ('to go bowed down, to labour under') is an idiomatic separable verb closing the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links contrast with previous sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft gesanktioneerd","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesanktioneerd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gesanktioneerd","lemma":"sanctioneren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by heeft","gloss":"sanctioned","note":"Historical spelling of modern gesanctioneerd."},{"surface":"HET","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of STELSEL","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"STELSEL","lemma":"stelsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gesanktioneerd","gloss":"system"},{"surface":"VAN","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of STELSEL","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"MISBRUIK","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of first VAN","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"VAN","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of MISBRUIK","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"GEZAG","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of second VAN","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"VAN","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces coordinated complement of STELSEL","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ROOF","lemma":"roof","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of third VAN","gloss":"plunder"},{"surface":"EN","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links ROOF and MOORD","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"MOORD","lemma":"moord","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object with ROOF","gloss":"murder"},{"surface":"WAARONDER","lemma":"waaronder","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on STELSEL","gloss":"under which"},{"surface":"DE","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of JAVAAN","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ARME","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies JAVAAN","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"JAVAAN","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of GAAT","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"GEBUKT","lemma":"gebukt","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of GAAT","gloss":"bowed down"},{"surface":"GAAT","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dáárover","lemma":"daarover","morphology":"demonstrative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of klaag","gloss":"about that"},{"surface":"klaag","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of klaag","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"h20-s196","source":"Dàt schreit ten hemel!","translation":"That cries out to heaven!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s196.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Dàt schreit ten hemel!","title":"Idiom: ten hemel schreien","body":"ten hemel schreien = 'to cry out to heaven', a Biblical-flavoured idiom for an injustice so gross it demands divine notice. ten preserves the old dative te + den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of schreit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"schreit","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cries out"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with determiner","role":"introduces fixed phrase ten hemel","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of schreit","gloss":"heaven"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"h20-s197","source":"Er kleeft bloed aan de overgegaarde penningen van uw dùs ontvangen indisch traktement, Excellentie!","translation":"There is blood upon the hoarded coins of the Indian salary you have thus received, Excellency!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s197.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er kleeft bloed aan de ... penningen","title":"Existential er + kleven aan","body":"er here is the impersonal/existential opener; kleven aan ('to cling to, stick to') governs the prepositional object — 'there clings blood to ...'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"uw dùs ontvangen indisch traktement","title":"Participle as pre-noun modifier","body":"dùs ontvangen ('thus received') is a past participle used adjectivally before the noun traktement ('salary'), compressing a relative clause into the noun phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"overgegaarde penningen","title":"overgegaard / penningen","body":"overgegaard = 'hoarded, saved up' (from overgaren); penningen are 'coins, pennies'. The image: the Governor-General's Indies salary is money with blood on it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kleeft","lemma":"kleven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clings"},{"surface":"bloed","lemma":"bloed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kleeft","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking penningen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of penningen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"overgegaarde","lemma":"overgaren","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"modifies penningen","gloss":"hoarded"},{"surface":"penningen","lemma":"penning","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of kleeft","gloss":"coins"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessive complement of penningen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal","role":"determiner of traktement","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"dùs","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontvangen","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"modifies traktement","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"indisch","lemma":"Indisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies traktement","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"traktement","lemma":"traktement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"salary"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, vocative","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Excellency"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"h20-s198","source":"Nog éénmaal vraag ik om een oogenblik gehoor, zy het dezen nacht, zy het morgen vroeg!","translation":"Once more I ask for a moment's hearing, be it this very night, be it tomorrow at dawn!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s198.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zy het dezen nacht, zy het morgen vroeg","title":"Concessive subjunctive zij het","body":"zy het ('be it') is the present subjunctive of zijn used concessively: 'be it tonight, be it tomorrow'. A fixed literary turn for offering alternatives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dezen nacht","title":"Accusative-of-time dezen","body":"dezen is the old masculine accusative of deze, marking the time phrase dezen nacht ('this night'). Modern Dutch: deze nacht."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies éénmaal","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"éénmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vraag","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"gehoor","lemma":"gehoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"appositional specification of oogenblik","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"introduces first alternative","gloss":"be","note":"Zy is historical spelling; the subjunctive means “be it.”"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zy","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of nacht","gloss":"this very"},{"surface":"nacht","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal complement of zy","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"introduces second alternative","gloss":"be","note":"Zy is historical spelling; the subjunctive means “be it.”"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zy","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vroeg","gloss":"tomorrow"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal complement of zy","gloss":"early"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"h20-s199","source":"En alweder vraag ik dit niet voor my, maar voor de zaak die ik voorsta, de zaak van rechtvaardigheid en menschelykheid, die tevens de zaak is van welbegrepen politiek.","translation":"And again I ask this not for myself, but for the cause I champion, the cause of justice and humanity, which is at the same time the cause of well-understood policy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s199.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de zaak die ik voorsta","title":"Relative die + separable voorstaan","body":"die ('which') refers to de zaak; voorstaan ('to champion, advocate') is separable, its clause verb-final. alweder = 'once again' (archaic)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die tevens de zaak is van welbegrepen politiek","title":"Relative die as subject linking clause","body":"A second relative die opens a verb-final clause whose copula is closes it: 'which is at the same time the cause of well-understood policy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of alweder","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"alweder","lemma":"alweder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vraag","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vraag","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vraag","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, object","role":"object of voor","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaak","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of second voor","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of voorsta","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voorsta","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voorsta","lemma":"voorstaan","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"champion"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to preceding zaak","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rechtvaardigheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"rechtvaardigheid","lemma":"rechtvaardigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"menschelykheid","lemma":"menselijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object with rechtvaardigheid","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links die to zaak","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking politiek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"welbegrepen","lemma":"welbegrepen","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"modifies politiek","gloss":"well-understood"},{"surface":"politiek","lemma":"politiek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"policy"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"h20-s200","source":"Als uwe Excellentie het met haar geweten kan overeenbrengen, van hier te vertrekken zonder my te hooren, het myne zal gerust zyn by de overtuiging al het mogelyke te hebben aangewend om de treurige, bloedige gebeurtenissen te voorkomen, die weldra 't gevolg zullen wezen van de eigenwillige onkunde waarin de Regeering wordt gelaten tenopzichte van hetgeen er omgaat onder de bevolking.","translation":"If Your Excellency can reconcile it with your conscience to depart from here without hearing me, my own conscience will be at rest in the conviction of having done everything possible to forestall the mournful, bloody events that will soon be the consequence of the wilful ignorance in which the Government is kept regarding what is happening among the population.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s200.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als uwe Excellentie het ... kan overeenbrengen ... van hier te vertrekken","title":"Conditional als-clause + extraposed te-infinitive","body":"The als-clause is verb-final (kan overeenbrengen); the heavy te-infinitive subject van hier te vertrekken ('to depart from here') is pushed to the end for weight."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in waarin de Regeering wordt gelaten","title":"Relative waarin + worden-passive","body":"waarin ('in which') opens a verb-final relative ending on the process passive wordt gelaten ('is kept/left'). hetgeen er omgaat = 'what is going on'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"eigenwillige onkunde","title":"eigenwillig / onkunde","body":"eigenwillig = 'wilful, self-willed'; onkunde = 'ignorance'. The phrase accuses the Government of a deliberately cultivated not-knowing about conditions in the colony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of Excellentie","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kan overeenbrengen","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of overeenbrengen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geweten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, formal","role":"determiner of geweten","gloss":"your","note":"Haar agrees with the title Excellentie, which is grammatically feminine."},{"surface":"geweten","lemma":"geweten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of overeenbrengen","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of overeenbrengen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"overeenbrengen","lemma":"overeenbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reconcile"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of van hier","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertrekken","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vertrekken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vertrekken","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of overeenbrengen","gloss":"depart"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating preposition","role":"introduces infinitive clause","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, object","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hooren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of myne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, first person singular","role":"subject of zal zyn","gloss":"mine","note":"Het myne means “mine,” here understood as “my conscience.”"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"gerust","lemma":"gerust","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"at rest"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces grounds for gerust zyn","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overtuiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"overtuiging","lemma":"overtuiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies het mogelyke","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mogelyke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mogelyke","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"substantivized adjective","role":"head of het mogelyke","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks perfect infinitive hebben aangewend","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of aangewend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aangewend","lemma":"aanwenden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by hebben","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebeurtenissen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"treurige","lemma":"treurig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gebeurtenissen","gloss":"mournful"},{"surface":"bloedige","lemma":"bloedig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gebeurtenissen","gloss":"bloody"},{"surface":"gebeurtenissen","lemma":"gebeurtenis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of voorkomen","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive voorkomen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of aangewend","gloss":"forestall"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zullen wezen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of wezen","gloss":"consequence"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zullen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onkunde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onkunde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eigenwillige","lemma":"eigenwillig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies onkunde","gloss":"wilful"},{"surface":"onkunde","lemma":"onkunde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"ignorance"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on onkunde","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive wordt gelaten","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gelaten","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gelaten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of relative clause","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"tenopzichte","lemma":"ten opzichte","morphology":"fixed adverbial expression","role":"introduces van-phrase","gloss":"with respect","note":"Modern spelling writes this as two words: ten opzichte."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes tenopzichte van","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"subject of omgaat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverbial pronoun","role":"locative complement of omgaat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"omgaat","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of free relative clause","gloss":"is happening"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevolking","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of omgaat","gloss":"population"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"h20-s201","source":"MAX HAVELAAR.\"","translation":"MAX HAVELAAR.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s201.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"MAX","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"first name in title","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"HAVELAAR","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"surname in title","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"h20-s202","source":"Havelaar wachtte dien avend.","translation":"Havelaar waited that evening.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s202.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar wachtte dien avend","title":"Accusative-of-time dien","body":"dien is the masculine accusative of die, marking the time adjunct dien avend ('that evening') without a preposition — a living case-remnant in 1860."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of avend","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal complement of wachtte","gloss":"evening"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"h20-s203","source":"Hy wachtte den gansche nacht.","translation":"He waited the whole night through.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s203.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy wachtte den gansche nacht","title":"Accusative duration den ... nacht","body":"den gansche nacht ('the whole night') is an accusative of extent-of-time; den carries the old masculine ending. The bare-object time phrase needs no preposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of nacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gansche","lemma":"gans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies nacht","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"nacht","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal complement of wachtte","gloss":"night"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"h20-s204","source":"Hy had gehoopt dat misschien verstoordheid over den toon van zyn brief bewerken zou, wat hy vergeefs getracht had te bereiken door zachtheid en geduld.","translation":"He had hoped that perhaps irritation at the tone of his letter might bring about what he had vainly tried to achieve through gentleness and patience.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s204.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had gehoopt dat ... bewerken zou, wat hy ... getracht had te bereiken","title":"Pluperfect + future-in-past + relative wat","body":"had gehoopt is pluperfect; inside, bewerken zou is future-in-the-past, and wat ('what') is a free relative (no antecedent) whose clause ends getracht had te bereiken."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"verstoordheid ... bewerken","title":"verstoordheid / iets bewerken","body":"verstoordheid = 'irritation, vexation'; iets bewerken = 'to bring something about, effect it'. Havelaar hoped his letter's harsh tone might achieve what gentleness had not."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gehoopt","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoopt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gehoopt","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hoped"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bewerken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewerken","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"verstoordheid","lemma":"verstoordheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou bewerken","gloss":"irritation"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement den toon","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of toon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of over","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brief","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"bewerken","lemma":"bewerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"bring about"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of bewerken","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"heads the free relative object of bewerken and is the object of bereiken","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had getracht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vergeefs","lemma":"vergeefs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies getracht","gloss":"vainly"},{"surface":"getracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the free relative clause","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of getracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bereiken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bereiken","lemma":"bereiken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of getracht","gloss":"achieve"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zachtheid","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geduld","lemma":"geduld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated complement of door","gloss":"patience"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"h20-s205","source":"Zyn hoop was ydel!","translation":"His hope was vain!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s205.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Zyn hoop was ydel!","title":"ijdel = 'vain, futile'","body":"ydel (period spelling of ijdel) here means 'in vain, fruitless' rather than 'vain/conceited' — a partial false friend. The terse exclamation lands the disappointment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hoop","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hoop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to ydel","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ydel","lemma":"ijdel","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"vain"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"h20-s206","source":"De Gouverneur-generaal vertrok zonder Havelaar te hebben gehoord.","translation":"The Governor-General departed without having heard Havelaar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s206.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vertrok zonder Havelaar te hebben gehoord","title":"zonder + perfect te-infinitive","body":"zonder ... te hebben gehoord ('without having heard') is a non-finite clause; vertrok is the strong past of vertrekken ('departed')."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vertrok","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"vertrok","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating preposition","role":"introduces the infinitival clause","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gehoord","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks perfect infinitive hebben gehoord","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the infinitival clause","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"h20-s207","source":"Er was weder een Excellentie ter-ruste gegaan in 't moederland!","translation":"Yet another Excellency had gone to his rest in the mother country!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s207.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er was weder een Excellentie ter-ruste gegaan","title":"Existential er + pluperfect of gaan","body":"er ... was ... gegaan presents the event existentially; ter-ruste gaan ('to go to one's rest') forms its perfect with zijn. weder = 'again' (archaic)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ter-ruste gegaan in 't moederland","title":"Bitter euphemism","body":"ter ruste gaan literally 'to go to rest' — but here it sneers: another Governor-General has simply retired home to the Netherlands ('the mother country') untroubled, leaving the injustice intact."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive of was gegaan","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies een Excellentie","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Excellentie","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"Excellentie","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was gegaan","gloss":"Excellency"},{"surface":"ter-ruste","lemma":"ter ruste","morphology":"fixed adverbial phrase","role":"directional complement of gegaan","gloss":"to rest","note":"Historical hyphenation of ter ruste, literally “to rest.”"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moederland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moederland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moederland","lemma":"moederland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"mother country"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"h20-s208","source":"* * * * * Havelaar doolde arm en verlaten rond.","translation":"* * * * * Havelaar wandered about, poor and forsaken.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s208.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar doolde arm en verlaten rond","title":"Separable ronddolen + predicative adjectives","body":"doolde ... rond is separable ronddolen ('to wander about'), prefix at the end; arm en verlaten ('poor and forsaken') are predicative adjectives, uninflected."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doolde","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"doolde","lemma":"dolen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wandered"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject-oriented complement of Havelaar","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with arm","gloss":"forsaken"},{"surface":"rond","lemma":"rond","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of doolde ... rond","gloss":"about"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"h20-s209","source":"Hy zocht ...","translation":"He sought ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s209.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sought"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"h20-s210","source":"Genoeg, myn goede Stern!","translation":"Enough, my good Stern!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s210.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Genoeg, myn goede Stern!","title":"Vocative with inflected adjective","body":"myn goede Stern is a vocative (direct address); goede takes -e after the possessive myn. The narrator now turns to dismiss his fictional storyteller."}],"words":[{"surface":"Genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"interjection","role":"standalone exclamation","gloss":"Enough"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of Stern","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Stern","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Stern"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"h20-s211","source":"Ik, Multatuli, neem de pen op.","translation":"I, Multatuli, take up the pen.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s211.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik, Multatuli, neem de pen op","title":"Separable opnemen, present tense","body":"neem ... op is the present of separable opnemen ('to take up'); the prefix op lands at the end. de pen opnemen = 'to take up the pen', i.e. to begin writing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Multatuli","lemma":"Multatuli","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Ik","gloss":"Multatuli"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pen","lemma":"pen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"pen"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of neem ... op","gloss":"up"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"h20-s212","source":"Ge zyt niet geroepen Havelaars levensgeschiedenis te schryven.","translation":"You are not the one called to write Havelaar's life-history.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s212.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge zyt niet geroepen ... te schryven","title":"Archaic pronoun ge/gy + niet + te-infinitive","body":"Ge (unstressed gij) is the literary 'you' of 1860; zyt is its verb form of zijn. niet geroepen ... te schryven = 'not called to write'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geroepen","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, second-person singular","role":"copula of geroepen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geroepen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of zyt","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of levensgeschiedenis","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"levensgeschiedenis","lemma":"levensgeschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schryven","gloss":"life-history"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive schryven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of geroepen","gloss":"write"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"h20-s213","source":"Ik heb u in 't leven geroepen ... ik liet u komen van Hamburg ... ik leerde u redelyk goed hollandsch schryven, in zeer korten tyd ... ik liet u Louise Rosemeyer kussen, die in suiker doet ... het is genoeg, Stern, ge kunt gaan!","translation":"I called you into being ... I had you come from Hamburg ... I taught you to write tolerably good Dutch, in a very short time ... I had you kiss Louise Rosemeyer, who is in sugar ... it is enough, Stern, you may go!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s213.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik liet u komen ... ik liet u Louise Rosemeyer kussen","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"Repeated liet ... komen / liet ... kussen is causative laten ('had/made you come, kiss') with bare infinitives — the author asserting total control over his creature Stern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik leerde u redelyk goed hollandsch schryven","title":"leren + bare infinitive","body":"leren ('to teach') here takes a bare infinitive schryven ('to write'); u is the taught person, hollandsch the object. redelyk goed = 'reasonably well'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"die in suiker doet","title":"Idiom: in suiker doen","body":"in suiker doen = 'to deal/trade in sugar', the family business. Multatuli reduces a love interest to a commodity merchant — a sardonic touch about the mercantile world he is exposing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geroepen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of geroepen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement 't leven","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of komen and object of liet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of liet","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hamburg","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Hamburg","lemma":"Hamburg","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of komen","gloss":"Hamburg"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leerde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"leerde","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of its clause","gloss":"taught"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of leerde","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"redelyk","lemma":"redelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"tolerably"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hollandsch","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"hollandsch","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schryven","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of leerde","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies korten","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"korten","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of its clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of kussen and object of liet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Louise","lemma":"Louise","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first name of direct object of kussen","gloss":"Louise"},{"surface":"Rosemeyer","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname of direct object of kussen","gloss":"Rosemeyer"},{"surface":"kussen","lemma":"kussen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of liet","gloss":"kiss"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement suiker","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on Louise Rosemeyer","gloss":"deals","note":"In suiker doen is an idiom meaning to deal in the sugar trade."},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to genoeg","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kunt gaan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"kunt","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gaan","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"h20-s214","source":"* * * * * Die Sjaalman en zyn vrouw ...","translation":"* * * * * That Sjaalman and his wife ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s214.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die Sjaalman en zyn vrouw","title":"Demonstrative die as a pointer","body":"Die ('that') here is a demonstrative determiner pointing scornfully at a character; the sentence trails off, picked up violently in the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first conjunct","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second conjunct","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"h20-s215","source":"Halt, ellendig produkt van vuile geldzucht en godslasterlyke femelary!","translation":"Halt, you wretched product of foul greed and blasphemous cant!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s215.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Halt, ellendig produkt ...!","title":"Imperative-like interjection + vocative","body":"Halt! is a sharp command-interjection; ellendig produkt van vuile geldzucht en godslasterlyke femelary is a vocative insult flung at the Droogstoppel-figure."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"geldzucht / femelary","title":"geldzucht / femelarij","body":"geldzucht = 'greed, money-lust'; femelary (femelarij) = 'sanctimonious cant, hypocritical piety'. Together they name Droogstoppel's two sins: avarice dressed as religion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Halt","lemma":"halt","morphology":"interjection","role":"command to stop","gloss":"Halt"},{"surface":"ellendig","lemma":"ellendig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies produkt","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"produkt","lemma":"product","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"vocative head","gloss":"product"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement geldzucht en femelary","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vuile","lemma":"vuil","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geldzucht","gloss":"foul"},{"surface":"geldzucht","lemma":"geldzucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first complement of van","gloss":"greed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"godslasterlyke","lemma":"godslasterlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies femelary","gloss":"blasphemous"},{"surface":"femelary","lemma":"femelarij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated complement of van","gloss":"cant"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"h20-s216","source":"Ik heb u geschapen ... ge zyt opgegroeid tot een monster onder myn pen ... ik walg van myn eigen maaksel: stik in koffi en verdwyn! * * * * *","translation":"I created you ... you grew up into a monster beneath my pen ... I am sickened by my own handiwork: choke in coffee and vanish! * * * * *","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s216.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ge zyt opgegroeid tot een monster","title":"Perfect of separable opgroeien with zijn","body":"zyt opgegroeid is the perfect of separable opgroeien ('to grow up'), built with zijn for a change of state. ge is the archaic 'you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"stik in koffi en verdwyn!","title":"Imperatives: bare stems","body":"stik ('choke') and verdwyn ('vanish') are bare-stem imperatives, the curt form of command. en coordinates the two orders."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geschapen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschapen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of geschapen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"geschapen","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyt opgegroeid","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of opgegroeid","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"opgegroeid","lemma":"opgroeien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of its clause","gloss":"grown up"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking monster","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of monster","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"monster","lemma":"monster","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of opgegroeid","gloss":"monster"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement myn pen","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of pen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"pen","lemma":"pen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"pen"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of walg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"walg","lemma":"walgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am sickened"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement myn eigen maaksel","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of maaksel","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies maaksel","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"maaksel","lemma":"maaksel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"handiwork"},{"surface":"stik","lemma":"stikken","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of imperative","gloss":"choke"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verdwyn","lemma":"verdwijnen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"coordinated with stik","gloss":"vanish"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"h20-s217","source":"Ja, ik, Multatuli \"die veel gedragen heb\" neem de pen op.","translation":"Yes, I, Multatuli — \"who have borne much\" — take up the pen.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s217.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik ... \"die veel gedragen heb\"","title":"Relative die agreeing with ik","body":"die ('who') here relativises the first-person ik, so its verb takes the 1st-person form heb: 'I, who have borne much'. gedragen heb = perfect, the gloss on the name Multatuli."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Multatuli","lemma":"Multatuli","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to ik","gloss":"Multatuli"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of heb gedragen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gedragen","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"gedragen","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on Multatuli","gloss":"borne"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedragen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pen","lemma":"pen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"pen"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of neem ... op","gloss":"up"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"h20-s218","source":"Ik vraag geen verschooning voor den vorm van myn boek. Die vorm kwam my geschikt voor ter bereiking van myn doel.","translation":"I ask no pardon for the form of my book. That form seemed to me fitting for the attainment of my purpose.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s218.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die vorm kwam my geschikt voor","title":"Separable voorkomen + dative my","body":"kwam ... voor is separable voorkomen ('to seem, appear'); my is the experiencer dative ('to me'), geschikt the predicate: 'that form seemed fitting to me'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ter bereiking van myn doel","title":"Dative remnant ter + nominalised infinitive","body":"ter is the contracted te + der (old feminine dative), governing the verbal noun bereiking ('attainment'): 'for the attainment of my purpose'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verschooning","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"verschooning","lemma":"verschoning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vraag","gloss":"pardon"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vorm","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of vorm","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorm","lemma":"vorm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vorm","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"vorm","lemma":"vorm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable kwam ... voor","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of kwam ... voor","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"geschikt","lemma":"geschikt","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of kwam ... voor","gloss":"fitting"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of kwam ... voor","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and determiner","role":"introduces bereiking","gloss":"for the","note":"Ter is the contraction of te der, here meaning “for the.”"},{"surface":"bereiking","lemma":"bereiking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of ter","gloss":"attainment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement myn doel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"purpose"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"h20-s219","source":"Dit doel is tweeledig:","translation":"This purpose is twofold:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s219.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tweeledig","title":"tweeledig = 'twofold'","body":"A compound adjective (twee + lid + -ig) meaning 'having two parts'. It sets up the famous two-part declaration of purpose that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to tweeledig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"tweeledig","lemma":"tweeledig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"twofold"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"h20-s220","source":"Ik wilde in de eerste plaats het aanzyn geven aan iets dat als heilige poesaka zal kunnen bewaard worden door kleinen Max en zyn zusje, als hun ouders zullen zyn omgekomen van ellende. Ik wilde aan die kinderen een adelbrief geven van myne hand.","translation":"In the first place, I wished to bring into being something that might be kept as a holy poesaka by little Max and his sister, when their parents shall have perished of misery. I wished to give those children a patent of nobility from my own hand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s220.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik wilde ... het aanzyn geven aan iets dat ... bewaard zal kunnen worden","title":"Modal stack in a passive future relative","body":"Inside the relative dat-clause, zal kunnen bewaard worden stacks future zullen + modal kunnen + past participle bewaard + passive worden, all verbs at the end: 'that will be able to be kept'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als hun ouders zullen zyn omgekomen","title":"Future perfect with zullen + zijn","body":"zullen zyn omgekomen is the future perfect ('shall have perished'), omkomen taking zijn. The als-clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, inflected","role":"modifies plaats","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; part of adverbial phrase","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanzyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanzyn","lemma":"aanzijn","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iets","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of geven","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive bewaard","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces predicative phrase als heilige poesaka","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"heilige","lemma":"heilig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies poesaka","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"poesaka","lemma":"poesaka","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of bewaard","gloss":"heirloom"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bewaard","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of bewaard worden","gloss":"be able"},{"surface":"bewaard","lemma":"bewaren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in relative clause on iets","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of bewaard","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Max","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic masculine form","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of bewaard","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zusje","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zusje","lemma":"zusje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Max","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of omgekomen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ouders","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ouders","lemma":"ouder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of omgekomen","gloss":"parents"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of omgekomen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of omgekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"omgekomen","lemma":"omkomen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in temporal clause introduced by als","gloss":"perished"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ellende","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ellende","lemma":"ellende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of omgekomen","gloss":"misery"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kinderen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kinderen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adelbrief","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"adelbrief","lemma":"adelbrief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"patent of nobility"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hand","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, inflected archaic form","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"h20-s221","source":"En in de tweede plaats:ik wil gelezen worden.","translation":"And in the second place: I want to be read.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s221.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik wil gelezen worden","title":"Modal willen + passive infinitive","body":"wil (modal willen) governs the passive infinitive gelezen worden ('to be read') — the book's most famous demand, here stated plainly."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this statement to the preceding one","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tweede","lemma":"tweede","morphology":"ordinal adjective, inflected","role":"modifies plaats","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle complement of wil","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"h20-s222","source":"Ja, ik wil gelezen worden!","translation":"Yes, I want to be read!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s222.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ja, ik wil gelezen worden!","title":"Emphatic repetition of the passive demand","body":"The same wil + gelezen worden returns as a cry; Dutch keeps the passive infinitive worden at the very end, the rhythmic hammer of Multatuli's refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative interjection","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle complement of wil","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"h20-s223","source":"Ik wil gelezen worden door staatslieden, die verplicht zyn te letten op de teekenen des tyds.. door letterkundigen, die toch ook eens 't boek moeten inzien waarvan men zooveel kwaads spreekt ... door handelaren, die belang hebben by de koffiveilingen ... door kameniers, die me huren voor weinige centen ... door Gouverneurs-generaal in-ruste ... door Ministers in bezigheid ... door de lakeien van die Excellentien ... door bidpredikers, die more majorum zullen zeggen dat ik den Almachtigen God aantast, waar ik slechts opsta tegen 't godje dat zy maakten naar hun beeld ... door duizenden en tienduizenden van exemplaren uit het droogstoppelras, die--voortgaande hun zaakjes op de bekende wys te behartigen--'t hardst zullen meeschreeuwen over de mooijigheid van m'n geschryf ... door de leden der Volksvertegenwoordiging, die weten moeten wat er omgaat in 't groote Ryk over zee, dat behoort tot het Ryk van Nederland ...","translation":"I want to be read by statesmen, who are bound to attend to the signs of the times ... by men of letters, who must after all once look into the book of which so much ill is spoken ... by traders, who have an interest in the coffee auctions ... by lady's-maids, who hire me for a few pennies ... by Governors-General in retirement ... by Ministers in office ... by the lackeys of those Excellencies ... by sermonizing chaplains, who will say more majorum that I assail Almighty God, where I rise up merely against the little god they fashioned in their own image ... by thousands and tens of thousands of copies among the Droogstoppel breed, who — going on tending their little affairs in the well-known manner — will shout loudest of all about the prettiness of my scribbling ... by the members of the People's Representation, who must know what is happening in the great Empire across the sea that belongs to the Realm of the Netherlands ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s223.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"door staatslieden, die ... door letterkundigen, die ... door handelaren, die ...","title":"Passive agent door + a chain of relatives","body":"The whole sentence is the passive gelezen worden expanded: each agent is introduced by door ('by'), and each gets a verb-final relative die-clause. An anaphoric catalogue of every reader Multatuli summons."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de teekenen des tyds","title":"Genitive des tyds","body":"des is the old masculine/neuter genitive article: de teekenen des tyds = 'the signs of the times', a Biblical turn frozen in the genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking staatslieden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"staatslieden","lemma":"staatsman","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of gelezen","gloss":"statesmen"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of letten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"verplicht","lemma":"verplicht","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking to verplicht","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of letten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"letten","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"relative clause on staatslieden","gloss":"attend"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking teekenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of teekenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"teekenen","lemma":"teken","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive, archaic","role":"genitive determiner of tijds","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"tyds","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of tekenen","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking letterkundigen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"letterkundigen","lemma":"letterkundige","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of gelezen","gloss":"men of letters"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of inzien","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inzien","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inzien","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inzien","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of inzien","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of inzien","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"inzien","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"relative clause on letterkundigen","gloss":"look into"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of spreekt referring to boek","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of spreekt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies kwaads","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"kwaads","lemma":"kwaad","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular, partitive","role":"direct object of spreekt","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on boek","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handelaren","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"handelaren","lemma":"handelaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of gelezen","gloss":"traders"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on handelaren","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffieveilingen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koffiveilingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koffiveilingen","lemma":"koffieveiling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"coffee auctions"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kameniers","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"kameniers","lemma":"kamenier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of gelezen","gloss":"lady's-maids"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of huren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of huren","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"huren","lemma":"huren","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on kameniers","gloss":"hire"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking centen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies centen","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"centen","lemma":"cent","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of huren","gloss":"pennies"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gouverneurs-generaal","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Gouverneurs-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"agent of gelezen","gloss":"Governors-General"},{"surface":"in-ruste","lemma":"in ruste","morphology":"adverbial phrase, archaic","role":"postmodifies Gouverneurs-generaal","gloss":"retired","note":"In ruste is an older formal expression meaning retired."},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ministers","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Ministers","lemma":"minister","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of gelezen","gloss":"Ministers"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bezigheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"bezigheid","lemma":"bezigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; postmodifies Ministers","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lakeien","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lakeien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lakeien","lemma":"lakei","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of gelezen","gloss":"lackeys"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Excellentien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Excellentien","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"Excellentien","lemma":"excellentie","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"Excellencies"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bidpredikers","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"bidpredikers","lemma":"bidprediker","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of gelezen","gloss":"sermonizing chaplains"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"more","lemma":"mos","morphology":"Latin noun, ablative singular","role":"first word of Latin adverbial phrase more majorum","gloss":"by the custom"},{"surface":"majorum","lemma":"maiores","morphology":"Latin noun, genitive plural","role":"completes Latin phrase more majorum","gloss":"of the ancestors","note":"More majorum is Latin for “according to ancestral custom.”"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"relative clause on bidpredikers","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aantast","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aantast","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative, archaic","role":"determiner of God","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Almachtigen","lemma":"almachtig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies God","gloss":"Almighty"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aantast","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"aantast","lemma":"aantasten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of zeggen","gloss":"assail"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces a contrastive clause","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of opsta","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opsta","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"opsta","lemma":"opstaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of contrastive clause","gloss":"rise up"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking godje","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of godje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"godje","lemma":"god","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"little god"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of maakten; refers to godje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"maakten","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause on godje","gloss":"fashioned"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beeld","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of beeld","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"beeld","lemma":"beeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of maakten","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking duizenden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"duizenden","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"nominalized numeral, plural","role":"agent of gelezen","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tienduizenden","lemma":"tienduizend","morphology":"nominalized numeral, plural","role":"coordinated agent with duizenden","gloss":"tens of thousands"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking exemplaren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"exemplaren","lemma":"exemplaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"copies"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking droogstoppelras","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of droogstoppelras","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"droogstoppelras","lemma":"droogstoppelras","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"Droogstoppel breed"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of meeschreeuwen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"voortgaande","lemma":"voortgaan","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"adverbial participle modifying meeschreeuwen","gloss":"continuing"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zaakjes","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"zaakjes","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of behartigen","gloss":"little affairs"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wys","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wys","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bekende","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wys","gloss":"well-known"},{"surface":"wys","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of behartigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"behartigen","lemma":"behartigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of voortgaande","gloss":"tend"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner in adverbial superlative","role":"marks the superlative hardst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hardst","lemma":"hard","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies meeschreeuwen","gloss":"loudest"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of meeschreeuwen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"meeschreeuwen","lemma":"meeschreeuwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"relative clause on duizenden","gloss":"shout along"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mooijigheid","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mooijigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mooijigheid","lemma":"mooiigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of meeschreeuwen","gloss":"prettiness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geschryf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"m'n","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of geschryf","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"geschryf","lemma":"geschrijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"scribbling"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leden","lemma":"lid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of gelezen","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive, archaic","role":"genitive determiner of Volksvertegenwoordiging","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Volksvertegenwoordiging","lemma":"volksvertegenwoordiging","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of leden","gloss":"People's Representation"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moeten","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"finite modal verb of relative clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of omgaat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive locative adverb with omgaat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"omgaat","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of weten","gloss":"is happening"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ryk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Ryk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Ryk","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Empire"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over; phrase postmodifies Ryk","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of behoort","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"behoort","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on Ryk","gloss":"belongs"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ryk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Ryk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of behoort","gloss":"Realm"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"the Netherlands"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"h20-s224","source":"Ja, ik zal gelezen worden!","translation":"Yes, I shall be read!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s224.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ja, ik zal gelezen worden!","title":"Future passive: a vow","body":"zal ... gelezen worden shifts the verb from wil ('want', s222) to zal ('shall') — desire hardens into prophecy: 'I SHALL be read'. The future passive stacks zullen + worden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative interjection","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zal","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive verb phrase","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"h20-s225","source":"Als dit doel bereikt wordt, zal ik tevreden zyn.","translation":"If this purpose is attained, I shall be content.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s225.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als dit doel bereikt wordt, zal ik tevreden zyn","title":"Conditional als + worden-passive, then future main","body":"The als-clause holds a present-passive (bereikt wordt, 'is attained') and is verb-final; the main clause inverts to zal ik because the subordinate clause fills first position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bereikt","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doel","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive bereikt","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"bereikt","lemma":"bereiken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in conditional clause","gloss":"attained"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bereikt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of tevreden","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zal","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zal","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"h20-s226","source":"Want het was me niet te doen om goed te schryven ... ik wilde zóó schryven dat het gehoord werd.","translation":"For it was not my aim to write well ... I wished to write in such a way that it would be heard.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s226.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het was me niet te doen om goed te schryven","title":"Idiom: het is iemand te doen om","body":"het is me te doen om X = 'what I care about / am after is X' — a fixed idiom. The te-infinitive om goed te schryven ('to write well') is its complement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zóó schryven dat het gehoord werd","title":"Result clause dat + worden-passive","body":"zóó ... dat ('in such a way that') opens a result clause that is verb-final; gehoord werd is the process passive in the past, 'that it was heard'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces reason clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer in het was me te doen om","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was te doen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of fixed expression het is te doen om","gloss":"aim","note":"Het is iemand te doen om means that something is someone's aim or concern."},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of te doen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schrijven","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive schrijven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of om","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal governing schrijven","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schrijven and anticipates dat-clause","gloss":"in such a way"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of werd gehoord","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive construction","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"would be"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"h20-s227","source":"En, even als iemand die roept: \"houdt den dief!\" zich weinig bekommert over den styl zyner geïmprovizeerde toespraak aan 't publiek, is 't ook my geheel om 't even hoe men de wyze zal beoordeelen waarop ik myn \"houdt den dief\" heb uitgeschreeuwd.","translation":"And just as a man who cries out: \"Stop, thief!\" troubles himself little over the style of his improvised speech to the public, so too it is wholly indifferent to me how people will judge the manner in which I have shouted out my \"Stop, thief.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s227.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"even als iemand die roept ... zich weinig bekommert over","title":"Reflexive zich bekommeren + comparison even als","body":"zich bekommeren over ('to trouble oneself about') is reflexive; even als ('just as') sets up the long simile that frames the whole clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"is 't ook my geheel om 't even","title":"Idiom: het is mij om het even","body":"het is mij om het even = 'it is all the same to me, I'm indifferent'. Fronting the simile forces inversion (is 't ...). my is the experiencer."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"houdt den dief!","title":"'Stop, thief!'","body":"houdt den dief is the old plural/polite imperative ('hold the thief!'). Multatuli's governing image: his book is a street-cry of alarm, not a polished oration — content over style."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links with preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of comparative even als","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of bekommert","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of roept","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"roept","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"cries out"},{"surface":"houdt","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, imperative","role":"verb of quoted command","gloss":"Stop"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of dief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dief","lemma":"dief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of houdt","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of bekommert","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekommert","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"bekommert","lemma":"bekommeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of comparative clause","gloss":"troubles"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of bekommert","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of stijl","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"style"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive, singular","role":"possessor of toespraak","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"geïmprovizeerde","lemma":"improviseren","morphology":"past participle used as adjective, inflected","role":"modifies toespraak","gloss":"improvised"},{"surface":"toespraak","lemma":"toespraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessive head modified by zijner","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces addressee of toespraak","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of publiek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"publiek","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with om het even","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with even als","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, first person singular","role":"experiencer of om het even","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies om het even","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed predicate om het even","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"part of fixed predicate om het even","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement in om het even","gloss":"indifferent","note":"Om het even zijn means to be a matter of indifference."},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces embedded interrogative clause","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zal beoordelen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of wijze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beoordelen","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of beoordelen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"beoordeelen","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of embedded clause","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying wijze","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb uitgeschreeuwd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of quoted phrase","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"houdt","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, imperative","role":"verb within nominalized quotation","gloss":"Stop"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of dief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dief","lemma":"dief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object within nominalized quotation","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of uitgeschreeuwd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"uitgeschreeuwd","lemma":"uitschreeuwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"shouted out"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"h20-s228","source":"\"Het boek is bont ... er is geen geleidelykheid in ... jacht op effekt ... de styl is slecht ... de schryver is onbedreven ... geen talent ... geen methode ...","translation":"\"The book is motley ... there is no continuity in it ... a hunting after effect ... the style is bad ... the writer is unskilled ... no talent ... no method ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s228.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het boek is bont ... de styl is slecht ... de schryver is onbedreven","title":"Predicative adjectives (uninflected)","body":"After the copula is, predicative adjectives stay bare: bont ('motley'), slecht ('bad'), onbedreven ('unskilled') take no -e. Multatuli ventriloquises his critics in clipped clauses."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"bont / geleidelykheid / onbedreven","title":"The critics' vocabulary","body":"bont = 'motley, disjointed'; geleidelykheid = 'gradualness, smooth continuity'; onbedreven = 'unpracticed, unskilled'. He pre-empts every charge his unconventional book will draw."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking boek and bont","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"bont","lemma":"bont","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of boek","gloss":"motley"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of geleidelijkheid","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"geleidelykheid","lemma":"geleidelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of existential is","gloss":"continuity"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"elliptical locative complement referring to boek","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"jacht","lemma":"jacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of elliptical noun phrase","gloss":"a hunting"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of jacht","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"effekt","lemma":"effect","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of stijl","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"style"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking stijl and slecht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of stijl","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of schrijver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking schrijver and onbedreven","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"onbedreven","lemma":"onbedreven","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of schrijver","gloss":"unskilled"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of talent","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"talent","lemma":"talent","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of elliptical noun phrase","gloss":"talent"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of methode","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"methode","lemma":"methode","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of elliptical noun phrase","gloss":"method"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"h20-s229","source":"Goed, goed, alles goed!","translation":"Good, good, all of it good!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s229.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"first elliptical exclamation","gloss":"Good"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"repeated elliptical exclamation","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of final goed","gloss":"all of it"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate of alles","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"h20-s230","source":"Maar ...","translation":"But ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s230.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an unfinished contrast","gloss":"But"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"h20-s231","source":"DE JAVAAN WORDT MISHANDELD! Want: wederlegging der HOOFDSTREKKING van myn werk is onmogelyk!","translation":"THE JAVANESE IS BEING MALTREATED! For: any refutation of the MAIN PURPORT of my work is impossible!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s231.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"DE JAVAAN WORDT MISHANDELD!","title":"worden-passive at full volume","body":"wordt mishandeld is the bare process passive: 'the Javanese IS BEING maltreated'. The present tense + worden stresses an ongoing, unfinished wrong."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wederlegging der HOOFDSTREKKING ... is onmogelyk","title":"Genitive der + noun compound","body":"der is the old genitive article ('of the'); HOOFDSTREKKING ('main purport') is a noun compound (hoofd + strekking). The sentence's verb is delayed to the end after a heavy subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"DE","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of JAVAAN","gloss":"THE"},{"surface":"JAVAAN","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of WORDT MISHANDELD","gloss":"JAVANESE"},{"surface":"WORDT","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of MISHANDELD","gloss":"IS BEING"},{"surface":"MISHANDELD","lemma":"mishandelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive construction","gloss":"MALTREATED"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces reason clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"wederlegging","lemma":"wederlegging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"refutation"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, feminine singular, genitive","role":"genitive determiner of hoofdstrekking","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTREKKING","lemma":"hoofdstrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of wederlegging","gloss":"MAIN PURPORT"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of hoofdstrekking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wederlegging and onmogelijk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"onmogelyk","lemma":"onmogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of wederlegging","gloss":"impossible"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"h20-s232","source":"Hoe luider overigens de afkeuring van myn boek, hoe liever 't my wezen zal, want des te grooter wordt de kans gehoord te worden.","translation":"The louder, moreover, the condemnation of my book, the dearer it will be to me, for so much the greater grows the chance of being heard.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s232.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe luider ... hoe liever 't my wezen zal","title":"Correlative hoe ... hoe (the more ... the more)","body":"hoe + comparative ... hoe + comparative is the Dutch correlative 'the louder ..., the dearer ...'. Each limb is a comparison; wezen is the old infinitive of zijn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want des te grooter wordt de kans","title":"want + des te + comparative","body":"want is coordinating (verb keeps second place). des te grooter ('so much the greater') is a fixed intensifier with a frozen genitive des; wordt inverts after it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"marks first half of hoe...hoe construction","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"luider","lemma":"luid","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"predicate of afkeuring","gloss":"louder"},{"surface":"overigens","lemma":"overigens","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"modifies first comparative clause","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of afkeuring","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afkeuring","lemma":"afkeuring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of elliptical comparative predicate luider","gloss":"condemnation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of afkeuring","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"marks second half of hoe...hoe construction","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"subject complement of het","gloss":"dearer"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zal wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, first person singular","role":"experiencer with liever","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copular complement of zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"des","morphology":"demonstrative adverb, genitive form","role":"part of correlative des te","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"comparative particle","role":"part of correlative des te modifying groter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"subject complement of kans","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"change-of-state copula linking kans and groter","gloss":"grows"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of kans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kans","lemma":"kans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wordt","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive infinitive clause modifying kans","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"h20-s233","source":"En dit wil ik! Doch gy, die ik stoor in uw \"drukten\" of in uw \"rust\" gy Ministers en Gouverneurs-generaal, rekent niet te zeer op de onbedrevenheid myner pen.","translation":"And that is what I want! But you, whom I disturb in your \"presses of business\" or in your \"rest,\" you Ministers and Governors-General, do not count too much on the clumsiness of my pen.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s233.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch gy ... gy Ministers ... rekent niet te zeer","title":"Archaic gy + plural imperative rekent","body":"gy is the literary 'you'; rekent (with -t) is its imperative, 'do not count'. Doch is an archaic 'but/yet'. Multatuli turns from his readers to threaten the officials directly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ik stoor in uw \"drukten\"","title":"Relative die with fronted object reading","body":"die ('whom') is the object of stoor: 'you, whom I disturb in your busy-ness'. The relative clause is verb-final after the prepositional phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links with preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of wil","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of first clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting imperative clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person","role":"left-dislocated addressee of rekent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of stoor","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of stoor","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"stoor","lemma":"storen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"disturb"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of stoor","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person","role":"determiner of drukten","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"drukten","lemma":"drukte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of first in","gloss":"presses of business"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates prepositional phrases","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces coordinated complement of stoor","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person","role":"determiner of rust","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of second in","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person","role":"resumptive addressee and subject of imperative rekent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ministers","lemma":"minister","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"vocative in apposition to gy","gloss":"Ministers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates vocative nouns","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Gouverneurs-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"vocative coordinated with Ministers","gloss":"Governors-General"},{"surface":"rekent","lemma":"rekenen","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural","role":"main verb of imperative clause","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates rekent","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies zeer","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rekent","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of rekent","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of onbedrevenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onbedrevenheid","lemma":"onbedrevenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"clumsiness"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive, singular","role":"possessor of pen","gloss":"of my"},{"surface":"pen","lemma":"pen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of onbedrevenheid","gloss":"pen"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"h20-s234","source":"Ze zou zich kunnen oefenen, en met eenige inspanning misschien geraken tot een bekwaamheid die ten-laatste zelfs de waarheid zou doen gelooven door 't Volk!","translation":"It might train itself, and with some effort might perhaps attain a skill that in the end would make even the truth believed by the People!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s234.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze zou zich kunnen oefenen","title":"Conditional zou + reflexive zich oefenen","body":"Ze (= myner pen, 'my pen') with zou ... kunnen oefenen is the conditional 'might train itself'; zich oefenen is the reflexive 'to practise oneself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een bekwaamheid die ... de waarheid zou doen gelooven","title":"Relative die + conditional causative doen","body":"die relativises bekwaamheid; zou doen gelooven is conditional + causative doen ('would make believed'), with door 't Volk naming the agent who is made to believe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zou kunnen oefenen and geraken","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of kunnen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of oefenen","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of oefenen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"oefenen","lemma":"oefenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kunnen","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates oefenen and geraken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner complement of geraken","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite adjective, inflected","role":"modifies inspanning","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"inspanning","lemma":"inspanning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geraken","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"geraken","lemma":"geraken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with oefenen under zou","gloss":"attain"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces result complement of geraken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of bekwaamheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bekwaamheid","lemma":"bekwaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot and antecedent of die","gloss":"skill"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of zou doen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ten-laatste","lemma":"ten laatste","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou doen geloven","gloss":"in the end"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses de waarheid","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geloven","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of doen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause governing geloven","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of causative doen","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent of geloven","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of Volk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door and agent of geloven","gloss":"People"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"h20-s235","source":"Dan zou ik aan dat Volk een plaats vragen in de Vertegenwoordiging al ware 't alleen om te protesteeren tegen certifikaten van rechtschapenheid, die door Indische specialiteiten vice versa worden uitgereikt misschien om op 't vreemd denkbeeld te brengen dat men zelf waarde hecht aan die hoedanigheid ...","translation":"Then I should ask that People for a seat in the Representation, were it only to protest against certificates of integrity that Indian dignitaries issue to one another vice versa — perhaps to suggest the strange notion that one sets some value on that quality oneself ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s235.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan zou ik aan dat Volk een plaats vragen","title":"Fronted Dan + conditional zou","body":"Fronting Dan ('then') forces inversion: zou ik. The conditional zou ... vragen ('I should ask') projects a hypothetical future course of action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al ware 't alleen om te protesteeren","title":"Concessive al + subjunctive ware","body":"al ware 't = 'even were it, even if only' — concessive al with the subjunctive ware. om te protesteeren is the purpose 'in order to protest'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"certifikaten van rechtschapenheid ... vice versa","title":"rechtschapenheid; mutual certificates","body":"rechtschapenheid = 'integrity, uprightness'. The barb: colonial 'specialists' hand each other certificates of integrity vice versa (mutually), as if to manufacture a value they do not hold."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vragen","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vragen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vragen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Volk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Volk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of vragen","gloss":"People"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vragen","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Vertegenwoordiging","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Vertegenwoordiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Vertegenwoordiging","lemma":"vertegenwoordiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vragen","gloss":"Representation"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause of ware","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of concessive clause","gloss":"were","note":"Archaic subjunctive of zijn in the fixed expression al ware 't: 'even if it were.'"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies protesteeren","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive protesteeren","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive protesteeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"protesteeren","lemma":"protesteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on ware","gloss":"protest"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking certifikaten","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"certifikaten","lemma":"certificaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of protesteeren","gloss":"certificates","note":"Certifikaten is an older spelling of modern certificaten."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rechtschapenheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"rechtschapenheid","lemma":"rechtschapenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of certifikaten","gloss":"integrity"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of worden uitgereikt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking specialiteiten","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Indische","lemma":"Indisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies specialiteiten","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"specialiteiten","lemma":"specialiteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"agent of uitgereikt","gloss":"specialists"},{"surface":"vice","lemma":"vice versa","morphology":"adverb, part of Latin phrase","role":"first part of vice versa","gloss":"the other way"},{"surface":"versa","lemma":"vice versa","morphology":"adverb, part of Latin phrase","role":"completes vice versa","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of uitgereikt","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"uitgereikt","lemma":"uitreiken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in relative clause on certifikaten","gloss":"issued"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies brengen","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive brengen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in op het denkbeeld brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies denkbeeld","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of brengen","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on uitgereikt","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of denkbeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hecht","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes men","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"waarde","lemma":"waarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hecht","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"hecht","lemma":"hechten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"attaches"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoedanigheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoedanigheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hoedanigheid","lemma":"hoedanigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of hecht","gloss":"quality"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"h20-s236","source":"Om te protesteeren tegen de eindelooze expeditien en heldendaden tegen arme ellendige schepsels, die men vooraf door mishandeling dwong tot opstand.","translation":"To protest against the endless expeditions and feats of heroism against poor, wretched creatures whom one first drove to rebellion by ill-treatment.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s236.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Om te protesteeren tegen ... die men ... dwong tot opstand","title":"Anaphoric om te + relative die","body":"Each protest-clause opens with the purpose om te protesteeren; the relative die ('whom') refers to schepsels and is verb-final, ending on dwong (strong past of dwingen)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die men vooraf door mishandeling dwong","title":"Impersonal men as hidden colonial agent","body":"men ('one, they') keeps the oppressor faceless — 'whom one first drove to revolt by ill-treatment'. dwong is the strong simple past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive protesteeren","gloss":"In order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive protesteeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"protesteeren","lemma":"protesteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive continuing previous sentence","gloss":"protest"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking expeditien","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of expeditien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eindelooze","lemma":"eindeloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies expeditien","gloss":"endless"},{"surface":"expeditien","lemma":"expeditie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of protesteeren","gloss":"expeditions"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"heldendaden","lemma":"heldendaad","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with expeditien","gloss":"heroic deeds"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schepsels","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies schepsels","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"ellendige","lemma":"ellendig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies schepsels","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"schepsels","lemma":"schepsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of tegen","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of dwong","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dwong","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"vooraf","lemma":"vooraf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dwong","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mishandeling","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"mishandeling","lemma":"mishandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of door","gloss":"ill-treatment"},{"surface":"dwong","lemma":"dwingen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on schepsels","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opstand","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"opstand","lemma":"opstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of dwong","gloss":"rebellion"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"h20-s237","source":"Om te protesteeren tegen de schandelyke lafhartigheid van cirkulaires die de eer der Natie schandvlekken door 't inroepen van publieke liefdadigheid voor de slachtoffers van kronischen zeeroof.","translation":"To protest against the shameful cowardice of circulars that disgrace the honour of the Nation by appealing to public charity for the victims of chronic piracy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s237.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"cirkulaires die de eer der Natie schandvlekken","title":"Relative die + genitive der","body":"die relativises cirkulaires (plural, hence verb schandvlekken); der Natie is the old genitive 'of the Nation'. door 't inroepen = 'by appealing to', a nominalised infinitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"kronischen zeeroof","title":"zeeroof = 'piracy'","body":"zeeroof (zee + roof) = 'sea-robbery, piracy'; kronischen carries the old masculine -en. Multatuli mocks circulars that beg public charity for victims of piracy while ignoring colonial plunder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive protesteeren","gloss":"In order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive protesteeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"protesteeren","lemma":"protesteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive continuing previous sentence","gloss":"protest"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lafhartigheid","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lafhartigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schandelyke","lemma":"schandelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lafhartigheid","gloss":"shameful","note":"Schandelyke uses older y-spelling for modern schandelijke."},{"surface":"lafhartigheid","lemma":"lafhartigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of protesteeren","gloss":"cowardice"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cirkulaires","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cirkulaires","lemma":"circulaire","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"circulars"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of schandvlekken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schandvlekken","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive feminine singular","role":"determiner of Natie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Natie","lemma":"natie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of eer","gloss":"Nation"},{"surface":"schandvlekken","lemma":"schandvlekken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on cirkulaires","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner phrase with inroepen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inroepen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inroepen","lemma":"inroepen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"oblique complement of door","gloss":"appealing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liefdadigheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"publieke","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies liefdadigheid","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"liefdadigheid","lemma":"liefdadigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"charity"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slachtoffers","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slachtoffers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slachtoffers","lemma":"slachtoffer","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"victims"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zeeroof","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kronischen","lemma":"chronisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zeeroof","gloss":"chronic"},{"surface":"zeeroof","lemma":"zeeroof","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"piracy"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"h20-s238","source":"'t Is waar, die opstandelingen waren uitgehongerde geraamten, en die zeeroovers zyn weerbare mannen!","translation":"It is true, those rebels were starved skeletons, and those pirates are able-bodied men!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s238.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die opstandelingen waren ... en die zeeroovers zyn","title":"Demonstrative die + tense contrast","body":"Twin demonstratives die ('those') frame a pointed antithesis; the tense shifts from past waren (the starved rebels) to present zyn (the able-bodied pirates) for bitter immediacy."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"uitgehongerde geraamten / weerbare mannen","title":"The cruel contrast","body":"uitgehongerde geraamten = 'starved skeletons'; weerbare mannen = 'able-bodied / fit men'. The irony: the state crushes starving rebels yet pities well-fed pirates."}],"words":[{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of waar","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opstandelingen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"opstandelingen","lemma":"opstandeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"rebels"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking to geraamten","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"uitgehongerde","lemma":"uithongeren","morphology":"adjective, past-participial","role":"modifies geraamten","gloss":"starved"},{"surface":"geraamten","lemma":"geraamte","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"skeletons"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zeeroovers","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"zeeroovers","lemma":"zeerover","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"pirates"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking to mannen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"weerbare","lemma":"weerbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mannen","gloss":"able-bodied"},{"surface":"mannen","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"h20-s239","source":"En als men my die plaats weigerde ... als men my by voortduring niet geloofde ...","translation":"And if that seat were refused me ... if I continued to be disbelieved ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s239.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als men my by voortduring niet geloofde","title":"Conditional als-clause + niet","body":"als ('if') subordinates the clause (geloofde verb-final, imperfect of geloven); by voortduring = 'continually'. niet negates the verb: 'if I continued not to be believed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weigerde","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weigerde","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weigerde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of weigerde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weigerde","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"weigerde","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geloofde","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloofde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of geloofde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of adverbial phrase bij voortduring","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"voortduring","lemma":"voortduring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"continuance"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geloofde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geloofde","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"believed"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"h20-s240","source":"Dan zou ik myn boek vertalen in de weinige talen die ik ken, en in de vele talen die ik leeren kan, om te vragen aan Europa, wat ik vruchteloos zou hebben gezocht in Nederland.","translation":"Then I should translate my book into the few languages I know, and into the many languages I can learn, to ask of Europe what I should have sought in vain in the Netherlands.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s240.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de weinige talen die ik ken, en ... die ik leeren kan","title":"Two parallel relative die-clauses","body":"Each die ('that, which') heads a verb-final relative — ken and the modal leeren kan close their clauses. The parallelism ('the few I know / the many I can learn') is Multatuli's rising threat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om te vragen aan Europa, wat ik ... zou hebben gezocht","title":"om te + free relative wat + conditional perfect","body":"om te vragen ('in order to ask') governs the indirect object aan Europa; wat is a free relative, and zou hebben gezocht is the conditional perfect 'should have sought'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertalen","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vertalen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vertalen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vertalen","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"vertalen","lemma":"vertalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"translate"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking talen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of talen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifying adjective","role":"modifies talen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"talen","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of vertalen","gloss":"languages"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ken","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on talen","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking talen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of talen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying adjective","role":"modifies talen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"talen","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of vertalen","gloss":"languages"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of leeren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leeren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of leeren","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive vragen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vragen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on vertalen","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vragen","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vragen and gezocht","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezocht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vruchteloos","lemma":"vruchteloos","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezocht","gloss":"fruitlessly"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of hebben gezocht","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gezocht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gezocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative content clause","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gezocht","gloss":"the Netherlands"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"h20-s241","source":"En er zouden in alle hoofdsteden liederen worden gezongen met refreinen als dit: er ligt een roofstaat aan de zee, tusschen Oostfriesland en de Schelde!","translation":"And in every capital city songs would be sung, with refrains like this one: there lies a robber-state by the sea, between East Friesland and the Scheldt!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s241.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En er zouden in alle hoofdsteden liederen worden gezongen","title":"Conditional future passive with er","body":"er ... zouden ... worden gezongen stacks existential er + conditional zouden + passive worden: 'songs would be sung'. The triple verb cluster ends the main clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezongen","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gezongen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdsteden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdsteden","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"hoofdsteden","lemma":"hoofdstad","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of gezongen","gloss":"capital cities"},{"surface":"liederen","lemma":"lied","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive gezongen","gloss":"songs"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gezongen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"gezongen","lemma":"zingen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sung"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking refreinen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"refreinen","lemma":"refrein","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of gezongen","gloss":"refrains"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dit","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of als; introduces quoted refrain","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"presentative element with ligt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of roofstaat","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"roofstaat","lemma":"roofstaat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"robber-state"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ligt","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Oostfriesland","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"Oostfriesland","lemma":"Oost-Friesland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"first complement of tusschen","gloss":"East Friesland"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Schelde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Schelde","lemma":"Schelde","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"second complement of tusschen","gloss":"Scheldt"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"h20-s242","source":"En wanneer ook dit niet baatte?","translation":"And what if even this were of no avail?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s242.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En wanneer ook dit niet baatte?","title":"Conditional wanneer + niet","body":"wanneer ('when, if') here opens a hypothetical condition standing alone as a question; baatte is the imperfect of baten ('to avail'), negated by niet."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of baatte","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces hypothetical clause of baatte","gloss":"what if","note":"Wanneer means “what if” here, not a literal question about time."},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes dit","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of baatte","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies baatte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"baatte","lemma":"baten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"availed"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"h20-s243","source":"Dan zou ik myn boek vertalen in 't maleisch, javaansch, soendasch, al-foersch, boegineesch, battaksch ...","translation":"Then I would translate my book into Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Alfur, Buginese, Battak ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s243.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan zou ik myn boek vertalen","title":"Anaphoric Dan zou ik (escalation refrain)","body":"The clause repeats the fronted-Dan + conditional zou pattern that drives this whole crescendo; each repetition raises the stakes of Multatuli's threatened campaign."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertalen","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vertalen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vertalen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vertalen","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"vertalen","lemma":"vertalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"translate"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking language list","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maleisch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maleisch","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"language name, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"javaansch","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"language name, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with maleisch","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"soendasch","lemma":"Soendanees","morphology":"language name, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with maleisch","gloss":"Sundanese"},{"surface":"al-foersch","lemma":"Alfoers","morphology":"language name, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with maleisch","gloss":"Alfur"},{"surface":"boegineesch","lemma":"Boeginees","morphology":"language name, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with maleisch","gloss":"Buginese"},{"surface":"battaksch","lemma":"Bataks","morphology":"language name, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with maleisch","gloss":"Battak"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"h20-s244","source":"En ik zou klewang-wettende krygszangen slingeren in de gemoederen van de arme martelaren wien ik hulp heb toegezegd, ik, Multatuli.","translation":"And I would hurl klewang-whetting war-songs into the hearts of the poor martyrs to whom I have pledged my help — I, Multatuli.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s244.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de arme martelaren wien ik hulp heb toegezegd","title":"Relative wien (dative) + separable toezeggen","body":"wien is the old dative relative for persons ('to whom'); heb ... toegezegd is the perfect of separable toezeggen ('to promise'), with toe- on the participle."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of slingeren","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of slingeren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of slingeren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"klewang-wettende","lemma":"klewang-wettend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies krygszangen","gloss":"klewang-whetting"},{"surface":"krygszangen","lemma":"krijgszang","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of slingeren","gloss":"war-songs","note":"The historical spelling krygszangen corresponds to modern krijgszangen, the plural of krijgszang."},{"surface":"slingeren","lemma":"slingeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"hurl"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gemoederen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of gemoederen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gemoederen","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"prepositional complement of slingeren","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking martelaren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of martelaren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies martelaren","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"martelaren","lemma":"martelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of van modifying gemoederen","gloss":"martyrs"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of toegezegd; refers to martelaren","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of toegezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of toegezegd","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of toegezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"toegezegd","lemma":"toezeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying martelaren","gloss":"pledged"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"appositional repetition of the subject ik","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Multatuli","lemma":"Multatuli","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to ik","gloss":"Multatuli"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"h20-s245","source":"Redding en hulp, op wettelyken weg, waar het kan ... op wettigen weg van geweld, waar het moet.","translation":"Rescue and help, by lawful means where it can be done ... by the lawful path of force, where it must be.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s245.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar het kan ... waar het moet","title":"Relative-adverb waar + modal verb-final","body":"waar ('where') opens two clipped verb-final clauses; the modals kan / moet stand last. The antithesis 'where it can / where it must' frames lawful versus forcible means."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"op wettigen weg van geweld","title":"wettelijk / wettig weg","body":"wettelyk and wettig both mean 'lawful, legal'. The oxymoron op wettigen weg van geweld — 'by the lawful path of force' — frames violence as a legitimate last resort."}],"words":[{"surface":"Redding","lemma":"redding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the elliptical sentence","gloss":"Rescue"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Redding and hulp","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Redding","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wettelyken weg","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"wettelyken","lemma":"wettelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected, masculine dative singular","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"lawful","note":"Wettelyken is an older inflected spelling of wettelijken, with dative masculine -en after op."},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the elliptical clause waar het kan","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the elliptical relative clause; gedaan worden is understood","gloss":"can be done","note":"The omitted passive infinitive gedaan worden is understood: waar het kan means ‘where it can be done.’"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wettigen weg","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"wettigen","lemma":"wettig","morphology":"adjective, inflected, masculine dative singular","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"lawful"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geweld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"geweld","lemma":"geweld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying weg","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the elliptical clause waar het moet","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the elliptical relative clause; gedaan worden is understood","gloss":"must be done"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"h20-s246","source":"En dit zou zeer nadeelig werken op de Koffiveilingen van de Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappy!","translation":"And this would weigh very heavily upon the Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s246.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit zou zeer nadeelig werken op de Koffiveilingen","title":"Conditional zou + werken op","body":"zou ... werken is conditional 'would act/weigh'; werken op ('to bear upon') governs a prepositional object. nadeelig = 'detrimentally'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of werken","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of werken","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of werken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nadeelig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"nadeelig","lemma":"nadelig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werken","gloss":"adversely"},{"surface":"werken","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"affect"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Koffiveilingen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of Koffiveilingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koffiveilingen","lemma":"koffieveiling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"prepositional complement of werken","gloss":"Coffee Auctions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Handelmaatschappy","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, singular","role":"determiner of Handelmaatschappy","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Nederlandsche","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Handelmaatschappy","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"Handelmaatschappy","lemma":"handelmaatschappij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying Koffiveilingen","gloss":"Trading Company"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"h20-s247","source":"Want ik ben geen vliegenreddende dichter, geen zachtmoedige droomer, zooals de getrapte Havelaar die zyn plicht deed met den moed van een leeuw, en honger lydt met het geduld van een marmot in den winter.","translation":"For I am no fly-sparing poet, no gentle dreamer like the trampled Havelaar, who did his duty with the courage of a lion and goes hungry with the patience of a marmot in winter.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s247.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"geen vliegenreddende dichter, geen zachtmoedige droomer","title":"geen negating indefinites + present participle compound","body":"geen negates the indefinite nouns ('no ... poet, no ... dreamer'). vliegenreddende is a present-participle compound ('fly-saving'), used attributively with -e."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zooals de getrapte Havelaar die zyn plicht deed","title":"Comparison zooals + relative die","body":"zooals ('like, such as') sets up the comparison; the relative die ('who') opens a verb-final clause. getrapte = past participle 'trampled', used attributively."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"marmot in den winter","title":"The marmot's patience","body":"A marmot hibernates, enduring winter motionless and hungry — Multatuli's image for Havelaar's saintly, near-passive patience, which he himself disavows in the next breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ben","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to dichter and droomer","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of dichter","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"vliegenreddende","lemma":"vliegenreddend","morphology":"adjective, present-participial, inflected","role":"modifies dichter","gloss":"fly-sparing"},{"surface":"dichter","lemma":"dichter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"poet"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of droomer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"zachtmoedige","lemma":"zachtmoedig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies droomer","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"droomer","lemma":"dromer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben, in apposition to dichter","gloss":"dreamer"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with Havelaar","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, singular","role":"determiner of Havelaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"getrapte","lemma":"trappen","morphology":"adjective, past-participial, inflected","role":"modifies Havelaar","gloss":"trampled"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of zooals","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of deed and lydt; refers to Havelaar","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb of the relative clause modifying Havelaar","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moed","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of moed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement modifying deed","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leeuw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of leeuw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"leeuw","lemma":"leeuw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying moed","gloss":"lion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates deed and lydt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"honger","lemma":"honger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in the idiom honger lyden","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"lydt","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"second verb of the relative clause modifying Havelaar","gloss":"suffers","note":"The idiom honger lijden means ‘to go hungry’; lydt is the historical spelling of lijdt."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geduld","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, singular","role":"determiner of geduld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geduld","lemma":"geduld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional complement modifying lydt","gloss":"patience"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marmot","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of marmot","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"marmot","lemma":"marmot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying geduld","gloss":"marmot"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking winter","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of winter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"winter","lemma":"winter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in modifying marmot","gloss":"winter"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"h20-s248","source":"Dit boek is een inleiding ...","translation":"This book is a preface ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s248.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking boek to inleiding","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of inleiding","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"inleiding","lemma":"inleiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"preface"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"h20-s249","source":"Ik zal toenemen in kracht en scherpte van wapenen, naarmate het noodig zal wezen ...","translation":"I shall grow in strength and in the sharpness of my weapons, in proportion as it shall be needful ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s249.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal toenemen in kracht ... naarmate het noodig zal wezen","title":"Future zal + naarmate correlation","body":"zal toenemen is the future 'I shall increase'; naarmate ('in proportion as') opens a verb-final clause, here itself future (zal wezen). wezen = old infinitive of zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of toenemen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of toenemen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"toenemen","lemma":"toenemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"grow"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kracht and scherpte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first complement of in","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates kracht and scherpte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"scherpte","lemma":"scherpte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second complement of in","gloss":"sharpness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wapenen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wapenen","lemma":"wapen","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of van modifying scherpte","gloss":"weapons"},{"surface":"naarmate","lemma":"naarmate","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the proportional clause of wezen","gloss":"in proportion as"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"needful"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula of the proportional clause","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"h20-s250","source":"God geve dat het niet noodig zy!","translation":"God grant that it not be needful!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s250.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"God geve dat het niet noodig zy!","title":"Optative subjunctive geve / zy","body":"geve and zy are present subjunctives expressing a wish: 'God grant that it not be needful'. This optative subjunctive survives in fixed pious phrases."}],"words":[{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of geve","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"geve","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the optative sentence","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of geve","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of zy","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zy","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zy","gloss":"needful"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"copula of the complement clause","gloss":"be","note":"Zy is the historical spelling of zij, here the present subjunctive of zijn rather than the pronoun ‘she.’"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"h20-s251","source":"Neen, 't zal niet noodig zyn!","translation":"No, it shall not be needful!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s251.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Neen, 't zal niet noodig zyn!","title":"Future zal + niet","body":"zal ... zyn is the plain future; niet negates the predicate noodig. The flat assertion answers the preceding prayer with defiant certainty."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response preceding the clause","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zyn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"needful"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main copular verb governed by zal","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"h20-s252","source":"Want aan U draag ik myn boek op, Willem den derden, Koning, Groothertog, Prins ... meer dan Prins, Groothertog en Koning ... KEIZER van 't prachtig ryk van INSULINDE dat zich daar slingert om den evenaar, als een gordel van smaragd ...","translation":"For to You I dedicate my book, William the Third, King, Grand Duke, Prince ... more than Prince, Grand Duke, and King ... EMPEROR of the splendid realm of INSULINDE that coils there about the equator, like a girdle of emerald ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s252.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want aan U draag ik myn boek op","title":"Fronted aan U + separable opdragen","body":"Fronting aan U ('to You') forces inversion (draag ik); the separable prefix op of opdragen ('to dedicate') lands at the end. U is capitalised in royal address."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t prachtig ryk ... dat zich daar slingert om den evenaar","title":"Relative dat + reflexive zich slingeren","body":"dat ('that, which') relativises the het-word ryk; zich slingeren ('to coil, wind') is reflexive, and den evenaar shows the dative -en after om."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of draag ... op","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking U","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"U","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form","role":"complement of aan in the fronted recipient phrase","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"draag","lemma":"opdragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb draag ... op","gloss":"dedicate"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of draag ... op","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of draag ... op","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle completing draag ... op","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"Willem","lemma":"Willem","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to U","gloss":"William"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of derden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"derden","lemma":"derde","morphology":"ordinal numeral, inflected, masculine singular","role":"postnominal ordinal modifying Willem","gloss":"Third"},{"surface":"Koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title in apposition to Willem","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"Groothertog","lemma":"groothertog","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title in apposition to Willem","gloss":"Grand Duke"},{"surface":"Prins","lemma":"prins","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title in apposition to Willem","gloss":"Prince"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"head of the comparative phrase meer dan","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the standard of comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"Prins","lemma":"prins","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first title in the standard of comparison","gloss":"Prince"},{"surface":"Groothertog","lemma":"groothertog","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second title in the standard of comparison","gloss":"Grand Duke"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Groothertog and Koning","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"final title in the standard of comparison","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"KEIZER","lemma":"keizer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"climactic title in apposition to U","gloss":"EMPEROR"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ryk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, singular","role":"determiner of ryk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prachtig","lemma":"prachtig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies ryk","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying KEIZER","gloss":"realm"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking INSULINDE","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"INSULINDE","lemma":"Insulinde","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van modifying ryk","gloss":"INSULINDE"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of slingert; refers to ryk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of slingert","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slingert","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"slingert","lemma":"slingeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying ryk","gloss":"coils"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking evenaar","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of evenaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"evenaar","lemma":"evenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of om","gloss":"equator"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with gordel","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of gordel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gordel","lemma":"gordel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of als describing ryk","gloss":"girdle"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking smaragd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"smaragd","lemma":"smaragd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying gordel","gloss":"emerald"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"h20-s253","source":"Aan U durf ik met vertrouwen vragen of 't uw keizerlyke wil is: Dat Havelaar wordt bespat met den modder van Slymeringen en Droogstoppels?","translation":"Of You I dare to ask, in confidence, whether it is Your imperial will: That Havelaar be spattered with the mud of the Slymerings and Drystubbles?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s253.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"durf ik ... vragen of 't uw keizerlyke wil is","title":"Indirect yes/no question with of","body":"of ('whether') opens an embedded yes/no question that is verb-final (is closes it). durf ik ... vragen inverts after the fronted Aan U."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat Havelaar wordt bespat met den modder","title":"worden-passive in the embedded clause","body":"wordt bespat is the process passive ('be spattered'); den modder shows the dative remnant after met. The Slymeringen / Droogstoppels are pluralised proper names."}],"words":[{"surface":"Aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking U","gloss":"Of"},{"surface":"U","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form","role":"complement of Aan in the fronted recipient phrase","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"durf","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb governing vragen","gloss":"dare"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of durf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertrouwen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vertrouwen","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional adjunct of vragen","gloss":"confidence"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verbal complement of durf","gloss":"to ask"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second-person formal","role":"determiner of wil","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"keizerlyke","lemma":"keizerlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"imperial"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"wil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of the indirect question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause anticipated by 't","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of the passive wordt bespat","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bespat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"bespat","lemma":"bespatten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive subject clause","gloss":"spattered"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking modder","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of modder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"modder","lemma":"modder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of bespat","gloss":"mud"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Slymeringen and Droogstoppels","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Slymeringen","lemma":"Slijmering","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"first complement of van modifying modder","gloss":"Slymerings","note":"The plural turns the character name Slijmering into a type: people like Slijmering."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Slymeringen and Droogstoppels","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Droogstoppels","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"second complement of van modifying modder","gloss":"Drystubbles","note":"The plural similarly means people of the Droogstoppel type."}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"h20-s254","source":"En dat daarginds Uw meer dan dertig millioenen onderdanen worden MISHANDELD EN UITGEZOGEN IN UWEN NAAM? * * * * *","translation":"And that out there Your more than thirty millions of subjects are MISTREATED AND PLUNDERED IN YOUR NAME? * * * * *","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h20-s254.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Uw meer dan dertig millioenen onderdanen worden MISHANDELD EN UITGEZOGEN","title":"Closing worden-passive, in capitals","body":"worden mishandeld en uitgezogen is a double process passive ('are mistreated and sucked dry'); IN UWEN NAAM keeps the dative remnant -en. The book ends on the present-passive, the wrong still in progress."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates this subject clause with the preceding Dat-clause","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the coordinated subject clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"daarginds","lemma":"daarginds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies worden mishandeld and uitgezogen","gloss":"out there"},{"surface":"Uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second-person formal","role":"determiner of onderdanen","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"head of the comparative quantifier meer dan","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"links meer to the numeral dertig","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dertig","lemma":"dertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies millioenen","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"millioenen","lemma":"miljoen","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"quantifies onderdanen","gloss":"millions"},{"surface":"onderdanen","lemma":"onderdaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of the passive worden mishandeld and uitgezogen","gloss":"subjects"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of MISHANDELD and UITGEZOGEN","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"MISHANDELD","lemma":"mishandelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first participle in the coordinated passive predicate","gloss":"MISTREATED"},{"surface":"EN","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates MISHANDELD and UITGEZOGEN","gloss":"AND"},{"surface":"UITGEZOGEN","lemma":"uitzuigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"second participle in the coordinated passive predicate","gloss":"PLUNDERED","note":"Uitzuigen literally means ‘suck dry’ and figuratively means exploit or extort."},{"surface":"IN","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking NAAM","gloss":"IN"},{"surface":"UWEN","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second-person formal, masculine singular","role":"determiner of NAAM","gloss":"YOUR"},{"surface":"NAAM","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of IN modifying the passive predicate","gloss":"NAME"}]}]}