{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-3","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 3","translated":"Chapter 3"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-3","lines":113},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-2","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-4","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h3-s1","source":"Waarde lezer, ge begrypt hoe gek ik stond te kyken, toen men my daar zoo op-eens wilde verheffen tot makelaar in verzen.","translation":"Worthy reader, you can imagine how foolish I felt when, all at once, they wanted to elevate me to a broker in verse.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ge begrypt hoe gek ik stond te kyken, toen men my … wilde verheffen tot makelaar in verzen","title":"staan te + modal wilde","body":"stond te kyken ('stood looking') is the staan-te progressive; in the toen-clause the modal wilde governs verheffen, sent to the end. men is impersonal 'one/they.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Waarde","lemma":"waard","morphology":"adjective, inflected, vocative","role":"modifies lezer","gloss":"Worthy"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of begrypt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"can imagine"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gek","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of stond","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of embedded clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive kyken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kyken","lemma":"kijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of stond","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of verheffen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde verheffen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies op-eens","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"op-eens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde verheffen","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"verheffen","lemma":"verheffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"to elevate"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of my","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces field of trade","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"verse"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h3-s2","source":"Ik ben zeker dat die Sjaalman--zoo zal ik hem maar blyven noemen--als de man me by-dag had gezien, zich met zulk een verzoek niet tot my zou gewend hebben.","translation":"I am quite certain that this Shawlman—for so I shall keep calling him—would never have come to me with such a request had he seen me by daylight.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als de man me by-dag had gezien, zich … niet tot my zou gewend hebben","title":"Unreal als + conditional perfect","body":"als opens an unreal condition (pluperfect had gezien); the main clause uses the conditional perfect zou … gewend hebben. zich wenden tot ('to turn to') is reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoo zal ik hem maar blyven noemen","title":"Future zal + blijven + infinitive","body":"zal forms the future; blijven takes the bare infinitive noemen ('keep calling him'). The whole nickname-aside is set off as a dash."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"copula linking zeker","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of ben","gloss":"quite certain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of gewend hebben","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of noemen","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"future auxiliary of noemen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of noemen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies blyven noemen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zal","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of blyven","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had gezien","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"by-dag","lemma":"bij dag","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"by daylight"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of gewend","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces accompanying object","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"predeterminer of verzoek","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of verzoek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gewend hebben","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of gewend","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, oblique","role":"object of tot","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of gewend hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gewend","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gewend","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h3-s3","source":"Want deftigheid en fatsoen laten zich niet verbergen. Maar 't was avend, en ik trek het me dus niet aan.","translation":"For dignity and respectability cannot be hidden. But it was evening, and so I take no offense at it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"deftigheid en fatsoen laten zich niet verbergen","title":"Reflexive passive: laten zich + infinitive","body":"X laat zich verbergen = 'X can be hidden' — laten + zich + infinitive is a common reflexive-passive construction. niet negates it. ik trek het me niet aan = 'I take no offense.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"deftigheid","lemma":"deftigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of laten","gloss":"dignity"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated subjects","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fatsoen","lemma":"fatsoen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second coordinated subject of laten","gloss":"respectability"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, third person plural, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of laten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates laten verbergen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verbergen","lemma":"verbergen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"be hidden"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, contracted","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking avend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of trek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"trek","lemma":"aantrekken","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular, separable","role":"main verb with particle aan","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of trek aan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of trek aan","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trek aan","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates trek aan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aantrekken","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of trek","gloss":"to heart"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h3-s4","source":"Het spreekt vanzelf dat ik van die gekheid niets weten wilde. Ik zou het pak door Frits hebben laten terugbrengen, maar ik wist zyn adres niet, en hy liet niets van zich hooren.","translation":"It goes without saying that I wanted nothing to do with such nonsense. I would have had Frits carry the parcel back, but I did not know his address, and he gave no sign of himself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zou het pak door Frits hebben laten terugbrengen","title":"Conditional + causative laten (double infinitive)","body":"zou … hebben laten terugbrengen is a conditional perfect with causative laten and a stacked infinitive — 'would have had the parcel brought back by Frits.' door marks the agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy liet niets van zich hooren","title":"Idiom + reflexive zich","body":"van zich laten horen = 'to give a sign of oneself'; here negated with niets ('nothing'). zich is the third-person reflexive; laten takes the bare infinitive hooren."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of spreekt","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreekt","gloss":"for itself","note":"Het spreekt vanzelf is the idiom ‘it goes without saying.’"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of weten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of gekheid","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"gekheid","lemma":"gekheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of subject clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zou","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of hebben laten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of terugbrengen","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks agent of laten terugbrengen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"agent introduced by door","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of laten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of hebben","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"terugbrengen","lemma":"terugbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"carry back"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of adres","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"adres","lemma":"adres","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces reflexive complement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, reflexive","role":"object of van","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of liet","gloss":"be heard"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h3-s5","source":"Ik dacht dat hy ziek was, of dood, of zoo-iets.","translation":"I supposed he was ill, or dead, or something of the sort.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik dacht dat hy ziek was, of dood, of zoo-iets","title":"dat-clause, verb-final","body":"dat sends the verb was to the end; the predicates ziek, dood are then strung after it. zoo-iets ('something of the sort') is a casual close."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ziek","lemma":"ziek","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking ziek","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated complements","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated complement with ziek","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated alternatives","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"coordinated alternative with ziek","gloss":"something like that"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h3-s6","source":"De vorige week was er krans by de Rosemeyers, die in suiker doen.","translation":"Last week there was a card-party at the Rosemeyers', who are in sugar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was er krans by de Rosemeyers, die in suiker doen","title":"Existential er + relative die","body":"er … krans = 'there was a card-party'; die in suiker doen is a relative clause on Rosemeyers (verb-final doen). in suiker doen = 'to be in the sugar trade.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of week","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies week","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"week","lemma":"week","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of was","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"krans","lemma":"krans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of was","gloss":"card-party","note":"Krans here means a regular social gathering or card-party, not a wreath."},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces host","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of Rosemeyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rosemeyers","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of by","gloss":"Rosemeyers'"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces line of business","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"deal"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h3-s7","source":"Frits was voor het eerst meegegaan.","translation":"Frits had gone along for the first time.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Frits was voor het eerst meegegaan","title":"Pluperfect of motion verb meegaan","body":"meegaan ('to go along') is separable and a motion verb, so its pluperfect uses zijn: was meegegaan. voor het eerst = 'for the first time.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of meegegaan","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of meegegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces ordinal time phrase","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner in voor het eerst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"ordinal adjective, uninflected","role":"object of voor in fixed phrase","gloss":"first time"},{"surface":"meegegaan","lemma":"meegaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"gone along"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h3-s8","source":"Hy is zestien jaar, en ik vind het goed dat een jong mensch in de wereld komt. Anders loopt hy naar de Westermarkt of zulke dingen.","translation":"He is sixteen, and I think it good for a young fellow to get out into the world. Otherwise he goes loitering off to the Westermarkt and the like.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik vind het goed dat een jong mensch in de wereld komt","title":"Anticipatory het + dat-clause","body":"het anticipates the real object, the dat-clause ('that a young person comes into the world'), which is verb-final (komt). een jong mensch: the adjective takes no -e before this neuter een-word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking age phrase","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zestien","lemma":"zestien","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"sixteen"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative age complement","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory object of vind","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of het","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination phrase","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"gets out"},{"surface":"Anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies loopt","gloss":"Otherwise"},{"surface":"loopt","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"goes loitering"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of loopt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination","gloss":"off to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Westermarkt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Westermarkt","lemma":"Westermarkt","morphology":"proper noun, common gender singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Westermarkt"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links alternative destinations","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of dingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"elliptical alternative to Westermarkt","gloss":"things"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h3-s9","source":"De meisjes hadden piano gespeeld en gezongen, en by 't dessert plaagden ze elkaar met iets dat in de voorkamer scheen gebeurd te zyn, terwyl wy achter aan 't gentsch whisten waren, iets waarin Frits betrokken scheen. \"Ja, ja, Louise, riep Betsy Rosemeyer, geschreid heb je!","translation":"The girls had played the piano and sung, and over dessert they teased one another about something that seemed to have happened in the front room while we were at the back playing Ghent whist—something in which Frits appeared to be mixed up. \"Yes, yes, Louise,\" cried Betsy Rosemeyer, \"you cried, you did!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"iets dat in de voorkamer scheen gebeurd te zyn","title":"schijnen + perfect te-infinitive","body":"scheen … gebeurd te zyn = 'seemed to have happened' — schijnen governs a perfect te-infinitive. dat is the relative for neuter iets."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"terwyl wy achter aan 't gentsch whisten waren","title":"aan 't + infinitive (progressive)","body":"aan 't whisten zijn ('to be (playing) whist') is the aan-het progressive of an ongoing action. terwyl ('while') sends waren to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gespeeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"piano","lemma":"piano","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gespeeld","gloss":"piano"},{"surface":"gespeeld","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle governed by hadden","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gezongen","lemma":"zingen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated participle governed by hadden","gloss":"sung"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links plaagden to the preceding clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dessert","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dessert","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dessert","lemma":"dessert","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of plaagden","gloss":"dessert"},{"surface":"plaagden","lemma":"plagen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated main verb","gloss":"teased"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of plaagden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"elkaar","lemma":"elkaar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of plaagden","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iets","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"prepositional complement of plaagden","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of gebeurd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorkamer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorkamer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorkamer","lemma":"voorkamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gebeurd","gloss":"front room"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on iets","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"gebeurd","lemma":"gebeuren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"complement of scheen","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gebeurd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"terwyl","lemma":"terwijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waren","gloss":"while","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch terwijl."},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying waren","gloss":"at the back"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of aan het whisten","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner in aan het whisten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gentsch","lemma":"Gents","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"modifies whisten","gloss":"Ghent","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch Gents."},{"surface":"whisten","lemma":"whisten","morphology":"verb, infinitive used nominally","role":"complement of aan het","gloss":"playing whist","note":"Aan het whisten zijn means “to be playing whist.”"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"finite auxiliary of aan het whisten","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"apposition to preceding iets","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of betrokken","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"betrokken","lemma":"betrekken","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"predicative complement of scheen","gloss":"involved"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on iets","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection in direct speech","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated interjection","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Louise","lemma":"Louise","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Louise"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Betsy","lemma":"Betsy","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Betsy"},{"surface":"Rosemeyer","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Betsy Rosemeyer","gloss":"Rosemeyer"},{"surface":"geschreid","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participle governed by heb","gloss":"cried","note":"Schreien is a literary or regional word for crying."},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschreid","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h3-s10","source":"Papa, Frits heeft Louise aan 't schreien gemaakt.\" Myn vrouw zei hierop dat Frits dan voortaan niet meer mee zou naar den krans.","translation":"Papa, Frits made Louise cry.\" To this my wife said that Frits should then not be allowed to the card-party again.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Frits heeft Louise aan 't schreien gemaakt","title":"Idiom: aan 't … maken","body":"iemand aan 't schreien maken = 'to make someone cry' — the aan-het + infinitive frame as a caused state. heeft … gemaakt is the present perfect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat Frits dan voortaan niet meer mee zou naar den krans","title":"Conditional zou with omitted infinitive","body":"zou … mee [gaan] drops the obvious infinitive gaan: 'should not go along anymore.' niet meer = 'no longer'; den krans shows the old accusative den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Papa","lemma":"papa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Papa"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"Louise","lemma":"Louise","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"Louise"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of aan het schreien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of aan het schreien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schreien","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement in aan het schreien maken","gloss":"crying","note":"Aan het schreien maken means “to make someone cry.”"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle governed by heeft","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal adverbial complement of zei","gloss":"to this"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zou","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"voortaan","lemma":"voortaan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet meer","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet meer","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable directional complement of zou","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of content clause","gloss":"would","note":"The omitted infinitive meegaan is understood here."},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking krans","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of krans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"krans","lemma":"krans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of naar","gloss":"card party","note":"Here krans means a recurring social or card-playing gathering."}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h3-s11","source":"Ze dacht dat hy Louise geknepen had, of zoo-iets wat niet te-pas komt, en ook ik maakte my gereed er een hartig woordje bytevoegen, toen Louise riep:","translation":"She thought he had pinched Louise, or something of the kind that is not proper, and I too was getting ready to add a stern little word, when Louise cried out:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze dacht dat hy Louise geknepen had, of zoo-iets wat niet te-pas komt","title":"Pluperfect + relative wat","body":"geknepen had is the pluperfect of the strong verb knijpen ('to pinch'). wat ('which') is the relative after indefinite zoo-iets; te-pas komen = 'to be fitting/proper.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik maakte my gereed er een hartig woordje bytevoegen","title":"Reflexive zich gereedmaken + diminutive","body":"zich gereedmaken ('to get ready') is reflexive (my). woordje is a diminutive ('little word'), neuter. bytevoegen is joined 1860 spelling for bij te voegen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geknepen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of geknepen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Louise","lemma":"Louise","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geknepen","gloss":"Louise"},{"surface":"geknepen","lemma":"knijpen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle governed by had","gloss":"pinched"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geknepen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"alternative to the preceding content clause","gloss":"something like that"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te-pas","lemma":"te pas","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"predicative complement of komt","gloss":"proper","note":"Niet te pas komen means “to be improper or out of place.”"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on zoo-iets","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakte","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with dacht","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"reflexive object of maakte","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"gereed","lemma":"gereed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of maakte","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of bijvoegen","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woordje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hartig","lemma":"hartig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies woordje","gloss":"stern"},{"surface":"woordje","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bij te voegen","gloss":"little word"},{"surface":"bytevoegen","lemma":"bijvoegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of gereed","gloss":"to add","note":"Historical closed spelling of bij te voegen, “to add.”"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of riep","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Louise","lemma":"Louise","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Louise"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of temporal clause","gloss":"cried out"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h3-s12","source":"--Neen, neen, Frits is heel lief geweest! Ik wou dat hy 't nog-eens deed!","translation":"—No, no, Frits was very sweet! I wish he would do it once more!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik wou dat hy 't nog-eens deed!","title":"Optative with imperfect deed","body":"Ik wou dat … + imperfect (deed) expresses an unfulfilled wish: 'I wish he would do it again.' The past tense, not the present, signals the wish. wou is the colloquial past of willen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection in direct speech","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of lief","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"lief","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participle governed by is","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wou","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wou","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb expressing a wish","gloss":"wish","note":"Ik wou dat idiomatically expresses “I wish that.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of deed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, neuter singular","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nog-eens","lemma":"nog eens","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"modifies deed","gloss":"once more","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern Dutch nog eens."},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of wou","gloss":"would do"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h3-s13","source":"Wàt dàn? Hy had haar niet geknepen, hy had gereciteerd, daar hebt ge 't.","translation":"What, then? He had not pinched her—he had recited, there you have it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy had gereciteerd, daar hebt ge 't","title":"Perfect + literary recite","body":"had … geknepen / had gereciteerd contrast two pluperfects; gereciteerd ('recited') is the regular past participle of the borrowed verb reciteren and does take the ge- prefix, since 're-' is not a Dutch inseparable prefix. daar hebt ge 't = 'there you have it.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Wàt","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"head of elliptical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"dàn","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of geknepen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geknepen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of geknepen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geknepen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geknepen","lemma":"knijpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participle governed by had","gloss":"pinched"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gereciteerd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gereciteerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gereciteerd","lemma":"reciteren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle governed by had","gloss":"recited"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb in idiom daar hebt ge het","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of idiomatic clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you","note":"Ge is an unstressed form of gij, “you.”"},{"surface":"t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, neuter singular","role":"direct object of hebt","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h3-s14","source":"Natuurlyk ziet de vrouw van 't huis gaarne dat er aan het dessert een aardigheidje plaats heeft. Dat vult.","translation":"Naturally the lady of the house is glad when there is some little entertainment at dessert. It fills the time.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ziet de vrouw van 't huis gaarne dat er … een aardigheidje plaats heeft","title":"Inversion + diminutive + er","body":"Fronting Natuurlyk inverts (ziet … de vrouw). aardigheidje is a diminutive ('little bit of fun'), neuter; er fills the front slot before it. plaats hebben = 'to take place.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying ziet","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb in ziet ... gaarne","gloss":"likes to see"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional complement modifying vrouw","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of ziet","gloss":"gladly","note":"Iets gaarne zien means “to be glad to see or have something.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"presentative element with heeft","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dessert","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dessert","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dessert","lemma":"dessert","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of plaats heeft","gloss":"dessert"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aardigheidje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"aardigheidje","lemma":"aardigheid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of plaats heeft","gloss":"little entertainment"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of compound verb plaatshebben","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"plaatshebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of content clause","gloss":"takes","note":"Plaatshebben means “to take place.”"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vult","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vult","lemma":"vullen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb with an understood object","gloss":"fills the time","note":"Dat vult means that the entertainment fills the time."}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h3-s15","source":"Mevrouw Rosemeyer--de Rosemeyers laten zich mevrouw noemen, omdat ze in suiker doen, en aandeel in een schip hebben--mevrouw Rosemeyer begreep dat wat Louise aan 't schreien had gemaakt, ook òns vermaken zou, en vroeg een dacapo aan Frits, die zoo rood zag als een kalkoen.","translation":"Mevrouw Rosemeyer—the Rosemeyers have themselves called mevrouw because they are in sugar and own a share in a ship—Mevrouw Rosemeyer understood that what had made Louise cry would amuse us as well, and asked Frits for an encore, while he turned as red as a turkey-cock.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de Rosemeyers laten zich mevrouw noemen, omdat ze in suiker doen","title":"Causative laten + reflexive","body":"zich mevrouw laten noemen = 'to have themselves called mevrouw' — causative laten with reflexive zich and a bare infinitive noemen. omdat sends doen to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"begreep dat wat Louise aan 't schreien had gemaakt, ook òns vermaken zou","title":"Free relative wat + future zou","body":"wat ('what') opens a free relative subject; inside it had gemaakt is verb-final, and in the main embedded clause vermaken zou (future) closes. The grave on òns marks emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"left-dislocated title and name","gloss":"Mrs"},{"surface":"Rosemeyer","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of left-dislocated name","gloss":"Rosemeyer"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Rosemeyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rosemeyers","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of laten","gloss":"Rosemeyers"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of noemen","gloss":"Mrs"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laten","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of doen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in suiker doen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in within idiom","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of causal clause","gloss":"deal","note":"In suiker doen means “to deal or trade in sugar.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aandeel","lemma":"aandeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"a share"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schip","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schip","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schip","lemma":"schip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional complement modifying aandeel","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated with doen","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"Mrs"},{"surface":"Rosemeyer","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Rosemeyer"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb after parenthesis","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zou","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"fused relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of had gemaakt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Louise","lemma":"Louise","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gemaakt","gloss":"Louise"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of aan het schreien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of aan het schreien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schreien","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement in aan het schreien maken","gloss":"crying","note":"Aan het schreien maken means “to make someone cry.”"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle in relative subject clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vermaken","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"òns","lemma":"ons","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of vermaken","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"vermaken","lemma":"vermaken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"amuse"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of content clause","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with begreep","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dacapo","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"dacapo","lemma":"dacapo","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vroeg","gloss":"encore","note":"Da capo, here spelled dacapo, means a repeat or encore."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the person asked","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vroeg","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rood","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"rood","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zag","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on Frits","gloss":"looked","note":"Rood zien means “to look red” or “turn red.”"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with kalkoen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kalkoen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kalkoen","lemma":"kalkoen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"standard of comparison after als","gloss":"turkey-cock"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h3-s16","source":"Ik begreep óm de wereld niet, wàt hy dan toch opgesneden had, want ik kende zyn repertoire op een haar.","translation":"For the life of me I could not imagine what he had been holding forth about, for I knew his repertoire to a hair.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik begreep óm de wereld niet, wàt hy dan toch opgesneden had","title":"Indirect question + separable opsnijden","body":"wàt opens an indirect question, sending the pluperfect opgesneden had to the end. opsnijden here is the idiom 'to boast/brag.' óm de wereld niet = 'not for the life of me.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"óm","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom om de wereld niet","gloss":"for","note":"Om de wereld niet is an emphatic “not for anything in the world.”"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om within idiom","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wàt","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of opgesneden","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had opgesneden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying opgesneden","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic adverb modifying opgesneden","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"opgesneden","lemma":"opsnijden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle governed by had","gloss":"held forth","note":"Opsnijden means to boast or hold forth grandly."},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgesneden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kende","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kende","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of repertoire","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"repertoire","lemma":"repertoire","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of kende","gloss":"repertoire"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of haar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement in op een haar","gloss":"hair","note":"Op een haar means “exactly” or “down to the smallest detail.”"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h3-s17","source":"Dat was: de godenbruiloft, de boeken van het Oude-Testament op rym, en een epizode uit de bruiloft van Kamacho, dat de jongens altyd zoo aardig vinden, omdat er iets van een \"brillekiek\" in komt.","translation":"It was: the wedding of the gods, the books of the Old Testament in rhyme, and an episode out of the wedding of Camacho, which the boys always find so amusing because there is something of a \"peep-show\" in it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een epizode … dat de jongens altyd zoo aardig vinden, omdat er iets … in komt","title":"Relative + er … in (pronominal)","body":"The relative refers back to the recited piece; omdat sends komt to the end. er … in is a split pronominal adverb ('in it'). iets van een 'brillekiek' = 'something of a peep-show.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Dat to the following list","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of godenbruiloft","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"godenbruiloft","lemma":"godenbruiloft","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first predicative complement of was","gloss":"wedding of the gods"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of boeken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boeken","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"second predicative complement of was","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of boeken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of Oude-Testament","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Oude-Testament","lemma":"Oude Testament","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying boeken","gloss":"Old Testament"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner complement rym","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"rym","lemma":"rijm","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op modifying boeken","gloss":"rhyme","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch ‘rijm’."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links epizode to the preceding complements of was","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of epizode","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"epizode","lemma":"episode","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"third predicative complement of was","gloss":"episode","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch ‘episode’."},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement of epizode","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of bruiloft","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bruiloft","lemma":"bruiloft","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit modifying epizode","gloss":"wedding"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of bruiloft","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Kamacho","lemma":"Kamacho","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of van modifying bruiloft","gloss":"Camacho"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of vinden, referring to epizode","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of jongens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jongens","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of vinden","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vinden","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aardig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"aardig","lemma":"aardig","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"object complement of dat after vinden","gloss":"amusing"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying epizode","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause of komt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of er ... in, referring to the episode","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison complement of iets","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of brillekiek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"brillekiek","lemma":"brillekiek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying iets","gloss":"peep-show","note":"An old term for a peep-show viewed through lenses or viewing holes."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"second part of er ... in, modifying komt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of reason clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"appears"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h3-s18","source":"Wat er onder dit alles wezen kon dat tranen uitlokte, was my een raadsel. 't Is waar, zoo'n meisje schreit gauw.","translation":"What in all this could have drawn out tears was a riddle to me. True, a girl like that cries readily.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat er onder dit alles wezen kon dat tranen uitlokte, was my een raadsel","title":"Embedded subject clause + modal kon","body":"The whole indirect question Wat … kon is the subject of was; inside it the modal kon governs wezen (older infinitive of zijn). dat … uitlokte is a relative on what 'could be in it.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoo'n meisje schreit gauw","title":"Diminutive subject + present tense","body":"meisje ('girl') is a fossilized diminutive — always neuter. schreit is present of schreien ('to weep'); gauw = 'readily, quickly.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of kon wezen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb with wezen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement alles","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing wezen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of uitlokte, referring to Wat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tranen","lemma":"traan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of uitlokte","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"uitlokte","lemma":"uitlokken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying Wat","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main copula linking the subject clause to raadsel","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"experiencer complement of was","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of raadsel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"raadsel","lemma":"raadsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"riddle"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, contracted","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ’t to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"zoo'n","lemma":"zo'n","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of schreit","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"schreit","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"gauw","lemma":"gauw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schreit","gloss":"readily"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h3-s19","source":"\"Toe, Frits! Och ja, Frits!","translation":"\"Come, Frits! Oh yes, Frits!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"interjection","role":"hortatory interjection addressed to Frits","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"Och","lemma":"och","morphology":"interjection","role":"emotive interjection modifying ja","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative interjection","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Frits"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h3-s20","source":"Kom, Frits!\" Zoo ging het, en Frits begon. Daar ik niet houd van dat bestudeerd spannen van des lezers nieuwsgierigheid, zal ik maar terstond zeggen dat ze te-huis het pak van Sjaalman hadden opengemaakt, en daaruit hadden Frits en Marie een neuswysheid en een sentimentaliteit geput, die me later veel last in huis gehaald hebben.","translation":"Go on, Frits!\" So it went, and Frits began. Since I have no taste for that studied way of stretching out a reader's curiosity, I shall say at once that at home they had opened Shawlman's parcel, and out of it Frits and Marie had drawn a know-it-all conceit and a sentimentality that have since caused me much trouble in the house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar ik niet houd van dat bestudeerd spannen van des lezers nieuwsgierigheid","title":"daar 'since' + genitive des lezers","body":"Daar ('since') sends houd to the end. des lezers is the old masculine genitive ('of the reader'): 'the reader's curiosity.' A frozen case form of 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze te-huis het pak … hadden opengemaakt","title":"Pluperfect + separable openmaken","body":"hadden opengemaakt is the pluperfect; openmaken ('to open') is separable, its prefix open fusing into the participle. dat sends both verbs to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links begon to ging","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with ging","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of houd","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates houd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"verb of causal clause introduced by Daar","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of houd","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of nominalized spannen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bestudeerd","lemma":"bestudeerd","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies nominalized spannen","gloss":"studied"},{"surface":"spannen","lemma":"spannen","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"complement of van","gloss":"stretching out"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of spannen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine genitive singular","role":"determiner of lezers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezers","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, masculine, genitive singular","role":"possessor of nieuwsgierigheid","gloss":"reader's"},{"surface":"nieuwsgierigheid","lemma":"nieuwsgierigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van and object of nominalized spannen","gloss":"curiosity"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zal zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural, nominative","role":"subject of hadden opengemaakt","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"te-huis","lemma":"thuis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hadden opengemaakt","gloss":"at home","note":"Historical hyphenated spelling of modern Dutch ‘thuis’."},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of opengemaakt","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of pak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of van modifying pak","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of opengemaakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"opengemaakt","lemma":"openmaken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of object clause introduced by dat","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links geput to opengemaakt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daaruit","lemma":"daaruit","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"source complement of geput, referring to the parcel","gloss":"out of it"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geput","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"first part of compound subject of geput","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Marie to Frits","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"second part of compound subject of geput","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of neuswysheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"neuswysheid","lemma":"neuswijsheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first direct object of geput","gloss":"know-it-all conceit","note":"Historical spelling of ‘neuswijsheid’, meaning conceited precocious cleverness."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links sentimentaliteit to neuswysheid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of sentimentaliteit","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sentimentaliteit","lemma":"sentimentaliteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second direct object of geput","gloss":"sentimentality"},{"surface":"geput","lemma":"putten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb coordinated with opengemaakt","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben gehaald, referring to both abstract nouns","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of gehaald","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebben gehaald","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of last","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gehaald","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location complement of gehaald","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"gehaald","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by hebben in the relative clause","gloss":"caused"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"finite auxiliary of gehaald","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h3-s21","source":"Toch moet ik erkennen, lezer, dat dit boek ook uit dat pak komt, en ik zal me naderhand hierop behoorlyk verantwoorden, want ik hecht er aan, dat men my beschouwe als iemand die de waarheid lief heeft, en die goed voor zyn zaken is. Onze firma is Last & Co, Makelaars in koffi, Lauriergracht, N° 37.","translation":"Still, I must own, reader, that this book too comes out of that parcel, and I shall duly account for this later on, for I set store by being regarded as a man who loves the truth and who is sound in his business. Our firm is Last & Co., Coffee Brokers, Lauriergracht, No. 37.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik hecht er aan, dat men my beschouwe als iemand die de waarheid lief heeft","title":"Subjunctive beschouwe + er aan","body":"beschouwe is the old present subjunctive ('that one regard me'). er … aan is a split pronominal adverb ('set store by it'). die … lief heeft is a relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moet erkennen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite modal governing erkennen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of moet erkennen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of erkennen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement of komt","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of object clause introduced by dat","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zal verantwoorden to moet erkennen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zal verantwoorden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of verantwoorden","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first person singular","role":"reflexive object of verantwoorden","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"naderhand","lemma":"naderhand","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verantwoorden","gloss":"later on"},{"surface":"hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of verantwoorden, referring to this matter","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"behoorlyk","lemma":"behoorlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verantwoorden","gloss":"duly","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch ‘behoorlijk’."},{"surface":"verantwoorden","lemma":"verantwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of hecht","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of hecht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hecht","lemma":"hechten","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"attach importance"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of er ... aan, anticipating the dat-clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"second part of er ... aan, complement of hecht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of hecht er aan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beschouwe","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"direct object of beschouwe","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"beschouwe","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third person singular","role":"verb of complement clause introduced by dat","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement of beschouwe","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"predicative complement of beschouwe after als","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of lief heeft, referring to iemand","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of lief heeft","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"lief","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjectival particle","role":"first part of the fixed verb liefhebben","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite part of lief heeft in relative clause","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two relative clauses modifying iemand","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is, referring to iemand","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of goed","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula of second relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural","role":"determiner of firma","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"firma","lemma":"firma","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking firma to Last & Co","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of company name, predicative complement of is","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"Co.","morphology":"proper noun, abbreviation","role":"second part of company name Last & Co","gloss":"Co."},{"surface":"Makelaars","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"appositive occupational title of Last & Co","gloss":"brokers"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces commodity complement of Makelaars","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in modifying Makelaars","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"address in apposition to the firm description","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"noun, abbreviation","role":"introduces street number 37","gloss":"No."}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h3-s22","source":"Toen reciteerde Frits een ding dat van nonsens aan-één hing. Neen 't hing niet aan-een.","translation":"Then Frits recited a thing that hung together out of nonsense. No, it did not hang together at all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een ding dat van nonsens aan-één hing. Neen 't hing niet aan-een","title":"Separable aaneenhangen","body":"aaneenhangen ('to hang together / cohere') is separable; in the simple past the prefix aaneen sits at the end. dat is the relative for neuter ding. The self-correction is Droogstoppel's deadpan humor."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reciteerde","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"reciteerde","lemma":"reciteren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recited"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of reciteerde","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of ding","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ding","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of reciteerde","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of hing, referring to ding","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces material complement of hing","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"nonsens","lemma":"nonsens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"aan-één","lemma":"aaneen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hing","gloss":"together","note":"Historical hyphenated spelling of modern Dutch ‘aaneen’."},{"surface":"hing","lemma":"hangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying ding","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response correcting the preceding statement","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, contracted","role":"subject of hing","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hing","lemma":"hangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates hing aan-een","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan-een","lemma":"aaneen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hing","gloss":"together","note":"Historical hyphenated spelling of modern Dutch ‘aaneen’."}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h3-s23","source":"Een jong mensch schreef aan zyn moeder, dat hy verliefd was geweest, en dat zyn meisje met een ander getrouwd was--waarin ze groot gelyk had, vind ik--dat hy echter, in weerwil hiervan, altyd veel van zyn moeder hield. Zyn deze laatste drie regels duidelyk of niet?","translation":"A young man was writing to his mother that he had been in love, and that his girl had married another—in which she was quite right, I think—but that he, in spite of this, had always loved his mother dearly. Are these last three lines clear or not?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy verliefd was geweest, en dat zyn meisje met een ander getrouwd was","title":"Pluperfect with zijn","body":"was geweest and getrouwd was are pluperfects formed with zijn (states/change of state). The stacked dat-clauses are verb-final. in weerwil hiervan = 'in spite of this' (pronominal hiervan)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeder","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of schreef","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verliefd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verliefd","lemma":"verliefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"clausal complement of schreef","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of getrouwd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of meisje","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ander","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective","role":"oblique complement of getrouwd","gloss":"other man"},{"surface":"getrouwd","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of schreef","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of getrouwd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"adverbial complement of gelyk had","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gelyk","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"right","note":"The idiom gelijk hebben means “to be right.”"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parenthetical verb with subject ze","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hield","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hield","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase in weerwil van","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"weerwil","lemma":"weerwil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the phrase in weerwil van","gloss":"spite"},{"surface":"hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of in weerwil van","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hield","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of hield","gloss":"dearly"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"particle in houden van","gloss":"of","note":"Houden van means “to love” or “to be fond of.”"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of schreef","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking regels to duidelyk","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of regels","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laatst","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies regels","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies regels","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"regels","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of Zyn","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Zyn","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical alternative niet","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical alternative to duidelyk","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h3-s24","source":"Vindt ge dat er veel omslag noodig is, om dat te zeggen? Welnu, ik heb een broodje met kaas gegeten, daarna twee peren geschild, en ik was ruim half gereed met het orberen van de derde, voor Frits klaar was met die vertelling.","translation":"Do you think much ado is needed to say that? Well now, I ate a roll with cheese, then peeled two pears, and I was a good half done with disposing of the third before Frits had finished that recitation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vindt ge dat er veel omslag noodig is, om dat te zeggen?","title":"Inversion + om … te","body":"The question inverts (Vindt ge); the dat-clause is verb-final (is), and om … te zeggen states the purpose. er supplies the existential subject for omslag ('fuss')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor Frits klaar was met die vertelling","title":"voor 'before' subordinator","body":"voor (= voordat, 'before') opens a subordinate clause, sending was to the end. klaar zijn met = 'to be done with.' The mundane pear-peeling deflates Frits's recitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vindt","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do think"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Vindt","gloss":"you","note":"Ge is the unstressed southern form of gij, meaning “you.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of noodig","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb in er ... is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"quantifies omslag","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"omslag","lemma":"omslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"ado"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to noodig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive zeggen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of noodig","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"well now"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of broodje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"broodje","lemma":"broodje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gegeten","gloss":"roll"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kaas","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"kaas","lemma":"kaas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gegeten","gloss":"cheese"},{"surface":"gegeten","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main lexical verb with auxiliary heb","gloss":"eaten"},{"surface":"daarna","lemma":"daarna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschild","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies peren","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"peren","lemma":"peer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of geschild","gloss":"pears"},{"surface":"geschild","lemma":"schillen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated verb with gegeten; auxiliary heb understood","gloss":"peeled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to gereed","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ruim","lemma":"ruim","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies half","gloss":"a good"},{"surface":"half","lemma":"half","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gereed","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"gereed","lemma":"gereed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking orberen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner used with nominalized infinitive","role":"determiner of orberen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"orberen","lemma":"orberen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"complement of met","gloss":"eating","note":"Orberen is a humorous, now rare verb meaning to consume or dispose of food."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking derde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of derde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"derde","lemma":"derde","morphology":"substantivized ordinal numeral","role":"complement of van","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause Frits klaar was","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"klaar","lemma":"klaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to klaar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertelling","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vertelling","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vertelling","lemma":"vertelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of klaar","gloss":"recitation"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h3-s25","source":"Maar Louise schreide weer, en de dames zeiden dat het heel mooi was.","translation":"But Louise wept again, and the ladies said it was very beautiful.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar Louise schreide weer, en de dames zeiden dat het heel mooi was","title":"Coordinator en + embedded dat","body":"en ('and') joins two main clauses without inverting. The dat-clause is verb-final (was). schreide and zeiden are simple pasts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of schreide","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Louise","lemma":"Louise","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schreide","gloss":"Louise"},{"surface":"schreide","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schreide","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dames","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dames","lemma":"dame","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zeiden","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"zeiden","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with schreide","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mooi","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"mooi","lemma":"mooi","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to mooi","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h3-s26","source":"Toen vertelde Frits, die, geloof ik, meende dat hy een groot stuk had uitgevoerd, dat hy 't ding in dat pak had gevonden van den man die een sjaal droeg, en ik legde aan de heeren uit, hoe dat in myn huis kwam. Maar van de Griekin sprak ik niet, omdat Frits er by was, en ook zeide ik niets van de Kapelsteeg.","translation":"Then Frits told them—he believed, I think, that he had performed some great feat—that he had found the thing in that parcel belonging to the man who wore a shawl, and I explained to the gentlemen how it had come into my house. But of the Greek woman I said nothing, because Frits was there, and I also said nothing about the Kapelsteeg.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen vertelde Frits, die … meende dat hy een groot stuk had uitgevoerd","title":"Inversion + nested clauses","body":"Fronting Toen inverts (vertelde Frits). The relative die governs meende; the embedded dat-clause ends in the pluperfect had uitgevoerd (separable uitvoeren, 'to carry off')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik legde aan de heeren uit, hoe dat in myn huis kwam","title":"Separable uitleggen + indirect question","body":"uitleggen ('to explain') is separable, its prefix uit sent to the end (uit … kwam … in between). hoe … kwam is the verb-final indirect question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertelde","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"vertelde","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vertelde","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of meende; refers to Frits","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on Frits","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uitgevoerd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of uitgevoerd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stuk","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uitgevoerd","gloss":"feat"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgevoerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"uitgevoerd","lemma":"uitvoeren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of meende","gloss":"performed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gevonden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevonden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ding","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gevonden","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of vertelde","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking man; modifies pak","gloss":"belonging to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of droeg","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sjaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sjaal","lemma":"sjaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of droeg","gloss":"shawl"},{"surface":"droeg","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying man","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of legde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"legde","lemma":"uitleggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with vertelde; finite part of uitleggen","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking heeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heeren","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of legde","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of legde ... uit","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces and modifies clause of kwam","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of kwam","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal direct object of legde ... uit","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sprak","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Griekin","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Griekin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Griekin","lemma":"Griekin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of sprak","gloss":"Greek woman"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase erbij was","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause giving reason for sprak","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeide","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with sprak","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeide","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Kapelsteeg; modifies niets","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Kapelsteeg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kapelsteeg","lemma":"Kapelsteeg","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Kapelsteeg"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h3-s27","source":"Ieder vond dat ik heel goed had gehandeld, me van dien man aftehelpen.","translation":"Everyone agreed that I had done very well to rid myself of that man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ieder vond dat ik heel goed had gehandeld, me van dien man aftehelpen","title":"Pluperfect + reflexive te-infinitive","body":"had gehandeld is the pluperfect. me … aftehelpen is a reflexive te-infinitive (joined 1860 spelling of af te helpen); zich van iemand afhelpen = 'to rid oneself of someone.' dien is the old accusative of die."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gehandeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gehandeld","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehandeld","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehandeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gehandeld","lemma":"handelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of vond","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of aftehelpen","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking man","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aftehelpen","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"aftehelpen","lemma":"afhelpen","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"infinitival complement explaining gehandeld","gloss":"to rid","note":"The older spelling joins af te helpen into one word; modern Dutch writes it separately."}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h3-s28","source":"Straks zult ge zien dat er ook andere dingen in dat pak waren van meer solieden aard, en daarvan komt een-en-ander in dit boek, omdat de Koffiveilingen van de Handelmaatschappy er mee in verband staan. Want ik leef voor myn vak.","translation":"Presently you shall see that there were also other things in that parcel of a more solid kind, and some of these find their way into this book, because the Coffee Auctions of the Trading Company are bound up with them. For I live for my profession.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat de Koffiveilingen van de Handelmaatschappy er mee in verband staan","title":"omdat verb-final + er mee","body":"omdat sends staan to the end. er … mee is a split pronominal adverb ('connected with it'). Koffiveilingen is a compound: koffie + veilingen ('coffee auctions')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Straks","lemma":"straks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zien","gloss":"you","note":"Unstressed form of gij, “you.”"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of zien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive locative adverb in er waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dingen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dingen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the object clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking solieden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies solieden","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"solieden","lemma":"solide","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies aard","gloss":"solid","note":"Historical inflected spelling of modern solide."},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"partitive complement of een-en-ander","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"finds its way"},{"surface":"een-en-ander","lemma":"een en ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of staan","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Koffiveilingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koffiveilingen","lemma":"koffieveiling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"Coffee Auctions","note":"Historical spelling of modern koffieveilingen."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Handelmaatschappy","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Handelmaatschappy","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Handelmaatschappy","lemma":"Handelmaatschappij","morphology":"proper noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Trading Company","note":"Historical spelling of modern Handelmaatschappij."},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of mee","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"combines with er: ermee","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces fixed phrase in verband staan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of causal clause","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"leef","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vak","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vak","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vak","lemma":"vak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"profession"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h3-s29","source":"Later vroeg my de uitgever of ik hier niet by voegen wilde, wat Frits gereciteerd had. Ik wil 't wel doen, mits men wete dat ik me niet ophoud met zulke dingen.","translation":"Later the publisher asked me whether I would not append here what Frits had recited. I am willing enough to do so, provided it be understood that I do not occupy myself with such things.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"of ik hier niet by voegen wilde","title":"Verb-final after 'of'","body":"The indirect-question conjunction 'of' (whether) opens a subordinate clause, so the finite verb 'wilde' drops to the very end, after the separable prefix and infinitive. Compare the main-clause order in 'Ik wil 't wel doen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"by voegen","title":"Separable verb 'byvoegen'","body":"'Byvoegen' (to append) is a separable verb; here the prefix 'by' (modern 'bij') stands apart from 'voegen'. Note the period spelling 'by' for 'bij'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"mits men wete","title":"Subjunctive 'wete'","body":"'Wete' is an archaic present subjunctive of 'weten' (let it be known), surviving in the formal idiom 'mits men wete dat...' (provided that one knows). The bare-stem subjunctive marks solemn or legalistic register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vroeg","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of vroeg","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitgever","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitgever","lemma":"uitgever","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"publisher"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilde","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voegen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of bijvoegen","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"voegen","lemma":"bijvoegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"add"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of indirect question","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gereciteerd","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gereciteerd","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"gereciteerd","lemma":"reciteren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of relative clause on wat","gloss":"recited"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gereciteerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am willing"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"mits","lemma":"mits","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces proviso clause","gloss":"provided"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wete","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"wete","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of proviso clause","gloss":"know","note":"Formal subjunctive: “provided it be understood.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ophoud","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ophoud","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first person singular","role":"reflexive object of ophoud","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ophoud","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ophoud","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"occupy"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dingen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"things"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h3-s30","source":"Alles leugens en gekheid! Ik houd myn aanmerkingen terug, anders wordt myn boek te dik.","translation":"All lies and folly! I hold back my own remarks, otherwise my book grows too thick.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"anders wordt myn boek te dik","title":"Inversion after a fronted adverb","body":"Fronting the adverb 'anders' (otherwise) forces verb-second: the finite verb 'wordt' comes before the subject 'myn boek'. This is the classic Dutch V2 inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik houd myn aanmerkingen terug","title":"Separable 'terughouden'","body":"'Terughouden' (to hold back) splits in a main clause: the verb 'houd' stays in second position while the prefix 'terug' lands at the end of the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of elliptical nominal exclamation","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"leugens","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicate noun with Alles","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gekheid","lemma":"gekheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated predicate noun with leugens","gloss":"folly"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of aanmerkingen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"aanmerkingen","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of houd","gloss":"remarks"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of terughouden","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wordt","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wordt","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dik","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"dik","lemma":"dik","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wordt","gloss":"thick"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h3-s31","source":"Ik wil hier alleen byzeggen, dat die vertelling zoo omstreeks 1843 in de buurt van Padang geschreven is, en dat dit een inferieur merk is. De koffi, meen ik.","translation":"I will only add here that the recitation was written somewhere around 1843 in the neighborhood of Padang, and that this is an inferior brand. The coffee, I mean.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat die vertelling ... geschreven is","title":"Passive in a subordinate clause","body":"A 'zijn'-passive ('geschreven is', was written) reporting the resulting state, placed in a 'dat'-clause so the auxiliary 'is' sits at the very end after the participle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"koffi","title":"Period spelling 'koffi'","body":"Multatuli writes 'koffi' for modern 'koffie' (coffee) — the recurring obsession of the narrator Droogstoppel, an Amsterdam coffee broker. The clipped 1860 spelling drops the final -e."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies byzeggen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies byzeggen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"byzeggen","lemma":"bijzeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"add","note":"Historical spelling of modern bijzeggen."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geschreven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vertelling","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vertelling","lemma":"vertelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive geschreven","gloss":"recitation"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omstreeks","gloss":"roughly"},{"surface":"omstreeks","lemma":"omstreeks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies 1843","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buurt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buurt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buurt","lemma":"buurt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of geschreven","gloss":"neighborhood"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Padang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Padang","lemma":"Padang","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies buurt","gloss":"Padang"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive clause","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two object clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of merk","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"inferieur","lemma":"inferieur","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies merk","gloss":"inferior"},{"surface":"merk","lemma":"merk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"brand"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of coordinated object clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koffi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"clarifying noun phrase referring to dit","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h3-s32","source":"Moeder, 'k ben wel ver van 't land Waar me 't leven werd geschonken, Waar myn eerste tranen blonken, Waar ik opwies aan uw hand... Waar uw moedertrouw der ziel Van den knaap haar zorgen wydde, En hem liefdryk stond ter-zyde, En hem ophief als hy viel...","translation":"Mother, I am far indeed from the land where life was granted to me, where my first tears glistened, where I grew up at your hand... where your motherly faith devoted its cares to the soul of the boy, and stood lovingly at his side, and lifted him up when he fell...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waar me 't leven werd geschonken","title":"Worden-passive (process)","body":"'Werd geschonken' is a 'worden'-passive in the past ('werd' is the imperfect of 'worden'): life was granted to me. The agent is unnamed and the participle closes the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"der ziel Van den knaap","title":"Case remnants 'der' and 'den'","body":"'Der ziel' is a frozen genitive/dative feminine ('to the soul'), and 'den knaap' shows the old masculine accusative/dative ending -en. Both are inflected case forms long dead in speech but alive in 1860 poetry."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waar ik opwies aan uw hand","title":"Strong past 'opwies'","body":"'Opwies' is the strong simple past of separable 'opwassen' (to grow up): the stem vowel shifts (wassen → wies) rather than adding a dental ending, and the prefix 'op' is incorporated in this poetic compact form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I","note":"Elided form of ik after the apostrophe."},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subject to ver","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ver","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on land","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of geschonken","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of werd geschonken","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geschonken","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geschonken","lemma":"schenken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of passive verb","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on land","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of tranen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, inflected","role":"modifies tranen","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"tranen","lemma":"traan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of blonken","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"blonken","lemma":"blinken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"glistened"},{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on land","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of opwies","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"opwies","lemma":"opwassen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"grew up","note":"Archaic opwassen means “to grow up.”"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hand","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hand","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on land","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of moedertrouw","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"moedertrouw","lemma":"moedertrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wydde, stond, and ophief","gloss":"motherly devotion"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, feminine dative singular","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of wydde","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"Van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of ziel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of knaap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"knaap","lemma":"knaap","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of zorgen","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"zorgen","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of wydde","gloss":"cares"},{"surface":"wydde","lemma":"wijden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"devoted","note":"Historical spelling of modern wijdde."},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates stond with wydde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of stond terzijde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"liefdryk","lemma":"liefderijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"lovingly","note":"Historical spelling of modern liefderijk."},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated verb with wydde","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"ter-zyde","lemma":"terzijde","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of stond","gloss":"by","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern terzijde."},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates ophief with wydde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ophief","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ophief","lemma":"opheffen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated verb with wydde","gloss":"lifted up"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of viel","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"fell"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h3-s33","source":"Schynbaar scheurde 't lot de banden Die ons bonden, wreed van-een.. 'k Sta hier wel aan vreemde stranden Met myzelf en God, alleen...","translation":"Seemingly fate tore the bonds that held us, cruelly apart.. Here I stand on foreign shores, with myself and God, alone...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Schynbaar scheurde 't lot de banden","title":"V2 after fronted adverb","body":"The sentence opens on the adverb 'schynbaar' (seemingly), so the verb 'scheurde' precedes the subject 'het lot' — verb-second inversion. 'Schynbaar' also shows period 'y' for 'ij'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die ons bonden","title":"Relative 'die' for the bonds","body":"'Die' is a relative pronoun referring back to 'de banden' (the bonds), a plural de-word; the verb 'bonden' (the strong past of 'binden') goes to clause-final position."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"wreed van-een","title":"'van-een' = apart","body":"'Van-een' (literally 'from one') means 'asunder, apart'. The hyphenated 1860 form survives today as 'vaneen' or 'uiteen'; 'wreed' (cruelly) is used here adverbially."}],"words":[{"surface":"Schynbaar","lemma":"schijnbaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheurde","gloss":"seemingly","note":"Historical spelling of modern schijnbaar."},{"surface":"scheurde","lemma":"scheuren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tore"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lot","lemma":"lot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of scheurde","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of banden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"banden","lemma":"band","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of scheurde","gloss":"bonds"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bonden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bonden","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"bonden","lemma":"binden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"wreed","lemma":"wreed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheurde","gloss":"cruelly"},{"surface":"van-een","lemma":"vaneen","morphology":"adverb","role":"resultative complement of scheurde","gloss":"apart","note":"Historical hyphenation; vaneen means “apart.”"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of Sta","gloss":"I","note":"Elided form of ik after the apostrophe."},{"surface":"Sta","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Sta","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Sta","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stranden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"vreemde","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stranden","gloss":"foreign"},{"surface":"stranden","lemma":"strand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"shores"},{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myzelf","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myzelf","lemma":"mijzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first person singular","role":"object of Met","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with myzelf","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adjective used predicatively","role":"depictive complement of subject","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h3-s34","source":"Maar toch, moeder, wat me griefde, Wat me vreugd gaf of verdriet, Moeder, twyfel aan de liefde, Aan het hart uws zoons toch niet!","translation":"But still, mother, whatever grieved me, whatever gave me joy or sorrow, mother, never doubt the love, the heart of your son!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"twyfel ... niet","title":"Imperative 'twyfel'","body":"'Twyfel ... niet' is a negative imperative (do not doubt), the bare stem of 'twyfelen' used as a command, with the negation 'niet' and softening 'toch' framing the plea to the mother."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het hart uws zoons","title":"Genitive 'uws zoons'","body":"'Uws zoons' is a full old genitive: both the possessive 'uw' and the noun 'zoon' take the -s ending (of your son). This inflected genitive is purely literary by 1860."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects with preceding thought","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the imperative","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of griefde","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of griefde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"griefde","lemma":"grieven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of concessive free relative clause","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"vreugd","lemma":"vreugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of concessive free relative clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"verdriet","lemma":"verdriet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated direct object with vreugd","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"Moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"twyfel","lemma":"twijfelen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"doubt","note":"Historical spelling of modern twijfel."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liefde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces coordinated object of twyfel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Aan","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"uws","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive singular","role":"determiner of zoons","gloss":"of your","note":"Archaic genitive form: “of your.”"},{"surface":"zoons","lemma":"zoon","morphology":"noun, masculine, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of hart","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the prohibition","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates twyfel","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h3-s35","source":"'t Is nog nauwlyks twee paar jaren Toen ik 't laatst op gindschen grond Zwygend aan den oever stond Om de toekomst in te staren... Toen ik 't schoone tot my riep Dat ik van de toekomst wachtte, En het heden stout verachtte, En my paradyzen schiep...","translation":"It is barely two pairs of years since I last stood silent on yonder ground at the water's edge, gazing into the future... when I called to myself the beauty I awaited from what was to come, and boldly scorned the present, and made myself paradises...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen ik 't laatst ... aan den oever stond","title":"'Toen' sends the verb back","body":"The subordinating conjunction 'toen' (when, in the past) drives the finite verb 'stond' to the end of its clause; everything between piles up in the middle field before it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Om de toekomst in te staren","title":"Purpose 'om ... te'","body":"'Om ... in te staren' is a purpose clause (in order to gaze into the future). With the separable verb 'instaren', 'te' slots between the prefix 'in' and the infinitive 'staren'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het heden stout verachtte","title":"Weak past 'verachtte'","body":"'Verachtte' is a regular weak past (scorned): the stem 'veracht' adds the dental -te. 'Stout' here means 'boldly', an older sense than the modern 'naughty'."}],"words":[{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"expletive subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nauwlyks","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"nauwlyks","lemma":"nauwelijks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies twee paar jaren","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies paar","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"measure noun modifying jaren","gloss":"pairs of"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"predicative duration complement of Is","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of stond","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter, singular","role":"part of the adverbial phrase 't laatst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatst","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"temporal modifier of stond","gloss":"last time"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement gindschen grond","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"gindschen","lemma":"ginds","morphology":"demonstrative adjective, inflected","role":"modifies grond","gloss":"yonder","note":"Gindschen is the older inflected form of modern gindse."},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"Zwygend","lemma":"zwijgen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"depictive modifier of ik with stond","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement den oever","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of oever","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oever","lemma":"oever","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"water's edge"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, infinitive marker","role":"introduces the purpose clause te staren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of toekomst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toekomst","lemma":"toekomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the directional complement de toekomst","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive staren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"staren","lemma":"staren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the purpose clause","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of riep","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of the nominalized adjective schoone","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of riep and antecedent of Dat","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the directional complement my","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"object of tot","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of wachtte, referring to schoone","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source complement de toekomst","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of toekomst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toekomst","lemma":"toekomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates verachtte with riep","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of heden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heden","lemma":"heden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verachtte","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"stout","lemma":"stout","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verachtte","gloss":"boldly"},{"surface":"verachtte","lemma":"verachten","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"coordinated main verb with riep","gloss":"scorned"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates schiep with verachtte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, reflexive object form","role":"indirect reflexive object of schiep","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"paradyzen","lemma":"paradijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of schiep","gloss":"paradises"},{"surface":"schiep","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"coordinated main verb with verachtte","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h3-s36","source":"Toen, door alle stoornis heen Die zich opdeed voor myn schreên, 't Hart zich koen een uitweg baande, En zich droomend zalig waande...","translation":"Then, through every hindrance that arose before my steps, the heart boldly cut itself a way out, and dreamed itself into bliss...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die zich opdeed voor myn schreên","title":"Reflexive 'zich opdeed'","body":"'Zich opdeed' is the reflexive separable verb 'zich opdoen' (to arise, present itself) in the past; 'zich' is the third-person reflexive pronoun and the clause is verb-final under the relative 'die'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zich ... een uitweg baande ... zich ... zalig waande","title":"More reflexives 'zich'","body":"The heart 'baande zich een uitweg' (cut itself a way out) and 'waande zich zalig' (imagined itself blissful). Both verbs are inherently reflexive, taking 'zich' for the third person."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"schreên","title":"'schreên' = steps","body":"'Schreên' is a poetic contracted plural of 'schrede' (stride, step), modern 'schreden'. The circumflex marks the elided syllable for the meter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal frame for baande and waande","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition, first part of circumposition","role":"begins the circumposition door ... heen governing stoornis","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of stoornis","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"stoornis","lemma":"stoornis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of the circumposition door ... heen","gloss":"hindrance"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"postposition, second part of circumposition","role":"completes the circumposition door ... heen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of opdeed, referring to stoornis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"reflexive object of opdeed","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"opdeed","lemma":"opdoen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement myn schreên","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"possessor of schreên","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schreên","lemma":"schrede","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural, contracted form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"steps","note":"Schreên is a poetic contraction of schreden, the plural of schrede."},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Hart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of baande and waande","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"indirect reflexive object of baande","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"koen","lemma":"koen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies baande","gloss":"boldly"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of uitweg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"uitweg","lemma":"uitweg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of baande","gloss":"way out"},{"surface":"baande","lemma":"banen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb with Hart as subject","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates waande with baande","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"direct reflexive object of waande","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"droomend","lemma":"dromen","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"adverbial modifier of waande","gloss":"dreaming"},{"surface":"zalig","lemma":"zalig","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"object complement of zich with waande","gloss":"blissful"},{"surface":"waande","lemma":"wanen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb coordinated with baande","gloss":"imagined"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h3-s37","source":"Maar die tyd, sints 't laatst vaarwel Hoe gezwind ook ons onttogen, Onbevatbaar bliksemsnel, Als een schim voorbygevlogen...","translation":"But that time, since the last farewell—however swiftly it has been wrested from us, inconceivably lightning-fast, flown by like a shade...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe gezwind ook ons onttogen","title":"Concessive 'hoe ... ook'","body":"'Hoe gezwind ook' means 'however swiftly' — the 'hoe ... ook' frame yields a concessive ('no matter how...'). 'Onttogen' is the past participle of 'onttrekken/onttogen' (wrested away)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een schim","title":"'schim' = shade, phantom","body":"'Schim' means a shadow, ghost, or fleeting apparition. 'Als een schim voorbygevlogen' — flown past like a shade — figures elapsed time as something insubstantial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause completed by liet in h3-s38","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"antecedent of hy, the subject of liet in h3-s38","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"sints","lemma":"sinds","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal complement 't laatst vaarwel","gloss":"since","note":"Sints is an older spelling of modern sinds."},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of vaarwel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatst","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative, uninflected","role":"modifies vaarwel","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"vaarwel","lemma":"vaarwel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of sints","gloss":"farewell"},{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"concessive adverb","role":"forms the concessive construction hoe ... ook","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"gezwind","lemma":"gezwind","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onttogen","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"concessive particle","role":"completes the construction hoe ... ook","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, first-person plural, object form","role":"object denoting the person deprived with onttogen","gloss":"from us"},{"surface":"onttogen","lemma":"onttijgen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial predicate modifying tyd","gloss":"wrested away","note":"Onttogen is the past participle of the historical verb onttijgen, not an irregular form of modern onttrekken."},{"surface":"Onbevatbaar","lemma":"onbevatbaar","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"modifies bliksemsnel and voorbygevlogen","gloss":"inconceivably"},{"surface":"bliksemsnel","lemma":"bliksemsnel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorbygevlogen","gloss":"lightning-fast"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison een schim","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of schim","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schim","lemma":"schim","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"shade"},{"surface":"voorbygevlogen","lemma":"voorbijvliegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial predicate modifying tyd","gloss":"flown by"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h3-s38","source":"O, hy liet in 't voorwaarts gaan, Diepe, diepe sporen staan! 'k Proefde vreugde en smart met-één, 'k Heb gedacht en 'k heb gestreden, 'k Heb gejuicht en 'k heb gebeden: 't Is me als vlogen eeuwen heen! 'k Heb naar levensheil gestreefd, 'k Heb gevonden en verloren, En, een kind nog kort te-voren, Jaren in één uur doorleefd!","translation":"Oh, in its forward march it left deep, deep traces behind! I tasted joy and pain at once, I have thought and I have struggled, I have rejoiced and I have prayed: it is to me as though ages had flown by! I have striven after life's happiness, I have found and lost, and, a child but lately, lived years in a single hour!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy liet ... sporen staan","title":"Causative 'laten ... staan'","body":"'Liet ... staan' is the causative 'laten' plus a bare infinitive (left traces standing). 'Laten' governs a bare infinitive with no 'te', and the construction here means 'left behind'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'k Heb gedacht ... 'k heb gestreden ... 'k Heb gejuicht ... 'k heb gebeden","title":"Present perfect chain","body":"A drumbeat of present perfects: 'hebben' plus a past participle each time (gedacht, gestreden, gejuicht, gebeden). The participles, several of them strong (gestreden, gebeden), close each clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t Is me als vlogen eeuwen heen","title":"Counterfactual 'als ... vlogen'","body":"'Als vlogen eeuwen heen' uses the past subjunctive/imperfect for an unreal comparison: 'as though ages had flown by'. The verb-first order after 'als' here is a poetic conditional inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"expressive interjection modifying the clause","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of liet, referring to tyd in h3-s37","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main causative verb governing staan","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the adverbial complement 't voorwaarts gaan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of the nominalized infinitive gaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorwaarts","lemma":"voorwaarts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaan","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"march"},{"surface":"Diepe","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"first coordinated modifier of sporen","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"diepe","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"repeated modifier of sporen","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"sporen","lemma":"spoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of liet in the causative construction","gloss":"traces"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of liet","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of Proefde","gloss":"I","note":"The source form 'k is a contraction of ik ('I')."},{"surface":"Proefde","lemma":"proeven","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"tasted"},{"surface":"vreugde","lemma":"vreugde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated direct object of Proefde","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates smart with vreugde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"smart","lemma":"smart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second coordinated direct object of Proefde","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"met-één","lemma":"meteen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Proefde","gloss":"at once","note":"Met-één is the historical spelling of modern meteen."},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of Heb gedacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gedacht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gedacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb with auxiliary Heb","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates heb gestreden with Heb gedacht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gestreden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gestreden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gestreden","lemma":"strijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb with auxiliary heb","gloss":"struggled"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of Heb gejuicht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gejuicht","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gejuicht","lemma":"juichen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb with auxiliary Heb","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates heb gebeden with Heb gejuicht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gebeden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gebeden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gebeden","lemma":"bidden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb with auxiliary heb","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"expletive subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb governing the experiencer me and als-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"experiencer complement of Is","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative irrealis clause of vlogen","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"vlogen","lemma":"vliegen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"had flown"},{"surface":"eeuwen","lemma":"eeuw","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of vlogen","gloss":"ages"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional particle modifying vlogen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of Heb gestreefd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gestreefd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the goal complement levensheil","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"levensheil","lemma":"levensheil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"life's happiness"},{"surface":"gestreefd","lemma":"streven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb with auxiliary Heb","gloss":"striven"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of Heb gevonden and verloren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"shared auxiliary of gevonden and verloren","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first coordinated lexical verb with Heb","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates verloren with gevonden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verloren","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"second coordinated lexical verb with Heb","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates doorleefd with the preceding perfect clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"supplementary predicate of the implicit subject ik","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kort te-voren","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te-voren","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"te-voren","lemma":"tevoren","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of the supplementary predicate een kind","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of doorleefd","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the duration complement één uur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies uur","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"doorleefd","lemma":"doorleven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb sharing the earlier auxiliary Heb","gloss":"lived through"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h3-s39","source":"Maar toch, moeder! wil 't gelooven, By den Hemel die my ziet, Moeder! wil het toch gelooven, Neen, uw kind vergat u niet! 'k Minde een meisje.","translation":"But still, mother! believe it, by the Heaven that looks on me, mother! do believe it, no, your child did not forget you! I loved a girl.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wil 't gelooven","title":"Imperative softened by 'willen'","body":"'Wil 't gelooven' is a coaxing imperative built on 'willen' (be willing to believe it) — a polite, urging command form common in 19th-century verse. The modal sends 'gelooven' to the end as an infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"uw kind vergat u niet","title":"Strong past 'vergat'","body":"'Vergat' is the strong simple past of 'vergeten' (forgot), with vowel change e → a. The double 'u' (uw kind / vergat u) reflects the solemn, formal address to the mother."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'k Minde een meisje","title":"Weak past 'minde'","body":"'Minde' is the weak past of the poetic verb 'minnen' (to love), stem + -de. 'Minnen' is an elevated synonym of 'beminnen/liefhebben', reserved for verse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrast with the preceding confession","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"adds insistence to wil gelooven","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular","role":"imperative verb governing gelooven","gloss":"please"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of gelooven","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the oath den Hemel","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of Hemel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of By","gloss":"Heaven"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of ziet, referring to Hemel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of ziet","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"looks on"},{"surface":"Moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular","role":"imperative verb governing gelooven","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of gelooven","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"adds insistence to gelooven","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphatic response introducing the clause","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second-person singular formal","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of vergat","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"vergat","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, second-person singular formal, object form","role":"direct object of vergat","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negation adverb","role":"negates vergat","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of Minde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Minde","lemma":"minnen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Minde","gloss":"girl"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h3-s40","source":"Heel myn leven Scheen my door die liefde schoon. 'k Zag in haar een eerekroon, Als een eindloon van myn streven, My door God ten doel gegeven. Zalig door den reinen schat Die Zyn zorg my toegewogen, Die Zyn gunst geschonken had, Dankte ik met een traan in de oogen.","translation":"My whole life seemed beautiful to me through that love. I saw in her a crown of honor, as a final reward for my striving, set before me as a goal by God. Blessed by the pure treasure that His care had weighed out to me, that His favor had bestowed, I gave thanks with a tear in my eyes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Scheen my ... schoon","title":"'schijnen' + adjective complement","body":"'Scheen my schoon' (seemed beautiful to me) uses 'schijnen' with a dative-like 'my' and a bare predicate adjective. 'Scheen' is the strong past of 'schijnen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"My door God ten doel gegeven","title":"Frozen dative 'ten doel'","body":"'Ten doel' fuses the old dative article into 'te + den' (as a goal). Such 'ten/ter' contractions are case remnants surviving in fixed phrases like 'ten doel', 'ter zijde'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die Zyn zorg my toegewogen ... had","title":"Pluperfect 'had toegewogen'","body":"'Had ... toegewogen' is a pluperfect (had weighed out to me), the imperfect of 'hebben' plus the participle of separable 'toewegen'. The relative 'die' makes it verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of leven","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Scheen","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"Scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of Scheen","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liefde","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of leven","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Zag","gloss":"I","note":"Elided form of “ik” after an apostrophe."},{"surface":"Zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of in","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of eerekroon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eerekroon","lemma":"erekroon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of haar","gloss":"crown of honor","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch “erekroon”."},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with eerekroon","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of eindloon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eindloon","lemma":"eindloon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"comparison complement of eerekroon","gloss":"final reward"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking streven","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of streven","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"streven","lemma":"streven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"striving"},{"surface":"My","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent God","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of door; agent of gegeven","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and article","role":"introduces predicative doel","gloss":"as a"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of gegeven","gloss":"goal"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of eerekroon","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"Zalig","lemma":"zalig","morphology":"adjective","role":"depictive complement of ik","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schat","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of schat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reinen","lemma":"rein","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schat","gloss":"pure"},{"surface":"schat","lemma":"schat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"treasure"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of toegewogen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of zorg","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of toegewogen","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of toegewogen","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"toegewogen","lemma":"toewegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause modifying schat","gloss":"weighed out","note":"Poetic “toewegen” means to allot or weigh out to someone."},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of geschonken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of gunst","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"gunst","lemma":"gunst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geschonken had","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"geschonken","lemma":"schenken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of relative clause","gloss":"bestowed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschonken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Dankte","lemma":"danken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave thanks"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Dankte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking traan","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of traan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"traan","lemma":"traan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"tear"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h3-s41","source":"Liefde was met godsdienst één...","translation":"Love was one with religion...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Love"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Liefde to één","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking godsdienst","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"godsdienst","lemma":"godsdienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"religion"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral used predicatively","role":"subject complement of Liefde","gloss":"one"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h3-s42","source":"En 't gemoed dat opgetogen, Dankend opsteeg tot den Hoogen, Dankte en bad voor haar alleen! Zorgen baarde my die liefde, Onrust kwelde my het hart, En ondraaglyk was de smart Die my 't week gemoed doorgriefde. 'k Heb slechts angst en leed gegaard, Waar ik 't hoogst genot verwachtte, En voor 't heil waarnaar ik trachtte, Was me gif en wee bewaard...","translation":"And the soul that, enraptured, rose in thanks to the Most High, gave thanks and prayed for her alone! That love bore me cares, unrest tormented my heart, and unbearable was the grief that pierced through my tender soul. I have gathered nothing but anguish and woe where I awaited the highest delight, and for the happiness I reached after, poison and pain were laid up for me...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zorgen baarde my die liefde","title":"Fronted object for emphasis","body":"The object 'zorgen' (cares) is fronted ahead of the verb 'baarde' and subject 'die liefde', a marked V2 order that throws weight onto what the love brought forth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor 't heil waarnaar ik trachtte","title":"Pronominal adverb 'waarnaar'","body":"'Waarnaar' splits as 'naar wat' — a relative pronominal adverb (after which) referring to 'het heil'. Dutch fuses preposition + relative into 'waar-' rather than saying 'naar welk'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Was me gif en wee bewaard","title":"Zijn-passive, inverted","body":"'Was ... bewaard' is a 'zijn'-passive of result (was laid up/kept), here inverted so the auxiliary 'was' leads. 'Me' is a dative of interest: poison and woe were kept for me."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding thought","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of gemoed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Dankte and bad","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of opsteeg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"opgetogen","lemma":"opgetogen","morphology":"adjective","role":"depictive modifier of dat","gloss":"enraptured"},{"surface":"Dankend","lemma":"danken","morphology":"present participle","role":"adverbial modifier of opsteeg","gloss":"giving thanks"},{"surface":"opsteeg","lemma":"opstijgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying gemoed","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoogen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Hoogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoogen","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"Most High"},{"surface":"Dankte","lemma":"danken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb with subject gemoed","gloss":"gave thanks"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Dankte and bad","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bad","lemma":"bidden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with Dankte","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses haar","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"Zorgen","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of baarde","gloss":"cares"},{"surface":"baarde","lemma":"baren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of baarde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of baarde","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Onrust","lemma":"onrust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwelde","gloss":"unrest"},{"surface":"kwelde","lemma":"kwellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tormented"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"affected possessor of hart with kwelde","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"accusative of respect with my","gloss":"heart","note":"In “mij het hart kwellen,” the body part specifies where the person is afflicted."},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ondraaglyk","lemma":"ondraaglijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of smart","gloss":"unbearable","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch “ondraaglijk”."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking smart to ondraaglyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of smart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"smart","lemma":"smart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of doorgriefde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"affected possessor of gemoed with doorgriefde","gloss":"my","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch “mij”; Dutch uses an object pronoun with the possessed body part here."},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of gemoed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"week","lemma":"week","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gemoed","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doorgriefde","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"doorgriefde","lemma":"doorgrieven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying smart","gloss":"pierced through"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Heb","gloss":"I","note":"Elided form of “ik” after an apostrophe."},{"surface":"Heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegaard","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses angst en leed","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"angst","lemma":"angst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gegaard","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates angst and leed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"leed","lemma":"leed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated direct object with angst","gloss":"woe"},{"surface":"gegaard","lemma":"garen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with Heb","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces locative clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verwachtte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of genot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogst","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, superlative, uninflected","role":"modifies genot","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"genot","lemma":"genot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verwachtte","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"verwachtte","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative adverbial clause","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking heil","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of heil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heil","lemma":"heil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"for which"},{"surface":"waarnaar","lemma":"waarnaar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of trachtte","gloss":"after which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trachtte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"trachtte","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying heil","gloss":"strove"},{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bewaard","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of bewaard","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"gif","lemma":"gif","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive bewaard","gloss":"poison"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates gif and wee","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wee","lemma":"wee","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated subject with gif","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"bewaard","lemma":"bewaren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive clause","gloss":"laid up"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h3-s43","source":"'k Vond genot in 't lydend zwygen! 'k Stond standvastig hopend daar, Onspoed deed den prys my stygen: 'k Droeg en leed zoo graag voor haar! 'k Telde ramp noch onspoedsslagen, Vreugde schiep ik in verdriet, Alles, alles wilde ik dragen...","translation":"I found delight in suffering silence! Steadfast I stood there, hoping, adversity only made the prize rise higher for me: I bore and suffered so gladly for her sake! I counted neither calamity nor blows of misfortune, I made joy out of sorrow, all, all I was willing to bear...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Onspoed deed den prys my stygen","title":"Causative 'deed ... stygen'","body":"'Deed ... stygen' is the causative 'doen' plus a bare infinitive (made the prize rise). Like 'laten', 'doen' as a causative takes a bare infinitive without 'te'. 'Den prys' keeps the old accusative -en."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'k Telde ramp noch onspoedsslagen","title":"Negative correlative 'noch'","body":"'Noch ... ' negates a coordinated pair (neither calamity nor blows of misfortune). 'Noch' is the literary 'nor', supplying the single clause-negation without any extra 'niet'."}],"words":[{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Vond","gloss":"I","note":"Elided form of “ik” after an apostrophe."},{"surface":"Vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"genot","lemma":"genot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Vond","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zwygen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of zwygen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lydend","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"present participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies zwygen","gloss":"suffering","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch “lijdend”."},{"surface":"zwygen","lemma":"zwijgen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"silence","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch “zwijgen”."},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Stond","gloss":"I","note":"Elided form of “ik” after an apostrophe."},{"surface":"Stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"standvastig","lemma":"standvastig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Stond","gloss":"steadfastly"},{"surface":"hopend","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"present participle","role":"adverbial modifier of Stond","gloss":"hoping"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of Stond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Onspoed","lemma":"onspoed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"adversity"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"causative main verb","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of prys","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prys","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stygen in causative construction","gloss":"prize"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"ethical dative with deed stygen","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"stygen","lemma":"stijgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of deed","gloss":"rise","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch “stijgen”."},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Droeg and leed","gloss":"I","note":"Elided form of “ik” after an apostrophe."},{"surface":"Droeg","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Droeg and leed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"leed","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with Droeg","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of graag","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"graag","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Droeg and leed","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Telde","gloss":"I","note":"Elided form of “ik” after an apostrophe."},{"surface":"Telde","lemma":"tellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"ramp","lemma":"ramp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of Telde","gloss":"calamity"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates negated objects","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"onspoedsslagen","lemma":"onspoedsslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated direct object with ramp","gloss":"blows of misfortune"},{"surface":"Vreugde","lemma":"vreugde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schiep","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"schiep","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schiep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdriet","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verdriet","lemma":"verdriet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"Alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"left-dislocated object of dragen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of dragen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"modal governing dragen","gloss":"was willing"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dragen","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wilde","gloss":"to bear"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h3-s44","source":"Roofde 't lot my haar slechts niet!","translation":"If only fate had not robbed me of her!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Roofde 't lot my haar slechts niet","title":"Optative verb-first wish","body":"Verb-first 'Roofde 't lot...' with 'slechts niet' is an unreal wish ('if only fate had not robbed me of her'). The verb-initial order and past tense together signal a counterfactual yearning."}],"words":[{"surface":"Roofde","lemma":"roven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb in optative conditional clause","gloss":"had robbed"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of lot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lot","lemma":"lot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Roofde","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of Roofde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"direct object of Roofde","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"with niet, expresses an urgent wish","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Roofde","gloss":"not","note":"The inverted clause with “slechts niet” expresses the wish “if only … not.”"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h3-s45","source":"En dàt beeld, my 't schoonste op aarde, Dat ik omdroeg in 't gemoed Als een onwaardeerbaar goed, En zoo trouw in 't hart bewaarde... Vreemd was 't eenmaal aan myn zinnen!","translation":"And that image, to me the loveliest on earth, which I carried about in my soul as an inestimable treasure, and so faithfully kept in my heart... was once a stranger to my senses!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dàt beeld ... Dat ik omdroeg","title":"Demonstrative vs relative 'dat'","body":"The accented 'dàt beeld' is a demonstrative (that image), while the following 'dat ik omdroeg' is the relative pronoun for the neuter het-word 'beeld'. The accent on 'dàt' marks the stressed demonstrative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vreemd was 't eenmaal aan myn zinnen","title":"V2 after fronted predicate","body":"Fronting the predicate adjective 'vreemd' (strange) triggers inversion: 'was' precedes the dummy subject ''t'. 'Vreemd aan' (strange to) takes the preposition 'aan'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this clause to the preceding thought","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, emphatic","role":"determiner of beeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"beeld","lemma":"beeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative of judgment with schoonste","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of schoonste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoonste","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"substantivized adjective, superlative","role":"appositive complement of beeld","gloss":"loveliest"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aarde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"aarde","lemma":"aarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of omdroeg and bewaarde","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of omdroeg and bewaarde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"omdroeg","lemma":"omdragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying beeld","gloss":"carried about"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gemoed","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of gemoed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of goed","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onwaardeerbaar","lemma":"onwaardeerbaar","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"inestimable"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"comparison complement of beeld","gloss":"treasure"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates omdroeg and bewaarde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of trouw","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"trouw","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewaarde","gloss":"faithfully"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hart","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"bewaarde","lemma":"bewaren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated verb in relative clause","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"Vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of beeld","gloss":"a stranger"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking beeld to Vreemd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular, elided","role":"subject referring to beeld","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of was","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zinnen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of zinnen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"zinnen","lemma":"zin","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"senses"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h3-s46","source":"En al houdt die liefde stand Tot de laatste snik van 't leven Me in een beter vaderland Eind'lyk haar zal wedergeven... 'k Had begonnen haar te minnen! Wat is min die eens begon, By de liefde mèt het leven 't Kind door God in 't hart gedreven Toen het nog niet staam'len kon?","translation":"And though that love endures to the last gasp of life, until at last, in a better fatherland, it gives her back to me... I had begun to love her! What is a love that once began, beside the love that comes with life itself—the love driven into the child's heart by God when it could not yet so much as stammer?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al houdt die liefde stand","title":"Concessive 'al' + inversion","body":"Concessive 'al' (even though) keeps main-clause-like verb-second order: 'houdt' stays second. 'Standhouden' is a separable verb, so 'stand' splits off to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"haar zal wedergeven","title":"Future with 'zullen'","body":"'Zal ... wedergeven' is the 'zullen'-future (will give back); the infinitive 'wedergeven' lands at the end. 'Eind'lyk' (finally) shows poetic elision for the meter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'k Had begonnen haar te minnen","title":"Pluperfect + 'te'-infinitive","body":"'Had begonnen ... te minnen' combines a pluperfect ('had begonnen') with a 'te'-infinitive complement ('te minnen', to love). 'Beginnen' governs its infinitive with 'te'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of houdt","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"houdt","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"endures"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of houdt and zal wedergeven","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"stand","lemma":"stand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"fixed complement in standhouden","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"Tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time limit","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of snik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laatste","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies snik","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"snik","lemma":"snik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"gasp"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of snik","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"Me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of wedergeven","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place adjunct of wedergeven","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of vaderland","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies vaderland","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"vaderland","lemma":"vaderland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"fatherland"},{"surface":"Eind'lyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies wedergeven","gloss":"at last","note":"Historical spelling of eindelijk."},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person feminine singular, object form","role":"direct object of wedergeven","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of wedergeven","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wedergeven","lemma":"weergeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"give back","note":"Wedergeven is the older form of modern weergeven, here meaning ‘give back.’"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, contracted","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of begonnen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"begonnen","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"begun"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person feminine singular, object form","role":"direct object of minnen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive minnen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"minnen","lemma":"minnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of begonnen","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking min and wat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"min","lemma":"min","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, poetic","role":"subject of is","gloss":"a love","note":"Min is a poetic word for romantic love."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of begon; antecedent min","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begon","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying min","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"introduces standard of comparison after wat is","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij and antecedent of gedreven","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"mèt","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition, emphatic accent","role":"introduces accompaniment with leven","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of Kind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"recipient of gedreven","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent of gedreven","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun","role":"agent of gedreven","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination of gedreven","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"gedreven","lemma":"drijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of liefde","gloss":"driven"},{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause modifying gedreven","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person neuter singular","role":"subject of kon; refers to kind","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet kon","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kon staam'len","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"staam'len","lemma":"stamelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, elided historical spelling","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"stammer","note":"Elided spelling of stamelen."},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal governing staam'len","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h3-s47","source":"Toen het aan de moederborst, Nauw den moederschoot onttogen, 't Eerste vocht vond voor den dorst, 't Eerste licht in moederoogen?","translation":"When at the mother's breast, scarcely drawn from the mother's womb, it found the first moisture for its thirst, the first light in its mother's eyes?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nauw den moederschoot onttogen","title":"Participle phrase + case remnant","body":"'Onttogen' (drawn from) is the past participle of 'onttrekken' used adjectivally for the child, and 'den moederschoot' carries the old accusative/dative -en. 'Nauw' here means 'scarcely'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t Eerste vocht vond voor den dorst","title":"Compound 'moederschoot' / 'moederoogen'","body":"This stanza stacks right-headed compounds: 'moederborst', 'moederschoot', 'moederoogen' (mother's breast/womb/eyes). Dutch glues the modifier noun directly onto the head noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of vond","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person neuter singular","role":"subject of vond; refers to kind","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location at moederborst","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of moederborst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moederborst","lemma":"moederborst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"mother's breast"},{"surface":"Nauw","lemma":"nauw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onttogen","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine oblique singular, archaic","role":"determiner of moederschoot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moederschoot","lemma":"moederschoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object from which the child is onttogen","gloss":"mother's womb"},{"surface":"onttogen","lemma":"onttijgen","morphology":"verb, past participle, archaic","role":"participial modifier of het","gloss":"drawn from","note":"Onttogen is the past participle of archaic onttijgen, meaning to withdraw or remove."},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of vocht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies vocht","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"vocht","lemma":"vocht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"moisture"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose complement of vocht","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine oblique singular, archaic","role":"determiner of dorst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorst","lemma":"dorst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"thirst"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of licht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies licht","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second direct object of vond","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source or location of licht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"moederoogen","lemma":"moederoog","morphology":"noun, plural, historical spelling","role":"object of in","gloss":"mother's eyes","note":"Historical spelling of moederogen."}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h3-s48","source":"Neen, geen band die vaster bindt, Vaster harten houdt omsloten, Dan de band, door God gesloten Tusschen 't moederhart en 't kind!","translation":"No, there is no bond that binds more firmly, that holds hearts more closely enclosed, than the bond, fastened by God, between a mother's heart and her child!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"geen band die vaster bindt","title":"'geen' + comparative","body":"'Geen band' negates an indefinite noun (no bond), and 'vaster ... dan' is the comparative (more firmly than). 'Geen' is required here rather than 'niet' because it negates an indefinite noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de band, door God gesloten","title":"Passive participle phrase + agent 'door'","body":"'Door God gesloten' is a reduced passive (fastened by God): the participle 'gesloten' plus the agent phrase 'door God'. 'Door' marks the agent in Dutch passives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection, archaic or formal","role":"discourse response","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of band","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"band","lemma":"band","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of elliptical existential clause","gloss":"bond"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of bindt and houdt; antecedent band","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vaster","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies bindt","gloss":"more firmly"},{"surface":"bindt","lemma":"binden","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"first verb of relative clause","gloss":"binds"},{"surface":"Vaster","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies omsloten houdt","gloss":"more closely"},{"surface":"harten","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of houdt","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"houdt","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"second verb of relative clause","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"omsloten","lemma":"omsluiten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of houdt","gloss":"enclosed"},{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces standard of comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of band","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"band","lemma":"band","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"bond"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent of gesloten","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun","role":"agent of gesloten","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"gesloten","lemma":"sluiten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of band","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"Tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"introduces the two endpoints of band","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of moederhart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moederhart","lemma":"moederhart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first object of tussen","gloss":"mother's heart"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates objects of tussen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second object of tussen","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h3-s49","source":"En een hart, dat zóó zich hechtte Aan het schoon dat even blonk, Dat me niets dan doornen schonk, En geen enkel bloempje vlechtte... Zou datzelfde hart de trouw Van het moederhart vergeten?","translation":"And a heart that clung so to the beauty that gleamed but for a moment, that gave me nothing but thorns and wove not a single little flower... could that same heart forget the faithfulness of a mother's heart?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zóó zich hechtte","title":"Reflexive 'zich hechten'","body":"'Zich hechten aan' (to attach/cling oneself to) is reflexive; in the relative clause introduced by 'dat' the verb 'hechtte' goes to the end after 'zich'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zou datzelfde hart ... vergeten","title":"Conditional 'zou ... vergeten'","body":"'Zou ... vergeten' is the conditional (could/would that same heart forget), 'zou' plus a clause-final infinitive, framed as a rhetorical question across the stanza."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"geen enkel bloempje vlechtte","title":"Diminutive 'bloempje'","body":"'Bloempje' is the diminutive of 'bloem' (a little flower), neuter by rule, paired with the diminutive 'traantjes' elsewhere in the poem to soften and endear."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this question to the preceding thought","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"left-dislocated topic resumed by datzelfde hart","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of hechtte; antecedent hart","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb, emphatic historical spelling","role":"modifies hechtte","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of hechtte","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"hechtte","lemma":"hechten","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying hart","gloss":"clung"},{"surface":"Aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"required complement of zich hechten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of schoon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of blonk; antecedent schoon","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blonk","gloss":"but briefly"},{"surface":"blonk","lemma":"blinken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying schoon","gloss":"gleamed"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of schonk and vlechtte; antecedent schoon","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of schonk","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of schonk","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"restrictive adverb","role":"with niets marks restriction","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"doornen","lemma":"doorn","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement in niets dan doornen","gloss":"thorns"},{"surface":"schonk","lemma":"schenken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"first verb governed by relative subject dat","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates schonk and vlechtte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of bloempje","gloss":"not a"},{"surface":"enkel","lemma":"enkel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bloempje","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"bloempje","lemma":"bloem","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of vlechtte","gloss":"little flower"},{"surface":"vlechtte","lemma":"vlechten","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"second verb governed by relative subject dat","gloss":"wove"},{"surface":"Zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of vergeten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"datzelfde","lemma":"datzelfde","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"that same"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zou vergeten","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of trouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trouw","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vergeten","gloss":"faithfulness"},{"surface":"Van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of trouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of moederhart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moederhart","lemma":"moederhart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"mother's heart"},{"surface":"vergeten","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"forget"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h3-s50","source":"En de liefde van de vrouw Die myn eerste kinderkreten Opving in 't bezorgd gemoed? Die my, als ik weende, suste, Traantjes van de wangen kuste, Die my voedde met haar bloed?","translation":"And the love of the woman who caught my first infant cries in her anxious soul? Who soothed me when I wept, kissed the little tears from my cheeks, who nourished me with her own blood?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die myn eerste kinderkreten Opving","title":"Relative 'die' + separable 'opvangen'","body":"'Die' relativizes 'de vrouw' (the woman); the separable verb 'opvangen' (catch) here appears with the prefix 'op' incorporated as 'opving' in the verb-final relative clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Traantjes van de wangen kuste","title":"Diminutive 'traantjes'","body":"'Traantjes' is the diminutive plural of 'traan' (little tears), with the -tje suffix after a long vowel/n. The diminutive lends the line tenderness."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates liefde with trouw in preceding question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"further direct object of vergeten from preceding segment","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of liefde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van and antecedent of Die","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of opving; antecedent vrouw","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"determiner of kinderkreten","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies kinderkreten","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"kinderkreten","lemma":"kinderkreet","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of opving","gloss":"infant cries"},{"surface":"Opving","lemma":"opvangen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying vrouw","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location of opving","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of gemoed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bezorgd","lemma":"bezorgd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gemoed","gloss":"anxious"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of suste and kuste; antecedent vrouw","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, object form, historical spelling","role":"direct object of suste","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of weende","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular","role":"subject of weende","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weende","lemma":"wenen","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"suste","lemma":"sussen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"first verb governed by relative subject Die","gloss":"soothed"},{"surface":"Traantjes","lemma":"traan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural, diminutive","role":"direct object of kuste","gloss":"little tears"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source with kuste","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of wangen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wangen","lemma":"wang","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"cheeks"},{"surface":"kuste","lemma":"kussen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"second verb governed by relative subject Die","gloss":"kissed"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of voedde; antecedent vrouw","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, object form, historical spelling","role":"direct object of voedde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"voedde","lemma":"voeden","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying vrouw","gloss":"nourished"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means of voedde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of bloed","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"bloed","lemma":"bloed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"blood"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h3-s51","source":"Moeder! wil het niet gelooven, By den hemel die my ziet, Moeder! wil het niet gelooven, Neen, uw kind vergat u niet! 'k Ben hier vèr van wat het leven Ginds ons zoets en schoons kan geven En 't genot van de eerste jeugd, Vaak geroemd en hoog geprezen, Kan wel hier myn deel niet wezen: 't Eenzaam harte kent geen vreugd.","translation":"Mother! do not believe it, by the heaven that looks on me, mother! do not believe it, no, your child did not forget you! Here I am far from what life can give of sweetness and beauty yonder, and the delight of early youth, so often praised and highly prized, may well not be my portion here: the lonely heart knows no joy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wil het niet gelooven","title":"Negative imperative with 'willen'","body":"'Wil het niet gelooven' is the urging negative imperative (do not believe it), modal 'willen' plus 'niet' plus the clause-final infinitive 'gelooven'. The refrain inverts the earlier 'wil 't gelooven'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Kan wel hier myn deel niet wezen","title":"Modal 'kunnen' + middle-field order","body":"'Kan ... niet wezen' sends the infinitive 'wezen' (to be) to the end after the modal 'kan'. Between them the adverbials line up time/place ('wel hier') before the negation and predicate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative addressing the mother","gloss":"Mother"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb with implied subject u","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, accusative","role":"direct object of gelooven","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gelooven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the oath by den hemel","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of hemel","gloss":"the","note":"Den is an old oblique masculine form of de."},{"surface":"hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of By","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular, nominative","role":"subject of ziet, referring to hemel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of ziet","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on hemel","gloss":"looks on"},{"surface":"Moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative addressing the mother","gloss":"Mother"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb with implied subject u","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, accusative","role":"direct object of gelooven","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gelooven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent negative response","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of vergat","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"vergat","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, second person, accusative","role":"direct object of vergat","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates vergat","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative, contracted","role":"subject of Ben","gloss":"I","note":"The apostrophe before k marks the contraction of ik."},{"surface":"Ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ben","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"vèr","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of Ben","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement marker of vèr","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun, neuter","role":"object of van and direct object of geven","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kan geven","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"Ginds","lemma":"ginds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"yonder"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, first person plural, dative","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"zoets","lemma":"zoet","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular, partitive form","role":"partitive complement of wat, coordinated with schoons","gloss":"sweetness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zoets and schoons","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schoons","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular, partitive form","role":"partitive complement of wat, coordinated with zoets","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geven","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this clause to the preceding clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of genot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"genot","lemma":"genot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kan wezen","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of genot","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of jeugd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, attributive","role":"modifies jeugd","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"jeugd","lemma":"jeugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"Vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geroemd","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"geroemd","lemma":"roemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of genot","gloss":"praised"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links geroemd and geprezen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geprezen","gloss":"highly"},{"surface":"geprezen","lemma":"prijzen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of genot, coordinated with geroemd","gloss":"prized"},{"surface":"Kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"qualifies kan wezen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of deel","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"deel","lemma":"deel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"portion"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wezen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic variant","role":"infinitive complement of Kan","gloss":"be","note":"Wezen is an older infinitive used here for modern zijn."},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of harte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Eenzaam","lemma":"eenzaam","morphology":"adjective, attributive, poetic uninflected form","role":"modifies harte","gloss":"lonely"},{"surface":"harte","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, poetic form","role":"subject of kent","gloss":"heart","note":"Harte is a poetic older form of hart."},{"surface":"kent","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of vreugd","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"vreugd","lemma":"vreugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kent","gloss":"joy"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h3-s52","source":"Steil en doornig zyn myn paden, Onspoed drukt me diep ter-neer, En de last my opgeladen Knelt me, en doet het hart me zeer...","translation":"Steep and thorny are my paths, adversity presses me down deep, and the burden laid upon me bears hard on me, and makes my heart ache...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Steil en doornig zyn myn paden","title":"V2 with fronted predicate","body":"The predicate adjectives 'steil en doornig' open the line, so the copula 'zyn' precedes the subject 'myn paden' — verb-second inversion for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de last my opgeladen","title":"Participle 'opgeladen' as modifier","body":"'Opgeladen' is the past participle of separable 'opladen' (loaded up), used adjectivally after its noun: 'de last my opgeladen' = the burden laid upon me. 'My' is again a dative of interest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Steil","lemma":"steil","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"Steep"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Steil and doornig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"doornig","lemma":"doornig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn, coordinated with Steil","gloss":"thorny"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"copula linking paden to Steil and doornig","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of paden","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"paden","lemma":"pad","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"paths"},{"surface":"Onspoed","lemma":"onspoed","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of drukt","gloss":"Adversity"},{"surface":"drukt","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"presses"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of drukt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ter-neer","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"ter-neer","lemma":"terneer","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of drukt","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this clause to the preceding clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of last","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Knelt and doet","gloss":"burden"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of opgeladen","gloss":"upon me"},{"surface":"opgeladen","lemma":"opladen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of last","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"Knelt","lemma":"knellen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb with subject last","gloss":"oppresses"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of Knelt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Knelt and doet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite base of separable zeerdoen, coordinated with Knelt","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"affected body-part object of doet ... zeer","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, dative","role":"experiencer with het hart zeerdoen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb, separable verbal particle","role":"particle completing zeerdoen","gloss":"ache","note":"Iemand het hart zeerdoen means to make someone's heart ache."}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h3-s53","source":"Laat het slechts myn tranen tuigen, Als zoo menig moed'loos uur Me in den boezem der Natuur, 't Hoofd zoo treurig neer doet buigen... Vaak, als my de moed ontzonk, Is de zucht me schier ontvloden: \"Vader! schenk me by de dooden, \"Wat het leven my niet schonk!","translation":"Let only my tears bear witness to it, when so many a despondent hour bows my head down, so mournful, in the bosom of Nature... Often, when my courage failed me, the sigh has all but escaped me: \"Father! grant me among the dead what life did not grant me!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Laat het slechts myn tranen tuigen","title":"Imperative 'laat' (let)","body":"'Laat ... tuigen' is a hortative imperative with causative 'laten' plus a bare infinitive (let my tears bear witness). 'Laat' opens the wish; 'tuigen' (to testify) is archaic for 'getuigen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als ... Me ... 't Hoofd ... neer doet buigen","title":"Causative 'doet ... buigen' under 'als'","body":"Inside the 'als'-clause the causative 'doen + buigen' (makes my head bow) is split by the separable 'neer', all driven to the clause end by the subordinator 'als'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is de zucht me schier ontvloden","title":"Present perfect of motion with 'zijn'","body":"'Is ... ontvloden' uses 'zijn' as the perfect auxiliary (the sigh has escaped me), as Dutch does for verbs of movement/change. 'Schier' is archaic for 'almost'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main causative verb with implied subject u","gloss":"Let"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, accusative","role":"direct object of tuigen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses myn tranen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of tranen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"tranen","lemma":"traan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"caused subject of tuigen and object of Laat","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"tuigen","lemma":"tuigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of Laat","gloss":"bear witness","note":"Tuigen is an older literary verb meaning getuigen, to bear witness."},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of doet buigen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies menig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"menig","lemma":"menig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of uur","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"moed'loos","lemma":"moedeloos","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies uur","gloss":"despondent","note":"The apostrophe marks poetic omission within modern moedeloos."},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"Me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, accusative","role":"caused subject of buigen and object of doet","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of buigen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of boezem","gloss":"the","note":"Den is an old oblique masculine form of de."},{"surface":"boezem","lemma":"boezem","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"bosom"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, feminine singular, genitive","role":"genitive determiner of Natuur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Natuur","lemma":"natuur","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular, personified","role":"genitive complement of boezem","gloss":"Nature"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of buigen","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies treurig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"treurig","lemma":"treurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner adjunct of buigen","gloss":"mournfully"},{"surface":"neer","lemma":"neer","morphology":"adverb, separable verbal particle","role":"particle of neerbuigen","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the subordinate clause introduced by Als","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"buigen","lemma":"buigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doet","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"Vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Is ontvloden","gloss":"Often"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ontzonk","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of ontzonk","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of moed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ontzonk","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"ontzonk","lemma":"ontzinken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the subordinate clause introduced by als","gloss":"failed"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of ontvloden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of zucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zucht","lemma":"zucht","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Is ontvloden","gloss":"sigh"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of ontvloden","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"schier","lemma":"schier","morphology":"adverb, archaic","role":"modifies ontvloden","gloss":"all but","note":"Schier is a literary word meaning almost or all but."},{"surface":"ontvloden","lemma":"ontvlieden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with auxiliary Is","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"Vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative addressing the father","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"schenk","lemma":"schenken","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb with implied subject u","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of schenk","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of schenk","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of dooden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dooden","lemma":"dode","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"object of by","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun, neuter","role":"direct object of schenk and schonk","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of schonk","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of schonk","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates schonk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"schonk","lemma":"schenken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause within Wat","gloss":"granted"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h3-s54","source":"\"Vader! geef me aan gene zyde, \"Als de mond des doods my kust, \"Vader! geef me aan gene zyde \"Wat ik hier niet smaakte... Rust!\"","translation":"\"Father! give me on the far side, when the mouth of death has kissed me, Father! give me on the far side what I did not taste here... Rest!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"geef me aan gene zyde","title":"Imperative 'geef'","body":"'Geef' is a bare-stem imperative (give me), addressed to the Father. 'Aan gene zyde' (on the far side / yonder side) uses the archaic distal demonstrative 'gene'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de mond des doods","title":"Genitive 'des doods'","body":"'Des doods' is the old masculine/neuter genitive (of death): article 'des' plus the noun's -s ending. This inflected genitive is a hallmark of solemn 1860 prose and verse."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative addressing the father","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb with implied subject u","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of geef","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location aan gene zyde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"gene","lemma":"gene","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic, common gender singular","role":"determiner of zyde","gloss":"the far"},{"surface":"zyde","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"side","note":"Aan gene zijde is a literary expression for on the other or far side."},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kust","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of mond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mond","lemma":"mond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of kust","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, genitive","role":"genitive determiner of doods","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"doods","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of mond","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of kust","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"kust","lemma":"kussen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the subordinate clause introduced by Als","gloss":"kisses"},{"surface":"Vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative addressing the father","gloss":"Father"},{"surface":"geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb with implied subject u","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of geef","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location aan gene zyde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"gene","lemma":"gene","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic, common gender singular","role":"determiner of zyde","gloss":"the far"},{"surface":"zyde","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun, neuter","role":"direct object of geef and smaakte","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of smaakte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies smaakte","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates smaakte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"smaakte","lemma":"smaken","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause within Wat","gloss":"tasted"},{"surface":"Rust","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition specifying Wat and direct object of geef","gloss":"Rest"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h3-s55","source":"Maar, bestervend op myn lippen, Steeg de beê niet tot den Heer... 'k Boog wel beî myn knieën neer, 'k Voelde wel een zucht me ontglippen, Maar het was: \"nog niet, o Heer! \"Geef my eerst myn moeder weer!\"","translation":"But, dying on my lips, the prayer did not rise to the Lord... I bent both my knees down, indeed, I felt a sigh slip from me, indeed, but it was: \"not yet, O Lord! Give me back my mother first!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Steeg de beê niet tot den Heer","title":"V2 inversion + 'den Heer'","body":"After the fronted participle phrase 'bestervend op myn lippen', the verb 'steeg' precedes its subject 'de beê'. 'Den Heer' shows the surviving accusative/dative -en."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de beê","title":"'beê' = prayer, plea","body":"'Beê' is a poetic contracted form of 'bede' (prayer, supplication), related to 'bidden' (to pray). It carries a solemn, devotional ring."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Geef my eerst myn moeder weer","title":"Imperative + separable 'weergeven'","body":"'Geef ... weer' is an imperative of the separable verb 'weergeven' (give back); the prefix 'weer' splits to the end. The child begs to keep living until reunited with the mother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this clause contrastively to the preceding thought","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"bestervend","lemma":"besterven","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial modifier of beê","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of bestervend","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of lippen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"lippen","lemma":"lip","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"Steeg","lemma":"stijgen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of beê","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beê","lemma":"bede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, poetic contraction","role":"subject of Steeg","gloss":"prayer","note":"Beê is a poetic contraction of bede, prayer."},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Steeg","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the goal of Steeg","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Heer","gloss":"the","note":"Den is an old oblique masculine form of de."},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, title","role":"object of tot","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative, contracted","role":"subject of Boog","gloss":"I","note":"The apostrophe before k marks the contraction of ik."},{"surface":"Boog","lemma":"buigen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"emphasizes Boog","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"beî","lemma":"beide","morphology":"quantifying determiner, poetic contraction","role":"determiner of knieën","gloss":"both","note":"Beî is a poetic contraction of beide."},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of knieën","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"knieën","lemma":"knie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of Boog","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"neer","lemma":"neer","morphology":"adverb, separable verbal particle","role":"particle of neerbuigen","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"k","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative, contracted","role":"subject of Voelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"emphasizes Voelde","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of zucht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zucht","lemma":"zucht","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Voelde and subject of ontglippen","gloss":"sigh"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of ontglippen","gloss":"from me"},{"surface":"ontglippen","lemma":"ontglippen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of Voelde","gloss":"slip"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this clause contrastively to the preceding clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main copular verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical predicate after was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the vocative Heer","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"Heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, title","role":"vocative addressing the Lord","gloss":"Lord"},{"surface":"Geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb with implied subject u","gloss":"Give"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of Geef","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Geef","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of Geef","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb, separable verbal particle","role":"particle of Geef meaning restoration","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h3-s56","source":"VIERDE HOOFDSTUK Voor ik verder ga, moet ik u zeggen dat de jonge Stern gekomen is.","translation":"FOURTH CHAPTER. Before I go on, I must tell you that young Stern has arrived.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Voor ik verder ga, moet ik u zeggen","title":"Subordinate 'voor' then main clause","body":"'Voor ik verder ga' (before I go on) is a subordinate clause with verb-final 'ga'; the following main clause inverts, putting the modal 'moet' before the subject 'ik'. The whole turns on Dutch V2."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de jonge Stern gekomen is","title":"Perfect with 'zijn' in a dat-clause","body":"'Is gekomen' (has arrived) takes 'zijn' because 'komen' is a verb of motion; the 'dat'-clause forces the auxiliary 'is' to the very end after the participle."}],"words":[{"surface":"VIERDE","lemma":"vierde","morphology":"ordinal adjective, attributive","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"FOURTH"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"heading noun","gloss":"CHAPTER"},{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of ga","gloss":"Before"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ga","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ga","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause introduced by Voor","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of moet zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, second person, dative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moet","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of gekomen is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Stern","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Stern","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of gekomen is","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with auxiliary is","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h3-s57","source":"Het is een aardig ventje. Hy schynt vlug en bekwaam, maar ik geloof dat hy schwärmt.","translation":"He is a nice little fellow. He seems quick and capable, but I believe he is given to rapturous enthusiasm.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een aardig ventje","title":"Diminutive 'ventje'","body":"'Ventje' is the diminutive of 'vent' (a little fellow/chap), neuter and faintly condescending — exactly Droogstoppel's tone toward the young clerk."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"schwärmt","title":"Germanism 'schwärmt'","body":"'Schwärmt' is a German loan (from 'schwärmen', to rave/be enthusiastic). Droogstoppel reaches for German to label Stern's romantic enthusiasm, a sly touch given the Stern family is German."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Het to ventje","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ventje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"aardig","lemma":"aardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ventje","gloss":"nice"},{"surface":"ventje","lemma":"vent","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"little fellow"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schynt","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"vlug","lemma":"vlug","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of schynt","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bekwaam","lemma":"bekwaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with vlug","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links geloof to preceding clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of schwärmt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schwärmt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"schwärmt","lemma":"schwärmen","morphology":"German verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"is rapturously enthusiastic","note":"German schwärmen means to be carried away by rapturous enthusiasm."}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h3-s58","source":"Marie is dertien jaar. Zyn uitzet is heel netjes.","translation":"Marie is thirteen. His outfit is very neat.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s58.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Marie to age phrase","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dertien","lemma":"dertien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"thirteen"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"unit in age phrase","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of uitzet","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"uitzet","lemma":"uitzet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"outfit"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to netjes","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies netjes","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"netjes","lemma":"net","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"neat"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h3-s59","source":"Ik heb hem aan 't kopyboek gezet, om zich te oefenen in den hollandschen styl. Ik ben benieuwd of er spoedig orders van Ludwig Stern zullen komen.","translation":"I have set him to the copy-book, so that he may practice the Dutch style. I am curious whether orders will soon be coming in from Ludwig Stern.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb hem aan 't kopyboek gezet","title":"Present perfect, weak participle","body":"'Heb ... gezet' is the present perfect of 'zetten' (set/put), a weak verb whose participle 'gezet' ends in -t. The participle closes the clause behind the object phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om zich te oefenen in den hollandschen styl","title":"Reflexive in an 'om ... te' purpose clause","body":"'Om zich te oefenen' is a purpose clause (in order to practice himself) with the reflexive 'zich'. 'In den hollandschen styl' keeps the old -en endings on article and adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of er spoedig orders ... zullen komen","title":"'er' + future in indirect question","body":"'Of er ... zullen komen' opens an indirect yes/no question with 'of'; 'er' is the existential placeholder ('whether there will come orders'), and 'zullen komen' is the clause-final future."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezet","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gezet","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kopyboek","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kopyboek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kopyboek","lemma":"kopieboek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gezet","gloss":"copy-book"},{"surface":"gezet","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause of oefenen","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of oefenen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks oefenen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"oefenen","lemma":"oefenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of purpose clause","gloss":"practice"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking styl","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of styl","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hollandschen","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies styl","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of oefenen","gloss":"style"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to benieuwd","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"benieuwd","lemma":"benieuwd","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of komen","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb in subordinate clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"orders","lemma":"order","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ludwig","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ludwig","lemma":"Ludwig","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Ludwig"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Ludwig","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of komen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"come in"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h3-s60","source":"Marie zal een paar pantoffels voor hem borduren ... voor den jongen Stern, meen ik. Busselinck & Waterman hebben achter 't net gevischt.","translation":"Marie is to embroider a pair of slippers for him ... for young Stern, I mean. Busselinck & Waterman have fished behind the net.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Marie zal een paar pantoffels voor hem borduren","title":"Future 'zal ... borduren'","body":"'Zal ... borduren' is the 'zullen'-future expressing an arranged intention (is to embroider); the infinitive 'borduren' goes to the end after the object and the goal phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"achter 't net gevischt","title":"Idiom 'achter het net vissen'","body":"'Achter het net visschen' (to fish behind the net) is an idiom meaning to miss out, come too late. Droogstoppel gloats that his rivals Busselinck & Waterman lost the deal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of borduren","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of borduren","gloss":"is to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies pantoffels","gloss":"pair"},{"surface":"pantoffels","lemma":"pantoffel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of borduren","gloss":"slippers"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"borduren","lemma":"borduren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"embroider"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Stern","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of Stern","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Stern","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of gevischt","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Busselinck as subject","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gevischt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking net","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of net","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"net","lemma":"net","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of achter","gloss":"net"},{"surface":"gevischt","lemma":"vissen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fished","note":"Achter het net vissen is an idiom meaning to miss out or be too late."}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h3-s61","source":"Een fatsoenlyk makelaar onderkruipt niet, dat zeg ik! Den dag na dat kransje by de Rosemeyers, die in suiker doen, riep ik Frits, en gelastte hem my dat pak van Sjaalman te brengen.","translation":"A respectable broker does not undercut, that I will say! The day after that little party at the Rosemeyers', who are in sugar, I called Frits and ordered him to bring me that parcel of Shawlman's.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een fatsoenlyk makelaar onderkruipt niet","title":"Separable verb under negation","body":"'Onderkruipt' (undercuts) negated by 'niet'; here the prefix 'onder-' is inseparable in meaning so no splitting occurs. The gnomic present states a maxim of broker honour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gelastte hem my dat pak ... te brengen","title":"'te'-infinitive after 'gelasten'","body":"'Gelastte hem ... te brengen' (ordered him to bring) governs its infinitive 'te brengen' with 'te', the object 'hem' and indirect object 'my' preceding. 'Gelastte' is a weak past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of makelaar","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyk","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies makelaar","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of onderkruipt","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"onderkruipt","lemma":"onderkruipen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"undercuts"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderkruipt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parallel clause to onderkruipt","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal modifier of riep and gelastte","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kransje","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kransje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kransje","lemma":"kransje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"little party"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rosemeyers","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Rosemeyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rosemeyers","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of by","gloss":"Rosemeyers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suiker","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on Rosemeyers","gloss":"deal","note":"In suiker doen means to trade in sugar."},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of riep","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gelastte","lemma":"gelasten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with riep","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gelastte and understood subject of brengen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of brengen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sjaalman","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"possessive complement of pak","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks brengen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of gelastte","gloss":"bring"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h3-s62","source":"Ge moet weten, lezer, dat ik in myn gezin zeer stipt ben op godsdienst en zedelykheid.","translation":"You should know, reader, that in my household I am most strict about religion and morality.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge moet weten, lezer","title":"Pronoun 'ge' (literary you)","body":"'Ge' is the unstressed literary second-person pronoun of 1860 (you), paired with the modal 'moet'. Droogstoppel buttonholes the reader directly with this period 'ge/gij'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik in myn gezin zeer stipt ben op godsdienst","title":"Verb-final after 'dat'","body":"The 'dat'-clause pushes the copula 'ben' to the end, after the adverbial 'zeer stipt' and the prepositional complement. 'Stipt zijn op' = to be strict about."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of weten","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moet","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of weten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gezin","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"gezin","lemma":"gezin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stipt","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"stipt","lemma":"stipt","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"strict"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to stipt","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking godsdienst","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"godsdienst","lemma":"godsdienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"religion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zedelykheid","lemma":"zedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with godsdienst","gloss":"morality"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h3-s63","source":"Welnu, den vorigen avend, juist toen ik myn eerste peer had geschild, las ik op het gelaat van een der meisjes, dat er iets in dat vers voorkwam, dat niet pluis was. Ikzelf had niet naar 't ding geluisterd, maar ik had bemerkt dat Betsy haar broodje verkruimelde, en dit was my genoeg.","translation":"Well now, the evening before, just as I had peeled my first pear, I read in the face of one of the girls that there was something in that verse that was not quite right. I myself had not been listening to the thing, but I had noticed that Betsy was crumbling her roll, and that was enough for me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den vorigen avend, juist toen ik myn eerste peer had geschild","title":"Pluperfect inside 'toen'-clause","body":"'Toen ik ... had geschild' (when I had peeled) is a pluperfect under 'toen', with the auxiliary 'had' and participle 'geschild' at the clause end. 'Den vorigen avend' carries old accusative -en endings."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er iets in dat vers voorkwam, dat niet pluis was","title":"'er' + separable 'voorkomen' + nested relative","body":"'Er iets ... voorkwam' uses 'er' as a placeholder with the separable verb 'voorkomen' (to occur). A second 'dat' opens a relative clause on 'iets', pushing 'was' to the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"niet pluis","title":"Idiom 'niet pluis'","body":"'Niet pluis' means 'not right, suspicious, fishy'. The prudish Droogstoppel senses something improper in the verse without even having listened to it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well now"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of avend","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorigen","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies avend","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal modifier of las","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toen-clause","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geschild","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geschild","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of peer","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies peer","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"peer","lemma":"peer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geschild","gloss":"pear"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschild","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geschild","lemma":"schillen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"peeled"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of las","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelaat","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelaat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of las","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking een","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"één","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of van; head of partitive phrase","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural, archaic","role":"determiner of meisjes","gloss":"of the","note":"Der is an older genitive plural form of de, used here in een der ('one of the')."},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"partitive complement of een","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorkwam","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb with voorkwam","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of voorkwam","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vers","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vers","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"voorkwam","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was; refers to iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pluis","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"pluis","lemma":"pluis","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"quite right","note":"Niet pluis is an idiom meaning suspicious or not quite right."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to pluis","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Ikzelf","lemma":"ikzelf","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had geluisterd","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geluisterd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geluisterd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ding","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ding","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of geluisterd","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"geluisterd","lemma":"luisteren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bemerkt","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bemerkt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"bemerkt","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with geluisterd","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verkruimelde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Betsy","lemma":"Betsy","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verkruimelde","gloss":"Betsy"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of broodje","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"broodje","lemma":"broodje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verkruimelde","gloss":"roll"},{"surface":"verkruimelde","lemma":"verkruimelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of bemerkt","gloss":"was crumbling"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dit to genoeg","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object associated with genoeg","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"enough"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h3-s64","source":"Ge zult inzien, lezer, met iemand te doen te hebben, die weet wat er in de wereld omgaat.","translation":"You will see, reader, that you have to do with someone who knows what goes on in the world.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"met iemand te doen te hebben","title":"Idiom 'te doen hebben met'","body":"'Te doen hebben met iemand' = to be dealing with someone. The double 'te' (te doen te hebben) reflects the 'te'-infinitive governed by 'zult inzien'. A characteristically Droogstoppel self-important flourish."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat er in de wereld omgaat","title":"'wat' + 'er' + separable 'omgaan'","body":"'Wat er ... omgaat' is a free relative ('what goes on') with placeholder 'er' and the separable verb 'omgaan' (to go on, happen), verb-final under the relative 'wat'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of inzien","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of inzien","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"inzien","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of met","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of idiom met iemand te doen hebben","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks hebben as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of inzien","gloss":"have","note":"Met iemand te doen hebben means to be dealing with someone."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on iemand","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of omgaat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb with omgaat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wereld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"omgaat","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"goes on"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h3-s65","source":"Ik liet me dus door Frits dat fraaie stuk van den laatsten avend voorleggen, en ik vond heel spoedig den regel die Betsy's broodje verkruimeld had.","translation":"So I had Frits lay before me that fine piece from the previous evening, and I very soon found the line that had crumbled Betsy's roll.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik liet me ... dat fraaie stuk ... voorleggen","title":"Causative 'laten ... voorleggen'","body":"'Liet me ... voorleggen' is causative 'laten' plus bare infinitive (had it laid before me). The reflexive-like 'me' is the beneficiary; 'voorleggen' is separable and closes the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den regel die Betsy's broodje verkruimeld had","title":"Pluperfect in a relative clause","body":"'Die ... verkruimeld had' is a relative clause in the pluperfect (that had crumbled), verb cluster at the end. 'Betsy's broodje' shows the modern 's-genitive plus the diminutive 'broodje'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of voorleggen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liet","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Frits","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"caused agent of voorleggen","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"fraaie","lemma":"fraai","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stuk","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of voorleggen","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking avend","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of avend","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies avend","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"voorleggen","lemma":"voorleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of liet","gloss":"lay before"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with liet","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spoedig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of regel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regel","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verkruimeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Betsy's","lemma":"Betsy","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"possessor of broodje","gloss":"Betsy's"},{"surface":"broodje","lemma":"broodje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verkruimeld","gloss":"roll"},{"surface":"verkruimeld","lemma":"verkruimelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"crumbled"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verkruimeld","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h3-s66","source":"Er wordt daar gesproken van een kind dat aan de borst van de moeder ligt--dit kan er dóór--maar: \"dat ter-nauwer-nood aan den moederlyken schoot onttogen is\" zie, dit vond ik niet goed--om daarover te spreken, meen ik--en myn vrouw ook niet.","translation":"There is talk in it of a child that lies at its mother's breast—that can pass—but: \"that is scarcely drawn from the maternal womb\"—see, this I did not think good—to speak of, I mean—and neither did my wife.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er wordt daar gesproken van een kind","title":"Impersonal worden-passive","body":"'Er wordt ... gesproken van' is an impersonal passive (there is talk of), with placeholder 'er', the 'worden'-passive, and no named agent — a very Dutch construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om daarover te spreken","title":"Pronominal adverb 'daarover'","body":"'Daarover' fuses 'over' + 'dat/het' (about that). Dutch prefers 'daarover' to 'over dat'; here it sits inside an 'om ... te' purpose phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan den moederlyken schoot onttogen is","title":"Zijn-passive + old adjective ending","body":"'Onttogen is' is a 'zijn'-passive (is drawn from); 'den moederlyken schoot' carries the period -en endings on both article and adjective. This is the very line that scandalizes Droogstoppel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in passive construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying gesproken","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive clause","gloss":"talked"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"particle of spreken van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking borst","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of borst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"borst","lemma":"borst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ligt","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeder","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van; possesses borst","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of dóór","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of pronominal adverb erdoor","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dóór","lemma":"door","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"part of pronominal adverb erdoor","gloss":"through","note":"Er dóór kunnen means ‘to be acceptable’ or ‘to pass muster.’"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts the following quotation","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces quoted subordinate clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ter-nauwer-nood","lemma":"ternauwernood","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onttogen","gloss":"scarcely","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern ternauwernood, ‘scarcely.’"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schoot","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of schoot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moederlyken","lemma":"moederlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected, historical spelling","role":"modifies schoot","gloss":"maternal"},{"surface":"schoot","lemma":"schoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"womb"},{"surface":"onttogen","lemma":"onttrekken","morphology":"verb, past participle, archaic form","role":"main verb of passive clause","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of onttogen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"discourse parenthetical","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vond","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"daarover","lemma":"daarover","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"about that"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement explaining goed","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of elliptical vond","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical niet goed vinden","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates elliptical vond goed","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h3-s67","source":"Marie is dertien jaar. Van kool of ooievaars wordt by ons aan huis niet gesproken, ook niet van den Volewyk, maar zóó de zaken by den naam te noemen, vind ik onbehoorlyk, omdat ik zoo op zedelykheid gesteld ben.","translation":"Marie is thirteen. Of cabbages or storks there is no talk in our house, nor of the Volewijk either, but to call things by their name in that way I find unseemly, because I am so particular about morality.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Van kool of ooievaars wordt by ons aan huis niet gesproken","title":"Fronted PP + impersonal passive","body":"The prepositional phrase 'van kool of ooievaars' is fronted, then the impersonal 'worden'-passive 'wordt ... gesproken' (there is no talk of). V2 keeps 'wordt' in second position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zóó de zaken by den naam te noemen, vind ik onbehoorlyk","title":"Fronted infinitive clause as object","body":"The whole 'te'-infinitive phrase 'zóó de zaken by den naam te noemen' (to call things by their name) is fronted as the object of 'vind ik onbehoorlyk' — emphatic V2 again."}],"words":[{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Marie and dertien jaar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dertien","lemma":"dertien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"thirteen"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative age complement of is","gloss":"years old"},{"surface":"Van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"particle of spreken van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kool","lemma":"kool","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"cabbages"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ooievaars","lemma":"ooievaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated complement of van","gloss":"storks"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom bij ons aan huis","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive clause","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"particle of spreken van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of Volewyk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Volewyk","lemma":"Volewijk","morphology":"proper noun, historical spelling","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Volewijk","note":"The Volewijk was an Amsterdam execution ground, associated here with explanations of where babies come from."},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling, emphatic","role":"modifies noemen","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"preposition marking naam","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive noemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"fronted infinitive clause; object of vind","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"onbehoorlyk","lemma":"onbehoorlijk","morphology":"adjective, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of vind","gloss":"unseemly"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gesteld","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies gesteld","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zedelykheid","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"zedelykheid","lemma":"zedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"complement of op","gloss":"morality"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"adjective, past-participial","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik and gesteld","gloss":"am"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h3-s68","source":"Ik deed Frits, die dat ding nu eenmaal \"uitwendig wist\" zooals Stern dit noemt, beloven dat hy 't nooit weer opzeggen zou --althans niet voor hy lid van Doctrina wezen zal, omdat daar geen jonge meisjes komen--en toen borg ik het in myn lessenaar, het vers meen ik. Maar ik moest weten of er niet meer in dat pak was, dat aanstoot geven kon.","translation":"I made Frits—who now knew the thing \"by heart,\" as Stern calls it—promise that he would never recite it again—at least not before he is a member of Doctrina, since no young girls go there—and then I locked it away in my desk, the verse, I mean. But I had to know whether there was anything more in that parcel that might give offense.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik deed Frits ... beloven","title":"Causative 'deed ... beloven'","body":"'Deed Frits ... beloven' is causative 'doen' plus bare infinitive (made Frits promise). The object 'Frits' and a long relative interjection separate 'deed' from the clause-final 'beloven'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy 't nooit weer opzeggen zou","title":"Conditional 'zou' in a dat-clause","body":"'Dat hy 't nooit weer opzeggen zou' places the conditional 'zou' last, after the infinitive 'opzeggen' (recite). 'Nooit' supplies the single negation; the separable 'opzeggen' completes the cluster."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of deed and understood subject of beloven","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ding","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ding","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of adverbial phrase nu eenmaal","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of adverbial phrase nu eenmaal","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"uitwendig","lemma":"uitwendig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"by heart","note":"Uitwendig weten is a comic literal rendering of ‘know by heart.’"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on Frits","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, historical spelling","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of noemt","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of noemt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"noemt","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of comparative clause","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"beloven","lemma":"beloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of deed","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opzeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of zou","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, contracted","role":"direct object of opzeggen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opzeggen","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opzeggen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"opzeggen","lemma":"opzeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"recite"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opzeggen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"qualifies the preceding claim","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates elliptical opzeggen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of zal","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"lid","lemma":"lid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"member"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Doctrina","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Doctrina","lemma":"Doctrina","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Doctrina"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of komen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisjes","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies meisjes","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links deed and borg","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies borg","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"borg","lemma":"bergen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"put away"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of borg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of borg","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lessenaar","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"determiner of lessenaar","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"lessenaar","lemma":"lessenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of borg","gloss":"desk"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vers","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition clarifying het","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weten","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of weten","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces indirect question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of interrogative niet meer","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"indefinite subject of was","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aanstoot","lemma":"aanstoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"offense"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kon","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geven","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h3-s69","source":"Daar ging ik aan 't zoeken en bladeren. Alles lezen kon ik niet, want ik vond er talen in, die ik niet verstond, maar zie, daar viel myn oog op een bundel: \"Verslag over de Koffikultuur in de Residentie Menado.\"","translation":"So I set to searching and leafing through it. I could not read it all, for I found languages in it that I did not understand, but, lo, my eye fell on a bundle: \"Report on Coffee Cultivation in the Residency of Menado.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar ging ik aan 't zoeken en bladeren","title":"'aan het' + infinitive (progressive)","body":"'Aan 't zoeken en bladeren' is the 'aan het' + infinitive progressive (set to searching and leafing). Fronted 'daar' triggers V2 inversion of 'ging ik'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik vond er talen in, die ik niet verstond","title":"Split pronominal adverb 'er ... in'","body":"'Er ... in' is a split pronominal adverb ('in it'): 'er' detaches from 'in' across the clause. The relative 'die' then opens a verb-final clause on 'talen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying ging","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of construction aan het zoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner in aan het zoeken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive form","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"searching"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bladeren","lemma":"bladeren","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive form","role":"coordinated with zoeken","gloss":"leafing through"},{"surface":"Alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of lezen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kon lezen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of pronominal adverb erin","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"talen","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"languages"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of pronominal adverb erin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of verstond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verstond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verstond","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"discourse parenthetical","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"presentational adverb modifying viel","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bundel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bundel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bundel","lemma":"bundel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of viel","gloss":"bundle"},{"surface":"Verslag","lemma":"verslag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"title head, appositive to bundel","gloss":"report"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Koffikultuur","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Koffikultuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koffikultuur","lemma":"koffiecultuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"complement of over","gloss":"coffee cultivation"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Residentie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Residentie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Residentie","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"residency"},{"surface":"Menado","lemma":"Menado","morphology":"proper noun","role":"proper-name complement of Residentie","gloss":"Menado"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h3-s70","source":"Myn hart sprong op, omdat ik makelaar in koffi ben--Lauriergracht, N° 37--en Menado is een goed merk.","translation":"My heart leapt up, because I am a coffee broker—Lauriergracht, No. 37—and Menado is a good brand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ik makelaar in koffi ben","title":"Predicate noun without article","body":"'Ik ... makelaar in koffi ben' drops the article before a profession (I am a coffee broker), and the subordinator 'omdat' sends 'ben' to the end. The aside fixes Droogstoppel's identity for the umpteenth time."}],"words":[{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of sprong","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"sprong","lemma":"opspringen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leapt"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of opspringen","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"complement of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to makelaar","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"parenthetical address","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces street number","gloss":"No.","note":"N° abbreviates nummer, ‘number’; the tokenizer omits the degree sign and following 37."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Menado","lemma":"Menado","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Menado"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to merk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of merk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies merk","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"merk","lemma":"merk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"brand"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h3-s71","source":"Dus die Sjaalman, die zulke onzedelyke verzen maakte, had ook in koffi gewerkt.","translation":"So this Shawlman, who wrote such immoral verses, had also worked in coffee.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die zulke onzedelyke verzen maakte, had ook in koffi gewerkt","title":"Relative clause + pluperfect main clause","body":"The relative 'die ... maakte' (who made) is verb-final, then the main clause runs 'had ... gewerkt' (had worked), a pluperfect bracketing 'ook in koffi'. 'Zulke' is the archaic-leaning 'such'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of gewerkt","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gewerkt","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"onzedelyke","lemma":"onzedelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected, historical spelling","role":"modifies verzen","gloss":"immoral"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewerkt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewerkt","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"complement of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"gewerkt","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"worked"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h3-s72","source":"Ik zag nu 't pak met een heel ander oog aan, en vond er stukken in, die ik wel niet alle begreep, maar die werkelyk kennis van zaken aantoonden.","translation":"I now looked at the parcel with quite a different eye, and found pieces in it that I did not, to be sure, fully understand, but that showed real knowledge of the matter.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zag nu 't pak met een heel ander oog aan","title":"Separable 'aanzien'","body":"'Aanzien' (to look at/regard) splits: 'zag' stands second and the prefix 'aan' lands at the very end after the whole middle field 'nu 't pak met een heel ander oog'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ik wel niet alle begreep, maar die werkelyk kennis ... aantoonden","title":"Coordinated relatives 'die ... maar die'","body":"Two relative clauses on 'stukken' are joined by 'maar' (a coordinating conjunction that does NOT send the verb to the end of the main line), each internally verb-final under 'die'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb, with separable particle aan","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zag","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oog","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ander","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oog","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met in adverbial phrase","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle of zag ... aan","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zag","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal adverb, with in: in it","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"pieces"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"postposition completing er ... in","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of begreep","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb in wel niet: admittedly not","gloss":"to be sure"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"direct-object quantifier referring to stukken","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on stukken","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of aantoonden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aantoonden","gloss":"really","note":"Historical spelling of modern werkelijk."},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aantoonden","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van, modifying kennis","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"aantoonden","lemma":"aantonen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on stukken","gloss":"showed"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h3-s73","source":"Er waren staten, opgaven, berekeningen met cyfers, waaraan geen rym te bekennen was, en alles was met zulk een zorg en nauwkeurigheid bewerkt, dat ik, ronduit gezegd--want ik houd van de waarheid--op het denkbeeld kwam dat die Sjaalman, als de derde klerk eens uitviel--wat gebeuren kan, daar hy oud en stuntelig wordt--heel goed diens plaats zou kunnen innemen.","translation":"There were tables, returns, calculations with figures, in which there was not a trace of rhyme to be found, and everything was worked out with such care and accuracy that I—frankly speaking, for I love the truth—came upon the notion that this Shawlman, if the third clerk should fall out—which may happen, since he is growing old and doddering—could very well fill his place.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waaraan geen rym te bekennen was","title":"Pronominal adverb 'waaraan' + 'te'-infinitive","body":"'Waaraan ... te bekennen was' (in which no rhyme was to be detected) combines the relative pronominal adverb 'waaraan' with a 'te'-infinitive of possibility. 'Geen rym' negates the indefinite noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als de derde klerk eens uitviel ... zou kunnen innemen","title":"Conditional 'zou kunnen innemen'","body":"A conditional sentence: the 'als'-clause uses imperfect 'uitviel' (separable 'uitvallen'), and the main clause stacks 'zou kunnen innemen' — conditional 'zou' + modal 'kunnen' + separable infinitive at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar hy oud en stuntelig wordt","title":"Causal 'daar' (since)","body":"'Daar' here is the literary subordinator 'since/because' (not the adverb 'there'), sending 'wordt' to the end. It marks a slightly formal, period register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing existential waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"existential verb with subject staten, opgaven, berekeningen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"staten","lemma":"staat","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"tables"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with staten","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"berekeningen","lemma":"berekening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with staten","gloss":"calculations"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cyfers","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"cyfers","lemma":"cijfer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met, modifying berekeningen","gloss":"figures","note":"Historical spelling of modern cijfers."},{"surface":"waaraan","lemma":"waaraan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"relative complement of te bekennen was, referring to cyfers","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rym","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"rym","lemma":"rijm","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of te bekennen was","gloss":"rhyme"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bekennen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bekennen","lemma":"bekennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in the construction te bekennen zijn","gloss":"be discerned","note":"In te bekennen zijn, bekennen means ‘be discernible’ rather than ‘confess’."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing te bekennen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive bewerkt","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bewerkt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zorg","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"predeterminer in zulk een zorg","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zorg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met, modifying bewerkt","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nauwkeurigheid","lemma":"nauwkeurigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with zorg","gloss":"accuracy"},{"surface":"bewerkt","lemma":"bewerken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in passive was bewerkt","gloss":"worked out"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause governed by zulk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ronduit","lemma":"ronduit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"frankly"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"parenthetical participle modifying the speaker's statement","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waarheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van in houden van","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking denkbeeld","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op in op het denkbeeld komen","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause modifying denkbeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou kunnen innemen","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uitviel","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klerk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"derde","lemma":"derde","morphology":"ordinal numeral","role":"modifies klerk","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"klerk","lemma":"klerk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitviel","gloss":"clerk"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal particle modifying uitviel","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"uitviel","lemma":"uitvallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"should fall out"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of kan gebeuren, referring to preceding event","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"gebeuren","lemma":"gebeuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing gebeuren","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wordt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of wordt","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stuntelig","lemma":"stuntelig","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with oud","gloss":"doddering"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copular verb with oud and stuntelig","gloss":"is becoming"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou kunnen innemen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"diens","lemma":"diens","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of innemen","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of innemen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of innemen","gloss":"be able"},{"surface":"innemen","lemma":"innemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou kunnen","gloss":"to fill"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h3-s74","source":"Het spreekt vanzelf dat ik eerst informatiën nemen zou naar eerlykheid, geloof en fatsoen, want ik neem niemand op 't kantoor, voor ik dáárvan zeker ben. Dit is een vast principe van me.","translation":"It goes without saying that I should first make inquiries about his honesty, faith, and respectability, for I take no one into the office before I am sure of that. This is a fixed principle of mine.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s74.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het spreekt vanzelf dat ik ... informatiën nemen zou","title":"Impersonal 'het spreekt vanzelf'","body":"'Het spreekt vanzelf dat...' (it goes without saying that) uses dummy 'het'; the 'dat'-clause then ends on the conditional 'zou' after the infinitive 'nemen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor ik dáárvan zeker ben","title":"Pronominal adverb 'daarvan'","body":"'Dáárvan' = 'van dat' (of that, i.e. of his honesty). The accent marks emphasis. The 'voor'-clause (before) is verb-final on 'ben'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with spreekt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom het spreekt vanzelf","gloss":"without saying"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nemen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nemen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nemen","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"informatiën","lemma":"informatie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"inquiries","note":"Informatiën nemen is an older expression meaning ‘make inquiries’."},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of nemen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eerlykheid","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"eerlykheid","lemma":"eerlijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar, coordinated with geloof and fatsoen","gloss":"honesty","note":"Historical spelling of modern eerlijkheid."},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with eerlykheid","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fatsoen","lemma":"fatsoen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with eerlykheid","gloss":"respectability"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of explanatory clause introduced by want","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement op 't kantoor","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kantoor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kantoor","lemma":"kantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op in locative complement","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dáárvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of zeker","gloss":"of that","note":"The accent marks emphasis: ‘of that’."},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"sure"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to zeker","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to principe","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of principe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vast","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies principe","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"principe","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing possessive complement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"object of van, modifying principe","gloss":"mine"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h3-s75","source":"Gy hebt het gezien uit myn brief aan Ludwig Stern.","translation":"You have seen it from my letter to Ludwig Stern.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Gy hebt het gezien uit myn brief","title":"Pronoun 'gy' + present perfect","body":"'Gy' is the stressed literary second-person pronoun of 1860 (you), here with the present perfect 'hebt ... gezien'. Modern Dutch would use 'u' or 'je/jij'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt gezien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brief","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of brief","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"brief","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit, modifying gezien","gloss":"letter"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ludwig","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ludwig","lemma":"Ludwig","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of aan, with Stern","gloss":"Ludwig"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of proper name Ludwig Stern","gloss":"Stern"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h3-s76","source":"Ik wilde voor Frits niet weten dat ik eenig belang begon te stellen in den inhoud van dat pak, en stuurde hem daarom weg. 't Werd my inderdaad duizelig, toen ik zoo den eenen bundel vóór, den anderen na, opnam, en de opschriften las.","translation":"I did not want Frits to know that I was beginning to take some interest in the contents of that parcel, and so I sent him off. It actually made me dizzy when I took up one bundle after another and read the titles.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik wilde voor Frits niet weten dat ik ... belang begon te stellen","title":"Modal 'wilde' + 'te'-infinitive chain","body":"'Wilde ... niet weten' (did not want Frits to know), then inside the 'dat'-clause 'begon te stellen' (began to take interest) shows 'beginnen' governing a 'te'-infinitive. 'Belang stellen in' = to take interest in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t Werd my inderdaad duizelig","title":"Impersonal 'het werd my duizelig'","body":"'Het werd my duizelig' is an impersonal construction with dummy 'het' and a dative 'my' (it made me dizzy / I grew dizzy). Dutch frames bodily states this impersonal way."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den eenen bundel vóór, den anderen na","title":"Case-marked 'den eenen ... den anderen'","body":"'Den eenen ... den anderen' (one after another) keeps the old accusative -en throughout the phrase, a frozen idiom for 'one ... the next'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the person from whom this is concealed","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of begon","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eenig","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of belang","gloss":"some","note":"Historical spelling of modern enig."},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of stellen","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of weten","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive stellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stellen","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of begon; part of belang stellen","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governed by belang stellen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative","role":"determiner of inhoud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inhoud","lemma":"inhoud","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"contents"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van, modifying inhoud","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stuurde","lemma":"wegsturen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with wilde","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of stuurde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stuurde","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle of stuurde ... weg","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of Werd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"impersonal copula with duizelig and dative experiencer my","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer with werd duizelig","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duizelig","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"duizelig","lemma":"duizelig","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of Werd","gloss":"dizzy"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opnam","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of opnam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the sequence den eenen ... den anderen","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative","role":"determiner of bundel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eenen","lemma":"een","morphology":"cardinal numeral, historical masculine accusative","role":"modifies bundel","gloss":"one","note":"Eenen is an older inflected form of een."},{"surface":"bundel","lemma":"bundel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opnam","gloss":"bundle"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"adverb","role":"first half of the sequence vóór ... na","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative","role":"determiner of substantivized anderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, historical masculine accusative","role":"direct object of opnam with understood bundel","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"adverb","role":"second half of the sequence vóór ... na","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"opnam","lemma":"opnemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on duizelig","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opschriften","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opschriften","lemma":"opschrift","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of las","gloss":"titles"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with opnam","gloss":"read"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h3-s77","source":"Het is waar, er waren veel verzen onder, maar ik vond veel nuttigs ook, en ik stond verbaasd over de verscheidenheid der behandelde onderwerpen.","translation":"It is true, there were many verses among them, but I found much that was useful as well, and I stood amazed at the variety of the subjects treated.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er waren veel verzen onder","title":"Existential 'er waren'","body":"'Er waren veel verzen onder' (there were many verses among them) uses existential 'er' with 'zijn' to assert existence. 'Onder' here means 'among them'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik stond verbaasd over de verscheidenheid der behandelde onderwerpen","title":"Genitive 'der ... onderwerpen' + participle adjective","body":"'Der behandelde onderwerpen' is an old genitive plural (of the treated subjects), with 'behandelde' a past participle used attributively. 'Verbaasd staan over' = to be amazed at."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with waar","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing existential waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of concessive clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical locative complement: among the contents","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of adversative clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"quantifier of substantivized nuttigs","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"nuttigs","lemma":"nuttig","morphology":"adjective, substantivized","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"useful","note":"The ending -s makes the adjective substantival: ‘something useful’ or ‘useful things’."},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nuttigs: also/as well","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with vond","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"verbaasd","lemma":"verbazen","morphology":"past participle used as adjective","role":"predicative complement of stond","gloss":"amazed"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verscheidenheid","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verscheidenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verscheidenheid","lemma":"verscheidenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verbaasd","gloss":"variety"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of onderwerpen","gloss":"of the","note":"Der is an older genitive form of de: ‘of the’."},{"surface":"behandelde","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"past participle used as adjective","role":"modifies onderwerpen","gloss":"treated"},{"surface":"onderwerpen","lemma":"onderwerp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of verscheidenheid","gloss":"subjects"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h3-s78","source":"Ik erken--want ik houd van de waarheid--dat ik, die altyd in koffi gedaan heb, niet in staat ben de waarde van alles te beoordeelen, maar, ook zonder deze beoordeeling, de lyst der opschriften alleen was reeds kurieus.","translation":"I admit—for I love the truth—that I, who have always been in coffee, am not in a position to judge the worth of everything; but, even without such judgment, the list of titles alone was already curious.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik, die altyd in koffi gedaan heb","title":"Relative 'die' on 'ik' + perfect","body":"'Die altyd in koffi gedaan heb' is a relative clause on the first person 'ik', so the verb agrees with 'ik' ('heb', not 'heeft'). 'In koffi doen' = to be in the coffee business."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet in staat ben de waarde ... te beoordeelen","title":"'in staat zijn te' + infinitive","body":"'In staat zijn ... te beoordeelen' (to be able to judge) governs a 'te'-infinitive. The negation 'niet' precedes the predicate; 'te beoordeelen' closes the structure."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de lyst der opschriften","title":"Genitive 'der opschriften'","body":"'Der opschriften' is an old genitive plural (of the titles). Modern Dutch would say 'de lijst van de opschriften'; the inflected 'der' is the literary 1860 choice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"erken","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a parenthetical reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical reason clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of houd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of erken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedaan heb","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan heb","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the expression in koffie doen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"coffee","note":"Old spelling of modern koffie; in koffie doen means to work in the coffee trade."},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying ik","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates in staat ben","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the predicative expression in staat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in in the expression in staat zijn","gloss":"a position"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the object clause","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarde","lemma":"waarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beoordeelen","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of waarde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks the infinitive beoordeelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beoordeelen","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of in staat ben","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the contrasting clause to the preceding clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zonder deze beoordeeling","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beoordeeling","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beoordeeling","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"beoordeeling","lemma":"beoordeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"judgment","note":"Old spelling of modern beoordeling."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lyst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lyst","lemma":"lijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"list","note":"Old spelling of modern lijst."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"marks opschriften as a genitive dependent of lijst","gloss":"of the","note":"Archaic genitive plural article: der opschriften means of the titles."},{"surface":"opschriften","lemma":"opschrift","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of lijst","gloss":"titles"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses de lijst der opschriften","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking lijst to kurieus","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kurieus","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"kurieus","lemma":"curieus","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"curious","note":"Historical spelling of modern curieus."}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h3-s79","source":"Daar ik u de geschiedenis van den Griek verteld heb, weet ge reeds dat ik in myn jeugd eenigszins ben gelatinizeerd geworden, en hoezeer ik my in korrespondentie onthoud van alle citaten --wat op een makelaars kantoor ook niet te-pas komen zou--dacht ik echter by het zien van dat alles: multa, non multum. Of: de omnibus aliquid, de toto nihil.","translation":"Since I have told you the story of the Greek, you already know that in my youth I was somewhat Latinized, and however much I avoid all quotations in my correspondence—which would not be in place at a broker's office either—I nevertheless thought, on seeing all this: multa, non multum. Or: de omnibus aliquid, de toto nihil.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar ik u de geschiedenis ... verteld heb, weet ge reeds","title":"Causal 'daar' fronted, then V2","body":"The fronted causal clause 'Daar ik ... verteld heb' (since I have told you) pushes the main verb 'weet' before the subject 'ge' — V2 after a subordinate clause in first position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ben gelatinizeerd geworden","title":"Perfect passive 'is/ben ... geworden'","body":"'Ben gelatinizeerd geworden' is a perfect worden-passive (was/became Latinized): 'zijn' + participle + 'geworden'. The perfect of the process passive adds 'geworden' at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoezeer ik my ... onthoud van alle citaten","title":"Reflexive 'zich onthouden van'","body":"'Ik my onthoud van' is the reflexive 'zich onthouden van' (to abstain from), here 'my' for the first person. The concessive 'hoezeer' (however much) sends the verb to the end of its clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of verteld heb","gloss":"since","note":"Here daar means since or because."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verteld","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of verteld","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschiedenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geschiedenis","lemma":"geschiedenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verteld","gloss":"story"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Griek as complement of geschiedenis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of Griek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Griek","lemma":"Griek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Greek"},{"surface":"verteld","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verteld","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first main clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you","note":"Unstressed form of gij, here meaning you."},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geworden ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time phrase in mijn jeugd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of jeugd","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"jeugd","lemma":"jeugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelatinizeerd","gloss":"somewhat","note":"Old spelling of modern enigszins."},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gelatinizeerd","lemma":"latiniseren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of geworden","gloss":"Latinized","note":"Gelatinizeerd means made somewhat Latinized or trained in Latin."},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the object clause","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clause of dacht to the preceding main clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoezeer","lemma":"hoezeer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of onthoud","gloss":"however much"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of onthoud","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of onthoud","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the setting in korrespondentie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"korrespondentie","lemma":"correspondentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"correspondence","note":"Historical spelling of modern correspondentie."},{"surface":"onthoud","lemma":"onthouden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"refrain"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of onthoud","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of citaten","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"citaten","lemma":"citaat","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"quotations"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of te-pas komen zou","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place phrase","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of makelaars","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"makelaars","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, attributive singular","role":"modifies kantoor","gloss":"broker's","note":"Makelaars kantoor is historical open spelling for modern makelaarskantoor."},{"surface":"kantoor","lemma":"kantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te-pas","lemma":"te pas","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"part of the expression te pas komen","gloss":"in place","note":"Te pas komen means to be appropriate or in place."},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of komen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second main clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dacht","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the circumstance bij het zien","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of the nominalized infinitive zien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of zien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"multa","lemma":"multus","morphology":"Latin adjective, accusative neuter plural","role":"first element of the quoted maxim","gloss":"many things","note":"Latin multa, non multum means many things, not much."},{"surface":"non","lemma":"non","morphology":"Latin adverb","role":"negates multum","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"multum","lemma":"multus","morphology":"Latin adjective used substantivally, accusative neuter singular","role":"contrasts with multa","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an alternative quoted maxim","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"Latin preposition with ablative","role":"governs omnibus","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"omnibus","lemma":"omnis","morphology":"Latin indefinite adjective used substantivally, ablative plural","role":"complement of de","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"aliquid","lemma":"aliquis","morphology":"Latin indefinite pronoun, accusative neuter singular","role":"elliptical object in the quoted maxim","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"Latin preposition with ablative","role":"governs toto","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"toto","lemma":"totus","morphology":"Latin adjective used substantivally, ablative neuter singular","role":"complement of de","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"nihil","lemma":"nihil","morphology":"Latin pronoun, accusative neuter singular","role":"elliptical object contrasting with aliquid","gloss":"nothing","note":"The maxim means something about everything, nothing about the whole."}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h3-s80","source":"Maar dit was eigenlyk meer uit een soort van wrevel, en uit zekeren aandrang om de geleerdheid die voor my lag, in 't latyn aantespreken, dan wel omdat ik het precies meende. Want, waar ik 't een of ander stuk wat langer inzag, moest ik erkennen dat de schryver me toescheen wel op de hoogte van zyn taak te staan, en zelfs dat hy een groote soliditeit in zyn redeneeringen aan den dag legde.","translation":"But this was really more out of a kind of vexation, and out of a certain urge to address in Latin the learning that lay before me, than because I exactly meant it. For wherever I looked a little longer at one piece or another, I had to admit that the writer seemed to me well up to his task, and even that he brought a great soundness to bear in his reasonings.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om de geleerdheid die voor my lag, in 't latyn aantespreken","title":"'om ... aan te spreken' (separable in 'te'-infinitive)","body":"A purpose clause 'om ... aantespreken' (to address in Latin); the separable verb 'aanspreken' wraps 'te' as the joined 1860 form 'aantespreken' (modern 'aan te spreken')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"moest ik erkennen dat de schryver me toescheen wel ... te staan","title":"Subjective 'schijnen' + 'te'-infinitive","body":"'De schryver ... toescheen ... te staan' uses 'schijnen' (seem) with a 'te'-infinitive ('op de hoogte ... te staan', to be on top of his task). 'Toescheen' is the separable 'toeschijnen' (to seem to someone)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want, waar ik 't ... stuk wat langer inzag","title":"Coordinating 'want' vs subordinating 'waar'","body":"'Want' (for) coordinates and does NOT change word order, while 'waar' (wherever) subordinates and drives 'inzag' (separable 'inzien') to the clause end. The contrast is instructive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this sentence contrastively to the preceding one","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of the main clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"really","note":"Old spelling of modern eigenlijk."},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"marks the comparison meer ... dan","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the cause soort van wrevel","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces wrevel as complement of soort","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wrevel","lemma":"wrevel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two uit-phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the cause zekeren aandrang","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zekeren","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies aandrang","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"aandrang","lemma":"aandrang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"urge"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitival conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive aantespreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geleerdheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geleerdheid","lemma":"geleerdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aantespreken","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement my","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying geleerdheid","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the language phrase in het latijn","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of latyn","gloss":"the","note":"'t is the elided form of het."},{"surface":"latyn","lemma":"Latijn","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"Latin"},{"surface":"aantespreken","lemma":"aanspreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of aandrang","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the second term of meer ... dan","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"reinforces the comparison dan wel","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of meende","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"precies","lemma":"precies","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meende","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory sentence","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the conditional-temporal clause of inzag","gloss":"whenever","note":"Here waar means whenever."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of inzag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner in het een of ander","gloss":"the","note":"'t is the elided form of het."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"first element of het een of ander","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links een and ander","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"second element of het een of ander","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of inzag","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies langer","gloss":"somewhat","note":"Here wat means somewhat or a little."},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies inzag","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"inzag","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"examined","note":"Here inzien means to examine or look through."},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of erkennen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erkennen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moest","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first object clause of erkennen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schryver","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of toescheen","gloss":"writer"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of toescheen","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"toescheen","lemma":"toeschijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first object clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies op de hoogte te staan","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the expression op de hoogte","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoogte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogte","lemma":"hoogte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"level"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of hoogte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of taak","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"taak","lemma":"taak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"task"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks the infinitive staan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of toescheen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two object clauses of erkennen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the second object clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second object clause of erkennen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of legde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of soliditeit","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies soliditeit","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"soliditeit","lemma":"soliditeit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of legde","gloss":"soundness"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the domain zyn redeneeringen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of redeneeringen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"redeneeringen","lemma":"redenering","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"reasonings","note":"Old spelling of modern redeneringen."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the expression aan den dag leggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the expression aan den dag leggen","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"legde","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second object clause","gloss":"brought","note":"Aan den dag leggen means to display or bring to bear."}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h3-s81","source":"Ik vond daar verhandelingen en opstellen:","translation":"I found there treatises and essays:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s81.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial of place modifying vond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"verhandelingen","lemma":"verhandeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"treatises"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links verhandelingen and opstellen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"opstellen","lemma":"opstel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated direct object of vond","gloss":"essays"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h3-s82","source":"Over het SANSKRIT, als moeder van de germaansche taaltakken. Over de strafbepalingen op kindermoord.","translation":"On SANSKRIT, as the mother of the Germanic branches of language. On the penalties for infanticide.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"germaansche taaltakken","title":"Compound 'taaltakken'","body":"'Taaltakken' glues 'taal' (language) + 'takken' (branches) into 'language-branches'. The adjective 'germaansche' carries the period -sche ending for 'Germanic'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking SANSKRIT","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of SANSKRIT","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"SANSKRIT","lemma":"Sanskriet","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Over","gloss":"Sanskrit"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces moeder as a characterization of Sanskrit","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of als","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of moeder","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of taaltakken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"germaansche","lemma":"Germaans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies taaltakken","gloss":"Germanic","note":"Historical spelling of modern Germaanse."},{"surface":"taaltakken","lemma":"taaltak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"language branches"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking strafbepalingen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of strafbepalingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"strafbepalingen","lemma":"strafbepaling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of Over","gloss":"penalties"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the offense to which the penalties apply","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"kindermoord","lemma":"kindermoord","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"infanticide"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h3-s83","source":"Over den oorsprong van den adel. Over het verschil tusschen de begrippen: ONEINDIGE TYD en: EEUWIGHEID.","translation":"On the origin of the nobility. On the difference between the concepts: INFINITE TIME and: ETERNITY.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den oorsprong van den adel","title":"Old accusative 'den ... den'","body":"'Den oorsprong' follows 'over'; 'den adel' follows 'van' — both display the old masculine case ending, but under different prepositions. In these pamphlet titles the case endings appear with mechanical regularity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the title phrase","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of oorsprong","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorsprong","lemma":"oorsprong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of Over","gloss":"origin"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of oorsprong","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of adel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adel","lemma":"adel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verschil","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verschil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verschil","lemma":"verschil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of Over","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the compared concepts","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of begrippen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begrippen","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of tusschen","gloss":"concepts"},{"surface":"ONEINDIGE","lemma":"oneindig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies TYD","gloss":"infinite"},{"surface":"TYD","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first concept in apposition to begrippen","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two named concepts","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"EEUWIGHEID","lemma":"eeuwigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second concept coordinated with TYD","gloss":"eternity"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h3-s84","source":"Over de kansrekening. Over het boek van JOB. (Ik vond nog iets over Job, maar dat waren verzen.)","translation":"On the calculation of probabilities. On the book of JOB. (I found something more on Job, but that was verses.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s84.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kansrekening","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kansrekening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kansrekening","lemma":"kansrekening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"calculation of probabilities"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking JOB","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"JOB","lemma":"Job","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"modifies boek","gloss":"Job"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Job","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Job","lemma":"Job","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over; modifies iets","gloss":"Job"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking dat to verzen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"verses"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h3-s85","source":"Over proteïne in de atmospherische lucht. Over de staatkunde van Rusland.","translation":"On protein in the atmospheric air. On the statecraft of Russia.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s85.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking proteïne","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"proteïne","lemma":"proteïne","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"protein"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lucht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"atmospherische","lemma":"atmosferisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lucht","gloss":"atmospheric"},{"surface":"lucht","lemma":"lucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; modifies proteïne","gloss":"air"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking staatkunde","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of staatkunde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"staatkunde","lemma":"staatkunde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"statecraft"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rusland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Rusland","lemma":"Rusland","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van; modifies staatkunde","gloss":"Russia"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h3-s86","source":"Over de klinkletters. Over cellulaire gevangenissen.","translation":"On vowels. On cellular prisons.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s86.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klinkletters","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klinkletters","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klinkletters","lemma":"klinkletter","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"vowels"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevangenissen","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"cellulaire","lemma":"cellulair","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gevangenissen","gloss":"cellular"},{"surface":"gevangenissen","lemma":"gevangenis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"prisons"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h3-s87","source":"Over de oude stellingen omtrent het: HORROR VACUI. Over de wenschelykheid der afschaffing van strafbepalingen op laster.","translation":"On the old propositions concerning the: HORROR VACUI. On the desirability of abolishing the penalties for slander.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s87.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stellingen","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stellingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stellingen","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"stellingen","lemma":"stelling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"propositions"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking horror vacui","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of horror vacui","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"HORROR","lemma":"horror","morphology":"Latin noun, nominative singular","role":"head of Latin phrase horror vacui","gloss":"horror"},{"surface":"VACUI","lemma":"vacuum","morphology":"Latin noun, genitive singular","role":"genitive complement of horror","gloss":"of emptiness"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wenschelykheid","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wenschelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wenschelykheid","lemma":"wenselijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"desirability"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of afschaffing","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"afschaffing","lemma":"afschaffing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of wenselijkheid","gloss":"abolition"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking strafbepalingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"strafbepalingen","lemma":"strafbepaling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; modifies afschaffing","gloss":"penalties"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking laster","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"laster","lemma":"laster","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op; modifies strafbepalingen","gloss":"slander"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h3-s88","source":"Over de oorzaken van den opstand der Nederlanders tegen Spanje, NIET liggende in de begeerte naar godsdienstige of staatkundige vryheid.","translation":"On the causes of the revolt of the Dutch against Spain, NOT lying in any longing for religious or political freedom.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den opstand der Nederlanders tegen Spanje, NIET liggende in de begeerte","title":"Present participle 'liggende'","body":"'Liggende' is a present participle (-end + adjectival -e) used attributively ('not lying in...'). 'Der Nederlanders' is again an old genitive plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorzaken","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opstand","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of opstand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opstand","lemma":"opstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies oorzaken","gloss":"revolt"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of Nederlanders","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Nederlanders","lemma":"Nederlander","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of opstand","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Spanje","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Spanje","lemma":"Spanje","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of tegen; modifies opstand","gloss":"Spain"},{"surface":"NIET","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liggende","gloss":"NOT"},{"surface":"liggende","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"present participle","role":"participial modifier of oorzaken","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begeerte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of begeerte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begeerte","lemma":"begeerte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of liggende","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vryheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"godsdienstige","lemma":"godsdienstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vryheid","gloss":"religious"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"staatkundige","lemma":"staatkundig","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with godsdienstige","gloss":"political"},{"surface":"vryheid","lemma":"vrijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar; modifies begeerte","gloss":"freedom"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h3-s89","source":"Over het PERPETUUM MOBILE, de cirkelkwadratuur en den wortel van wortellooze getallen. Over de zwaarte van het licht.","translation":"On the PERPETUUM MOBILE, the squaring of the circle, and the root of rootless numbers. On the weight of light.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s89.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking PERPETUUM","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of PERPETUUM","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"PERPETUUM","lemma":"perpetuus","morphology":"Latin adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies mobile","gloss":"perpetual"},{"surface":"MOBILE","lemma":"mobilis","morphology":"Latin adjective, neuter nominative singular, substantivized","role":"head of term perpetuum mobile","gloss":"motion"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of cirkelkwadratuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cirkelkwadratuur","lemma":"cirkelkwadratuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with perpetuum mobile","gloss":"squaring the circle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of wortel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wortel","lemma":"wortel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with perpetuum mobile","gloss":"root"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking getallen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wortellooze","lemma":"wortelloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies getallen","gloss":"rootless"},{"surface":"getallen","lemma":"getal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; modifies wortel","gloss":"numbers"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zwaarte","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zwaarte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwaarte","lemma":"zwaarte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking licht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of licht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies zwaarte","gloss":"light"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h3-s90","source":"Over den achteruitgang der beschaving sedert het ontstaan des Christendoms. (Hè?) Over de yslandsche Mythologie.","translation":"On the decline of civilization since the rise of Christianity. (Eh?) On Icelandic Mythology.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den achteruitgang der beschaving sedert het ontstaan des Christendoms","title":"Genitive 'der' and 'des'","body":"'Der beschaving' (of civilization) and 'des Christendoms' (of Christianity) are old genitives, feminine 'der' and neuter 'des' + noun -s. 'Sedert' (since) is a formal temporal preposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking achteruitgang","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of achteruitgang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"achteruitgang","lemma":"achteruitgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"decline"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of beschaving","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"beschaving","lemma":"beschaving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies achteruitgang","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontstaan","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontstaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontstaan","lemma":"ontstaan","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of sedert; modifies achteruitgang","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of Christendom","gloss":"of","note":"Archaic genitive form of de."},{"surface":"Christendoms","lemma":"christendom","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of ontstaan","gloss":"Christianity"},{"surface":"Hè","lemma":"hè","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent interjection","gloss":"Eh"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Mythologie","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Mythologie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"yslandsche","lemma":"IJslands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Mythologie","gloss":"Icelandic"},{"surface":"Mythologie","lemma":"mythologie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Mythology"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h3-s91","source":"Over den EMILE van ROUSSEAU.","translation":"On ROUSSEAU's ÉMILE.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s91.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking EMILE","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of EMILE","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"EMILE","lemma":"Émile","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Émile"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ROUSSEAU","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ROUSSEAU","lemma":"Rousseau","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van; author of EMILE","gloss":"Rousseau"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h3-s92","source":"Over de Civiele Rechtsvordering, in zaken van koophandel. Over SIRIUS als middelpunt van een zonnestelsel.","translation":"On Civil Procedure in matters of commerce. On SIRIUS as the center of a solar system.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s92.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rechtsvordering","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Rechtsvordering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Civiele","lemma":"civiel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Rechtsvordering","gloss":"Civil"},{"surface":"Rechtsvordering","lemma":"rechtsvordering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Procedure"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in; modifies Rechtsvordering","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koophandel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"koophandel","lemma":"koophandel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies zaken","gloss":"commerce"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking SIRIUS","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"SIRIUS","lemma":"Sirius","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Sirius"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking middelpunt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"middelpunt","lemma":"middelpunt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of als; modifies SIRIUS","gloss":"center"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zonnestelsel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zonnestelsel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zonnestelsel","lemma":"zonnestelsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies middelpunt","gloss":"solar system"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h3-s93","source":"Over Inkomende-Rechten als ondoeltreffend, onkiesch, onrechtvaardig, en onzedelyk. (Daarvan had ik nooit iets gehoord.) Over verzen als oudste taal. (Dat geloof ik niet.)","translation":"On Import Duties as ineffective, indelicate, unjust, and immoral. (Of that I had never heard a thing.) On verse as the oldest language. (That I do not believe.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daarvan had ik nooit iets gehoord","title":"Pronominal adverb 'daarvan' fronted","body":"'Daarvan' (= van dat, of that) is fronted, so the pluperfect auxiliary 'had' inverts before 'ik'. 'Nooit' carries the single negation; the participle 'gehoord' ends the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Inkomende-Rechten","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"Inkomende-Rechten","lemma":"inkomend recht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Import Duties"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative adjectives","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ondoeltreffend","lemma":"ondoeltreffend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative modifier of Inkomende-Rechten","gloss":"ineffective"},{"surface":"onkiesch","lemma":"onkiesch","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with ondoeltreffend","gloss":"indelicate"},{"surface":"onrechtvaardig","lemma":"onrechtvaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with ondoeltreffend","gloss":"unjust"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onzedelyk","lemma":"onzedelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with ondoeltreffend","gloss":"immoral"},{"surface":"Daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehoord","gloss":"Of that"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gehoord","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehoord","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gehoord","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verzen","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking taal","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"oudste","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies taal","gloss":"oldest"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of als; modifies verzen","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of geloof","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h3-s94","source":"Over witte mieren. Over het tegennatuurlyke van School-Inrichtingen.","translation":"On white ants. On the unnaturalness of School-Institutions.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s94.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mieren","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"witte","lemma":"wit","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mieren","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"mieren","lemma":"mier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"ants"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegennatuurlyke","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tegennatuurlyke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tegennatuurlyke","lemma":"tegennatuurlijk","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unnaturalness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking School-Inrichtingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"School-Inrichtingen","lemma":"schoolinrichting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; modifies tegennatuurlyke","gloss":"School-Institutions"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h3-s95","source":"Over de prostitutie in het huwelyk. (Dat is een schandelyk stuk.) Over hydraulische onderwerpen in verband met de rystkultuur.","translation":"On prostitution in marriage. (That is a scandalous piece.) On hydraulic subjects in connection with rice cultivation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s95.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prostitutie","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of prostitutie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prostitutie","lemma":"prostitutie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"prostitution"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huwelyk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huwelyk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huwelyk","lemma":"huwelijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies prostitutie","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to stuk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schandelyk","lemma":"schandelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stuk","gloss":"scandalous"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderwerpen","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"hydraulische","lemma":"hydraulisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies onderwerpen","gloss":"hydraulic"},{"surface":"onderwerpen","lemma":"onderwerp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"subjects"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of compound preposition in verband met","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of compound preposition in verband met","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"final part of compound preposition in verband met","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rystkultuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rystkultuur","lemma":"rijstcultuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met; modifies onderwerpen","gloss":"rice cultivation"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h3-s96","source":"Over het schynbaar overwicht der westersche beschaving. Over kadaster, registratie en zegel.","translation":"On the seeming preponderance of Western civilization. On land registry, registration, and stamp duty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s96.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overwicht","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overwicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schynbaar","lemma":"schijnbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies overwicht","gloss":"seeming"},{"surface":"overwicht","lemma":"overwicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"preponderance"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of beschaving","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"westersche","lemma":"westers","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beschaving","gloss":"Western"},{"surface":"beschaving","lemma":"beschaving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of overwicht","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kadaster","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"kadaster","lemma":"kadaster","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"land registry"},{"surface":"registratie","lemma":"registratie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with kadaster","gloss":"registration"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zegel","lemma":"zegel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with kadaster","gloss":"stamp duty"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h3-s97","source":"Over kinderboekjes, fabels en sprookjes. (Dit wil ik wel eens lezen, omdat hy op waarheid aandringt.) Over bemiddeling, in den handel. (Dit bevalt me volstrekt niet.","translation":"On children's books, fables, and fairy-tales. (This I should rather like to read, because he insists on truth.) On middlemen, in trade. (This I do not like at all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit wil ik wel eens lezen, omdat hy op waarheid aandringt","title":"Modal 'wil' + causal 'omdat'","body":"Main clause 'wil ik ... lezen' keeps V2 with the infinitive 'lezen' at the end; the 'omdat'-clause then sends the separable 'aandringt' (insists) to its own clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kinderboekjes","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"kinderboekjes","lemma":"kinderboekje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"children's books"},{"surface":"fabels","lemma":"fabel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with kinderboekjes","gloss":"fables"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sprookjes","lemma":"sprookje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with kinderboekjes","gloss":"fairy-tales"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would like"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal adverb modifying wil","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying lezen","gloss":"sometime"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"to read"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aandringt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aandringt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waarheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aandringt","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"aandringt","lemma":"aandringen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"insists"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bemiddeling","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"bemiddeling","lemma":"bemiddeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"intermediation"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of handel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"handel","lemma":"handel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; modifies bemiddeling","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bevalt","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"bevalt","lemma":"bevallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pleases"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of bevalt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies niet","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevalt","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h3-s98","source":"Ik geloof dat hy de makelaars wil afschaffen. Maar ik heb het toch ter-zyde gelegd, omdat er een-en-ander in voorkomt, dat ik gebruiken kan voor myn boek.)","translation":"I believe he wants to abolish the brokers. But I have laid it aside all the same, because there are one or two things in it that I can use for my book.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik geloof dat hy de makelaars wil afschaffen","title":"Modal + infinitive in a dat-clause","body":"Inside the 'dat'-clause the modal 'wil' and the infinitive 'afschaffen' (to abolish) both go to the end, in the order modal-then-infinitive — a clean example of the verb cluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat er een-en-ander in voorkomt, dat ik gebruiken kan","title":"'er ... in' + separable 'voorkomen'","body":"'Er ... in voorkomt' splits the pronominal adverb 'erin' around the separable verb 'voorkomen' (occurs). The trailing relative 'dat ik gebruiken kan' is verb-final on the modal 'kan'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wil","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of makelaars","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"makelaars","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of afschaffen","gloss":"brokers"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the object clause","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"afschaffen","lemma":"afschaffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"abolish"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gelegd","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gelegd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelegd","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"ter-zyde","lemma":"terzijde","morphology":"adverb","role":"resultative complement of gelegd","gloss":"aside","note":"Ter-zyde is the historical spelling of modern terzijde, used in the expression terzijde leggen (‘lay aside’)."},{"surface":"gelegd","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorkomt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal component of erin","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een-en-ander","lemma":"een en ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of voorkomt","gloss":"one or two things"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the pronominal adverb erin","gloss":"in","note":"Er ... in is the separated pronominal adverb erin, meaning ‘in it’."},{"surface":"voorkomt","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"adverbial clause on gelegd","gloss":"occurs"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter","role":"direct object of gebruiken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gebruiken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gebruiken","lemma":"gebruiken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebruiken","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gebruiken","gloss":"book"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h3-s99","source":"Over successierecht, een der beste belastingen. Over de uitvinding der kuisheid. (Dit begryp ik niet.)","translation":"On inheritance duty, one of the best taxes. On the invention of chastity. (This I do not understand.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een der beste belastingen","title":"Partitive genitive 'der'","body":"'Een der beste belastingen' = 'one of the best taxes', the old genitive plural 'der' standing for modern 'van de'. The superlative 'beste' takes its -e ending attributively."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking successierecht","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"successierecht","lemma":"successierecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"inheritance duty"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"numeral","role":"head of appositive phrase","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, genitive plural","role":"introduces the partitive phrase der beste belastingen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"beste","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies belastingen","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"belastingen","lemma":"belasting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of der","gloss":"taxes"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitvinding","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitvinding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitvinding","lemma":"uitvinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"invention"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, genitive singular","role":"introduces the genitive modifier der kuisheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kuisheid","lemma":"kuisheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of uitvinding","gloss":"chastity"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of begryp","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"begryp","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand","note":"Begryp is the historical spelling of modern begrijp."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begryp","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates begryp","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h3-s100","source":"Over vermenigvuldiging. (Deze titel klinkt heel eenvoudig, maar er staat veel in dit stuk, waaraan ik vroeger niet gedacht had.)","translation":"On multiplication. (This title sounds very simple, but there is much in this piece that I had never thought of before.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er staat veel in dit stuk, waaraan ik vroeger niet gedacht had","title":"'er staat' + pronominal adverb 'waaraan'","body":"'Er staat veel in' (there is much in it), then 'waaraan ik ... gedacht had' is a relative pronominal adverb clause ('about which I had not thought'), pluperfect and verb-final. 'Denken aan' = to think about."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vermenigvuldiging","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"vermenigvuldiging","lemma":"vermenigvuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the prepositional phrase","gloss":"multiplication"},{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of titel","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"titel","lemma":"titel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of klinkt","gloss":"title"},{"surface":"klinkt","lemma":"klinken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sounds"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of eenvoudig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of klinkt","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stuk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of staat","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"waaraan","lemma":"waaraan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of gedacht referring to veel","gloss":"about which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of gedacht","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedacht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gedacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying veel","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedacht","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h3-s101","source":"Over zeker soort van geest der Franschen, een gevolg der armoede van hun taal. (Dit laat ik gelden. Geestigheid en armoede ... hy kan het weten.)","translation":"On a certain kind of wit in the French, a consequence of the poverty of their language. (This I let pass. Wit and poverty ... he ought to know.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een gevolg der armoede van hun taal","title":"Genitive 'der armoede'","body":"'Der armoede' is an old feminine genitive (of the poverty), mixed in the same phrase with the modern 'van hun taal' — a nice snapshot of 1860 Dutch using both strategies side by side."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soort","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies soort","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geest","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies soort","gloss":"wit"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, genitive plural","role":"introduces the genitive modifier der Franschen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Franschen","lemma":"Frans","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"genitive complement modifying geest","gloss":"French","note":"Franschen is the historical spelling of modern Fransen, ‘French people’."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to soort","gloss":"consequence"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, genitive singular","role":"introduces the genitive modifier der armoede","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of gevolg","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking taal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of taal","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies armoede","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of laat","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gelden","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laat","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"Geestigheid","lemma":"geestigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Wit"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Geestigheid","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing weten","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h3-s102","source":"Over het verband tusschen de romans van AUGUST LAFONTAINE en de tering. (Dit wil ik eens lezen, omdat er van dien Lafontaine boeken op zolder liggen.","translation":"On the connection between the novels of AUGUST LAFONTAINE and consumption. (This I should like to read sometime, because there are books by that Lafontaine in the attic.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat er ... boeken op zolder liggen","title":"Existential 'er ... liggen'","body":"'Er ... boeken op zolder liggen' (there are books lying in the attic) uses 'er' for existence; under 'omdat' the verb 'liggen' goes to the end. 'Op zolder' = in the attic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de tering","title":"'tering' = consumption","body":"'Tering' is the old word for tuberculosis/consumption. Sjaalman's title links sentimental Lafontaine novels to the wasting disease — Romantic cliché met with mock science."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verband","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verband","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking romans","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of romans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"romans","lemma":"roman","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies verband","gloss":"novels"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking AUGUST","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"AUGUST","lemma":"August","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first name in August Lafontaine","gloss":"August"},{"surface":"LAFONTAINE","lemma":"Lafontaine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname in August Lafontaine","gloss":"Lafontaine"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tering","lemma":"tering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with romans","gloss":"consumption","note":"Tering is the historical name for tuberculosis (‘consumption’)."},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing lezen","gloss":"would like"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lezen","gloss":"sometime"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"to read"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of liggen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the author Lafontaine","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, oblique common-gender singular","role":"determiner of Lafontaine","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Lafontaine","lemma":"Lafontaine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van, modifying boeken","gloss":"Lafontaine"},{"surface":"boeken","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zolder","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"zolder","lemma":"zolder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of liggen","gloss":"attic"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"adverbial clause on lezen","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h3-s103","source":"Maar hy zegt, dat de invloed zich eerst openbaart in het tweede geslacht. Myn grootvader las niet.)","translation":"But he says that the influence first shows itself in the second generation. My grandfather did not read.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de invloed zich eerst openbaart in het tweede geslacht","title":"Reflexive 'zich openbaren'","body":"'Zich openbaren' (to manifest itself) is reflexive; in the 'dat'-clause the verb 'openbaart' goes to the end after 'zich' and the time adverb 'eerst' (only then). 'Geslacht' here = generation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zegt","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of openbaart","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of openbaart","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of openbaart","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies openbaart","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"openbaart","lemma":"openbaren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the object clause","gloss":"reveals"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geslacht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geslacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tweede","lemma":"tweede","morphology":"ordinal numeral","role":"modifies geslacht","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"geslacht","lemma":"geslacht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of openbaart","gloss":"generation"},{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of grootvader","gloss":"My"},{"surface":"grootvader","lemma":"grootvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of las","gloss":"grandfather"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies las","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h3-s104","source":"Over de macht der Engelschen buiten Europa. Over het Godsgericht in de middeleeuwen, en thans.","translation":"On the power of the English outside Europe. On the Judgment of God in the Middle Ages, and now.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s104.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking macht","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, genitive plural","role":"introduces the genitive modifier der Engelschen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Engelschen","lemma":"Engels","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"genitive complement modifying macht","gloss":"English","note":"Engelschen is the historical spelling of modern Engelsen, ‘English people’."},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of buiten","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Godsgericht","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Godsgericht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Godsgericht","lemma":"godsgericht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Judgment of God","note":"Godsgericht denotes a divine judgment, especially an ordeal believed to reveal God’s verdict."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking middeleeuwen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of middeleeuwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"middeleeuwen","lemma":"middeleeuwen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in, modifying Godsgericht","gloss":"Middle Ages"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated temporal complement with in de middeleeuwen","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h3-s105","source":"Over de rekenkunde by de Romeinen. Over armoede aan poëzie by toonzetters.","translation":"On arithmetic among the Romans. On poverty of poetry in composers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s105.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rekenkunde","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rekenkunde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rekenkunde","lemma":"rekenkunde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the prepositional phrase","gloss":"arithmetic"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Romeinen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Romeinen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Romeinen","lemma":"Romein","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of by, modifying rekenkunde","gloss":"Romans"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking armoede","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking poëzie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"poëzie","lemma":"poëzie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies armoede","gloss":"poetry"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toonzetters","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"toonzetters","lemma":"toonzetter","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of by, modifying armoede","gloss":"composers"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h3-s106","source":"Over pietistery, biologie en tafeldans. Over besmettelyke ziekten.","translation":"On pietism, biology, and table-turning. On contagious diseases.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s106.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pietistery","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"pietistery","lemma":"pietisterij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"pietism","note":"Pietistery is the historical spelling of modern pietisterij."},{"surface":"biologie","lemma":"biologie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with pietistery","gloss":"biology"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tafeldans","lemma":"tafeldans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with pietistery","gloss":"table-turning"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ziekten","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"besmettelyke","lemma":"besmettelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies ziekten","gloss":"contagious","note":"Besmettelyke is the historical spelling of modern besmettelijke."},{"surface":"ziekten","lemma":"ziekte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the prepositional phrase","gloss":"diseases"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h3-s107","source":"Over den moorschen bouwtrant. Over de kracht der vooroordeelen, blijkbaar uit ziekten die door tocht veroorzaakt heeten te zyn. (Heb ik het niet gezegd, dat de lyst kurieus was?)","translation":"On the Moorish style of building. On the power of prejudices, evident from illnesses said to be caused by drafts. (Did I not say the list was curious?)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ziekten die door tocht veroorzaakt heeten te zyn","title":"'heten te' + passive infinitive","body":"'Heeten te zyn' = are said to be; 'heten' governs a 'te'-infinitive, here the passive 'door tocht veroorzaakt te zyn' (to be caused by draught). 'Door' marks the agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bouwtrant","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, historical masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of bouwtrant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moorschen","lemma":"Moors","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical inflection","role":"modifies bouwtrant","gloss":"Moorish","note":"Moorschen is the historical spelling and inflected form of modern Moorse."},{"surface":"bouwtrant","lemma":"bouwtrant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the prepositional phrase","gloss":"building style"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kracht","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, genitive plural","role":"introduces the genitive modifier der vooroordeelen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vooroordeelen","lemma":"vooroordeel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement modifying kracht","gloss":"prejudices","note":"Vooroordeelen is the historical spelling of modern vooroordelen."},{"surface":"blijkbaar","lemma":"blijkbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"supplementary adjective modifying kracht","gloss":"evident"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ziekten","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ziekten","lemma":"ziekte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of blijkbaar","gloss":"illnesses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of heeten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tocht","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"tocht","lemma":"tocht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agentive complement of veroorzaakt","gloss":"drafts"},{"surface":"veroorzaakt","lemma":"veroorzaken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"predicative participle complement of zyn","gloss":"caused"},{"surface":"heeten","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"are said","note":"Heeten is the historical spelling of modern heten; with an infinitive it means ‘be said to’."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival marker","role":"marks the infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of heeten","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"Did"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory object referring to the dat-clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lyst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lyst","lemma":"lijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"list"},{"surface":"kurieus","lemma":"curieus","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"curious"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite copula of the object clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h3-s108","source":"Over de duitsche eenheid. Over de lengte op zee. (Ik denk dat op zee alles wel even lang zal wezen als op 't land.)","translation":"On German unity. On longitude at sea. (I think that at sea everything will be much the same length as on land.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik denk dat op zee alles wel even lang zal wezen","title":"Future + comparative 'even ... als'","body":"In the 'dat'-clause the future 'zal wezen' closes the line; 'even lang ... als' is the equative comparison (as long as). Droogstoppel comically mistakes 'lengte' (longitude) for physical length."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eenheid","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duitsche","lemma":"Duits","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies eenheid","gloss":"German","note":"Duitsche is the historical spelling and inflected form of modern Duitse."},{"surface":"eenheid","lemma":"eenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unity"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lengte","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lengte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lengte","lemma":"lengte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"longitude","note":"In this nautical context lengte means geographical longitude."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies lengte","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"denk","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op, modifying wezen","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of wezen","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive of the object clause governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative phrase","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op in the comparative phrase","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h3-s109","source":"Over de plichten van de Regeering omtrent publieke vermakelijkheden. Over de overeenstemming tusschen de schotsche en friesche talen.","translation":"On the duties of the Government concerning public amusements. On the correspondence between the Scots and Frisian languages.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s109.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plichten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plichten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plichten","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"duties"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies plichten","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vermakelijkheden","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"publieke","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vermakelijkheden","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"vermakelijkheden","lemma":"vermakelijkheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies plichten","gloss":"amusements"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overeenstemming","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overeenstemming","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"overeenstemming","lemma":"overeenstemming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"correspondence"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking talen","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of talen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schotsche","lemma":"Schots","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies talen","gloss":"Scots"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"friesche","lemma":"Fries","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with schotsche","gloss":"Frisian"},{"surface":"talen","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies overeenstemming","gloss":"languages"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h3-s110","source":"Over prozodie. Over de schoonheid der vrouwen te Nîmes en te Arles, met een onderzoek naar het stelsel van kolonisatie der Phoeniciërs.","translation":"On prosody. On the beauty of the women at Nîmes and at Arles, with an inquiry into the system of colonization of the Phoenicians.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s110.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prozodie","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"prozodie","lemma":"prozodie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"prosody"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schoonheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schoonheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoonheid","lemma":"schoonheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of vrouwen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies schoonheid","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nîmes","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Nîmes","lemma":"Nîmes","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"modifies vrouwen","gloss":"Nîmes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Arles","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Arles","lemma":"Arles","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated with Nîmes","gloss":"Arles"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderzoek","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderzoek","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies schoonheid","gloss":"inquiry"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stelsel","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stelsel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stelsel","lemma":"stelsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies onderzoek","gloss":"system"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kolonisatie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kolonisatie","lemma":"kolonisatie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies stelsel","gloss":"colonization"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of Phoeniciërs","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Phoeniciërs","lemma":"Feniciër","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies kolonisatie","gloss":"Phoenicians"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h3-s111","source":"Over landbouwkontrakten op Java. Over het zuigvermogen van een nieuw-modelpomp.","translation":"On agricultural contracts in Java. On the suction power of a new-model pump.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s111.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landbouwkontrakten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"landbouwkontrakten","lemma":"landbouwcontract","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"agricultural contracts"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"modifies landbouwkontrakten","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zuigvermogen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zuigvermogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zuigvermogen","lemma":"zuigvermogen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"suction power"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nieuw-modelpomp","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nieuw-modelpomp","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nieuw-modelpomp","lemma":"nieuw-modelpomp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies zuigvermogen","gloss":"new-model pump"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h3-s112","source":"Over legitimiteit van dynastien. Over de volksletterkunde in Javaansche rhapsoden.","translation":"On the legitimacy of dynasties. On folk literature among Javanese rhapsodes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking legitimiteit","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"legitimiteit","lemma":"legitimiteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"legitimacy"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dynastien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dynastien","lemma":"dynastie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies legitimiteit","gloss":"dynasties"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking volksletterkunde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of volksletterkunde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volksletterkunde","lemma":"volksletterkunde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"folk literature"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rhapsoden","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Javaansche","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rhapsoden","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"rhapsoden","lemma":"rapsode","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies volksletterkunde","gloss":"rhapsodes"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h3-s113","source":"Over de nieuwe wyze van reven. Over de perkussie, toegepast op handgranaten. (Dit stuk dateert van 1847, dus van vóór Orsini.)","translation":"On the new manner of reefing. On percussion, applied to hand grenades. (This piece is dated 1847, and so from before Orsini.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h3-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit stuk dateert van 1847, dus van vóór Orsini","title":"Coordinating 'dus'","body":"'Dus' (so/therefore) is a coordinating conjunction — it links the conclusion without sending any verb to the end. The dating gag references the would-be assassin Orsini and his 1858 bomb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wyze","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wyze","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing infinitive reven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"reven","lemma":"reven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of van","gloss":"reefing"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking perkussie","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of perkussie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"perkussie","lemma":"percussie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"percussion"},{"surface":"toegepast","lemma":"toepassen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clause modifying perkussie","gloss":"applied"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handgranaten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"handgranaten","lemma":"handgranaat","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of toegepast","gloss":"hand grenades"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of dateert","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"dateert","lemma":"dateren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dates"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 1847","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"connective adverb introducing an elliptical phrase","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing vóór Orsini","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Orsini","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Orsini","lemma":"Orsini","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"Orsini"}]}]}