{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-4","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 4","translated":"Chapter 4"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-4","lines":205},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-3","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-5","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h4-s1","source":"Over het begrip van eer. Over de apokriefe boeken.","translation":"On the notion of honour. On the apocryphal books.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begrip","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of begrip","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begrip","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies begrip","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boeken","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boeken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"apokriefe","lemma":"apocrief","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies boeken","gloss":"apocryphal"},{"surface":"boeken","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"books"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h4-s2","source":"Over de wetten van SOLON, LYKURGUS, ZOROASTER en CONFUCIUS.","translation":"On the laws of SOLON, LYCURGUS, ZOROASTER and CONFUCIUS.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wetten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wetten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wetten","lemma":"wet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"laws"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking SOLON","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"SOLON","lemma":"Solon","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"modifies wetten","gloss":"Solon"},{"surface":"LYKURGUS","lemma":"Lycurgus","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated with SOLON","gloss":"Lycurgus"},{"surface":"ZOROASTER","lemma":"Zoroaster","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated with SOLON","gloss":"Zoroaster"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"CONFUCIUS","lemma":"Confucius","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated with SOLON","gloss":"Confucius"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h4-s3","source":"Over de ouderlyke macht. Over SHAKESPEARE als geschiedschryver.","translation":"On parental authority. On SHAKESPEARE as a historian.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking macht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ouderlyke","lemma":"ouderlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies macht","gloss":"parental"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking SHAKESPEARE","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"SHAKESPEARE","lemma":"Shakespeare","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Shakespeare"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement geschiedschryver","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"geschiedschryver","lemma":"geschiedschrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of SHAKESPEARE","gloss":"a historian"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h4-s4","source":"Over de slaverny in Europa. (Wat hy hiermee bedoelt, begryp ik niet. Nu, zoo is er meer!)","translation":"On slavery in Europe. (What he means by this I do not grasp. Well, there is more of that sort!)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat hy hiermee bedoelt, begryp ik niet","title":"Fronted object clause + 'hiermee'","body":"The whole indirect question 'wat hy hiermee bedoelt' is fronted as the object, so the main verb 'begryp' inverts before 'ik'. 'Hiermee' is the pronominal adverb 'with this'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slaverny","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slaverny","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slaverny","lemma":"slavernij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"slavery"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"modifies slaverny","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bedoelt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bedoelt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hiermee","lemma":"hiermee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of bedoelt","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"bedoelt","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"begryp","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the matrix clause","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begryp","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates begryp","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative adverb with meer","gloss":"of that sort"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb with is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h4-s5","source":"Over schroefwatermolens. Over het souverein recht van gratie.","translation":"On screw water-mills. On the sovereign right of pardon.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schroefwatermolens","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"schroefwatermolens","lemma":"schroefwatermolen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"screw water-mills"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"souverein","lemma":"soeverein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies recht","gloss":"sovereign"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gratie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gratie","lemma":"gratie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies recht","gloss":"pardon"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h4-s6","source":"Over de chemische bestanddeelen der ceylonsche kaneel. Over de tucht op koopvaardyschepen.","translation":"On the chemical components of Ceylon cinnamon. On discipline aboard merchant ships.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestanddeelen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestanddeelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chemische","lemma":"chemisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bestanddeelen","gloss":"chemical"},{"surface":"bestanddeelen","lemma":"bestanddeel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"components"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of kaneel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ceylonsche","lemma":"Ceylons","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kaneel","gloss":"Ceylon"},{"surface":"kaneel","lemma":"kaneel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies bestanddeelen","gloss":"cinnamon"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tucht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tucht","lemma":"tucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"discipline"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koopvaardyschepen","gloss":"aboard"},{"surface":"koopvaardyschepen","lemma":"koopvaardijschip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies tucht","gloss":"merchant ships"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h4-s7","source":"Over de opiumpacht op Java.","translation":"On the opium farm in Java.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opiumpacht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opiumpacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opiumpacht","lemma":"opiumpacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"opium farm"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"modifies opiumpacht","gloss":"Java"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h4-s8","source":"Over de bepalingen omtrent het verkopen van gif. Over het doorgraven der landengten van Suez, en de gevolgen daarvan.","translation":"On the regulations concerning the sale of poison. On the cutting-through of the Isthmus of Suez, and the consequences thereof.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bepalingen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bepalingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bepalingen","lemma":"bepaling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"regulations"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verkopen","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verkopen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verkopen","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sale"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gif","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gif","lemma":"gif","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies verkopen","gloss":"poison"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doorgraven","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doorgraven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doorgraven","lemma":"doorgraven","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"cutting-through"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of landengten","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"landengten","lemma":"landengte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies doorgraven","gloss":"isthmuses"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Suez","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Suez","lemma":"Suez","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"modifies landengten","gloss":"Suez"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolgen","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with doorgraven","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies gevolgen","gloss":"thereof"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h4-s9","source":"Over de betaling, van landrenten in naturâ. Over de koffikultuur te Menado. (Dit heb ik al genoemd.)","translation":"On the payment of land-rents in kind. On coffee cultivation at Menado. (This I have already mentioned.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betaling","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betaling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"betaling","lemma":"betaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landrenten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"landrenten","lemma":"landrente","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies betaling","gloss":"land-rents"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking naturâ","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"naturâ","lemma":"natura","morphology":"Latin noun, ablative singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"kind","note":"The Latin phrase in naturâ means “in kind,” or payment in goods rather than money."},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffikultuur","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koffikultuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koffikultuur","lemma":"koffiecultuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"coffee cultivation"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Menado","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Menado","lemma":"Menado","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"modifies koffikultuur","gloss":"Menado"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of genoemd","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of genoemd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of genoemd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genoemd","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"genoemd","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mentioned"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h4-s10","source":"Over de scheuring van het romeinsche ryk. Over de GEMÜTHLICHKEIT der Duitschers.","translation":"On the partition of the Roman Empire. On the GEMÜTHLICHKEIT of the Germans.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking scheuring","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of scheuring","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"scheuring","lemma":"scheuring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"partition"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ryk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ryk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"romeinsche","lemma":"Romeins","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ryk","gloss":"Roman"},{"surface":"ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies scheuring","gloss":"Empire"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking GEMÜTHLICHKEIT","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of GEMÜTHLICHKEIT","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"GEMÜTHLICHKEIT","lemma":"Gemütlichkeit","morphology":"German noun, feminine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sociability"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of Duitschers","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Duitschers","lemma":"Duitser","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies GEMÜTHLICHKEIT","gloss":"Germans"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h4-s11","source":"Over de skandinavische EDDA. Over den plicht van Frankryk, om in den indischen Archipel zich een tegenwicht tegen Engeland te verschaffen. (Dit was in 't fransch, ik weet niet waarom?)","translation":"On the Scandinavian EDDA. On the duty of France to secure for itself, in the Indian Archipelago, a counterweight against England. (This was in French, I do not know why?)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om ... zich een tegenwicht ... te verschaffen","title":"Reflexive in 'om ... te'","body":"'Om ... zich ... te verschaffen' (in order to secure for itself) embeds the reflexive 'zich' in a purpose clause closing on the 'te'-infinitive 'te verschaffen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking EDDA","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of EDDA","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"skandinavische","lemma":"Scandinavisch","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies EDDA","gloss":"Scandinavian"},{"surface":"EDDA","lemma":"Edda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of Over","gloss":"EDDA"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plicht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Frankrijk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Frankryk","lemma":"Frankrijk","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van modifying plicht","gloss":"France"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitival clause headed by verschaffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Archipel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of Archipel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indischen","lemma":"Indisch","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies Archipel","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"Archipel","lemma":"archipel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in modifying verschaffen","gloss":"Archipelago"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"indirect object of verschaffen","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of tegenwicht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tegenwicht","lemma":"tegenwicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verschaffen","gloss":"counterweight"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Engeland","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Engeland","lemma":"Engeland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of tegen modifying tegenwicht","gloss":"England"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verschaffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verschaffen","lemma":"verschaffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of infinitival clause modifying plicht","gloss":"secure"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces language expression in 't Frans","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner in nominalized language name Frans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fransch","lemma":"Frans","morphology":"noun, neuter, language name","role":"complement of in","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"clausal complement of weet","gloss":"why"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h4-s12","source":"Over het azyn maken. Over de vereering van SCHILLER en GÖTHE in den duitschen middenstand.","translation":"On the making of vinegar. On the veneration of SCHILLER and GOETHE among the German middle class.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maken","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of nominalized maken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"azyn","lemma":"azijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"vinegar"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"object of Over","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verering","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of verering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vereering","lemma":"verering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"veneration"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Schiller and Goethe","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"SCHILLER","lemma":"Schiller","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van modifying verering","gloss":"SCHILLER"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Schiller and Goethe","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"GÖTHE","lemma":"Goethe","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Schiller","gloss":"GOETHE"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking middenstand","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of middenstand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duitschen","lemma":"Duits","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies middenstand","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"middenstand","lemma":"middenstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"middle class"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h4-s13","source":"Over de aanspraken van den mensch op geluk. Over het recht van opstand by onderdrukking. (Dit was in 't javaansch.","translation":"On the claims of man to happiness. On the right of revolt under oppression. (This was in Javanese.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanspraken","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of aanspraken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanspraken","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of Over","gloss":"claims"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mens","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of mens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying aanspraken","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by aanspraken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geluk","lemma":"geluk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op modifying aanspraken","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition linking recht to opstand","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"opstand","lemma":"opstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying recht","gloss":"revolt"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderdrukking","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"onderdrukking","lemma":"onderdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij modifying opstand","gloss":"oppression"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces language expression in 't Javaans","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner in nominalized language name Javaans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"javaansch","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"noun, neuter, language name","role":"complement of in","gloss":"Javanese"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h4-s14","source":"Ik ben dien titel eerst later te weten gekomen.) Over ministerieele verantwoordelykheid.","translation":"Its title I only came to know later.) On ministerial accountability.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben gekomen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, accusative, archaic","role":"determiner of titel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"titel","lemma":"titel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"title"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben gekomen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies ben gekomen","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement in te weten komen","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb in idiom te weten komen","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verantwoordelijkheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ministerieele","lemma":"ministerieel","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies verantwoordelijkheid","gloss":"ministerial"},{"surface":"verantwoordelykheid","lemma":"verantwoordelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"accountability"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h4-s15","source":"Over eenige punten in de krimineele rechtsvordering. Over het recht van een volk, te eischen dat de opgebrachte belasting ten-zynen-behoeve worde aangewend. (Dat was weer in 't javaansch.)","translation":"On certain points in criminal procedure. On the right of a people to demand that the taxes levied be applied for its own benefit. (That was again in Javanese.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de opgebrachte belasting ten-zynen-behoeve worde aangewend","title":"Subjunctive passive 'worde aangewend'","body":"'Worde aangewend' is a present-subjunctive worden-passive (be applied), the solemn 'worde' marking a demand. 'Opgebrachte' is an attributive past participle; 'ten-zynen-behoeve' freezes an old dative ('for its benefit')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking punten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies punten","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"punten","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of Over","gloss":"points"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rechtsvordering","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of rechtsvordering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"krimineele","lemma":"crimineel","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies rechtsvordering","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"rechtsvordering","lemma":"rechtsvordering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in modifying punten","gloss":"procedure"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking volk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of volk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying recht","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive eisen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"eischen","lemma":"eisen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement modifying recht","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clausal complement of eisen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of belasting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opgebrachte","lemma":"opbrengen","morphology":"verb, past participle, attributive","role":"modifies belasting","gloss":"levied"},{"surface":"belasting","lemma":"belasting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of worde aangewend","gloss":"taxes"},{"surface":"ten-zynen-behoeve","lemma":"ten zijnen behoeve","morphology":"prepositional phrase, archaic","role":"benefactive adjunct of aangewend","gloss":"for its benefit","note":"The fixed phrase ten zijnen behoeve means ‘for its benefit’ or ‘on its behalf.’"},{"surface":"worde","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present subjunctive, third person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of aangewend","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"aangewend","lemma":"aanwenden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate passive clause","gloss":"applied"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces language expression in 't Javaans","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner in nominalized language name Javaans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"javaansch","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"noun, neuter, language name","role":"complement of in","gloss":"Javanese"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h4-s16","source":"Over de dubbele A en de grieksche ETA.","translation":"On the double A and the Greek ETA.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking A and ETA","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of A","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dubbele","lemma":"dubbel","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies A","gloss":"double"},{"surface":"A","lemma":"A","morphology":"noun, letter name, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates A and ETA","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of ETA","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grieksche","lemma":"Grieks","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies ETA","gloss":"Greek"},{"surface":"ETA","lemma":"eta","morphology":"noun, letter name, singular","role":"coordinated with A","gloss":"ETA"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h4-s17","source":"Over het bestaan van een onpersoonlyken God in de harten der menschen. (Een infame leugen!) Over den styl.","translation":"On the existence of an impersonal God in the hearts of men. (An infamous lie!) On style.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s17.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestaan","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of bestaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking God","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of God","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onpersoonlyken","lemma":"onpersoonlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"modifies God","gloss":"impersonal"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of van modifying bestaan","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking harten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of harten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"harten","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of in modifying bestaan","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive plural, archaic","role":"determiner of mensen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive modifier of harten","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of leugen","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"infame","lemma":"infaam","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies leugen","gloss":"infamous"},{"surface":"leugen","lemma":"leugen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of exclamatory noun phrase","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stijl","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of stijl","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"style"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h4-s18","source":"Over een konstitutie voor het Ryk INSULINDE. (Ik heb nooit van dat Ryk gehoord.) Over het gebrek aan ephelkustiek in onze taalregels.","translation":"On a constitution for the Empire of INSULINDE. (I have never heard of that Empire.) On the lack of the linking-n convention in our language rules.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking constitutie","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of constitutie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"konstitutie","lemma":"constitutie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"constitution"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rijk","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Rijk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor modifying constitutie","gloss":"Empire"},{"surface":"INSULINDE","lemma":"Insulinde","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to Rijk","gloss":"INSULINDE"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gehoord","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehoord","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by gehoord","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of Rijk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Empire"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebrek","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of gebrek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebrek","lemma":"gebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"lack"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by gebrek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ephelkustiek","lemma":"ephelkustiek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan modifying gebrek","gloss":"linking-n convention","note":"Ephelkustiek is the insertion of a linking sound, here specifically the linking n in Dutch compounds."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking taalregels","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural","role":"determiner of taalregels","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"taalregels","lemma":"taalregel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of in modifying ephelkustiek","gloss":"language rules"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h4-s19","source":"Over pedanterie. (Ik geloof dat dit stuk met veel kennis van zaken geschreven is.) Over de verplichting van Europa aan de Portugezen.","translation":"On pedantry. (I believe this piece is written with great expertise.) On Europe's debt to the Portuguese.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pedanterie","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"pedanterie","lemma":"pedanterie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"pedantry"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clausal complement of geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is geschreven","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kennis","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of kennis","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met modifying geschreven","gloss":"expertise"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in fixed phrase kennis van zaken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of van modifying kennis","gloss":"the subject"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate passive clause","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verplichting","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of verplichting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verplichting","lemma":"verplichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"debt"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van modifying verplichting","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Portugezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Portugezen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Portugezen","lemma":"Portugees","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of aan modifying verplichting","gloss":"Portuguese"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h4-s20","source":"Over boschgeluiden. Over brandbaarheid van water. (Ik denk dat hy sterk water bedoelt.)","translation":"On forest sounds. On the combustibility of water. (I think he means aqua fortis.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sterk water","title":"'sterk water' = aqua fortis","body":"Droogstoppel guesses Sjaalman's 'brandbaarheid van water' (combustibility of water) means 'sterk water' — literally 'strong water', i.e. nitric acid (aqua fortis). A typically literal misreading."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bosgeluiden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"boschgeluiden","lemma":"bosgeluid","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of Over","gloss":"forest sounds"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brandbaarheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"brandbaarheid","lemma":"brandbaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"combustibility"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking water","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying brandbaarheid","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of denk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"denk","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clausal complement of denk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of bedoelt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies water","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bedoelt","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"bedoelt","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"means"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h4-s21","source":"Over de melkzee. (Ik heb daarvan nooit gehoord. Het schynt iets in de nabyheid van Banda te zyn.)","translation":"On the milk-sea. (I have never heard of it. It seems to be something in the vicinity of Banda.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het schynt iets in de nabyheid van Banda te zyn","title":"'schijnen ... te zijn'","body":"'Het schynt ... te zyn' (it seems to be) uses dummy 'het' with 'schijnen' governing the 'te'-infinitive 'te zyn'. 'In de nabyheid van' = in the vicinity of."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking melkzee","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of melkzee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"melkzee","lemma":"melkzee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"milk-sea"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gehoord","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of gehoord","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehoord","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, neuter","role":"subject of schijnt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nabijheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of nabijheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nabyheid","lemma":"nabijheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in modifying iets","gloss":"vicinity"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Banda","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Banda","lemma":"Banda","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van modifying nabijheid","gloss":"Banda"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of schijnt","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h4-s22","source":"Over zieners en profeten. Over elektriciteit als beweegkracht, zonder week yzer.","translation":"On seers and prophets. On electricity as a motive power, without soft iron.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s22.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zieners and profeten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zieners","lemma":"ziener","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of Over","gloss":"seers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zieners and profeten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"profeten","lemma":"profeet","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with zieners","gloss":"prophets"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elektriciteit","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"elektriciteit","lemma":"elektriciteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"electricity"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative function as beweegkracht","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"beweegkracht","lemma":"beweegkracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of elektriciteit","gloss":"motive power"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ijzer","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"week","lemma":"week","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies ijzer","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"yzer","lemma":"ijzer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"iron"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h4-s23","source":"Over ebbe en vloed der beschaving. Over epidemisch bederf in staathuishoudingen.","translation":"On the ebb and flow of civilization. On epidemic corruption in the management of states.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s23.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ebbe","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ebbe","lemma":"ebbe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"ebb"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vloed","lemma":"vloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with ebbe","gloss":"flow"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive singular","role":"marks beschaving as a genitive modifier","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"beschaving","lemma":"beschaving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of ebbe en vloed","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bederf","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"epidemisch","lemma":"epidemisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bederf","gloss":"epidemic"},{"surface":"bederf","lemma":"bederf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"corruption"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking staathuishoudingen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"staathuishoudingen","lemma":"staathuishouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"management of states"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h4-s24","source":"Over bevoorrechte Handelmaatschappyen. (Hierin komt een-en-ander voor, dat ik noodig heb voor myn boek.) Over etymologie als hulpbron by ethnologische studien.","translation":"On privileged trading companies. (There is one thing and another in this that I need for my book.) On etymology as an aid in ethnological studies.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Handelmaatschappyen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"bevoorrechte","lemma":"bevoorrecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Handelmaatschappyen","gloss":"privileged"},{"surface":"Handelmaatschappyen","lemma":"handelsmaatschappij","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of Over","gloss":"trading companies"},{"surface":"Hierin","lemma":"hierin","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of komt voor","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite part of komt voor","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"een-en-ander","lemma":"een en ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of komt voor","gloss":"one thing and another"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of komt voor","gloss":"occurs","note":"The separable verb voorkomen means ‘to occur’ here."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of heb; introduces a relative clause on een-en-ander","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of heb","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking etymologie","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"etymologie","lemma":"etymologie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"etymology"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks hulpbron as the function of etymologie","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hulpbron","lemma":"hulpbron","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement introduced by als","gloss":"an aid"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking studiën","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ethnologische","lemma":"ethnologisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies studien","gloss":"ethnological"},{"surface":"studien","lemma":"studie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"studies"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h4-s25","source":"Over de vogelnestklippen aan de javasche Zuidkust. Over de plaats waar de dag aanvangt. (Dit begryp ik niet.)","translation":"On the birds'-nest cliffs along the southern coast of Java. On the place where the day begins. (This I do not understand.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s25.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vogelnestklippen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vogelnestklippen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vogelnestklippen","lemma":"vogelnestklip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of Over","gloss":"birds'-nest cliffs"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Zuidkust","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Zuidkust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"javasche","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Zuidkust","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"Zuidkust","lemma":"zuidkust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"southern coast"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over; antecedent of waar","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"adverbial complement of aanvangt; introduces a relative clause on plaats","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aanvangt","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"aanvangt","lemma":"aanvangen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of begryp","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"begryp","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begryp","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates begryp","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h4-s26","source":"Over persoonlyke begrippen als maatstaf der verantwoordelykheid in de zedelyke wereld. (Bespottelyk! Hy zegt dat ieder zyn eigen rechter moet wezen.","translation":"On personal convictions as the measure of responsibility in the moral world. (Ridiculous! He says that everyone must be his own judge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ieder zyn eigen rechter moet wezen","title":"Modal 'moet wezen' verb-final","body":"In the 'dat'-clause 'moet wezen' (must be) clusters at the end, modal before infinitive. 'Wezen' is the older infinitive of 'zijn', common in 1860. 'Ieder' = everyone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begrippen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"persoonlyke","lemma":"persoonlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies begrippen","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"begrippen","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of Over","gloss":"convictions"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks maatstaf as the function of begrippen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"maatstaf","lemma":"maatstaf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement introduced by als","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive singular","role":"marks verantwoordelijkheid as a genitive modifier","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"verantwoordelykheid","lemma":"verantwoordelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of maatstaf","gloss":"responsibility"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wereld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zedelyke","lemma":"zedelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wereld","gloss":"moral"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"Bespottelyk","lemma":"bespottelijk","morphology":"adjective, exclamatory","role":"standalone exclamation","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of moet wezen","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of rechter","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rechter","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"rechter","lemma":"rechter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the dat-clause; complement of moet","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h4-s27","source":"Waar zou dat heen?) Over galanterie.","translation":"Where would that lead?) On gallantry.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waar zou dat heen?","title":"Elliptical 'zou ... heen'","body":"'Waar zou dat heen?' is an elliptical conditional question (where would that lead?), with the infinitive of motion ('gaan/leiden') understood and only the separable directional 'heen' left. A colloquial flourish."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of zou ... heen","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal verb in elliptical zou ... heen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zou","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"directional adverb","role":"completes waar ... heen","gloss":"to","note":"Waar ... heen? idiomatically asks where something will lead."},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking galanterie","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"galanterie","lemma":"galanterie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"gallantry"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h4-s28","source":"Over den versbouw der Hebreën. Over de CENTURY OF INVENTIONS van den Markies van Worcester.","translation":"On the versification of the Hebrews. On the CENTURY OF INVENTIONS by the Marquis of Worcester.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s28.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking versbouw","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of versbouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"versbouw","lemma":"versbouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"versification"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"marks Hebreën as a genitive modifier","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Hebreën","lemma":"Hebreeër","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of versbouw","gloss":"Hebrews"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking CENTURY","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of CENTURY","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"CENTURY","lemma":"century","morphology":"English noun, singular","role":"head of the English book title; object of Over","gloss":"century"},{"surface":"OF","lemma":"of","morphology":"English preposition","role":"links INVENTIONS to CENTURY in the title","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"INVENTIONS","lemma":"invention","morphology":"English noun, plural","role":"object of OF in the title","gloss":"inventions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Markies","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of Markies","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Markies","lemma":"markies","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Marquis"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Worcester","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Worcester","lemma":"Worcester","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of Markies van","gloss":"Worcester"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h4-s29","source":"Over de niet-etende bevolking van het eiland Rotti by Timor. (Het moet daar goedkoop leven zyn.) Over het menschen-eten der Battah's, en het koppensnellen der Alfoeren.","translation":"On the non-eating population of the island of Rotti near Timor. (Living there must be cheap.) On the man-eating of the Battas, and the head-hunting of the Alfurs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het moet daar goedkoop leven zyn","title":"Impersonal 'het is goedkoop leven'","body":"'Het ... goedkoop leven zyn' nominalizes the infinitive 'leven' as a subject ('living is cheap there'), with dummy 'het' and the modal 'moet' (must be). 'Daar' = there."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevolking","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"niet-etende","lemma":"niet-etend","morphology":"adjective, present-participial","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"non-eating"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eiland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eiland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eiland","lemma":"eiland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"Rotti","lemma":"Rotti","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition identifying eiland","gloss":"Rotti"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Timor","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"Timor","lemma":"Timor","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of bij","gloss":"Timor"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, expletive","role":"expletive subject of moet zijn","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of leven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"goedkoop","lemma":"goedkoop","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"cheap"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement in the construction het is goedkoop leven","gloss":"living"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moet","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menschen-eten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen-eten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschen-eten","lemma":"menseneten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"man-eating"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"marks Battah's as a genitive modifier","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Battah's","lemma":"Batta","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of menschen-eten","gloss":"Battas"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koppensnellen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koppensnellen","lemma":"koppensnellen","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"coordinated object of Over","gloss":"head-hunting"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"marks Alfoeren as a genitive modifier","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Alfoeren","lemma":"Alfoer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of koppensnellen","gloss":"Alfurs"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h4-s30","source":"Over het wantrouwen op de publieke zedelykheid. (Hy wil, geloof ik, de slotenmakers afschaffen. Ik ben er tegen.)","translation":"On distrust of public morality. (He wants, I believe, to abolish the locksmiths. I am against it.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy wil ... de slotenmakers afschaffen. Ik ben er tegen.","title":"'er tegen' pronominal adverb","body":"'Ik ben er tegen' = I am against it, where 'er tegen' is the pronominal adverb 'tegen het' (against it). 'Wil ... afschaffen' shows modal + clause-final separable infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wantrouwen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wantrouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wantrouwen","lemma":"wantrouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"distrust"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition complement of wantrouwen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zedelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"publieke","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zedelykheid","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"zedelykheid","lemma":"zedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"morality"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"modal verb governing afschaffen","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"verb of parenthetical geloof ik","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slotenmakers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slotenmakers","lemma":"slotenmaker","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of afschaffen","gloss":"locksmiths"},{"surface":"afschaffen","lemma":"afschaffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"abolish"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula with tegen","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal complement of tegen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"adverbial preposition","role":"predicate with ben; governs er","gloss":"against","note":"Ertegen zijn means ‘to be against it.’"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h4-s31","source":"Over \"het recht\" en de \"rechten.\" Over BÉRANGER als wysgeer. (Dit begryp ik weer niet)","translation":"On \"right\" and \"rights.\" On BÉRANGER as a philosopher. (This too I fail to understand)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s31.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rechten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rechten","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated object of Over","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking BÉRANGER","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"BÉRANGER","lemma":"BÉRANGER","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"Béranger"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks wysgeer as BÉRANGER's capacity","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"wysgeer","lemma":"wijsgeer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement introduced by als","gloss":"a philosopher"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of begryp","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"begryp","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begryp","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds the sense ‘again/too’ to begryp niet","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates begryp","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h4-s32","source":"Over den afkeer der Maleiers van den Javaan. Over de onwaarde van het onderwys op de zoogenaamde hoogescholen.","translation":"On the Malays' aversion to the Javanese. On the worthlessness of the instruction given at the so-called universities.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de onwaarde van het onderwys op de zoogenaamde hoogescholen","title":"Compound 'hoogescholen' / 'onwaarde'","body":"'Hoogescholen' (high-schools, i.e. universities) and 'onwaarde' (un-worth, worthlessness) are compounds; the prefix 'on-' negates the noun. 'Zoogenaamde' = so-called, with the period 'oo' and -de participle ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afkeer","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of afkeer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afkeer","lemma":"afkeer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"aversion"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"marks Maleiers as a genitive modifier","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Maleiers","lemma":"Maleier","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of afkeer","gloss":"Malays"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition complement of afkeer","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onwaarde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onwaarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onwaarde","lemma":"onwaarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"worthlessness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderwys","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderwys","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderwys","lemma":"onderwijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"instruction"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoogescholen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoogescholen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoogenaamde","lemma":"zoogenaamd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hoogescholen","gloss":"so-called"},{"surface":"hoogescholen","lemma":"hogeschool","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"universities"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h4-s33","source":"Over den liefdeloozen geest onzer voorouders, blykbaar uit hun begrippen omtrent God. (Alweer een goddeloos stuk!) Over den samenhang der zintuigen. ('t Is waar, toen ik hem zag, rook ik rozenolie.)","translation":"On the loveless spirit of our forefathers, evident from their notions about God. (Another godless piece!) On the connection of the senses. (It is true—when I saw him, I smelled attar of roses.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den liefdeloozen geest onzer voorouders, blykbaar uit hun begrippen","title":"Genitive 'onzer voorouders'","body":"'Onzer voorouders' is the old genitive of 'onze' (of our forefathers). 'Liefdeloozen' carries the accusative -en after 'over'; 'blykbaar uit' = evident from."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen ik hem zag, rook ik rozenolie","title":"'toen' + V2 main clause","body":"'Toen ik hem zag' sends 'zag' to the end; the main clause then inverts, 'rook ik' (I smelled). Both 'zag' and 'rook' are strong simple pasts (zien/ruiken)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geest","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of geest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"liefdeloozen","lemma":"liefdeloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geest","gloss":"loveless"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"onzer","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive pronoun, archaic genitive plural","role":"marks voorouders as a genitive modifier","gloss":"of our"},{"surface":"voorouders","lemma":"voorouder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of geest","gloss":"forefathers"},{"surface":"blykbaar","lemma":"blijkbaar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"supplement describing geest","gloss":"evident"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begrippen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of begrippen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"begrippen","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"notions"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking God","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of omtrent","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"Alweer","lemma":"alweer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the exclamatory noun phrase","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goddeloos","lemma":"goddeloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stuk","gloss":"godless"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the exclamatory noun phrase","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking samenhang","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of samenhang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"samenhang","lemma":"samenhang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"marks zintuigen as a genitive modifier","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zintuigen","lemma":"zintuig","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of samenhang","gloss":"senses"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking subject to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zag","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"verb of the toen-clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"rook","lemma":"ruiken","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"smelled"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of rook","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"rozenolie","lemma":"rozenolie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of rook","gloss":"attar of roses"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h4-s34","source":"Over den puntwortel van den koffiboom. (Dit heb ik ter-zy gelegd voor myn boek.)","translation":"On the taproot of the coffee plant. (This I have set aside for my book.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit heb ik ter-zy gelegd voor myn boek","title":"Fronted object + perfect 'heb ... gelegd'","body":"Fronting 'dit' inverts 'heb ik'; 'ter-zy gelegd' (set aside) is the perfect of 'terzijde leggen'. 'Ter-zy' freezes the old dative 'ter' (te + der). The recurring 'voor myn boek' is Droogstoppel's refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking puntwortel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of puntwortel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"puntwortel","lemma":"puntwortel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"taproot"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffiboom","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of koffiboom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koffiboom","lemma":"koffieboom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"coffee plant"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gelegd","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gelegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ter-zy","lemma":"terzijde","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"particle in ter-zy gelegd","gloss":"aside","note":"Ter-zy is the historical spelling of terzijde; terzijde leggen means ‘to set aside.’"},{"surface":"gelegd","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle; main verb with heb","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"book"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h4-s35","source":"Over gevoel, gevoeligheid, SENSIBLERIE, EMPFINDELEI, enz. Over het verwarren van Mythologie en Godsdienst.","translation":"On feeling, sentimentality, SENSIBLERIE, EMPFINDELEI, etc. On the confusion of Mythology with Religion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s35.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevoel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"gevoeligheid","lemma":"gevoeligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with gevoel","gloss":"sentimentality"},{"surface":"SENSIBLERIE","lemma":"sensiblerie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with gevoel","gloss":"sentimentalism","note":"A French-derived literary term for affected or excessive sentimentality."},{"surface":"EMPFINDELEI","lemma":"Empfindelei","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with gevoel","gloss":"sentimentalism","note":"A German term for affected or excessive sentimentality."},{"surface":"enz","lemma":"enzovoort","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"closes the enumeration","gloss":"etc."},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verwarren","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"nominalizes verwarren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verwarren","lemma":"verwarren","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"object of Over","gloss":"confusion"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces objects of verwarren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Mythologie","lemma":"mythologie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of verwarren","gloss":"Mythology"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Mythologie and Godsdienst","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Godsdienst","lemma":"godsdienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of verwarren","gloss":"Religion"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h4-s36","source":"Over de saguweer in de Molukken.","translation":"On the saguweer of the Moluccas.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s36.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking saguweer","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of saguweer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"saguweer","lemma":"sagoweer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"palm wine","note":"Saguweer is an Indonesian palm wine made from fermented palm sap."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Molukken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Molukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Molukken","lemma":"Molukken","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of in, modifying saguweer","gloss":"Moluccas"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h4-s37","source":"Over de toekomst van den nederlandschen handel. (Dit is eigenlyk 't stuk dat me bewogen heeft, myn boek te schryven. Hy zegt dat er niet altyd zulke groote koffiveilingen zullen gehouden worden, en ik leef voor myn vak.)","translation":"On the future of Dutch commerce. (This is really the piece that moved me to write my book. He says that such great coffee auctions will not always be held, and I live for my trade.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den nederlandschen handel","title":"Frozen dative -en after 'den'","body":"The article 'den' and the adjective ending '-schen' are old masculine accusative/dative case forms, dead in modern Dutch but routine in 1860 prose. Today this would simply be 'de Nederlandse handel'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t stuk dat me bewogen heeft","title":"Relative 'dat' for a het-word","body":"Because 'stuk' is a neuter het-word, the relative pronoun is 'dat' rather than 'die'. The perfect 'heeft bewogen' wraps around the clause with its participle at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zullen ... gehouden worden","title":"Future passive stacked at the end","body":"Here 'zullen' (future) governs the passive 'gehouden worden', piling 'gehouden worden' as a verb cluster at the end of the subordinate clause. The worden-passive presents the auctions as undergoing the action of being held."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toekomst","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of toekomst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toekomst","lemma":"toekomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular, oblique archaic form","role":"determiner of handel","gloss":"the","note":"Den is the old masculine oblique form of de."},{"surface":"nederlandschen","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic spelling","role":"modifies handel","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"handel","lemma":"handel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van, modifying toekomst","gloss":"commerce"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking Dit and stuk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb, archaic spelling","role":"modifies is","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular, contracted","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of heeft bewogen; antecedent stuk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"direct object of heeft bewogen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"bewogen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause with heeft","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of bewogen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular, archaic spelling","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schryven","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive schryven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic spelling","role":"infinitival complement of bewogen","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person masculine singular, nominative, archaic spelling","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of zegt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates altyd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb, archaic spelling","role":"modifies zullen gehouden worden","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of koffiveilingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic spelling","role":"modifies koffiveilingen","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"koffiveilingen","lemma":"koffieveiling","morphology":"noun, plural, archaic spelling","role":"subject of passive zullen gehouden worden","gloss":"coffee auctions"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person plural","role":"future auxiliary of gehouden worden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive construction","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gehouden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates ik leef with Hy zegt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of leef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"leef","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb coordinated with zegt","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vak","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular, archaic spelling","role":"determiner of vak","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vak","lemma":"vak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"trade"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h4-s38","source":"Over Genesis. (Een infaam stuk!)","translation":"On Genesis. (An infamous piece!)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"infaam","title":"infaam — infamous/shameful","body":"A French-derived word meaning 'infamous' or 'disgraceful'. Droogstoppel's parenthetical outbursts ('Een infaam stuk!') mark the pieces whose freethinking content scandalizes his bourgeois piety."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Genesis","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Genesis","lemma":"Genesis","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of Over","gloss":"Genesis"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"infaam","lemma":"infaam","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies stuk","gloss":"infamous"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of exclamatory noun phrase","gloss":"piece"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h4-s39","source":"Over de geheime genootschappen der Chinezen. Over het teekenen als natuurlyk schrift. (Hy zegt dat een pasgeboren kind teekenen kan!)","translation":"On the secret societies of the Chinese. On drawing as a natural script. (He says that a newborn child can draw!)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het teekenen als natuurlyk schrift","title":"Infinitive as a neuter noun","body":"An infinitive used as a noun ('het teekenen', the drawing/act of drawing) is always a het-word, hence the article 'het'. Note the period spelling 'teekenen' (modern 'tekenen') with doubled vowel."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een pasgeboren kind teekenen kan","title":"Modal sends the verb to the end","body":"In this 'dat'-clause the modal 'kan' takes the final position after the bare infinitive 'teekenen', the verb-final order required by the subordinating 'dat'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genootschappen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of genootschappen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheime","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies genootschappen","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"genootschappen","lemma":"genootschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of Over","gloss":"societies"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural, genitive archaic form","role":"determiner of Chinezen","gloss":"of the","note":"Der is an old genitive form of de."},{"surface":"Chinezen","lemma":"Chinees","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive dependent of genootschappen","gloss":"Chinese"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking teekenen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"nominalizes teekenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"teekenen","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized, archaic spelling","role":"object of Over","gloss":"drawing"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement schrift","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adjective, uninflected, archaic spelling","role":"modifies schrift","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"schrift","lemma":"schrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of teekenen after als","gloss":"script"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person masculine singular, nominative, archaic spelling","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of zegt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pasgeboren","lemma":"pasgeboren","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies kind","gloss":"newborn"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kan teekenen","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"teekenen","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic spelling","role":"main verb governed by kan","gloss":"draw"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of teekenen","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h4-s40","source":"Over waarheid in poëzie. (Wel zeker!) Over de impopulariteit der ryst pelmolens op Java.","translation":"On truth in poetry. (To be sure!) On the unpopularity of rice-hulling mills in Java.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"der ryst pelmolens","title":"Genitive plural 'der'","body":"'Der' is the frozen genitive (and feminine/plural) case form meaning 'of the', here 'the unpopularity of the rice-hulling mills'. Modern Dutch would use 'van de'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waarheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking poëzie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"poëzie","lemma":"poëzie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in, modifying waarheid","gloss":"poetry"},{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies zeker in fixed expression","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of fixed exclamation Wel zeker","gloss":"sure"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking impopulariteit","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of impopulariteit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"impopulariteit","lemma":"impopulariteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"unpopularity"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural, genitive archaic form","role":"determiner of pelmolens","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, attributive, archaic spelling","role":"compound modifier of pelmolens","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"pelmolens","lemma":"pelmolen","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive dependent of impopulariteit","gloss":"hulling mills"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op, modifying pelmolens","gloss":"Java"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h4-s41","source":"Over het verband tusschen Poëzie en mathematische wetenschappen. Over de Wajangs der Chinezen.","translation":"On the connection between Poetry and the mathematical sciences. On the Wayangs of the Chinese.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verband","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of verband","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition, archaic spelling","role":"preposition marking coordinated objects Poëzie and wetenschappen","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"Poëzie","lemma":"poëzie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"Poetry"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Poëzie and wetenschappen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mathematische","lemma":"mathematisch","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wetenschappen","gloss":"mathematical"},{"surface":"wetenschappen","lemma":"wetenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"second object of tusschen","gloss":"sciences"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Wajangs","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Wajangs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Wajangs","lemma":"wajang","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of Over","gloss":"Wayangs","note":"A wajang is a Javanese theatrical or puppet form."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural, genitive archaic form","role":"determiner of Chinezen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Chinezen","lemma":"Chinees","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive dependent of Wajangs","gloss":"Chinese"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h4-s42","source":"Over den prys van de Java-koffi. (Dit heb ik ter-zy gelegd.) Over een europeesch muntstelsel.","translation":"On the price of Java coffee. (This I have set aside.) On a European currency system.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit heb ik ter-zy gelegd","title":"Fronting + V2 + separable verb","body":"The object 'Dit' is fronted, so the finite verb 'heb' stands second and the subject 'ik' follows it. The participle of the separable verb 'ter-zy leggen' (to set aside) closes the clause as 'ter-zy gelegd'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prys","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular, oblique archaic form","role":"determiner of prys","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prys","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, archaic spelling","role":"object of Over","gloss":"price"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java-koffi","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of Java-koffi","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Java-koffi","lemma":"Javakoffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic spelling","role":"object of van, modifying prys","gloss":"Java coffee"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heb gelegd","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gelegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gelegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ter-zy","lemma":"terzijde","morphology":"adverb, archaic spelling","role":"particle in terzijde leggen","gloss":"aside","note":"Ter-zy is the old spelling of terzijde in the idiom terzijde leggen, ‘to set aside.’"},{"surface":"gelegd","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with heb","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muntstelsel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of muntstelsel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"europeesch","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, uninflected, archaic spelling","role":"modifies muntstelsel","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"muntstelsel","lemma":"muntstelsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"currency system"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h4-s43","source":"Over besproejing van gemeene velden. Over den invloed van de vermenging, van rassen op den geest.","translation":"On the irrigation of common fields. On the influence that the mingling of races has upon the mind.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"van de vermenging, van rassen op den geest","title":"Dative 'den' after a preposition","body":"'Op den geest' ('upon the mind') keeps the old masculine dative 'den' after the preposition. Modern Dutch levels this to 'op de geest'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gemeene velden","title":"gemeen — 'common', not 'mean'","body":"A false friend: here 'gemeene' (modern 'gemene') means 'common/communal' (shared fields), not its more frequent modern sense of 'nasty/vile'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking besproejing","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"besproejing","lemma":"besproeiing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic spelling","role":"object of Over","gloss":"irrigation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gemeene","lemma":"gemeen","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic spelling","role":"modifies velden","gloss":"common"},{"surface":"velden","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van, modifying besproejing","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking invloed","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular, oblique archaic form","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vermenging","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of vermenging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vermenging","lemma":"vermenging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van, modifying invloed","gloss":"mingling"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rassen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"rassen","lemma":"ras","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van, modifying vermenging","gloss":"races"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geest and complementing invloed","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular, oblique archaic form","role":"determiner of geest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"mind"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h4-s44","source":"Over evenwicht in den handel. (Hy spreekt daarin van wisselagio. Ik heb het ter-zy gelegd voor myn boek.)","translation":"On equilibrium in trade. (In it he speaks of exchange premium. I have set it aside for my book.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy spreekt daarin van wisselagio","title":"Pronominal adverb 'daarin'","body":"'Daarin' ('in it / therein') fuses the preposition 'in' with a 'daar-' element replacing a thing — you cannot say 'in het' for an inanimate object. This pronominal-adverb pattern is everywhere in Dutch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"wisselagio","title":"wisselagio — exchange premium","body":"A finance term: the agio, or premium, on a bill of exchange. Droogstoppel sets it aside 'voor myn boek' precisely because it touches commerce, his only real interest."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking evenwicht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"evenwicht","lemma":"evenwicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"equilibrium"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine, singular, oblique archaic form","role":"determiner of handel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"handel","lemma":"handel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of in, modifying evenwicht","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person masculine singular, nominative, archaic spelling","role":"subject of spreekt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of spreekt","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wisselagio and complementing spreekt","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wisselagio","lemma":"wisselagio","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"exchange premium","note":"Wisselagio is the premium or discount on a bill of exchange or currency."},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gelegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gelegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular, object form","role":"direct object of heb gelegd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ter-zy","lemma":"terzijde","morphology":"adverb, archaic spelling","role":"particle in terzijde leggen","gloss":"aside"},{"surface":"gelegd","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with heb","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular, archaic spelling","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"book"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h4-s45","source":"Over het standhouden van aziatische gewoonten (Hy beweert dat Jezus een tulband droeg.)","translation":"On the persistence of Asiatic customs (He claims that Jesus wore a turban.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat Jezus een tulband droeg","title":"Simple past in a 'dat'-clause","body":"'Droeg' is the strong simple past of 'dragen' (to wear/carry), with a vowel change a→oe rather than a dental ending. In this 'dat'-clause it sits at the very end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking standhouden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"nominalizes standhouden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"standhouden","lemma":"standhouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive, nominalized","role":"object of Over","gloss":"persistence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gewoonten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"aziatische","lemma":"Aziatisch","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies gewoonten","gloss":"Asiatic"},{"surface":"gewoonten","lemma":"gewoonte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van, logical subject of standhouden","gloss":"customs"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person masculine singular, nominative, archaic spelling","role":"subject of beweert","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"beweert","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"claims"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of beweert","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Jezus","lemma":"Jezus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of droeg","gloss":"Jesus"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of tulband","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tulband","lemma":"tulband","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of droeg","gloss":"turban"},{"surface":"droeg","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"wore"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h4-s46","source":"Over de denkbeelden van MALTHUS omtrent het cyfer der bevolking, in verband met de onderhoudsmiddelen. Over de oorspronkelyke bevolking van Amerika.","translation":"On the ideas of MALTHUS regarding the size of the population in relation to the means of subsistence. On the original population of America.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"het cyfer der bevolking","title":"cyfer — figure/number","body":"'Cyfer' (modern 'cijfer', with period y-for-ij) means 'figure' or 'number', here 'the size of the population'. The genitive 'der bevolking' again replaces modern 'van de bevolking'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking denkbeelden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of denkbeelden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of Over","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking MALTHUS","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"MALTHUS","lemma":"Malthus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van, modifying denkbeelden","gloss":"MALTHUS"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking cyfer","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of cyfer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cyfer","lemma":"cijfer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, archaic spelling","role":"object of omtrent","gloss":"size","note":"Here cijfer means the numerical level or size of the population, not a single digit."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular, genitive archaic form","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of cyfer","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition in verband met","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of compound preposition in verband met","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition in verband met; marks onderhoudsmiddelen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of onderhoudsmiddelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderhoudsmiddelen","lemma":"onderhoudsmiddel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"means of subsistence"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevolking","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorspronkelyke","lemma":"oorspronkelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic spelling","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"original"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amerika","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Amerika","lemma":"Amerika","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van, modifying bevolking","gloss":"America"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h4-s47","source":"Over de havenhoofden te Batavia, Samarang en Soerabaja. Over bouwkunde, als uitdrukking van denkbeelden.","translation":"On the harbour-piers at Batavia, Samarang and Surabaya. On architecture as the expression of ideas.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s47.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking havenhoofden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of havenhoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"havenhoofden","lemma":"havenhoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of Over","gloss":"harbour-piers"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking coordinated place names","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first object of te","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"Samarang","lemma":"Semarang","morphology":"proper noun, archaic spelling","role":"second object of te","gloss":"Semarang"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Samarang and Soerabaja","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Soerabaja","lemma":"Surabaya","morphology":"proper noun, archaic spelling","role":"third object of te","gloss":"Surabaya"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bouwkunde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"bouwkunde","lemma":"bouwkunde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"architecture"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement uitdrukking","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"uitdrukking","lemma":"uitdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of bouwkunde after als","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking denkbeelden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van, modifying uitdrukking","gloss":"ideas"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h4-s48","source":"Over de verhouding der europesche ambtenaren tot de Regenten op Java. (Hiervan komt een-en-ander in myn boek.) Over het wonen in kelders, te Amsterdam.","translation":"On the relations of the European officials to the Regents in Java. (Some of this goes into my book.) On dwelling in cellars, at Amsterdam.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"der europesche ambtenaren tot de Regenten","title":"Genitive 'der' + period adjective","body":"'Der europesche ambtenaren' is a genitive ('of the European officials'). Note 'europesche', the 1860 spelling with -sch-, where modern Dutch writes 'Europese'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verhouding","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the prepositional phrase","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of ambtenaren in a genitive phrase modifying verhouding","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies ambtenaren","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"ambtenaren","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"head of genitive phrase modifying verhouding","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regenten; complements verhouding","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Regenten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regenten","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of tot","gloss":"Regents"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java; modifies Regenten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"Hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of komt","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"een-en-ander","lemma":"een en ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek; complements komt","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wonen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner nominalizing wonen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wonen","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"head of the prepositional phrase","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kelders; modifies wonen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"kelders","lemma":"kelder","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"cellars"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amsterdam; modifies wonen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Amsterdam","lemma":"Amsterdam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Amsterdam"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h4-s49","source":"Over de kracht der dwaling. Over de werkeloosheid van een Opperwezen, by volmaakte natuurwetten.","translation":"On the power of error. On the idleness of a Supreme Being, given perfect laws of nature.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"by volmaakte natuurwetten","title":"Period spelling 'by'","body":"'By' is the 1860 spelling of modern 'bij' (here 'given / in the case of perfect laws of nature'), one of many words where y replaces the modern ij digraph."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Opperwezen","title":"Opperwezen — Supreme Being","body":"A compound (opper- 'supreme' + wezen 'being') for the deity; the freethinking jab is that perfect natural laws would leave such a Being idle ('werkeloosheid')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kracht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the prepositional phrase","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of dwaling in a genitive phrase modifying kracht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dwaling","lemma":"dwaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of genitive phrase modifying kracht","gloss":"error"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werkeloosheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of werkeloosheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"werkeloosheid","lemma":"werkeloosheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the prepositional phrase","gloss":"idleness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Opperwezen; modifies werkeloosheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Opperwezen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Opperwezen","lemma":"opperwezen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Supreme Being"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the circumstance under which the idleness applies","gloss":"given","note":"Historical spelling of modern bij; here it means given or under conditions of."},{"surface":"volmaakte","lemma":"volmaakt","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies natuurwetten","gloss":"perfect"},{"surface":"natuurwetten","lemma":"natuurwet","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"laws of nature"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h4-s50","source":"Over het zoutmonopolie op Java. Over de wormen in den sagopalm. (Die worden, zegt hy, gegeten ... bah!)","translation":"On the salt monopoly in Java. On the worms in the sago palm. (These, he says, are eaten ... bah!)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die worden ... gegeten","title":"Worden-passive: 'are eaten'","body":"'Worden gegeten' is the process passive: the worms 'are (being) eaten'. 'Worden' is the passive auxiliary and 'gegeten' the past participle of 'eten' (strong verb, vowel e→e but ge-...-en form)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zoutmonopolie","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of zoutmonopolie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoutmonopolie","lemma":"zoutmonopolie","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the prepositional phrase","gloss":"salt monopoly"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java; modifies zoutmonopolie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wormen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of wormen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wormen","lemma":"worm","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"head of the prepositional phrase","gloss":"worms"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sagopalm; modifies wormen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of sagopalm","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sagopalm","lemma":"sagopalm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sago palm"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of worden gegeten; refers to wormen","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeten","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical reporting clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person masculine singular, nominative","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gegeten","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb in the passive construction worden gegeten","gloss":"eaten"},{"surface":"bah","lemma":"bah","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent exclamation of disgust","gloss":"bah"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h4-s51","source":"Over de Spreuken, den Prediker, het Hooglied, en de PANTOENS der Javanen. Over het JUS PRIMI OCCUPANTIS.","translation":"On the Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, the Song of Songs, and the PANTOENS of the Javanese. On the JUS PRIMI OCCUPANTIS.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the coordinated list headed by Spreuken","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Spreuken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Spreuken","lemma":"Spreuken","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"first object of Over in a coordination","gloss":"Proverbs"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of Prediker","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Prediker","lemma":"Prediker","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated object of Over","gloss":"Ecclesiastes"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Hooglied","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hooglied","lemma":"Hooglied","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated object of Over","gloss":"Song of Songs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links PANTOENS to the preceding coordinated objects","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of PANTOENS","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"PANTOENS","lemma":"pantoen","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"final coordinated object of Over","gloss":"pantuns"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of Javanen in a genitive phrase modifying PANTOENS","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Javanen","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"head of genitive phrase modifying PANTOENS","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking JUS PRIMI OCCUPANTIS","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of the quoted Latin phrase","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"JUS","lemma":"ius","morphology":"Latin noun, neuter, nominative singular","role":"head of the Latin noun phrase","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"PRIMI","lemma":"primus","morphology":"Latin adjective, masculine, genitive singular","role":"modifies OCCUPANTIS","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"OCCUPANTIS","lemma":"occupans","morphology":"Latin participle used as noun, genitive singular","role":"genitive dependent of JUS","gloss":"occupier"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h4-s52","source":"Over de armoede der schilderkunst. Over de onzedelykheid van het hengelen. (Wie heeft ooit daarvan gehoord?)","translation":"On the poverty of the art of painting. On the immorality of angling. (Whoever has heard of such a thing?)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het hengelen","title":"Substantivized infinitive","body":"'Het hengelen' (the angling) is again an infinitive turned into a neuter noun with 'het'. The mock-treatise calls fishing 'onzedelyk' (immoral) — Droogstoppel's bafflement is the joke."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie heeft ooit daarvan gehoord?","title":"'Wie' question + pronominal 'daarvan'","body":"'Wie' opens an interrogative with the perfect 'heeft ... gehoord' wrapping the clause, and 'daarvan' ('of that') fuses 'van' with a 'daar-' element rather than using 'van het'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking armoede","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of armoede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the prepositional phrase","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of schilderkunst in a genitive phrase modifying armoede","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"schilderkunst","lemma":"schilderkunst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of genitive phrase modifying armoede","gloss":"art of painting"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onzedelijkheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of onzedelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onzedelykheid","lemma":"onzedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the prepositional phrase","gloss":"immorality"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hengelen; modifies onzedelykheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner nominalizing hengelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hengelen","lemma":"hengelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"angling"},{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of heeft gehoord","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft gehoord","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of gehoord","gloss":"of such a thing"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb in heeft gehoord","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h4-s53","source":"Over de misdaden der Europeërs buiten Europa. Over de wapenen der zwakkere diersoorten.","translation":"On the crimes of Europeans outside Europe. On the weapons of the weaker animal species.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"der zwakkere diersoorten","title":"Comparative + genitive 'der'","body":"'Zwakkere' is the comparative of 'zwak' (weak → weaker), formed with -er, agreeing here in the attributive -e form. 'Der ... diersoorten' is once more the genitive 'of the'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misdaden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of misdaden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misdaden","lemma":"misdaad","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"head of the prepositional phrase","gloss":"crimes"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of Europeërs in a genitive phrase modifying misdaden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Europeërs","lemma":"Europeër","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"head of genitive phrase modifying misdaden","gloss":"Europeans"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa; modifies Europeërs","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of buiten","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wapenen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of wapenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wapenen","lemma":"wapen","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"head of the prepositional phrase","gloss":"weapons"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of diersoorten in a genitive phrase modifying wapenen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zwakkere","lemma":"zwak","morphology":"adjective, comparative, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies diersoorten","gloss":"weaker"},{"surface":"diersoorten","lemma":"diersoort","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"head of genitive phrase modifying wapenen","gloss":"animal species"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h4-s54","source":"Over het JUS TALIONIS. (Alweer een infaam stuk! Daarin kwam een gedicht voor, dat ik zeker allerschandelykst zou gevonden hebben, als ik 't uitgelezen had.)","translation":"On the JUS TALIONIS. (Yet another infamous piece! In it there was a poem that I would surely have found utterly scandalous, had I read it to the end.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik zeker allerschandelykst zou gevonden hebben, als ik 't uitgelezen had","title":"Conditional 'zou' + pluperfect 'had uitgelezen'","body":"The main clause uses 'zou ... gevonden hebben' (conditional perfect, 'would have found'); the 'als'-clause uses the pluperfect 'had uitgelezen' (the past behind the past). Together they form an unreal past condition."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"allerschandelykst","title":"aller- superlative intensifier","body":"The prefix 'aller-' on a superlative means 'most ... of all', so 'allerschandelykst' is 'utterly/most scandalous of all' — a flourish typical of Droogstoppel's heated parentheses."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking JUS TALIONIS","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of the quoted Latin phrase","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"JUS","lemma":"ius","morphology":"Latin noun, neuter, nominative singular","role":"head of the Latin noun phrase","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"TALIONIS","lemma":"talio","morphology":"Latin noun, feminine, genitive singular","role":"genitive dependent of JUS","gloss":"of retaliation"},{"surface":"Alweer","lemma":"alweer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical exclamation een infaam stuk","gloss":"yet another"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"infaam","lemma":"infaam","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies stuk","gloss":"infamous"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical exclamation","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"Daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of kwam voor","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular; separated form","role":"finite part of the separable verb kwam voor","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of gedicht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gedicht","lemma":"gedicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kwam voor and antecedent of dat","gloss":"poem"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing kwam voor","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of gevonden; refers to gedicht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zou gevonden hebben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou gevonden hebben","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"allerschandelykst","lemma":"schandelijk","morphology":"adjective, superlative, predicative","role":"object complement of dat with gevonden","gloss":"utterly scandalous"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first-person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of gevonden hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb in zou gevonden hebben","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gevonden after zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the counterfactual condition ik 't uitgelezen had","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had uitgelezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, accusative, reduced form","role":"direct object of uitgelezen; refers to gedicht","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"uitgelezen","lemma":"uitlezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb in had uitgelezen","gloss":"read to the end"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first-person singular","role":"pluperfect auxiliary of uitgelezen","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h4-s55","source":"En dit was nog niet alles! Ik vond, om van de verzen niet te spreken--er waren er in velerlei talen--een aantal bundeltjes waaraan het opschrift ontbrak, romancen in het maleisch krygszangen in het javaansch, en wat niet al!","translation":"And this was still not all! I found—not to speak of the verses, of which there were some in all manner of languages—a number of little bundles wanting any heading, romances in Malay, war-songs in Javanese, and what not!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er waren er in velerlei talen","title":"Two 'er's: existential + quantitative","body":"The first 'er' is the existential/dummy subject ('there were'); the second 'er' is the quantitative 'er' standing in for a counted noun ('some of them'). Dutch routinely stacks these uses of the little word 'er'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een aantal bundeltjes waaraan het opschrift ontbrak","title":"Relative pronominal adverb 'waaraan'","body":"'Waaraan' ('to/on which') is a relative pronominal adverb replacing 'aan welke', introducing a verb-final relative clause: 'bundles to which the heading was lacking'. Note the diminutive 'bundeltjes' (little bundles)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om van de verzen niet te spreken","title":"om ... te (parenthetical purpose)","body":"'Om ... te spreken' is the om...te construction, here in its set sense 'not to speak of'. 'Om' frames the clause and 'te + infinitive' closes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the sentence to the preceding discourse","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking dit and alles","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet alles","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates alles as the predicate complement","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the parenthetical infinitive clause niet te spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verzen; complements spreken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of verzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates spreken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks spreken as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the parenthetical om-clause","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive subject of waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"quantitative pronoun","role":"partitive stand-in for verzen and notional subject of waren","gloss":"some of them"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking talen; modifies waren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"velerlei","lemma":"velerlei","morphology":"indefinite quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of talen","gloss":"all manner of"},{"surface":"talen","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"languages"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of aantal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"aantal","lemma":"aantal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantity head governing bundeltjes; part of the object of vond","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"bundeltjes","lemma":"bundeltje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural, diminutive","role":"complement of aantal and direct object of vond","gloss":"little bundles"},{"surface":"waaraan","lemma":"waaraan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of ontbrak; refers to bundeltjes","gloss":"from which"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of opschrift","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opschrift","lemma":"opschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of ontbrak","gloss":"heading"},{"surface":"ontbrak","lemma":"ontbreken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying bundeltjes","gloss":"was lacking"},{"surface":"romancen","lemma":"romance","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of vond, coordinated with bundeltjes and krygszangen","gloss":"romances"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maleisch; modifies romancen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner nominalizing maleisch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maleisch","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"adjective used as language noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"krygszangen","lemma":"krijgszang","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of vond, coordinated with bundeltjes and romancen","gloss":"war-songs"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking javaansch; modifies krygszangen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner nominalizing javaansch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"javaansch","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective used as language noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links wat niet al to the preceding objects of vond","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun in idiom","role":"head of the idiom wat niet al","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb in idiom","role":"part of the idiom wat niet al","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb in idiom","role":"part of the idiom wat niet al","gloss":"all","note":"Wat niet al is an emphatic idiom meaning ‘and what not.’"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h4-s56","source":"Ook vond ik brieven, waarvan velen in talen die ik niet verstond.","translation":"I also found letters, many of them in languages I did not understand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"brieven, waarvan velen in talen die ik niet verstond","title":"Relative 'waarvan' + verb-final clause","body":"'Waarvan' ('of which') opens a relative clause; the embedded 'die ik niet verstond' ('which I did not understand') is verb-final, with the simple past 'verstond' at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of vond and antecedent of waarvan","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"partitive complement of velen; refers to brieven","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of an elliptical relative clause with understood waren","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking talen; predicate of the elliptical clause","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"talen","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in and antecedent of die","gloss":"languages"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of verstond; refers to talen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of verstond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verstond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verstond","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying talen","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h4-s57","source":"Sommigen waren aan hem geschreven, of liever het waren slechts afschriften, doch hy scheen daarmee zeker plan te hebben, want alles was door andere personen geteekend voor: gelykluidend met het oorspronkelyke. Dan vond ik nog uittreksels uit dagboeken, aanteekeningen en losse gedachten ... sommigen werkelyk heel los.","translation":"Some were addressed to him, or rather they were only copies, yet he seemed to have some definite purpose with them, for each had been signed by other persons as: in conformity with the original. Then I found, besides, extracts from diaries, jottings, and loose thoughts ... some of them really very loose.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Sommigen waren aan hem geschreven","title":"Passive of state with 'waren ... geschreven'","body":"'Waren geschreven' is a past passive ('were written / had been written to him') built on the participle 'geschreven'. 'Aan hem' marks the indirect object (the addressee — the person to whom the letters were written), not the agent; a Dutch passive agent would be introduced by 'door'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"doch hy scheen daarmee zeker plan te hebben","title":"te-infinitive after 'schijnen' + 'daarmee'","body":"'Schijnen' (to seem) governs a 'te'-infinitive: 'scheen ... te hebben' (seemed to have). 'Daarmee' ('with them') is a pronominal adverb; 'doch' is the archaic literary 'yet/but'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gelykluidend met het oorspronkelyke","title":"gelykluidend — 'in conformity with'","body":"A legal-bureaucratic formula stamped on certified copies: 'gelykluidend met het oorspronkelyke' = 'identical/in conformity with the original'. It signals these were attested transcripts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sommigen","lemma":"sommige","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of passive geschreven","gloss":"Some"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, singular, object","role":"oblique complement of geschreven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive construction","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"liever","morphology":"adverb","role":"correction adverb introducing reformulation","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking het to afschriften","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afschriften","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"afschriften","lemma":"afschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"copies"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, singular, subject","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"daarmee","lemma":"daarmee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of plan hebben","gloss":"with them"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies plan","gloss":"definite"},{"surface":"plan","lemma":"plan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of scheen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive geteekend","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geteekend","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies personen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of geteekend","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"geteekend","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive construction","gloss":"signed"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces quoted capacity or wording","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"gelykluidend","lemma":"gelijkluidend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"head of quoted formula","gloss":"in conformity","note":"Historical spelling of modern gelijkluidend, used in a formula certifying conformity with an original."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorspronkelyke","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorspronkelyke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorspronkelyke","lemma":"oorspronkelijk","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"original"},{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond, meaning additionally","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"uittreksels","lemma":"uittreksel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"extracts"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dagboeken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"dagboeken","lemma":"dagboek","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"diaries"},{"surface":"aanteekeningen","lemma":"aantekening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated direct object of vond","gloss":"jottings"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"losse","lemma":"los","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gedachten","gloss":"loose"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated direct object of vond","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"sommigen","lemma":"sommige","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"refers back to gedachten","gloss":"some of them"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies los","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of los","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"los","lemma":"los","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative adjective describing sommigen","gloss":"loose"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h4-s58","source":"Ik had, zooals ik reeds zeide, eenige stukken ter-zy gelegd, omdat ze my toeschenen in myn vak te-pas te komen, en voor myn vak leef ik. Maar ik moet erkennen dat ik met de rest verlegen was.","translation":"I had, as I have already said, set aside a few pieces, because they seemed to me likely to serve my trade, and for my trade I live. But I must confess that I was at a loss with the rest.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ze my toeschenen ... te-pas te komen","title":"Causal 'omdat' + separable 'toeschijnen'","body":"'Omdat' (because) opens a verb-final clause; 'toeschenen' is the simple past of the separable verb 'toeschijnen' (to seem to someone). It then governs 'te komen' via the te-infinitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"te-pas komen","title":"te pas komen — to come in useful","body":"An idiom: 'te pas komen' means 'to be of use, to serve a purpose'. For Droogstoppel only the pieces that serve his 'vak' (trade) matter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar ik moet erkennen dat ik ... verlegen was","title":"Coordinating 'maar' keeps V2","body":"'Maar' is a coordinating conjunction: unlike 'omdat', it does NOT send the verb to the end, so the main clause keeps verb-second order ('ik moet erkennen')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeide","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stukken","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gelegd","gloss":"pieces"},{"surface":"ter-zy","lemma":"terzijde","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable complement of gelegd","gloss":"aside"},{"surface":"gelegd","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle forming had terzijde gelegd","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of komen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, plural, subject","role":"subject of toeschenen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, singular, object","role":"indirect object of toeschenen","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"toeschenen","lemma":"toeschijnen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb governing te pas te komen","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vak","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vak","lemma":"vak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of komen","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"te-pas","lemma":"te pas","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"part of idiom te pas komen","gloss":"of use","note":"Historical hyphenation in the idiom te pas komen, “to be useful or serve.”"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of toeschenen","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vak","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vak","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vak","lemma":"vak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of leef","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"leef","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of erkennen","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erkennen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of erkennen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"confess"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verlegen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verlegen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rest","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rest","lemma":"rest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verlegen","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"verlegen","lemma":"verlegen","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"at a loss"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to verlegen","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h4-s59","source":"Hem het pak terugzenden, kon ik niet, want ik wist niet waar hy woonde. Het was nu eenmaal open.","translation":"Sending the parcel back to him I could not do, for I did not know where he lived. It was open now, once and for all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hem het pak terugzenden, kon ik niet","title":"Fronted infinitive phrase forces inversion","body":"The whole non-finite phrase 'Hem het pak terugzenden' (sending the parcel back to him) is fronted, so the finite modal 'kon' stands second and the subject 'ik' inverts after it — strict verb-second. 'Terugzenden' is a separable verb (terug + zenden)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want ik wist niet waar hy woonde","title":"'want' coordinates; embedded question is verb-final","body":"'Want' (for/because) is coordinating and keeps main-clause order, but the indirect question 'waar hy woonde' is itself verb-final, ending in the simple past 'woonde'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, singular, object","role":"indirect object of terugzenden","gloss":"To him"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of terugzenden","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"terugzenden","lemma":"terugzenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"fronted infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"send back"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal governing fronted terugzenden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies woonde","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, singular, subject","role":"subject of woonde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"woonde","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of wist","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to open","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom nu eenmaal","gloss":"once and for all","note":"In nu eenmaal, eenmaal conveys that a fact is settled and cannot now be changed."},{"surface":"open","lemma":"open","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"open"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h4-s60","source":"Ik kon niet loochenen dat ik 't had ingezien, en dit zou ik ook niet gedaan hebben, omdat ik zoo van de waarheid houd. Ook gelukte 't me niet het weer zóó te sluiten dat er van 't openen niets blyken kon.","translation":"I could not deny that I had looked into it, and this I would not have done either, since I am so fond of the truth. Nor did I succeed in closing it again in such a way that nothing of the opening could be detected.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit zou ik ook niet gedaan hebben","title":"Conditional perfect with fronting","body":"'Zou ... gedaan hebben' is the conditional perfect ('would not have done'). With 'dit' fronted, 'zou' takes second position and 'ik' inverts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gelukte 't me niet ... te sluiten","title":"Impersonal 'het' + te-infinitive","body":"'Het gelukte me niet ... te sluiten' uses impersonal 'het' as a dummy subject ('I did not succeed in closing') with the real action carried by the te-infinitive 'te sluiten'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er van 't openen niets blyken kon","title":"Negative 'niets' in a verb-final clause","body":"In this 'dat'-clause the negative word 'niets' (nothing) is the single clause negator, and the modal 'kon' stands at the very end after 'blyken' — verb-final order with no double negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of loochenen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of loochenen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies loochenen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"loochenen","lemma":"loochenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"deny"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ingezien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ingezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ingezien","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ingezien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ingezien","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the embedded clause, governed by had","gloss":"looked into"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by zou hebben","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of houd","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies houd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waarheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of houd","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"am fond"},{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"with niet, means nor","gloss":"Nor"},{"surface":"gelukte","lemma":"gelukken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"succeeded"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"dummy subject of gelukte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, singular, object","role":"indirect object of gelukte","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelukte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of sluiten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sluiten","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sluiten","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive sluiten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sluiten","lemma":"sluiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of gelukte","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"expletive introducing subject niets","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking openen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of openen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"openen","lemma":"openen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of blijken","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"blyken","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"be detected"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal of result clause","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h4-s61","source":"Bovendien mag ik niet ontveinzen dat eenige stukken die over koffi handelden, my belang inboezemden, en dat ik gaarne daarvan gebruik maken zou. Ik las dagelyks hier-en-daar eenige bladzyden, en ik kwam hoe langer hoe meer--Frits zegt: \"hoe langs zoo meer\" maar dit doe ik niet--hoe meer, zeg ik, tot de overtuiging dat men makelaar in koffi moet wezen, om zóó juist te weten te komen wat er in de wereld omgaat.","translation":"Moreover, I will not dissemble that several pieces dealing with coffee aroused my interest, and that I would gladly make use of them. I read a few pages here and there each day, and I came more and more—Frits says: \"more and more so,\" but this I do not do—the more, I say, to the conviction that one must be a coffee broker to learn so exactly what is going on in the world.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"eenige stukken die over koffi handelden, my belang inboezemden","title":"Relative 'die' + separable 'inboezemen'","body":"'Die' (which) opens a verb-final relative clause for the de-word plural 'stukken'. The main verb 'inboezemden' is the past of the separable 'inboezemen' (to inspire/instil), here 'aroused my interest'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe langer hoe meer","title":"hoe ... hoe correlative","body":"'Hoe langer hoe meer' ('the longer, the more') is the Dutch correlative comparative 'hoe ... hoe ...'. Droogstoppel even pauses to scold Frits's variant 'hoe langs zoo meer'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men makelaar in koffi moet wezen","title":"Impersonal 'men' + modal 'moet wezen'","body":"'Men' is the impersonal 'one'; the modal 'moet' sends the bare infinitive 'wezen' (archaic for 'zijn', to be) to the end of the 'dat'-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontveinzen","gloss":"Moreover"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of ontveinzen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontveinzen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontveinzen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ontveinzen","lemma":"ontveinzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dissemble"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of inboezemden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stukken","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of inboezemden","gloss":"pieces"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of handelden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of handelden","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"handelden","lemma":"handelen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"dealt"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, singular, object","role":"indirect object of inboezemden","gloss":"in me"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of inboezemden","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"inboezemden","lemma":"inboezemen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"aroused"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of maken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebruik maken","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of gebruik maken","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of maken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of las","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"dagelyks","lemma":"dagelijks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies las","gloss":"each day"},{"surface":"hier-en-daar","lemma":"hier en daar","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"modifies las","gloss":"here and there"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bladzyden","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"bladzyden","lemma":"bladzijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of las","gloss":"pages"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"first correlative marker in hoe langer hoe meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"first comparative in hoe langer hoe meer","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"second correlative marker in hoe langer hoe meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies kwam in correlative expression","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb introducing quoted correction","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"first correlative marker in quoted expression","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb, comparative, nonstandard form","role":"first comparative in quoted expression","gloss":"longer","note":"Frits’s hoe langs zoo meer is deliberately presented as a nonstandard variant of hoe langer hoe meer."},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"second correlative marker in quoted expression","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"second comparative in quoted expression","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doe","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"resumes correlative expression hoe langer hoe meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"resumed comparative modifying kwam","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overtuiging","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overtuiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"overtuiging","lemma":"overtuiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot and goal of kwam","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten te komen","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of idiom te weten komen","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive komen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"completes idiom te weten komen","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of omgaat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"expletive in wat er omgaat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wereld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of omgaat","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"omgaat","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of embedded question","gloss":"goes on"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h4-s62","source":"Ik ben overtuigd dat de Rosemeyers, die in suiker doen, nooit zoo-iets onder de oogen hebben gehad.","translation":"I am convinced that the Rosemeyers, who deal in sugar, have never had anything of the kind before their eyes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nooit zoo-iets onder de oogen hebben gehad","title":"Negative 'nooit' + perfect 'hebben gehad'","body":"'Nooit' (never) is the clause's single negator; the perfect 'hebben gehad' ('have ... had') closes the verb-final relative clause introduced by 'die'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben overtuigd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to overtuigd","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"overtuigd","lemma":"overtuigen","morphology":"verb, past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hebben gehad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Rosemeyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rosemeyers","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of hebben gehad","gloss":"Rosemeyers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom doen in","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of doen in","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"head of relative clause modifying Rosemeyers","gloss":"deal","note":"In iets doen means “to deal or trade in something.”"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehad","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"anything like that"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom onder de ogen hebben","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the subordinate clause","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h4-s63","source":"Nu vreesde ik dat die Sjaalman op-eens weer voor me zou staan, en dat hy me weer iets te zeggen hebben zou.","translation":"Now I feared that this Shawlman might suddenly stand before me again, and that he would again have something to say to me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat die Sjaalman op-eens weer voor me zou staan","title":"Demonstrative 'die' + conditional 'zou staan'","body":"'Die Sjaalman' uses the demonstrative 'die' ('that') for the de-word, with a faintly dismissive tone. The conditional 'zou staan' ('would stand') sits at the end of the 'dat'-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreesde","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"vreesde","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vreesde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of staan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"op-eens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staan","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staan","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of staan","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of first subordinate clause","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou hebben","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hebben","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h4-s64","source":"Het begon me nu te spyten dat ik dien avend de Kapelsteeg was ingegaan, en ik zag in, dat men nooit den fatsoenlyken weg verlaten moet. Natuurlyk had hy my om geld gevraagd, en van zyn pak gesproken.","translation":"I began now to regret that I had turned into the Kapelsteeg that evening, and I saw that one ought never to leave the respectable path. Naturally he would have asked me for money, and spoken of his parcel.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het begon me nu te spyten dat ik ... was ingegaan","title":"Impersonal 'het' + pluperfect 'was ingegaan'","body":"Impersonal 'het' subjects 'begon te spyten' ('it began to grieve me'). In the 'dat'-clause the pluperfect 'was ingegaan' (had turned in) ends the clause; 'ingaan' is separable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men nooit den fatsoenlyken weg verlaten moet","title":"'men' + 'nooit' + modal at clause end","body":"A maxim: 'men' (one) with 'nooit' (never) as the sole negator and the modal 'moet' driven to the end of the 'dat'-clause. 'Den fatsoenlyken weg' keeps the old accusative 'den' and adjective '-en'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"expletive pronoun","role":"expletive subject of begon te spyten","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"experiencer object of spyten","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spyten","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive spyten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spyten","lemma":"spijten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of begon","gloss":"regret","note":"Older spelling of spijten."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ingegaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ingegaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of avend","gloss":"that","note":"Dien is the old inflected masculine form of die."},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase modifying ingegaan","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Kapelsteeg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kapelsteeg","lemma":"Kapelsteeg","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of ingegaan","gloss":"Kapelsteeg"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ingegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ingegaan","lemma":"ingaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"head of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"part of separable verb zag in","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zag in","gloss":"realized","note":"Inzien means “to realize” or “to see.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verlaten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verlaten","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verlaten","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the","note":"Den is an old inflected form of de."},{"surface":"fatsoenlyken","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"respectable","note":"Older spelling of fatsoenlijke."},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"path"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"Natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had gevraagd","gloss":"Naturally"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevraagd and gesproken","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gevraagd and gesproken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"person asked by gevraagd","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geld","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of om","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"first coordinated participle governed by had","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of pak","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"second coordinated participle governed by had","gloss":"spoken"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h4-s65","source":"Ik had hem misschien iets gegeven, en als hy my dan den volgenden dag die massa schryvery had toegezonden, ware het myn wettig eigendom geweest.","translation":"I might perhaps have given him something, and if he had then sent me, the next day, that mass of scribbling, it would have been my lawful property.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als hy my dan ... had toegezonden, ware het myn wettig eigendom geweest","title":"Unreal condition: pluperfect + 'ware ... geweest'","body":"The 'als'-clause uses the pluperfect 'had toegezonden' ('had sent'); the main clause uses the subjunctive-flavoured 'ware ... geweest' ('would have been'), an archaic conditional form. 'Toezenden' is separable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den volgenden dag","title":"Adverbial accusative 'den ... dag'","body":"'Den volgenden dag' ('the next day') is an adverbial time phrase in the old accusative, with 'den' and adjective '-en'. Such frozen accusatives of time survive into modern fixed expressions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gegeven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gegeven","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of first clause","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the condition of toegezonden","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had toegezonden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of toegezonden","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toegezonden","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the","note":"Den is an old inflected form of de."},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time phrase modifying toegezonden","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of massa","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"massa","lemma":"massa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of toegezonden","gloss":"mass"},{"surface":"schryvery","lemma":"schrijverij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of massa","gloss":"of scribbling","note":"Older spelling of schrijverij, here dismissively meaning a mass of writing."},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of toegezonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"toegezonden","lemma":"toezenden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of conditional clause","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"would have","note":"Ware is an archaic subjunctive form of zijn used in a contrary-to-fact condition."},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ware geweest","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of eigendom","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"wettig","lemma":"wettig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies eigendom","gloss":"lawful"},{"surface":"eigendom","lemma":"eigendom","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by ware","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h4-s66","source":"Ik zou dan de tarwe hebben kunnen scheiden van het kaf, ik had er de nummers uitgehouden, die ik noodig had voor myn boek, en de rest verbrand, of in de papiermand geworpen, hetgeen ik nu niet doen kon.","translation":"I could then have separated the wheat from the chaff, kept out the numbers I needed for my book, and burned the rest, or thrown it into the wastepaper basket, which I now could not do.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zou dan de tarwe hebben kunnen scheiden van het kaf","title":"Stacked conditional perfect with modal","body":"'Zou ... hebben kunnen scheiden' is a conditional perfect with an embedded modal: 'would have been able to separate'. Three verbs cluster at the end — the hallmark of Dutch verb-final stacking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik had er de nummers uitgehouden","title":"'er' + separable 'uithouden'","body":"'Er ... uit' splits the separable verb 'uithouden' (to keep out), with 'er' standing in for 'out of it (the parcel)'. The participle 'uitgehouden' shows the prefix rejoined."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de tarwe ... van het kaf","title":"Wheat from the chaff","body":"A Biblical idiom (Matthew 3:12) for separating the valuable from the worthless. The pious phrasing is comic in the mouth of the relentlessly mercenary Droogstoppel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of scheiden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of scheiden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheiden","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tarwe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tarwe","lemma":"tarwe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of scheiden","gloss":"wheat"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen scheiden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of scheiden","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"scheiden","lemma":"scheiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"separate"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kaf","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kaf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kaf","lemma":"kaf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of scheiden","gloss":"chaff"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had uitgehouden, verbrand and geworpen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgehouden, verbrand and geworpen","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of uitgehouden","gloss":"from it","note":"Er refers back to the mass of writings: “out of it.”"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nummers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nummers","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of uitgehouden","gloss":"numbers"},{"surface":"uitgehouden","lemma":"uithouden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"first participle governed by had","gloss":"kept out"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of had","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of relative clause modifying nummers","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rest","lemma":"rest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verbrand","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"verbrand","lemma":"verbranden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"second participle governed by had","gloss":"burned"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking papiermand","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of papiermand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"papiermand","lemma":"papiermand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of geworpen","gloss":"wastepaper basket"},{"surface":"geworpen","lemma":"werpen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"third participle governed by had","gloss":"thrown"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of doen; refers to the preceding actions","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of doen","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h4-s67","source":"Want als hy terugkwam, zou ik het moeten leveren, en hy, ziende dat ik belang stelde in een paar stukken van zyn hand, zou zeker te veel daarvoor vorderen.","translation":"For if he came back, I should have to hand it over, and he, seeing that I took an interest in a couple of pieces of his, would surely demand too much for them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy, ziende dat ik belang stelde ..., zou ... vorderen","title":"Present participle 'ziende'","body":"'Ziende' is the present participle of 'zien' (the -end(e) form, 'seeing'), used here adverbially to set a circumstance. The main verb is the conditional 'zou ... vorderen' (would demand)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want als hy terugkwam, zou ik het moeten leveren","title":"Conditional 'als' + V2 in main clause","body":"The fronted 'als'-clause ('Want als hy terugkwam') triggers inversion in the main clause: 'zou ik' rather than 'ik zou'. The modal 'moeten' joins 'zou' to send 'leveren' to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory sentence","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of terugkwam","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of terugkwam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"terugkwam","lemma":"terugkomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of conditional clause","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of leveren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leveren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of leveren","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of leveren","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"leveren","lemma":"leveren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of first main clause","gloss":"hand over"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou vorderen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ziende","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying hy","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stelde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of stelde","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"stelde","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"took","note":"Belang stellen in means “to take an interest in.”"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stukken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantifier of stukken","gloss":"couple"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"pieces"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hand","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hand","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"hand","note":"Van zijn hand means “written by him” or “of his authorship.”"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vorderen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vorderen","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier used adverbially","role":"direct object of vorderen","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of vorderen","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"vorderen","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"demand"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h4-s68","source":"Niets geeft den verkooper meer overwicht, dan de ontdekking dat de kooper om zyn waar verlegen is.","translation":"Nothing gives the seller more of an advantage than the discovery that the buyer is hard pressed for his wares.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Niets geeft den verkooper meer overwicht","title":"Negative subject 'Niets' + dative 'den verkooper'","body":"'Niets' (nothing) is the single negative and the subject. 'Den verkooper' is the indirect object in the old masculine dative form (to the seller), where modern Dutch would use 'de verkoper'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"om zyn waar verlegen is","title":"verlegen om — hard pressed for","body":"'Verlegen zyn om iets' means to be in want of, hard pressed for, something (here 'zyn waar', his wares). It is a different sense from 'verlegen' meaning merely 'shy/embarrassed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"Nothing"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of verkooper","gloss":"the","note":"Den is an old inflected form of de."},{"surface":"verkooper","lemma":"verkoper","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of geeft","gloss":"seller","note":"Older spelling of verkoper."},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"modifies overwicht","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"overwicht","lemma":"overwicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"advantage"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with ontdekking","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontdekking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontdekking","lemma":"ontdekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second term of comparison after dan","gloss":"discovery"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verlegen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kooper","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kooper","lemma":"koper","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"buyer","note":"Older spelling of koper."},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the construction verlegen om","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of waar","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of om","gloss":"wares"},{"surface":"verlegen","lemma":"verlegen","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"hard pressed","note":"Verlegen zijn om means “to be in need of” or “hard pressed for.”"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to verlegen","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h4-s69","source":"Zulk een pozitie wordt dan ook door een koopman die zyn vak verstaat, zooveel mogelyk vermeden. Een ander denkbeeld--ik sprak er reeds van--dat bewyzen moge hoe ontvankelyk het bezoeken van de beurs iemand laten kan voor menschlievende indrukken, was dit.","translation":"Such a position is therefore avoided as far as possible by a merchant who understands his trade. Another idea—I have already spoken of it—which may prove how susceptible a visit to the Exchange can leave a man to humane impressions, was this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zulk een pozitie wordt ... door een koopman ... vermeden","title":"Worden-passive with door-agent","body":"'Wordt ... vermeden' is the process passive ('is avoided'), and the agent is marked with 'door' ('by a merchant'). The participle 'vermeden' lands at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe ontvankelyk het bezoeken van de beurs iemand laten kan","title":"Causative/permissive 'laten' + bare infinitive","body":"'Laten kan' here means 'can leave/make' someone receptive — 'laten' takes a bare infinitive and behaves like a causative. 'Het bezoeken' is again a substantivized infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of pozitie","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of pozitie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pozitie","lemma":"positie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vermeden","gloss":"position"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vermeden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, modifying vermeden","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, modifying vermeden","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the agent koopman","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of koopman","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"koopman","lemma":"koopman","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of vermeden","gloss":"merchant"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of verstaat","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vak","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vak","lemma":"vak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verstaat","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"verstaat","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"head of relative clause modifying koopman","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of zooveel mogelyk, modifying vermeden","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"part of zooveel mogelyk, modifying vermeden","gloss":"possible","note":"Historical spelling of modern “mogelijk”."},{"surface":"vermeden","lemma":"vermijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive clause","gloss":"avoided"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies denkbeeld","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"head of parenthetical clause","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"part of ervan, complement of sprak","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of ervan, complement of sprak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of moge bewijzen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moge","gloss":"prove","note":"Historical spelling of modern “bewijzen”."},{"surface":"moge","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of bewijzen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of ontvankelijk","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ontvankelyk","lemma":"ontvankelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of iemand after laten","gloss":"susceptible","note":"Historical spelling of modern “ontvankelijk”."},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of nominalized bezoeken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bezoeken","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"subject of kan laten","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement de beurs of bezoeken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of beurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beurs","lemma":"beurs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Exchange"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of laten","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ontvankelijk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"menschlievende","lemma":"menslievend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural inflection","role":"modifies indrukken","gloss":"humane","note":"Historical spelling of modern “menslievende”."},{"surface":"indrukken","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking denkbeeld and dit","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h4-s70","source":"Bastiaans--dit is de derde bediende die zoo oud en stuntelig wordt--was den laatsten tyd, van de dertig dagen zeker geen vyf-en-twintig binnen geweest, en àls hy aan 't kantoor komt, doet hy nog dikwyls zyn werk slecht.","translation":"Bastiaans—this is the third clerk, who is growing so old and feeble—had of late, out of thirty days, certainly not been in for twenty-five, and when he does come to the office, he often does his work badly besides.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die zoo oud en stuntelig wordt","title":"Relative 'die' for a person","body":"'Die' opens a verb-final relative clause describing the clerk Bastiaans ('who is growing so old and feeble'), with the present 'wordt' at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"àls hy aan 't kantoor komt, doet hy ... slecht","title":"Fronted 'als'-clause → inversion","body":"When the conditional 'àls'-clause comes first, the main clause inverts: finite verb 'doet' second, subject 'hy' after it. This verb-second discipline holds however heavy the front element."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"was ... binnen geweest","title":"Pluperfect with 'zijn'","body":"'Was ... geweest' is the pluperfect of 'zijn' ('had been'); the separable-feeling 'binnen' precedes the participle. State and motion verbs take 'zijn', not 'hebben', as their perfect auxiliary."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bastiaans","lemma":"Bastiaans","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of was geweest and doet","gloss":"Bastiaans"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking dit and bediende","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of bediende","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"derde","lemma":"derde","morphology":"ordinal numeral, attributive","role":"modifies bediende","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"bediende","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"clerk"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of wordt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies oud and stuntelig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of wordt","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links oud and stuntelig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stuntelig","lemma":"stuntelig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated complement of wordt","gloss":"clumsy"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"head of relative clause modifying bediende","gloss":"is growing"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laatst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, attributive","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial of time modifying was geweest","gloss":"time","note":"Historical spelling of modern “tijd”; “den laatsten tyd” means “of late.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the total dertig dagen","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dertig","lemma":"dertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies dagen","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geen vyf-en-twintig","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determines omitted dagen after vyf-en-twintig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vyf-en-twintig","lemma":"vijfentwintig","morphology":"cardinal numeral, historical hyphenation","role":"head of quantified phrase with omitted dagen","gloss":"twenty-five","note":"Historical spelling and hyphenation of modern “vijfentwintig”."},{"surface":"binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of perfect was geweest","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"àls","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, emphatic","role":"introduces temporal clause with komt","gloss":"when","note":"The accent gives emphatic force: “when he does come.”"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of aan het kantoor, complement of komt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, elided","role":"determiner of kantoor","gloss":"the","note":"Elided form of “het”."},{"surface":"kantoor","lemma":"kantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"head of temporal clause introduced by àls","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds a further unfavorable fact","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doet","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doet","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doet","gloss":"badly"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h4-s71","source":"Als eerlyk man ben ik tegenover de firma--Last & Co, sedert de Meyers er uit zyn--verplicht te zorgen dat ieder zyn werk doe, en ik mag niet uit verkeerd begrepen medelyden of overgevoeligheid, het geld van de firma wegwerpen. Zóó is myn principe.","translation":"As an honest man I am bound to the firm—Last & Co, since the Meyers are out of it—to see that everyone does his work, and I may not, out of misplaced compassion or oversensitivity, throw away the firm's money. Such is my principle.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verplicht te zorgen dat ieder zyn werk doe","title":"te-infinitive + subjunctive 'doe'","body":"'Verplicht ... te zorgen' governs a te-infinitive ('bound to see to'); the dependent clause uses the archaic present subjunctive 'doe' ('that everyone do his work') rather than indicative 'doet'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik mag niet ... het geld van de firma wegwerpen","title":"Modal 'mag' + separable 'wegwerpen'","body":"The modal 'mag' (may) sends the separable infinitive 'wegwerpen' (to throw away) to the end. 'Niet' negates the whole verb, the typical placement for 'niet' over a definite object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the capacity phrase eerlyk man","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"eerlyk","lemma":"eerlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies man","gloss":"honest","note":"Historical spelling of modern “eerlijk”."},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of als, predicated of ik","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula with predicative verplicht","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"tegenover","lemma":"tegenover","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces firma as complement of verplicht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of firma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"firma","lemma":"firma","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tegenover","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of firm name in apposition to firma","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"Co","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second element of firm name","gloss":"Co"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause de Meyers er uit zyn","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Meyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Meyers","lemma":"Meyers","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"Meyers"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"part of eruit, complement of zyn","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of eruit, predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"head of clause introduced by sedert","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"verplicht","lemma":"verplicht","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of ben","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival marker","role":"introduces zorgen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zorgen","lemma":"zorgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of verplicht","gloss":"see to it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause with doe","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"head of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"does","note":"The form “doe” is a present subjunctive after “zorgen dat”."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of mag wegwerpen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wegwerpen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates mag wegwerpen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the motive medelyden or overgevoeligheid","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"verkeerd","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrepen","gloss":"wrongly"},{"surface":"begrepen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past participle, adjectival","role":"modifies medelyden","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"medelyden","lemma":"medelijden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"compassion","note":"Historical spelling of modern “medelijden”; “verkeerd begrepen medelijden” is misplaced compassion."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links medelyden and overgevoeligheid","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"overgevoeligheid","lemma":"overgevoeligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated complement of uit","gloss":"oversensitivity"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of geld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of wegwerpen","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessive complement de firma","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of firma","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"firma","lemma":"firma","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessive complement modifying geld","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"wegwerpen","lemma":"wegwerpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by mag","gloss":"throw away"},{"surface":"Zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"demonstrative adverb, emphatic","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"such","note":"Historical spelling of modern “zo”; here it means “such” or “that is how.”"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking principe and Zóó","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of principe","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"principe","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"principle"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h4-s72","source":"Ik geef liever dien Bastiaans uit myn eigen zak een driegulden, dan dat ik voortga hem de zevenhonderd gulden 's jaars uittebetalen die hy niet meer verdient.","translation":"I would sooner give that Bastiaans three guilders out of my own pocket than go on paying him the seven hundred guilders a year that he no longer earns.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik geef liever ... een driegulden, dan dat ik voortga ... uittebetalen","title":"Comparative 'liever ... dan'","body":"'Liever ... dan' ('rather ... than') is the comparative of preference. The second member 'dan dat ik voortga' opens a clause with the separable 'voortgaan' governing the joined te-infinitive 'uittebetalen' (the 1860 spelling glues 'uit te betalen')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de zevenhonderd gulden 's jaars","title":"'s jaars — genitive of time","body":"''s jaars' is a frozen genitive ('of the year', i.e. per year/annually), contracting 'des jaars'. The same -s genitive survives in ''s morgens', ''s avonds'. The gulden (guilder) was the Dutch currency."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of geef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geef","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of comparative construction","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"graag","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies geef in liever ... dan","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of Bastiaans","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Bastiaans","lemma":"Bastiaans","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"indirect object of geef","gloss":"Bastiaans"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source phrase myn eigen zak","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of zak","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies zak","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"zak","lemma":"zak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"pocket"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of driegulden","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"driegulden","lemma":"drie gulden","morphology":"cardinal numeral plus noun, plural","role":"direct object of geef","gloss":"three guilders","note":"“Een driegulden” is an amount of three guilders."},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"part of dan dat introducing comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of dan dat introducing clause with voortga","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of voortga","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voortga","lemma":"voortgaan","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"head of comparative clause; governs uittebetalen","gloss":"go on"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of uittebetalen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of gulden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zevenhonderd","lemma":"zevenhonderd","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies gulden","gloss":"seven hundred"},{"surface":"gulden","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, plural, invariant form","role":"direct object of uittebetalen","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, fossilized genitive form","role":"part of adverbial expression 's jaars","gloss":"a","note":"“'s” is the fossilized genitive article in “'s jaars,” meaning “per year.”"},{"surface":"jaars","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, singular, fossilized genitive","role":"part of adverbial expression 's jaars","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"uittebetalen","lemma":"uitbetalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of voortga","gloss":"paying","note":"The historical spelling “uittebetalen” writes modern “uit te betalen” as one word."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of verdient; antecedent zevenhonderd gulden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of verdient","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet meer, negating verdient","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet meer, modifying verdient","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"verdient","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"head of relative clause modifying zevenhonderd gulden","gloss":"earns"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h4-s73","source":"Ik heb uitgerekend dat die man sedert vier-en-dertig jaren, aan inkomen--zoo van Last & Co, als vroeger van Last & Meyer, maar de Meyers zyn er uit--de som van byna vyftien duizend gulden genoten heeft, en dit is voor een burgerman een aardig sommetje.","translation":"I have reckoned that this man, over the past thirty-four years, has drawn in income—whether from Last & Co or formerly from Last & Meyer, but the Meyers are out of it—the sum of nearly fifteen thousand guilders, and for a man of his station that is a tidy little sum.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sedert vier-en-dertig jaren","title":"Compound number + period plural 'jaren'","body":"'Vier-en-dertig' ('four-and-thirty', 34) shows the Dutch unit-before-ten counting order. 'Jaren' is the older plural of 'jaar', kept after a number where modern Dutch often uses the singular 'jaar'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de som ... genoten heeft","title":"Perfect 'heeft genoten' at clause end","body":"'Heeft genoten' (has drawn/enjoyed) is the perfect of the strong verb 'genieten'; in this 'dat'-clause it closes the clause after a long stretch of inserted material."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een aardig sommetje","title":"Diminutive 'sommetje'","body":"'Sommetje' is the diminutive of 'som' (sum), here ironically affectionate: 'a tidy little sum'. The -tje suffix can connote dearness or, as often in Droogstoppel, smug satisfaction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb uitgerekend","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of uitgerekend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"uitgerekend","lemma":"uitrekenen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of matrix clause","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause with genoten heeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of genoten heeft","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces duration vier-en-dertig jaren","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"vier-en-dertig","lemma":"vierendertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral, historical hyphenation","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"thirty-four","note":"Historical spelling and hyphenation of modern “vierendertig”."},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of sedert","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces respect phrase aan inkomen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"inkomen","lemma":"inkomen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of aan, specifying what was received","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"correlative adverb","role":"first part of zoo ... als","gloss":"both","note":"Historical spelling of modern “zo”; “zoo ... als” here means “both/whether ... and.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source Last & Co","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of firm name","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"Co","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second element of firm name","gloss":"Co"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"second part of zoo ... als","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies understood source relation","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source Last & Meyer","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of firm name","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Meyer","lemma":"Meyer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second element of firm name","gloss":"Meyer"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Meyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Meyers","lemma":"Meyers","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"Meyers"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"head of parenthetical clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"part of eruit, complement of zyn","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of eruit, predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of som","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of genoten","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement specifying the sum","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vyftien duizend","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"vyftien","lemma":"vijftien","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"combines with duizend to quantify gulden","gloss":"fifteen","note":"Historical spelling of modern “vijftien”."},{"surface":"duizend","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"combines with vyftien to quantify gulden","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"gulden","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, plural, invariant form","role":"complement of van","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"genoten","lemma":"genieten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of embedded perfect clause","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of genoten","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking dit and sommetje","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces perspective phrase een burgerman","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of burgerman","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"burgerman","lemma":"burgerman","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"man of his station","note":"Here “burgerman” means a respectable middle-class man of modest station."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of sommetje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"aardig","lemma":"aardig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies sommetje","gloss":"tidy"},{"surface":"sommetje","lemma":"sommetje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"little sum"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h4-s74","source":"Er zyn er weinig in dien stand, die zooveel bezitten. Recht tot klagen heeft hy dus niet.","translation":"Few in his station possess so much. He has, then, no right to complain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s74.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er zyn er weinig in dien stand, die zooveel bezitten","title":"Double 'er' + dative 'dien stand'","body":"The first 'er' is existential ('there are'), the second quantitative ('few of them'). 'In dien stand' keeps the old masculine dative 'dien' ('in that station/class')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Recht tot klagen heeft hy dus niet","title":"Fronting for emphasis + V2","body":"The object 'Recht tot klagen' is fronted for emphasis, so 'heeft' stands second and 'hy' inverts. 'Dus' here is the coordinating 'therefore', and 'niet' negates the whole."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"partitive pronoun","role":"partitive complement of weinig","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"notional subject of zyn","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces dien stand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of stand","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"stand","lemma":"stand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in, modifying weinig","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of bezitten; antecedent weinig","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of bezitten","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"bezitten","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"head of relative clause modifying weinig","gloss":"possess"},{"surface":"Recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitival complement klagen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"klagen","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tot modifying Recht","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of second sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the possession of Recht","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h4-s75","source":"Ik ben op deze berekening gekomen door dat stuk van Sjaalman over de multiplikatie. Die Sjaalman schryft een goede hand, dacht ik.","translation":"I arrived at this calculation through that piece of Shawlman's on multiplication. That Shawlman writes a good hand, thought I.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ben op deze berekening gekomen","title":"Perfect with 'zijn': 'ben ... gekomen'","body":"'Komen' (to come), a verb of motion, forms its perfect with 'zijn', not 'hebben': 'ik ben ... gekomen'. 'Deze berekening' uses the near demonstrative 'deze' for a de-word."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"schryft een goede hand","title":"een goede hand schrijven","body":"Idiom: 'een goede hand schryven' = to write a good (legible) hand. Droogstoppel admires Sjaalman's penmanship while remaining indifferent to the ideas it carries."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gekomen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of op ... komen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of berekening","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"berekening","lemma":"berekening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"calculation"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with ben","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking means","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking author","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking topic","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of multiplikatie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"multiplikatie","lemma":"multiplicatie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of over","gloss":"multiplication","note":"An older spelling of modern Dutch ‘multiplicatie’."},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of schryft","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"schryft","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"writes","note":"An older spelling of modern Dutch ‘schrijft’."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies hand","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schryft","gloss":"handwriting","note":"Here ‘hand’ means handwriting."},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h4-s76","source":"Bovendien, hy zag er armoedig uit, en wist niet hoe laat het was ... hoe zou 't wezen, dacht ik, als ik hem de plaats van Bastiaans gaf?","translation":"Besides, he looked shabby, and did not know what time it was ... how would it be, thought I, if I gave him Bastiaans's place?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wist niet hoe laat het was","title":"Impersonal 'het' in 'hoe laat het was'","body":"'Hoe laat is het?' ('what time is it?') uses dummy 'het' as in time and weather expressions. In this indirect question the verb 'was' moves to the end: 'hoe laat het was'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe zou 't wezen ... als ik hem de plaats ... gaf","title":"Conditional 'zou' + simple-past condition","body":"'Hoe zou 't wezen' is the conditional ('how would it be'); the 'als'-clause uses the simple past 'gaf' (strong past of 'geven') to frame a hypothetical present condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"modifies the following clause","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of zag ... uit","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"part of er ... uitzien","gloss":"in appearance"},{"surface":"armoedig","lemma":"armoedig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zag ... uit","gloss":"shabby"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zag ... uit","gloss":"outwardly","note":"With ‘zag er ... uit’, this forms the idiom ‘looked ...’."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zag and wist","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with zag","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negating adverb","role":"negates wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies laat","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het and laat","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular, elided","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"it","note":"Elided form of ‘het’."},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking possession","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bastiaans","lemma":"Bastiaans","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Bastiaans"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of conditional clause","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h4-s77","source":"Ik zou hem in dat geval zeggen dat hy my \"m'nheer\" moest noemen, maar dit zou hyzelf wel begrypen, want een bediende kan toch zyn patroon niet by den naam aanspreken, en hy ware misschien voor zyn leven geholpen.","translation":"In that case I would tell him that he must call me \"sir,\" but this he would understand of his own accord, for a clerk cannot, after all, address his employer by name, and he would perhaps be provided for the rest of his life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy my \"m'nheer\" moest noemen","title":"Modal 'moest' to the end","body":"In this 'dat'-clause the modal 'moest' (had to) drives the bare infinitive 'noemen' to the clause-final cluster: 'moest noemen' ('must call me sir')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een bediende kan toch zyn patroon niet by den naam aanspreken","title":"Separable 'aanspreken' + negation","body":"The modal 'kan' sends the separable infinitive 'aanspreken' (to address) to the end; 'niet' negates the act. 'By den naam' again preserves the dative 'den'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hyzelf","title":"Emphatic reflexive 'hyzelf'","body":"'Hyzelf' joins the pronoun 'hy' (1860 for 'hij') with 'zelf' for emphasis ('he himself'). It is an intensifier, distinct from the reflexive 'zich'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of in dat geval","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zou","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of noemen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, first-person singular","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, contracted","role":"object complement of my","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of noemen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with moest","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links contrasting clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, accusative","role":"fronted direct object of begrypen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of begrypen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of begrypen","gloss":"he himself","note":"An older spelling of modern Dutch ‘hijzelf’."},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies begrypen","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"begrypen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zou","gloss":"understand","note":"An older spelling of modern Dutch ‘begrijpen’."},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of bediende","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bediende","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aanspreken","gloss":"clerk"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of aanspreken","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies kan aanspreken","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of patroon","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"patroon","lemma":"patroon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanspreken","gloss":"employer"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negating adverb","role":"negates kan aanspreken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of bij den naam","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of by","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"aanspreken","lemma":"aanspreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with kan","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the final clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"copula linking hy and geholpen","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ware geholpen","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of voor zijn leven","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of leven","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"geholpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative participle with ware","gloss":"provided for","note":"‘Voor zijn leven geholpen’ means financially provided for for life."}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h4-s78","source":"Hy zou kunnen beginnen met vier- of vyfhonderd gulden--onze Bastiaans heeft ook lang gewerkt voor hy tot zevenhonderd opklom--en ik had een goede daad gedaan.","translation":"He might begin at four or five hundred guilders—our Bastiaans, too, worked a long while before he rose to seven hundred—and I should have done a good deed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor hy tot zevenhonderd opklom","title":"Separable 'opklimmen' in a 'voor'-clause","body":"'Voor' (here 'before') opens a verb-final clause ending in 'opklom', the strong past of the separable 'opklimmen' (to rise/climb up to a figure)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik had een goede daad gedaan","title":"Pluperfect 'had ... gedaan'","body":"'Had ... gedaan' is the pluperfect of 'doen' ('had done'), here in a hypothetical sense ('I should have done a good deed'). The participle 'gedaan' closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of beginnen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of kunnen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of beginnen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"beginnen","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zou kunnen","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking starting salary","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"vier","lemma":"vier","morphology":"cardinal numeral, clipped compound","role":"first coordinate modifying gulden","gloss":"four hundred","note":"The hyphen shows that ‘honderd’ is understood from ‘vyfhonderd’."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links vier and vyfhonderd","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"vyfhonderd","lemma":"vijfhonderd","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"second coordinate modifying gulden","gloss":"five hundred","note":"An older spelling of modern Dutch ‘vijfhonderd’."},{"surface":"gulden","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural after numeral","role":"complement of met","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person plural, inflected","role":"determiner of Bastiaans","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Bastiaans","lemma":"Bastiaans","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of heeft gewerkt","gloss":"Bastiaans"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewerkt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft gewerkt","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewerkt","gloss":"a long while"},{"surface":"gewerkt","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with heeft","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of opklom","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking attained amount","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zevenhonderd","lemma":"zevenhonderd","morphology":"cardinal numeral, nominal use","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"seven hundred"},{"surface":"opklom","lemma":"opklimmen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of temporal clause","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gedaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"should have"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of daad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies daad","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"daad","lemma":"daad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"deed"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with had","gloss":"done"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h4-s79","source":"Ja, met driehonderd gulden zou hy wel kunnen beginnen, want daar hy nooit in zaken geweest is, zou hy de eerste jaren als leertyd kunnen beschouwen, wat dan ook billyk is, want hy kan zich niet gelyk-stellen met menschen die veel gewerkt hebben.","translation":"Yes, with three hundred guilders he might well begin, for since he has never been in business, he could regard the first years as an apprenticeship, which is only fair too, for he cannot put himself on a level with people who have worked a great deal.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar hy nooit in zaken geweest is","title":"Causal 'daar' + perfect 'is geweest'","body":"'Daar' here is the archaic/literary causal conjunction 'since/because', opening a verb-final clause. 'Geweest is' is the perfect of 'zijn', with 'nooit' as the lone negator."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou hy de eerste jaren als leertyd kunnen beschouwen","title":"Conditional + modal verb cluster","body":"'Zou ... kunnen beschouwen' stacks the conditional 'zou' with modal 'kunnen' and the infinitive 'beschouwen' ('could regard') at the clause end — three verbs in sequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy kan zich niet gelyk-stellen","title":"Reflexive 'zich' with 'gelyk-stellen'","body":"'Zich gelyk-stellen' (to put oneself on a level) uses the 3rd-person reflexive 'zich'. The separable 'gelyk-stellen' and 'zich' both sit in the middle field before the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking starting salary","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"driehonderd","lemma":"driehonderd","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies gulden","gloss":"three hundred"},{"surface":"gulden","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural after numeral","role":"complement of met","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of kunnen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of beginnen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies zou kunnen beginnen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of beginnen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"beginnen","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zou kunnen","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"since","note":"Here ‘daar’ is a formal causal conjunction meaning ‘since’."},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of is geweest","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is geweest","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of in zaken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"business","note":"The expression ‘in zaken zijn’ means to be in business."},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with is","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of kunnen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of beschouwen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of jaren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of beschouwen","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object complement","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"leertyd","lemma":"leertijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement after als","gloss":"apprenticeship","note":"An older spelling of modern Dutch ‘leertijd’."},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of beschouwen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"beschouwen","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zou kunnen","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"part of dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"billyk","lemma":"billijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"fair","note":"An older spelling of modern Dutch ‘billijk’."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wat and billyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of gelyk-stellen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gelyk-stellen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive direct object of gelyk-stellen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negating adverb","role":"negates gelyk-stellen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gelyk-stellen","lemma":"gelijkstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with kan","gloss":"put on a level","note":"An older spelling and hyphenation of modern Dutch ‘gelijkstellen’."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking comparison","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of met","gloss":"people","note":"An older spelling of modern Dutch ‘mensen’."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of hebben gewerkt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying adverb","role":"modifies gewerkt","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"gewerkt","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gewerkt","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h4-s80","source":"Ik ben zeker dat hy met tweehonderd gulden tevreden zou zyn.","translation":"I am sure he would be content with two hundred guilders.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy met tweehonderd gulden tevreden zou zyn","title":"Conditional 'zou zyn' at clause end","body":"In this 'dat'-clause the conditional 'zou zyn' ('would be') closes the clause after the predicate 'tevreden'. Droogstoppel's escalating self-serving downward bidding is the joke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Ik and zeker","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of ben","gloss":"sure"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of zeker","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking basis of contentment","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"tweehonderd","lemma":"tweehonderd","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies gulden","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"gulden","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural after numeral","role":"complement of met","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"tevreden","lemma":"tevreden","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of zyn","gloss":"content"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking hy and tevreden","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h4-s81","source":"Maar ik was niet gerust over zyn gedrag ... hy had een sjaal om. En bovendien, ik wist niet waar hy woonde.","translation":"But I was not easy about his conduct ... he wore a shawl. And besides, I did not know where he lived.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik was niet gerust over zyn gedrag","title":"Possessive 'zyn' (period spelling)","body":"'Zyn' is the 1860 spelling of the possessive 'zijn' ('his'), with y for ij. The phrase 'niet gerust over' means 'not easy/comfortable about'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"hy had een sjaal om","title":"een sjaal om hebben — the Shawlman motif","body":"The throwaway 'hy had een sjaal om' (he wore a shawl) is the running detail that earns the man his nickname 'Sjaalman' (Shawlman/Scarfman). 'Om hebben' = to have on/be wearing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik and gerust","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negating adverb","role":"negates gerust","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gerust","lemma":"gerust","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking concern","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of gedrag","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gedrag","lemma":"gedrag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of over","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the clause","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of sjaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sjaal","lemma":"sjaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"shawl"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"particle completing had ... om","gloss":"around him","note":"‘Een sjaal om hebben’ means to be wearing a shawl around oneself."},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an additional clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"modifies the following clause","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of main clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negating adverb","role":"negates wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"locative complement of woonde","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of woonde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"woonde","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of indirect question","gloss":"lived"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h4-s82","source":"Een paar dagen daarna, waren de jonge Stern en Frits te zamen op een boekverkooping geweest in het Wapen van Bern.","translation":"A few days afterwards, young Stern and Frits had been together at a book auction in the Wapen van Bern.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waren ... te zamen op een boekverkooping geweest","title":"Pluperfect with 'zijn'","body":"'Waren ... geweest' is the pluperfect of 'zijn' ('had been'); 'te zamen' (modern 'tezamen/samen') means 'together'. The participle 'geweest' closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"quantifying noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies dagen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"head of temporal adjunct","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"daarna","lemma":"daarna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren geweest","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Stern","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies Stern","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of waren geweest","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Stern and Frits","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"second coordinated subject of waren geweest","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"part of te zamen","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"zamen","lemma":"samen","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"part of te zamen","gloss":"together","note":"‘Te zamen’ is the older spelling of modern Dutch ‘tezamen’, meaning ‘together’."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking event attended","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of boekverkooping","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"boekverkooping","lemma":"boekverkoping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"book auction","note":"An older spelling of modern Dutch ‘boekverkoping’."},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with waren","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking venue","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Wapen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Wapen","lemma":"Wapen","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"head of venue name and complement of in","gloss":"Arms"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of venue name","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bern","lemma":"Bern","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of van in venue name","gloss":"Bern"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h4-s83","source":"Ik had Frits verboden iets te koopen, maar Stern, die ruim zakgeld heeft, kwam met eenige prullen t'huis. Dit is zyn zaak.","translation":"I had forbidden Frits to buy anything, but Stern, who has plenty of pocket money, came home with a few trifles. That is his affair.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik had Frits verboden iets te koopen","title":"Pluperfect + te-infinitive complement","body":"'Had ... verboden' is the pluperfect of 'verbieden' (to forbid), which governs the te-infinitive 'te koopen' ('to buy'). The participle 'verboden' precedes its infinitive complement."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Stern, die ruim zakgeld heeft, kwam ... t'huis","title":"Relative 'die' + separable 't'huis komen'","body":"'Die' opens a verb-final relative clause ('who has plenty of pocket money'). 'Kwam ... t'huis' separates 't'huis' (modern 'thuis') to the end, as a separable directional element."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verboden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verboden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of verboden","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"verboden","lemma":"verbieden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"forbidden"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of koopen","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive koopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"koopen","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of verboden","gloss":"buy"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ruim","lemma":"ruim","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies zakgeld","gloss":"plenty of"},{"surface":"zakgeld","lemma":"zakgeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"pocket money"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on Stern","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prullen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of prullen","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"prullen","lemma":"prul","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"t'huis","lemma":"thuis","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of kwam","gloss":"home","note":"Historical contracted spelling of thuis."},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dit to zaak","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zaak","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"affair"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h4-s84","source":"Doch zie, daar vertelde Frits dat hy Sjaalman gezien had, die by de verkooping geëmploieerd scheen. Hy had de boeken uit de kasten genomen, en die op de lange tafel voortgeschoven naar den afslager.","translation":"But behold, Frits then related that he had seen Shawlman, who appeared to be employed at the auction. He had been taking the books out of the cases and pushing them down the long table toward the auctioneer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch zie, daar vertelde Frits","title":"Archaic 'doch' + inversion after 'daar'","body":"'Doch' is the literary/archaic 'but/yet'. The fronted adverb 'daar' triggers verb-second inversion: 'vertelde Frits' rather than 'Frits vertelde'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die by de verkooping geëmploieerd scheen","title":"Relative 'die' + 'schijnen' + participle","body":"'Die ... scheen' is a verb-final relative clause ('who seemed'); 'geëmploieerd' is the past participle (a Frenchified 'employed') in a passive-like state. Note the period spelling of the loanword."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had de boeken ... voortgeschoven","title":"Pluperfect of separable 'voortschuiven'","body":"'Had ... voortgeschoven' is the pluperfect ('had pushed forward') of the separable 'voortschuiven'; the prefix 'voort-' rejoins the participle 'geschoven' as 'voortgeschoven'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence contrastively to the preceding one","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"behold"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying vertelde","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"vertelde","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vertelde","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verkooping","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verkooping","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verkooping","lemma":"verkoping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"auction"},{"surface":"geëmploieerd","lemma":"employeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of scheen","gloss":"employed","note":"Archaic borrowing meaning employed."},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on Sjaalman","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of genomen and voortgeschoven","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of genomen and voortgeschoven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boeken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boeken","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of genomen","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kasten","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kasten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kasten","lemma":"kast","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"first coordinated past participle","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of voortgeschoven","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the path over tafel","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tafel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lange","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies tafel","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"tafel","lemma":"tafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"voortgeschoven","lemma":"voortschuiven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with genomen","gloss":"pushed"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afslager","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique","role":"determiner of afslager","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afslager","lemma":"afslager","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"auctioneer"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h4-s85","source":"Frits zei dat hy zeer bleek zag, en dat een heer die daar het opzicht scheen te hebben, hem bekeven had, omdat hy een paar jaargangen van de Aglaia had laten vallen, wat ik dan ook zeer onhandig vind, want dit is een allerliefste verzameling van dames handwerken. Marie heeft het samen met de Rosemeyers, die in suiker doen.","translation":"Frits said that he looked very pale, and that a gentleman who seemed to have charge there had scolded him, because he had let a couple of volumes of the Aglaia fall, which I also think very clumsy, for it is a most delightful collection of ladies' handiwork. Marie has it together with the Rosemeyers, who deal in sugar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een heer die ... het opzicht scheen te hebben, hem bekeven had","title":"Nested relative + 'schijnen te' + pluperfect","body":"Inside the relative clause 'schijnen' takes a te-infinitive ('scheen te hebben'); the main verb 'bekeven had' is the pluperfect of the strong 'bekijven' (to scold). Multiple verb-final clauses nest here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat hy ... had laten vallen","title":"Causal 'omdat' + 'laten' + bare infinitive","body":"'Omdat' opens a verb-final clause; 'had laten vallen' (had let fall/dropped) shows causative/permissive 'laten' taking a bare infinitive 'vallen', with the whole cluster at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bleek","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"bleek","lemma":"bleek","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zag","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first dat-clause","gloss":"looked","note":"Bleek zien means to look pale."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bekeven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bekeven","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opzicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opzicht","lemma":"opzicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on heer","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of scheen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bekeven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"bekeven","lemma":"bekijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second dat-clause","gloss":"scolded","note":"Bekeven is an archaic past participle of bekijven, “to scold.”"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bekeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of laten","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had laten vallen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"quantifying noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantifier of jaargangen","gloss":"couple of"},{"surface":"jaargangen","lemma":"jaargang","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"volumes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Aglaia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Aglaia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Aglaia","lemma":"Aglaia","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Aglaia"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of laten vallen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the omdat-clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laten","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying vind","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vind","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onhandig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"onhandig","lemma":"onhandig","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vind","gloss":"clumsy"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by wat","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to verzameling","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzameling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"allerliefste","lemma":"allerliefst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, attributive","role":"modifies verzameling","gloss":"most delightful","note":"Allerliefste is an emphatic superlative: “most delightful.”"},{"surface":"verzameling","lemma":"verzameling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"collection"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handwerken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dames","lemma":"dame","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"possessive modifier of handwerken","gloss":"ladies'"},{"surface":"handwerken","lemma":"handwerk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"handiwork"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"samen","lemma":"samen","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying heeft","gloss":"jointly"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rosemeyers","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Rosemeyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rosemeyers","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"Rosemeyers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed expression in suiker doen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on Rosemeyers","gloss":"deal","note":"In suiker doen means to deal in sugar."}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h4-s86","source":"Ze knoopt er uit ... uit de Aglaia meen ik. Maar onder dat kyven had Frits gehoord dat hy vyftien stuivers daags verdiende.","translation":"She copies patterns out of it ... out of the Aglaia, I mean. But amid that scolding Frits had heard that he earned fifteen stivers a day.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze knoopt er uit ... uit de Aglaia","title":"'er ... uit' then a full PP","body":"'Knoopt er uit' uses 'er' to stand in for 'uit de Aglaia', then Droogstoppel restates the full prepositional phrase for clarity. 'Eruit knopen' here = to copy/work patterns out of it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"onder dat kyven had Frits gehoord","title":"Fronted PP + pluperfect inversion","body":"The fronted phrase 'onder dat kyven' ('amid that scolding') forces inversion: the pluperfect auxiliary 'had' stands second, 'Frits' after it, and the participle 'gehoord' closes the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vyftien stuivers daags","title":"stuiver — a small coin","body":"A stuiver was a five-cent coin (twenty to the guilder). 'Vyftien stuivers daags' ('fifteen stivers a day') is a meagre wage, which Droogstoppel coolly annualizes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of knoopt","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"knoopt","lemma":"knopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"copies patterns","note":"Here knopen refers to reproducing needlework patterns."},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement paired with uit","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"forms eruit with er","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Aglaia","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Aglaia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Aglaia","lemma":"Aglaia","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"Aglaia"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence contrastively to the preceding one","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kyven","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kyven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kyven","lemma":"kijven","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"scolding","note":"Historical spelling of kijven, here used as a noun meaning scolding."},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gehoord","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verdiende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verdiende","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vyftien","lemma":"vijftien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies stuivers","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"stuivers","lemma":"stuiver","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verdiende","gloss":"stivers"},{"surface":"daags","lemma":"daags","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency adverb modifying verdiende","gloss":"a day","note":"Daags means “per day” or “a day.”"},{"surface":"verdiende","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"earned"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h4-s87","source":"\"Denk je dat ik van plan ben vyftien stuivers daags aan jou weg te gooien?\" had die heer gezegd.","translation":"\"Do you think I mean to throw away fifteen stivers a day on you?\" the gentleman had said.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Denk je dat ik van plan ben ... weg te gooien?","title":"te-infinitive after 'van plan zijn'","body":"'Van plan zyn' (to intend) governs a te-infinitive: 'van plan ben ... weg te gooien' (intend to throw away). 'Weggooien' is separable, so 'te' inserts between prefix and verb: 'weg te gooien'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Denk je ... had die heer gezegd","title":"Pronoun 'je' vs reported 'had ... gezegd'","body":"The quoted speech uses informal 'je' ('do you think'); the narration frames it with the pluperfect 'had ... gezegd' (had said). 'Je' is the everyday 'you', beside the literary 'gy/ge' elsewhere."}],"words":[{"surface":"Denk","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Think"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Denk","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ben","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed expression van plan zijn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plan","lemma":"plan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van in van plan zijn","gloss":"intending","note":"Van plan zijn means “to intend.”"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"vyftien","lemma":"vijftien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies stuivers","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"stuivers","lemma":"stuiver","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of weggooien","gloss":"stivers"},{"surface":"daags","lemma":"daags","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency adverb modifying weggooien","gloss":"a day","note":"Daags means “per day” or “a day.”"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jou as the person money is spent on","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"jou","lemma":"jou","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of gooien","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of weggooien","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive gooien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gooien","lemma":"weggooien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of van plan ben","gloss":"throw"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h4-s88","source":"Ik rekende uit, dat vyftien stuivers daags--ik denk dat de zon-en feestdagen niet meetellen, anders had hy een maand of jaargeld genoemd--tweehonderd vyf-en-twintig gulden 's jaars uitmaken.","translation":"I reckoned out that fifteen stivers a day—I suppose the Sundays and holidays do not count, otherwise he would have named a monthly or yearly wage—come to two hundred and twenty-five guilders a year.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik denk dat de zon-en feestdagen niet meetellen","title":"Separable 'meetellen' in a 'dat'-clause","body":"'Meetellen' (to count along, to be counted in) is separable but stays joined in the verb-final position of the 'dat'-clause: 'niet meetellen' ('do not count'), with 'niet' as negator."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"anders had hy een maand- of jaargeld genoemd","title":"Fronted 'anders' + pluperfect inversion","body":"'Anders' ('otherwise') is fronted, inverting to 'had hy ... genoemd' (would have named), a counterfactual pluperfect. 'Maand- of jaargeld' shows compound-shortening with a hanging hyphen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of rekende","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"rekende","lemma":"rekenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of uitrekenen","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uitmaken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vyftien","lemma":"vijftien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies stuivers","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"stuivers","lemma":"stuiver","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the subject phrase of uitmaken","gloss":"stivers"},{"surface":"daags","lemma":"daags","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency modifier of the amount","gloss":"a day","note":"Daags means “per day” or “a day.”"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"denk","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of meetellen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon-en","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon-en","lemma":"zondag + en","morphology":"truncated plural noun plus conjunction","role":"first coordinated subject plus coordinator","gloss":"Sundays and","note":"Zon- abbreviates zondagen before the shared ending in zon- en feestdagen."},{"surface":"feestdagen","lemma":"feestdag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"second coordinated subject of meetellen","gloss":"holidays"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meetellen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meetellen","lemma":"meetellen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"conditional adverb modifying genoemd","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of genoemd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of genoemd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maand","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"maand","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated direct object of genoemd","gloss":"monthly wage","note":"Maand is elliptical here for maandgeld, a monthly wage."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"jaargeld","lemma":"jaargeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second coordinated direct object of genoemd","gloss":"yearly wage"},{"surface":"genoemd","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the conditional parenthetical clause","gloss":"named"},{"surface":"tweehonderd","lemma":"tweehonderd","morphology":"numeral","role":"first numeral modifying gulden","gloss":"two hundred"},{"surface":"vyf-en-twintig","lemma":"vijfentwintig","morphology":"numeral","role":"second numeral modifying gulden","gloss":"twenty-five"},{"surface":"gulden","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative amount complement of uitmaken","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"contracted genitive article","role":"forms the adverbial expression 's jaars","gloss":"per","note":"'s is a contraction of the old genitive article des."},{"surface":"jaars","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, genitive singular","role":"head of the adverbial expression 's jaars","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"uitmaken","lemma":"uitmaken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the complement clause of rekende uit","gloss":"come to"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h4-s89","source":"Ik ben snel in myn besluiten--als men zoo lang in zaken is, weet men altyd terstond wat men te doen heeft--en den volgenden morgen vroeg was ik by Gaafzuiger. Zoo heet de boekhandelaar die de verkooping gehouden had.","translation":"I am quick in my decisions—when one has been in business so long, one always knows at once what one has to do—and early the next morning I was at Gaafzuiger's. That is the name of the bookseller who had held the auction.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als men zoo lang in zaken is, weet men altyd terstond wat men te doen heeft","title":"Impersonal 'men' + fronted 'als'-clause","body":"The fronted 'als'-clause inverts the main clause to 'weet men'. 'Men' (one) recurs three times; the final 'wat men te doen heeft' is a verb-final indirect question with the te-construction 'te doen heeft'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"was ik by Gaafzuiger","title":"Inversion after fronted time phrase","body":"After 'den volgenden morgen vroeg' (early the next morning), the verb 'was' stands second and 'ik' inverts. 'By Gaafzuiger' uses 'by' (= bij) with a name to mean 'at Gaafzuiger's'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"copula linking Ik to snel","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"snel","lemma":"snel","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of ben","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement myn besluiten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of besluiten","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"besluiten","lemma":"besluit","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"decisions"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces adverbial clause of is","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement zaken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of als-clause","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of heeft","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links weet-clause to was-clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of morgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies morgen","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"temporal adjunct of was","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement Gaafzuiger","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Gaafzuiger","lemma":"Gaafzuiger","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"Gaafzuiger's"},{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of heet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"heet","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"is named"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boekhandelaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boekhandelaar","lemma":"boekhandelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of heet","gloss":"bookseller"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of had gehouden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verkooping","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verkooping","lemma":"verkoping","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of gehouden","gloss":"auction"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of gehouden","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h4-s90","source":"Ik vroeg naar den man die de Aglaia had laten vallen. --Die heeft zyn congé, zei Gaafzuiger.","translation":"I asked after the man who had let the Aglaia fall. —He has had his dismissal, said Gaafzuiger.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik vroeg naar den man die de Aglaia had laten vallen","title":"Dative 'den man' + relative + 'laten vallen'","body":"'Naar den man' keeps the old dative 'den'. The relative clause ends in 'had laten vallen' ('had dropped'), with causative 'laten' + bare infinitive 'vallen' in the verb-final cluster."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Die heeft zyn congé","title":"congé — dismissal","body":"'Congé' (French loanword) means leave or dismissal; 'zyn congé hebben' = to have been given the sack. Gaafzuiger reports Sjaalman has already been fired."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement den man","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of had laten vallen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Aglaia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Aglaia","lemma":"Aglaia","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of laten vallen","gloss":"Aglaia"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of laten vallen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive replacing past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of reply","gloss":"has had"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of congé","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"congé","lemma":"congé","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"dismissal","note":"Congé is a French loanword here meaning dismissal from employment."},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"reporting verb for preceding speech","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Gaafzuiger","lemma":"Gaafzuiger","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Gaafzuiger"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h4-s91","source":"Hy was lui, pedant en ziekelyk. Ik kocht een doosjen ouwels, en besloot terstond het met onzen Bastiaans nog wat aantezien.","translation":"He was lazy, pedantic, and sickly. I bought a little box of wafers, and resolved at once to look a while longer at our Bastiaans.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een doosjen ouwels","title":"Diminutive 'doosjen'","body":"'Doosjen' is the 1860 spelling of the diminutive 'doosje' (little box), from 'doos'. Diminutives are always neuter het-words. 'Ouwels' are wafers (for sealing letters)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"besloot terstond het ... aantezien","title":"te-infinitive of separable 'aanzien'","body":"'Besluiten' governs a te-infinitive; 'aantezien' is the 1860 joined spelling of 'aan te zien' (to look at a while longer / give more time), with 'te' inside the separable verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking Hy to adjectives","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"lazy"},{"surface":"pedant","lemma":"pedant","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated complement of was","gloss":"pedantic"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links pedant and ziekelyk","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ziekelyk","lemma":"ziekelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated complement of was","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of kocht and besloot","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kocht","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"bought"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of doosjen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"doosjen","lemma":"doosje","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of kocht","gloss":"little box"},{"surface":"ouwels","lemma":"ouwel","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"partitive complement of doosjen","gloss":"of wafers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links kocht and besloot","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"besloot","lemma":"besluiten","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"coordinated with kocht","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies besloot","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of aantezien","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement onzen Bastiaans","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"onzen","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural, historical inflected form","role":"determiner of Bastiaans","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Bastiaans","lemma":"Bastiaans","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"Bastiaans"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aantezien","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aantezien","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"aantezien","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical fused spelling","role":"infinitive complement of besloot","gloss":"to look at"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h4-s92","source":"Ik kon er niet toe besluiten, een oud man zoo op-straat te zetten.","translation":"I could not bring myself to put an old man out into the street like that.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik kon er niet toe besluiten ... op-straat te zetten","title":"'er ... toe' + te-infinitive","body":"'Er ... toe besluiten' uses the pronominal 'er ... toe' ('bring oneself to it'); 'toe' is the prepositional element split from 'er'. The action follows as a te-infinitive 'op-straat te zetten'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of kon besluiten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of besluiten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement paired with toe","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kon besluiten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"forms ertoe with er as complement of besluiten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"besluiten","lemma":"besluiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies man","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of zetten","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner adjunct of zetten","gloss":"like that"},{"surface":"op-straat","lemma":"op straat","morphology":"adverbial prepositional phrase, historical hyphenation","role":"directional complement of zetten","gloss":"into the street"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zetten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zetten","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of besluiten","gloss":"put"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h4-s93","source":"Streng, maar, waar het wezen kan, zachtmoedig, is altyd myn principe geweest.","translation":"Strict, but, where it can be so, gentle—that has always been my principle.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar het wezen kan","title":"Verb-final relative 'waar ... kan'","body":"'Waar het wezen kan' ('where it can be so') is a verb-final clause with the modal 'kan' at the end and archaic 'wezen' for 'zijn'. The aphorism's chiastic form is Droogstoppel's pet 'principe'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"is altyd myn principe geweest","title":"Perfect 'is geweest' with fronted predicate","body":"The predicate 'Streng, maar ... zachtmoedig' is fronted, so 'is' stands second and the participle 'geweest' closes the perfect ('has always been my principle')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Streng","lemma":"streng","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"first element of motto functioning as subject of is geweest","gloss":"Strict"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"contrasts Streng with zachtmoedig","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces adverbial clause of kan","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic variant of zijn","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"be so"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of waar-clause","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"zachtmoedig","lemma":"zachtmoedig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"contrasted with Streng","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is geweest","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of principe","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"principe","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"predicative complement of is geweest","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"been"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h4-s94","source":"Ik verzuim echter nooit, iets te vernemen wat te-pas kan komen in de zaken, en daarom vroeg ik aan Gaafzuiger waar die Sjaalman woonde? Hy gaf my 't adres, en ik schreef het op.","translation":"I never neglect, however, to find out anything that may come in useful in business, and so I asked Gaafzuiger where that Shawlman lived. He gave me the address, and I wrote it down.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik verzuim echter nooit, iets te vernemen wat te-pas kan komen","title":"'nooit' negation + te-infinitive","body":"'Nooit' (never) is the single negator with present 'verzuim'; 'te vernemen' is the te-infinitive object. The trailing 'wat ... kan komen' is a free relative ('anything that may be useful')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vroeg ik aan Gaafzuiger waar die Sjaalman woonde","title":"Indirect question 'waar ... woonde'","body":"'Waar die Sjaalman woonde' is a verb-final indirect question ending in the simple past 'woonde'. 'Die Sjaalman' carries the dismissive demonstrative 'die'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of verzuim","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verzuim","lemma":"verzuimen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"neglect"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzuim","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzuim","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of vernemen","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vernemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vernemen","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verzuim","gloss":"find out"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of kan komen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"te-pas","lemma":"te pas","morphology":"adverbial expression, historical hyphenation","role":"forms idiom te pas komen","gloss":"useful","note":"Te pas komen means ‘to come in useful’."},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of komen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"come in"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement de zaken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links verzuim-clause to vroeg-clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vroeg","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces addressee Gaafzuiger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Gaafzuiger","lemma":"Gaafzuiger","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Gaafzuiger"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"location complement of woonde","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of woonde","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"woonde","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, reduced form","role":"determiner of adres","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adres","lemma":"adres","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links gaf and schreef","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of schreef","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of opschrijven with schreef","gloss":"down"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h4-s95","source":"Ik peinsde gedurig over myn boek, maar daar ik van waarheid houd, moet ik ronduit zeggen dat ik niet wist, hoe ik 't daarmee zou aanleggen. Eén ding staat vast: de bouwstoffen die ik in Sjaalman's pak gevonden had, waren belangryk voor de makelaars in koffi.","translation":"I brooded continually over my book, but since I am fond of the truth, I must say outright that I did not know how I should go about it. One thing is certain: the materials I had found in Shawlman's parcel were of importance to the coffee brokers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar ik van waarheid houd","title":"Causal 'daar' + fixed 'houden van'","body":"'Daar' is the literary causal 'since'; it sends 'houd' to the end of the clause. 'Houden van' (to be fond of) is a fixed verb-preposition pair, not matching English word for word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe ik 't daarmee zou aanleggen","title":"'daarmee' + conditional + separable 'aanleggen'","body":"'Daarmee' ('with it') is a pronominal adverb; 'zou aanleggen' is the conditional of the separable 'aanleggen' ('how I should go about it'), with the cluster at the end of the indirect question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of peinsde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"peinsde","lemma":"peinzen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"brooded"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies peinsde","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement myn boek","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links peinsde-clause to moet-clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of houd","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement waarheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"am fond"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of moet zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ronduit","lemma":"ronduit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"outright"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of dat-clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"manner complement of aanleggen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of zou aanleggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, reduced form","role":"direct object of aanleggen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"daarmee","lemma":"daarmee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of aanleggen","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of aanleggen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"aanleggen","lemma":"aanleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"go about"},{"surface":"Eén","lemma":"één","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies ding","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"ding","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vast","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"particle in idiom vaststaan","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bouwstoffen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bouwstoffen","lemma":"bouwstof","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"materials"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of had gevonden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement Sjaalman's pak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Sjaalman's","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, singular possessive","role":"possessor of pak","gloss":"Shawlman's"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"copula linking bouwstoffen to belangryk","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"belangryk","lemma":"belangrijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of waren","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement de makelaars","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of makelaars","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"makelaars","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"brokers"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of in, modifying makelaars","gloss":"coffee"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h4-s96","source":"De vraag was maar, hoe ik handelen moest om die bouwstoffen behoorlyk te schiften en by-een te brengen. Ieder makelaar weet van hoeveel gewicht een goede sorteering der kavelingen is.","translation":"The only question was how I should set about sorting those materials properly and bringing them together. Every broker knows of what weight a good sorting of the lots is.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe ik handelen moest om die bouwstoffen ... te schiften en by-een te brengen","title":"om ... te (purpose) with two infinitives","body":"'Om ... te schiften en by-een te brengen' is a purpose clause ('in order to sort and bring together'). 'By-een brengen' (modern 'bijeenbrengen') is separable, taking 'te' as 'by-een te brengen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ieder makelaar weet van hoeveel gewicht een goede sorteering der kavelingen is","title":"Embedded clause + genitive 'der kavelingen'","body":"The complement 'van hoeveel gewicht ... is' is verb-final ('of what weight ... is'). 'Der kavelingen' is a genitive plural ('of the lots'), preserved as a frozen case form."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking vraag to embedded question","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of embedded question","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"manner complement of handelen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of moest handelen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"handelen","lemma":"handelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"proceed"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of handelen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bouwstoffen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"bouwstoffen","lemma":"bouwstof","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"direct object of schiften and brengen","gloss":"materials"},{"surface":"behoorlyk","lemma":"behoorlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schiften","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive schiften","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"schiften","lemma":"schiften","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first verb of purpose clause","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links schiften and brengen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"by-een","lemma":"bijeen","morphology":"adverb, historical hyphenation","role":"particle complement of brengen","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with schiften","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"Ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of makelaar","gloss":"Every"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces embedded clause van hoeveel gewicht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hoeveel","lemma":"hoeveel","morphology":"interrogative quantifier","role":"quantifies gewicht","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"gewicht","lemma":"gewicht","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of sorteering","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies sorteering","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"sorteering","lemma":"sortering","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"sorting"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural, archaic","role":"determiner of kavelingen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"kavelingen","lemma":"kaveling","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"genitive complement of sorteering","gloss":"lots"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking sorteering to van hoeveel gewicht","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h4-s97","source":"Maar ... schryven--buiten de korrespondentie met de principalen--ligt zoo niet in myn kring, en toch voelde ik dat ik schryven moest, omdat misschien de toekomst van 't vak er van afhangt.","translation":"But ... writing—apart from the correspondence with our principals—does not exactly lie within my sphere, and yet I felt that I had to write, because the future of the trade may perhaps depend on it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ligt zoo niet in myn kring","title":"'niet' with adverb 'zoo'","body":"'Ligt zoo niet in myn kring' ('does not exactly lie within my sphere') uses 'niet' to negate the verb, softened by 'zoo'. 'Kring' (circle/sphere) is Droogstoppel's domain of competence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat misschien de toekomst van 't vak er van afhangt","title":"Causal clause + 'er van afhangt'","body":"'Omdat' opens a verb-final causal clause; 'er van afhangt' splits the separable 'afhangen' (to depend) with the pronominal 'er van' ('on it'). The verb 'afhangt' lands last."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ligt","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking korrespondentie","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of korrespondentie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"korrespondentie","lemma":"correspondentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of buiten","gloss":"correspondence"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking principalen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of principalen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"principalen","lemma":"principaal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"principals"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet in zoo niet","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kring","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kring","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"kring","lemma":"kring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ligt","gloss":"sphere"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voelde","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with ligt","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of moest","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moest","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the content clause of voelde","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of afhangt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afhangt","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toekomst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toekomst","lemma":"toekomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of afhangt","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition linking vak to toekomst","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vak","lemma":"vak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal component of ervan afhangen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"prepositional component of ervan afhangen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"afhangt","lemma":"afhangen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the omdat-clause","gloss":"depends"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h4-s98","source":"De inlichtingen die ik in de bundels van Sjaalman vond, zyn niet van dien aard, dat Last & Co het nut daarvan voor zich alleen kunnen houden.","translation":"The information I found in Shawlman's bundles is not of such a kind that Last & Co could keep the benefit of it to themselves alone.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn niet van dien aard, dat Last & Co het nut ... kunnen houden","title":"Dative 'dien aard' + result clause","body":"'Van dien aard' keeps the old dative 'dien' ('of such a kind'). The 'dat'-clause is verb-final, with the modal cluster 'kunnen houden' ('could keep') at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inlichtingen","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"inlichtingen","lemma":"inlichting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"information"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bundels","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bundels","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bundels","lemma":"bundel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of vond","gloss":"bundles"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sjaalman","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifies bundels","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on inlichtingen","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies van","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in predicate van dien aard","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic dative","role":"determiner of aard","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of houden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of houden","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"compagnie","morphology":"noun in company name","role":"coordinated with Last in the company name","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nut","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nut","lemma":"nut","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"benefit"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nut: of it","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"object of voor in voor zich alleen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies houden","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of houden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"keep"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h4-s99","source":"Als dit zoo ware, begrypt ieder dat ik niet de moeite zou nemen een boek te laten drukken dat Busselinck & Waterman ook te lezen krygen, want wie een konkurrent op den weg helpt, is een gek.","translation":"Were this so, everyone understands that I would not take the trouble to have a book printed that Busselinck & Waterman would also get to read, for whoever helps a competitor along the way is a fool.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als dit zoo ware","title":"Subjunctive 'ware' for 'were'","body":"'Ware' is the past subjunctive of 'zijn' ('were'), an archaic conditional form used here in a contrary-to-fact 'als'-clause: 'were this so'. Modern Dutch would write 'was'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie een konkurrent op den weg helpt, is een gek","title":"Free relative 'wie' + dative 'den weg'","body":"'Wie' here is the headless relative 'whoever'; the clause 'wie ... helpt' is its own verb-final unit, resumed by 'is een gek'. 'Op den weg' keeps the dative 'den'. 'Iemand op weg helpen' = to help someone along."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ware","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ware","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"adverbial clause on begrypt","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of begrypt","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nemen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nemen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nemen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of nemen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of begrypt","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of drukken","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of nemen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"drukken","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of laten","gloss":"printed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of krijgen","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Busselinck as subject of krijgen","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lezen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of krijgen","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"krygen","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of helpt","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of konkurrent","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"konkurrent","lemma":"concurrent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of helpt","gloss":"competitor"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in op den weg helpen","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine oblique","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op in the idiom op weg helpen","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"helpt","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the wie-clause","gloss":"helps"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wie-clause to gek","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun after is","gloss":"fool"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h4-s100","source":"Dit is een vast principe van me. Neen, ik zag in dat er een gevaar dreigt, dat de heele koffimarkt bederven zou, een gevaar dat alleen door de vereende krachten van alle makelaars kan worden afgeweerd, en zelfs is 't mogelyk dat deze krachten daartoe niet eens voldoende zyn, en dat ook de suikerraffinadeurs--Frits zegt: raffineurs, maar ik schryf nadeurs.","translation":"This is a fixed principle of mine. No, I saw that a danger threatens which would ruin the whole coffee market, a danger that can be warded off only by the united efforts of all the brokers, and it is even possible that these efforts are not in themselves sufficient, and that the sugar refiners too—Frits says: raffineurs, but I write nadeurs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een gevaar dat alleen door ... kan worden afgeweerd","title":"Modal + worden-passive: 'kan worden afgeweerd'","body":"'Kan worden afgeweerd' is a modal over a process passive ('can be warded off'), with the agent in 'door de vereende krachten'. The separable 'afweren' supplies the participle 'afgeweerd'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to principe","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of principe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vast","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies principe","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"principe","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun after is","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me.","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, oblique","role":"object of van","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection introducing the next sentence","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zag ... in","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dreigt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dreigt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of dreigt","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"dreigt","lemma":"dreigen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of zag","gloss":"threatens"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of bederven","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koffimarkt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heele","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies koffimarkt","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"koffimarkt","lemma":"koffimarkt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bederven","gloss":"coffee market"},{"surface":"bederven","lemma":"bederven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bederven","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of appositive gevaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevaar","lemma":"gevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to gevaar","gloss":"danger"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of afgeweerd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses door de vereende krachten","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking krachten","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of krachten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vereende","lemma":"verenen","morphology":"past participle used as adjective, inflected","role":"modifies krachten","gloss":"united"},{"surface":"krachten","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door; agent of afgeweerd","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking makelaars","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of makelaars","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"makelaars","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"brokers"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of afgeweerd","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of afgeweerd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"afgeweerd","lemma":"afweren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive relative clause","gloss":"warded off"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to mogelijk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with mogelyk","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective after is","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zijn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of krachten","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"krachten","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of voldoende","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of voldoende","gloss":"for that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voldoende","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"strengthens niet: not even","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"voldoende","lemma":"voldoende","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective after zijn","gloss":"sufficient"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking krachten to voldoende","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"begins an interrupted content clause of mogelijk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses suikerraffinadeurs","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of suikerraffinadeurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"suikerraffinadeurs","lemma":"suikerraffinadeur","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of the interrupted clause","gloss":"sugar refiners"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zegt in the parenthesis","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"raffineurs","lemma":"raffineur","morphology":"noun, plural, quoted","role":"quoted direct object of zegt","gloss":"refiners"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schryf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"schryf","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"nadeurs","lemma":"nadeur","morphology":"noun, plural, quoted nonce form","role":"quoted direct object of schrijf","gloss":"refiners","note":"Nadeurs is Droogstoppel’s joking clipped spelling of raffinadeurs."}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h4-s101","source":"Dit doen de Rosemeyers ook, en die doen in suiker.","translation":"The Rosemeyers do this too, and they deal in sugar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit doen de Rosemeyers ook","title":"Fronted object 'Dit' + inversion","body":"The object 'Dit' is fronted, so the verb 'doen' stands second and the subject 'de Rosemeyers' follows — verb-second order. The clause replays the Rosemeyer/'in suiker' running joke."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Rosemeyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rosemeyers","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"Rosemeyers"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of second doen; refers to Rosemeyers","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb in the idiom doen in","gloss":"deal"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition completing doen in","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sugar"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h4-s102","source":"Ik weet wel dat men zegt: geraffineerde schelm, en niet: geraffinadeerde schelm, maar dit is omdat ieder die met schelmen te doen heeft, zich zoo kort mogelyk van de zaak afhelpt--dat ook de raffinadeurs dan, en de handelaren in indigo er by noodig zullen wezen.","translation":"I know well that people say: a refined rogue, and not: a refinaded rogue, but this is because everyone who has dealings with rogues gets the matter over as briefly as possible—that the refiners then, and the dealers in indigo, will be needed in it as well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ieder die met schelmen te doen heeft, zich ... afhelpt","title":"Reflexive 'zich' + 'afhelpen'","body":"'Zich ... afhelpt' is reflexive ('gets the matter over with'), using 3rd-person 'zich'. Inside, 'die ... te doen heeft' is a verb-final relative clause with the te-construction 'te doen heeft'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"geraffineerde schelm","title":"geraffineerd — refined / cunning","body":"Droogstoppel's pun: 'geraffineerd' means both 'refined' (of sugar) and 'cunning/crafty' (of a rogue). His mangling 'geraffinadeerde' is part of his comic war with words."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zegt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of weet","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"geraffineerde","lemma":"raffineren","morphology":"past participle used as adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schelm","gloss":"refined"},{"surface":"schelm","lemma":"schelm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"quoted expression after zegt","gloss":"rogue"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schelm","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geraffinadeerde","lemma":"raffinaderen","morphology":"coined past participle used as adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schelm","gloss":"refinaded","note":"Geraffinadeerde is a comic invented form modeled on raffinadeur."},{"surface":"schelm","lemma":"schelm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical quoted expression after niet","gloss":"rogue"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of afhelpt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of afhelpt","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schelmen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"schelmen","lemma":"schelm","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of doen","gloss":"rogues"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of heeft in te doen hebben met","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of afhelpt","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of kort","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afhelpt","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"completes zoo kort mogelijk","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition required by zich afhelpen van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"afhelpt","lemma":"afhelpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the omdat-clause","gloss":"gets rid"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"restarts the interrupted content clause of mogelijk in h4-s100","gloss":"that","note":"This dat restarts the clause interrupted by Droogstoppel’s long parenthesis."},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the coordinated subjects","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of raffinadeurs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"raffinadeurs","lemma":"raffinadeur","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"first subject of zullen wezen","gloss":"refiners"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb: then","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of handelaren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"handelaren","lemma":"handelaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"second subject of zullen wezen","gloss":"dealers"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking indigo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"indigo","lemma":"indigo","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"indigo"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal component of erbij nodig","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional component of erbij nodig","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective after wezen","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copular infinitive governed by zullen","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h4-s103","source":"Als ik zoo al schryvende nadenk, komt het me voor, dat zelfs de scheepsreederyen er eenigszins in betrokken zyn, en de koopvaardyvloot ... zeker, dit is waar!","translation":"As I go on writing and reflecting like this, it occurs to me that even the shipping firms are to some extent involved in it, and the merchant fleet ... certainly, this is true!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als ik zoo al schryvende nadenk","title":"Present participle 'schryvende'","body":"'Schryvende' is the present participle (-end(e) form) of 'schryven', used adverbially: 'while writing'. It pairs with 'nadenk' (reflect) to picture the act in progress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"komt het me voor, dat ... de scheepsreederyen er ... in betrokken zyn","title":"Impersonal 'het komt me voor' + 'er ... in'","body":"'Het komt me voor' ('it occurs to me') uses impersonal 'het' with the separable 'voorkomen'. The 'dat'-clause closes with 'er ... in betrokken zyn', the pronominal 'er in' ('involved in it')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nadenk","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nadenk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schryvende","gloss":"like this"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"forms zo al schrijvende with schryvende","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"schryvende","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial adjunct to nadenk","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"nadenk","lemma":"nadenken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"adverbial clause on komt","gloss":"reflect"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occurs"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of komt voor","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of komt ... voor","gloss":"to mind"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of betrokken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheepsreederyen","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of scheepsreederyen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"scheepsreederyen","lemma":"scheepsrederij","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of betrokken zijn","gloss":"shipping firms"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement er ... in","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betrokken","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes er ... in with betrokken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"betrokken","lemma":"betrokken","morphology":"adjective, predicative (past participial)","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"involved"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking subjects and betrokken","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koopvaardyvloot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koopvaardyvloot","lemma":"koopvaardijvloot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second subject of implied betrokken zijn","gloss":"merchant fleet"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"comments on dit is waar","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit and waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h4-s104","source":"En de zeilenmakers ook, en de minister van finantien, en de armbesturen, en de andere ministers, en de pasteibakkers, en de galanteriekramers, en de vrouwen, en de scheepsbouwmeesters, en de groothandelaars, en die in 't klein verkoopen, en de huisbewaarders, en de tuinluî.","translation":"And the sailmakers too, and the minister of finance, and the boards of poor relief, and the other ministers, and the pastry-cooks, and the dealers in fancy goods, and the women, and the shipwrights, and the wholesalers, and those who sell retail, and the house-keepers, and the gardeners.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de zeilenmakers ... de tuinluî","title":"Plural in -s vs -en (and 'luî')","body":"This avalanche of trades shows plural formation: -s after -er ('zeilenmakers', 'pasteibakkers') and -en elsewhere ('vrouwen'). 'Tuinluî' (modern 'tuinlui', gardeners) uses the irregular collective plural '-lui/-lieden'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"continues the preceding list","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zeilenmakers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zeilenmakers","lemma":"zeilenmaker","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"first item in the coordinated list","gloss":"sailmakers"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeilenmakers","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of minister","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minister","lemma":"minister","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with zeilenmakers","gloss":"minister"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking finantien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"finantien","lemma":"financiën","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"finance"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of armbesturen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armbesturen","lemma":"armbestuur","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with zeilenmakers","gloss":"poor-relief boards"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ministers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ministers","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ministers","lemma":"minister","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with minister","gloss":"ministers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pasteibakkers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pasteibakkers","lemma":"pasteibakker","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with ministers","gloss":"pastry-cooks"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of galanteriekramers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"galanteriekramers","lemma":"galanteriekramer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with minister","gloss":"fancy-goods dealers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with galanteriekramers","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of scheepsbouwmeesters","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"scheepsbouwmeesters","lemma":"scheepsbouwmeester","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with vrouwen","gloss":"shipwrights"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of groothandelaars","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groothandelaars","lemma":"groothandelaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with scheepsbouwmeesters","gloss":"wholesalers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"head of coordinated noun phrase","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of adverbial phrase in 't klein","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"nominalizes klein","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, nominalized","role":"object of in in in 't klein","gloss":"small scale"},{"surface":"verkoopen","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause predicate with die","gloss":"sell"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huisbewaarders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huisbewaarders","lemma":"huisbewaarder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with die","gloss":"housekeepers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tuinluî","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tuinluî","lemma":"tuinlui","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with huisbewaarders","gloss":"gardeners","note":"Tuinluî is an older spelling of tuinlui."}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h4-s105","source":"En--zonderling toch, hoe de gedachten onder 't schryven in iemand opkomen --myn boek gaat ook de molenaars aan, en de dominees, en hen die Holloway- pillen verkoopen, en de likeurstokers, en de pannenbakkers, en de menschen die van staatsschuld leven, en de pompenmakers, en de touwslagers, en de wevers, en de slachters, en de klerken op een makelaarskantoor, en de aandeelhouders van de Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappy, en eigenlyk, wel beschouwd, alle anderen ook.","translation":"And—how strange, after all, the way thoughts come into one while writing—my book concerns the millers too, and the clergymen, and those who sell Holloway's pills, and the liqueur distillers, and the tile-bakers, and the people who live on the national debt, and the pump-makers, and the rope-makers, and the weavers, and the butchers, and the clerks in a broker's office, and the shareholders of the Dutch Trading Company, and indeed, all things considered, all others as well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe de gedachten onder 't schryven in iemand opkomen","title":"Separable 'opkomen' in an exclamatory clause","body":"'Opkomen' (to arise, occur) is separable; in this verb-final clause it stays joined as 'opkomen' at the end ('how thoughts come into one'). ''t Schryven' is a substantivized infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hen die Holloway-pillen verkoopen","title":"Object pronoun 'hen' + relative 'die'","body":"'Hen' is the object form of 'zij' (them), here antecedent to the relative 'die ... verkoopen' ('those who sell'). The relative clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects this sentence to the preceding list","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zonderling","lemma":"zonderling","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate of elliptical exclamation","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zonderling","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opkomen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedachten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of opkomen","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal phrase onder 't schryven","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of schryven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces experiencer iemand","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of in","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"opkomen","lemma":"opkomen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"predicate of indirect exclamation introduced by hoe","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of gaat ... aan","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaat","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of molenaars","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"molenaars","lemma":"molenaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gaat ... aan","gloss":"millers"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of gaat ... aan","gloss":"regarding"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dominees","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dominees","lemma":"dominee","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with molenaars","gloss":"clergymen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative plural","role":"coordinated object of gaat ... aan","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of verkoopen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Holloway","lemma":"Holloway","morphology":"proper noun","role":"modifier of pillen","gloss":"Holloway's"},{"surface":"pillen","lemma":"pil","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verkoopen","gloss":"pills"},{"surface":"verkoopen","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"predicate of relative clause on hen","gloss":"sell"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of likeurstokers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"likeurstokers","lemma":"likeurstoker","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated object of gaat ... aan","gloss":"liqueur distillers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pannenbakkers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pannenbakkers","lemma":"pannenbakker","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with likeurstokers","gloss":"tile-bakers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with pannenbakkers","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of leven","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking staatsschuld","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"staatsschuld","lemma":"staatsschuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"national debt"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on menschen","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pompenmakers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pompenmakers","lemma":"pompenmaker","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with menschen","gloss":"pump-makers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of touwslagers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"touwslagers","lemma":"touwslager","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with likeurstokers","gloss":"rope-makers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wevers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wevers","lemma":"wever","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with touwslagers","gloss":"weavers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slachters","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slachters","lemma":"slachter","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with wevers","gloss":"butchers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klerken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klerken","lemma":"klerk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with slachters","gloss":"clerks"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces workplace makelaarskantoor","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of makelaarskantoor","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"makelaarskantoor","lemma":"makelaarskantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"broker's office"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aandeelhouders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aandeelhouders","lemma":"aandeelhouder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with klerken","gloss":"shareholders"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces organization name","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Nederlandsche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Nederlandsche","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Handelmaatschappy","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"Handelmaatschappy","lemma":"Handelmaatschappij","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van; part of organization name","gloss":"Trading Company"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"comments on alle anderen ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beschouwd","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"beschouwd","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"parenthetical adjunct","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of anderen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, nominalized plural","role":"coordinated object of gaat ... aan","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies alle anderen","gloss":"as well"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h4-s106","source":"En den koning ook ... ja, den Koning vooral! Myn boek moet de wereld in.","translation":"And the king too ... yes, the King above all! My book must go out into the world.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den koning ... den Koning","title":"Accusative 'den' on 'koning'","body":"'Den koning' keeps the old masculine accusative 'den' for 'the king' as object. Multatuli's escalation to 'den Koning vooral!' winks at the colonial monarch whose system the book indicts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Myn boek moet de wereld in","title":"Directional with elided verb of motion","body":"'Moet de wereld in' ('must go out into the world') is a modal with the directional 'de wereld in', the verb of motion ('gaan') left understood — a compact, idiomatic Dutch pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links king to the preceding list","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of implied gaat ... aan","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies koning","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces emphatic restatement","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of Koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of implied gaat ... aan","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Koning","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal verb governing implied gaan","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of postposition in","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"postposition","role":"directional complement of implied gaan","gloss":"into"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h4-s107","source":"Hiertegen is niets te doen!","translation":"There is nothing to be done against this!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hiertegen is niets te doen!","title":"Pronominal 'hiertegen' + 'er is ... te doen'","body":"'Hiertegen' ('against this') is a 'hier-' pronominal adverb. 'Is niets te doen' is the passive-flavoured 'there is nothing to be done' construction with a te-infinitive and the negative 'niets'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hiertegen","lemma":"hiertegen","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of doen","gloss":"against this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb governing te doen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of is","gloss":"be done"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h4-s108","source":"Laat dan Busselinck & Waterman het ook te lezen krygen ... afgunst is myn zaak niet.","translation":"Then let Busselinck & Waterman get to read it too ... envy is no affair of mine.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Laat dan Busselinck & Waterman het ook te lezen krygen","title":"Imperative 'Laat' + causative","body":"'Laat ... krygen' is an imperative of 'laten' used causatively ('then let them get to read it'), here a concessive 'let them'. The imperative bare stem 'Laat' opens the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Laat","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Busselinck","lemma":"Busselinck","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of compound subject of krygen","gloss":"Busselinck"},{"surface":"Waterman","lemma":"Waterman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of compound subject of krygen","gloss":"Waterman"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies krygen","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of krygen","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"krygen","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of Laat","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"afgunst","lemma":"afgunst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"envy"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking afgunst and zaak","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zaak","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is mijn zaak","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h4-s109","source":"Maar knoeiers en onderkruipers zyn ze, dit zeg ik!","translation":"But bunglers and underminers they are, this I do say!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar knoeiers en onderkruipers zyn ze","title":"Fronted predicate + V2 + 'ze'","body":"The predicate nouns 'knoeiers en onderkruipers' are fronted for emphasis, so 'zyn' stands second and the subject 'ze' (they) inverts after it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"knoeiers","lemma":"knoeier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"first subject complement of zyn","gloss":"bunglers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onderkruipers","lemma":"onderkruiper","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"second subject complement of zyn","gloss":"underminers"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking ze to predicate nouns","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeg","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h4-s110","source":"Ik heb 't vandaag nog aan den jongen Stern gezegd, toen ik hem in Artis introduceerde.","translation":"I said as much again today to young Stern, when I introduced him at Artis.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen ik hem in Artis introduceerde","title":"Temporal 'toen' + verb-final","body":"'Toen' (when, for a single past event) opens a verb-final clause; the simple past 'introduceerde' lands at the end. 'Toen' is reserved for the past, unlike present/future 'als/wanneer'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vandaag","lemma":"vandaag","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal emphasis on vandaag","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces recipient Stern","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of Stern","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Stern","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with heb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of introduceerde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of introduceerde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of introduceerde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location Artis","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Artis","lemma":"Artis","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Artis"},{"surface":"introduceerde","lemma":"introduceren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on gezegd","gloss":"introduced"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h4-s111","source":"Hy mag 't gerust schryven aan zyn vader.","translation":"He is quite free to write it to his father.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy mag 't gerust schryven aan zyn vader","title":"Modal 'mag' (permission)","body":"'Mag' expresses permission ('he is quite free to / may'); the modal sends the infinitive 'schryven' to the end. 'Gerust' here is an adverb meaning 'safely, with my blessing'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of mag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal verb governing schryven","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of schryven","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gerust","lemma":"gerust","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mag schryven","gloss":"quite freely"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of mag","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vader","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h4-s112","source":"Zoo zat ik dan voor een paar dagen nog vreeselyk in den brand met myn boek, en zie, Frits heeft my op den weg geholpen.","translation":"So, a few days ago, I was still in a dreadful fix over my book, and behold, Frits has helped me along the way.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s112.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoo zat ik dan ... vreeselyk in den brand","title":"Fronted 'Zoo' + inversion; dative 'den brand'","body":"'Zoo' fronted inverts to 'zat ik'. 'In den brand zitten' (idiom: to be in a fix/jam) keeps the dative 'den brand'. The y-spelling 'vreeselyk' is the 1860 'vreselijk'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Frits heeft my op den weg geholpen","title":"Perfect 'heeft ... geholpen'","body":"'Heeft ... geholpen' is the perfect of the strong 'helpen' (participle 'geholpen'). 'Iemand op weg helpen' = to help someone on their way; 'den weg' again shows the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zat","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying zat","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal phrase voor een paar dagen","gloss":"ago","note":"In voor een paar dagen, voor means “ago.”"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantifier of dagen","gloss":"couple"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zat","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"vreeselyk","lemma":"vreselijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies in den brand","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces idiom in den brand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of brand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brand","lemma":"brand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"fix","note":"In den brand zitten met iets means to be in a serious fix over it."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of brand","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"parenthetical imperative","gloss":"behold"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geholpen","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geholpen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, object","role":"direct object of geholpen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces phrase op den weg","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"way","note":"Iemand op weg helpen means to help someone get started or make progress."},{"surface":"geholpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"helped"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h4-s113","source":"Ik heb dit hemzelf niet gezegd, omdat ik niet goed vind, iemand te laten merken dat men verplichting aan hem heeft--dit is een principe van me--maar wáár is het.","translation":"I have not told him so myself, because I do not think it well to let anyone notice that one is under an obligation to him—this is a principle of mine—but true it is.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ik niet goed vind, iemand te laten merken","title":"'laten merken' + te-infinitive","body":"'Te laten merken' chains causative 'laten' with the bare infinitive 'merken' inside a te-infinitive complement ('to let anyone notice'). The whole sits under the causal 'omdat'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men verplichting aan hem heeft","title":"Impersonal 'men' in verb-final clause","body":"'Men' (one) subjects this 'dat'-clause; the verb 'heeft' moves to the end ('that one is under an obligation to him'). 'Verplichting aan iemand hebben' = to be indebted to someone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of gezegd","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"hemzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, emphatic object","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vind","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vind","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of vind","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of laten and understood subject of merken","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of vind","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"merken","lemma":"merken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laten","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"verplichting","lemma":"verplichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"an obligation"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object","role":"object of aan","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"has","note":"Verplichting aan iemand hebben means to be under an obligation to someone."},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking dit to principe","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of principe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"principe","lemma":"principe","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"principle"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, object","role":"object of van","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wáár","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative, emphatic","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking het to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h4-s114","source":"Hy zei dat Stern zoo'n knappe jongen was, dat hy zulke snelle vorderingen in de taal maakte, en dat hy duitsche verzen van Sjaalman in 't hollandsch vertaald had.","translation":"He said that Stern was such a clever lad, that he was making such rapid progress in the language, and that he had translated some German verses of Shawlman's into Dutch.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy zulke snelle vorderingen in de taal maakte","title":"Reported speech: simple past in 'dat'-clauses","body":"The chain of 'dat'-clauses ('dat Stern ... was', 'dat hy ... maakte', 'dat hy ... vertaald had') reports Frits's speech, each verb pushed to the end. 'Zulke' is the archaic-flavoured 'such'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy duitsche verzen ... in 't hollandsch vertaald had","title":"Pluperfect 'vertaald had'","body":"'Vertaald had' is the pluperfect of 'vertalen' (to translate). Note lowercase 'duitsche'/'hollandsch' for language adjectives, in the 1860 -sch spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subordinate clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"zoo'n","lemma":"zo'n","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of jongen","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"knappe","lemma":"knap","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies jongen","gloss":"clever"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"lad"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause of maakte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vorderingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"snelle","lemma":"snel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vorderingen","gloss":"rapid"},{"surface":"vorderingen","lemma":"vordering","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"progress"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking taal","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of taal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in, modifying vorderingen","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated subordinate clause of had vertaald","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of had vertaald","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"duitsche","lemma":"Duits","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies verzen","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vertaald","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sjaalman","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van, modifying verzen","gloss":"Shawlman"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces result-language phrase in 't hollandsch","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hollandsch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hollandsch","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"noun, language name, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"vertaald","lemma":"vertalen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of coordinated subordinate clause","gloss":"translated"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vertaald","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h4-s115","source":"Ge ziet, de verkeerde wereld was in myn huis: de Hollander had in 't duitsch geschreven, en de Duitscher vertaalde in 't hollandsch. Als ieder zich by zyn eigen taal had gehouden, zou er moeite gespaard zyn.","translation":"You see, the world was topsy-turvy in my house: the Dutchman had written in German, and the German was translating into Dutch. If each had kept to his own language, the trouble would have been spared.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge ziet","title":"Literary pronoun 'ge'","body":"'Ge' is the literary/period second-person pronoun ('you'), the unstressed form of 'gij'. Droogstoppel addresses the reader directly in this elevated register, typical of 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als ieder zich by zyn eigen taal had gehouden, zou er moeite gespaard zyn","title":"Reflexive condition + conditional passive","body":"The 'als'-clause uses reflexive 'zich ... had gehouden' ('had kept to'). The main clause 'zou ... gespaard zyn' is a conditional passive ('would have been spared'), with existential 'er'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person singular, subject","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of introductory clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verkeerde","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wereld","gloss":"topsy-turvy"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of huis","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hollander","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hollander","lemma":"Hollander","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had geschreven","gloss":"Dutchman"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking duitsch","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of duitsch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duitsch","lemma":"Duits","morphology":"noun, language name, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Duitscher","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Duitscher","lemma":"Duitser","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vertaalde","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"vertaalde","lemma":"vertalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"was translating"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hollandsch","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hollandsch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hollandsch","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"noun, language name, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gehouden","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of had gehouden","gloss":"each person"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of gehouden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of gehouden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of taal","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies taal","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehouden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gespaard zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in main clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gespaard zijn","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"gespaard","lemma":"sparen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of passive clause","gloss":"spared"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gespaard","gloss":"have been"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h4-s116","source":"Maar, dacht ik, als ik myn boek door dien Stern schryven liet? Als ik er wat by te voegen heb, schryf ikzelf van-tyd tot-tyd een hoofdstuk.","translation":"But, thought I, what if I let that Stern write my book? If I have anything to add, I will write a chapter myself from time to time.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik myn boek door dien Stern schryven liet?","title":"Causative 'laten' + 'door'-agent","body":"'Schryven liet' (had written) is causative 'laten' with a bare infinitive; the agent is marked with 'door dien Stern' ('by that Stern'). 'Dien' is the old accusative of the demonstrative 'die'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"schryf ikzelf van-tyd tot-tyd een hoofdstuk","title":"Conditional 'als'-clause front → inversion","body":"After the fronted 'Als ik er wat by te voegen heb', the main clause inverts: 'schryf ikzelf'. 'Ikzelf' is the emphatic 'I myself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dacht","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces rhetorical conditional clause","gloss":"what if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schryven","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent of schryven","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of Stern","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door and agent of schryven","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of liet","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of rhetorical conditional clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of heb","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of bij in er ... bij","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of voegen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"particle of bijvoegen with er","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive voegen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voegen","lemma":"bijvoegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of heb","gloss":"add"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"schryf","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of main clause","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"ikzelf","lemma":"ikzelf","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schryf","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"van-tyd","lemma":"van tijd","morphology":"adverbial phrase fragment","role":"first part of van-tyd tot-tyd","gloss":"from time"},{"surface":"tot-tyd","lemma":"tot tijd","morphology":"adverbial phrase fragment","role":"second part of van-tyd tot-tyd","gloss":"to time","note":"The historical hyphenation represents modern van tijd tot tijd, “from time to time.”"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdstuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hoofdstuk","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schryf","gloss":"chapter"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h4-s117","source":"Frits kan ook helpen.","translation":"Frits can help too.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s117.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of helpen","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of helpen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies helpen","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"helpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"help"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h4-s118","source":"Hy heeft een lystje van woorden die met twee e's geschreven worden, en Marie kan alles in 't net schryven.","translation":"He has a little list of words that are written with two e's, and Marie can copy everything out fair.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een lystje van woorden die met twee e's geschreven worden","title":"Diminutive 'lystje' + relative worden-passive","body":"'Lystje' is the diminutive of 'lyst' (little list). The relative clause 'die ... geschreven worden' is a process passive ('that are written with two e's') — Frits's spelling crusade."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, subject","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lystje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lystje","lemma":"lijstje","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"little list"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woorden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van, modifying lystje","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of geschreven worden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking e's","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies e's","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"e's","lemma":"e","morphology":"noun, letter name, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"e's"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of passive relative clause","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schryven","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of schryven","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of schryven","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces idiom in 't net","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of net","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"net","lemma":"net","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"fair copy","note":"In 't net schrijven means to make a clean or fair copy."},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"write"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h4-s119","source":"Dit is met-één voor den lezer een waarborg tegen alle onzedelykheid.","translation":"This is, at one stroke, a guarantee to the reader against all immorality.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit is met-één voor den lezer een waarborg","title":"Dative 'den lezer'","body":"'Voor den lezer' ('for the reader') keeps the masculine dative 'den'. 'Met-één' (modern 'meteen') here means 'at one stroke, at the same time'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking dit to waarborg","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"met-één","lemma":"meteen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces beneficiary lezer","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarborg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"waarborg","lemma":"waarborg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"guarantee"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onzedelykheid","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onzedelykheid","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"onzedelykheid","lemma":"onzedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"immorality"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h4-s120","source":"Want dit begrypt ge toch, dat een fatsoenlyk makelaar aan zyn dochter niets in handen geven zal, wat niet strookt met zeden en fatsoen.","translation":"For you do understand this, that a respectable broker will put nothing into his daughter's hands that does not square with morals and decency.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit begrypt ge toch","title":"Fronting + literary 'ge'","body":"'Dit' is fronted, inverting to 'begrypt ge'. 'Ge' is again the period second-person pronoun; 'toch' is a softening modal particle ('after all, surely')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat niet strookt met zeden en fatsoen","title":"Free relative 'wat' + negation","body":"'Wat' is the headless relative for things ('that which / anything that'); the clause is verb-final with 'niet' negating 'strookt met' ('does not square with'). 'Strooken met' is a fixed verb-preposition pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of begrypt","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"cataphoric direct object of begrypt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person singular, subject","role":"subject of begrypt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrypt","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of makelaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyk","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies makelaar","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zal geven","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dochter","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of dochter","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"handen","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geven","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of strookt, referring to niets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies strookt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"strookt","lemma":"stroken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"squares","note":"Stroken met means to accord or square with something."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zeden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zeden","lemma":"zede","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"morals"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"fatsoen","lemma":"fatsoen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"decency"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h4-s121","source":"Ik heb toen de beide jongens over myn plan gesproken, en ze vonden het goed.","translation":"So I then talked the two young men over my plan, and they thought it a good one.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb toen de beide jongens over myn plan gesproken","title":"Perfect 'heb ... gesproken' + middle field","body":"'Heb ... gesproken' is the perfect of 'spreken'; the adverb 'toen' and objects sit in the middle field, with the participle at the end. 'De beide jongens' = 'the two young men both'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gesproken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jongens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jongens","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"jongens","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"direct object of gesproken","gloss":"young men"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plan","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of plan","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plan","lemma":"plan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main lexical verb with heb","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of vonden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"vonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with gesproken","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, neuter","role":"direct object of vonden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of het","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h4-s122","source":"Alleen scheen Stern, die een tint van letterkunde over zich heeft--zooals veel Duitschers--stem te willen hebben in de wyze van uitvoering.","translation":"Only Stern, who has a streak of literature about him--as so many Germans do--seemed to want a say in the manner of carrying it out.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Stern, die een tint van letterkunde over zich heeft","title":"Reflexive 'over zich' in a relative clause","body":"'Over zich heeft' uses 3rd-person reflexive 'zich' ('has a streak of literature about him'). 'Die' opens the verb-final relative clause describing Stern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"scheen ... stem te willen hebben","title":"'schijnen' + modal + te-infinitive cluster","body":"'Scheen ... te willen hebben' chains 'schijnen' (seem) + te + modal 'willen' + 'hebben' ('seemed to want to have a say') — a three-verb non-finite cluster at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tint","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tint","lemma":"tint","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"streak"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking letterkunde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"letterkunde","lemma":"letterkunde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"literature"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"object of over","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on Stern","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Duitschers","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"Duitschers","lemma":"Duitser","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"subject of an elliptical hebben","gloss":"Germans"},{"surface":"stem","lemma":"stem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"a say","note":"Stem hebben in means ‘to have a say in.’"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive willen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of scheen","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wyze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"manner","note":"Wyze is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern wijze."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitvoering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uitvoering","lemma":"uitvoering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"execution"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h4-s123","source":"Dit beviel me nu wel niet zeer, maar omdat de voorjaarsveiling op-hand is, en ik van Ludwig Stern nog geen orders heb, wilde ik hem niet te sterk kontrarieeren.","translation":"Now this did not please me much, but because the spring auction is at hand, and I still have no orders from Ludwig Stern, I did not want to cross him too sharply.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat de voorjaarsveiling op-hand is, en ik ... nog geen orders heb","title":"Causal 'omdat' + 'geen' negation","body":"'Omdat' opens verb-final causal clauses. 'Geen orders' uses 'geen' (not any) because it negates an indefinite plural noun, where 'niet' would be wrong. 'Op-hand' (modern 'ophanden') = at hand, imminent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wilde ik hem niet te sterk kontrarieeren","title":"Modal 'wilde' + 'niet'","body":"'Wilde' (wanted, past of 'willen') sends the infinitive 'kontrarieeren' (to cross/oppose) to the end; 'niet te sterk' negates and qualifies the verb. Note the period spelling with -eeren."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of beviel","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"beviel","lemma":"bevallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of beviel","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beviel","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic adverb with niet","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beviel","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beviel","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorjaarsveiling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorjaarsveiling","lemma":"voorjaarsveiling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"spring auction"},{"surface":"op-hand","lemma":"op handen","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"at hand","note":"Op-hand is an older hyphenated form of op handen, ‘at hand’ or imminent."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to op-hand","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ludwig","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ludwig","lemma":"Ludwig","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first name in Ludwig Stern","gloss":"Ludwig"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname in Ludwig Stern","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geen orders heb","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of orders","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"orders","lemma":"order","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of coordinated reason clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second main clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of kontrarieeren","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies sterk","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kontrarieeren","gloss":"strongly"},{"surface":"kontrarieeren","lemma":"contrariëren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"cross","note":"Kontrarieeren is an older spelling of contrariëren, ‘to oppose’ or ‘cross.’"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h4-s124","source":"Hy zei dat: \"als de borst hem gloeide van gevoel voor het ware en schoone, geen macht ter-wereld hem beletten kon de tonen aanteslaan, die met zulk een gevoel overeenstemmen, en dat hy veel liever zweeg, dan zyn woorden omklemd te zien door de onteerende kluisters der alledaagsheid.\"--Frits zegt: scheid, maar dit doe ik niet. 't Woord is lang genoeg zoo.--Ik vond dit nu wel heel gek van Stern, maar myn vak gaat me vóór alles, en de Oude is een goed huis.","translation":"He said that: \"if the breast glowed within him with feeling for the true and the beautiful, no power on earth could keep him from striking the notes that accord with such a feeling, and that he would far rather hold his tongue than see his words clamped fast by the degrading shackles of the everyday.\"--Frits says: it should be 'part,' but this I will not do. The word is long enough as it stands.--Now I did find this very odd of Stern, but my trade comes before everything with me, and the Old Man is a sound firm.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"geen macht ter-wereld hem beletten kon","title":"'geen' + dative 'ter-wereld' + verb-final","body":"'Geen macht' negates the indefinite subject ('no power'). 'Ter-wereld' fuses 'te der wereld', a frozen dative ('on earth'). The modal 'kon' stands last in this reported 'dat'-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan zyn woorden omklemd te zien door de ... kluisters","title":"Participle 'omklemd' + door-agent in te-clause","body":"'Omklemd ... door' is a past-participle passive ('clamped fast by') with a 'door'-agent, embedded under 'liever ... dan ... te zien'. The lush imagery parodies Stern's literary pretension."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de Oude is een goed huis","title":"de Oude / een goed huis","body":"'De Oude' (the Old Man) is Ludwig Stern, the young Stern's father; 'een goed huis' = a sound, creditworthy firm. Droogstoppel tolerates the son's literary airs only for the father's business."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reported speech","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gloeide","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of borst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"borst","lemma":"borst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gloeide","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer with gloeide","gloss":"within him"},{"surface":"gloeide","lemma":"gloeien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"glowed"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevoel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gloeide","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ware and schoone","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ware and schoone","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"coordinated with ware","gloss":"beautiful","note":"Schoone is an older inflected spelling of modern schone; here it means ‘the beautiful.’"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"ter-wereld","lemma":"ter wereld","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies macht","gloss":"on earth","note":"Ter-wereld is an older hyphenated spelling of ter wereld, ‘on earth.’"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of beletten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"beletten","lemma":"beletten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"prevent"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal verb governing beletten","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tonen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tonen","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of aanteslaan","gloss":"notes"},{"surface":"aanteslaan","lemma":"aanslaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"te-infinitive complement of beletten","gloss":"strike","note":"Aanteslaan represents modern aan te slaan, the te-infinitive of separable aanslaan."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of overeenstemmen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevoel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevoel","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevoel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of overeenstemmen","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"overeenstemmen","lemma":"overeenstemmen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on tonen","gloss":"accord"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zweeg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zweeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies liever","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"liever","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zweeg","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"zweeg","lemma":"zwijgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of second reported clause","gloss":"held his tongue"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with zweeg","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of woorden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"omklemd","lemma":"omklemmen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"object complement of woorden","gloss":"clamped"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in comparison with zweeg","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kluisters","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kluisters","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onteerende","lemma":"onterend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies kluisters","gloss":"degrading"},{"surface":"kluisters","lemma":"kluister","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"shackles"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive feminine singular","role":"determiner of alledaagsheid","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"alledaagsheid","lemma":"alledaagsheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"genitive modifier of kluisters","gloss":"everyday"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of new sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"scheid","lemma":"scheiden","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"quoted command functioning as object of zegt","gloss":"separate","note":"Frits is telling the narrator to split a word that was written together."},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doe","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Woord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"as is","note":"Zoo is the historical spelling of modern zo; here it means ‘as it stands.’"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies gek","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vond","gloss":"odd"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Stern","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vak","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vak","lemma":"vak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"trade"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with vond","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gaat","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Oude","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"substantivized adjective, masculine singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Old Man","note":"De Oude is an informal designation for the older Stern, rendered ‘the Old Man.’"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to huis","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"firm","note":"Huis is used commercially here for a firm or business house."}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h4-s125","source":"We stelden dus vast:","translation":"So we settled on the following:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s125.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of stelden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"stelden","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb with separable particle vast","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stelden","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"vast","lemma":"vast","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of vaststellen","gloss":"settled"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h4-s126","source":"1° Dat hy alle weken een paar hoofdstukken zou leveren voor myn boek. 2° Dat ik in zyn geschryf niets zou veranderen.","translation":"1° That every week he was to deliver a couple of chapters for my book. 2° That I would change nothing in his writing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat hy alle weken een paar hoofdstukken zou leveren","title":"Conditional 'zou leveren' in a 'dat'-clause","body":"Each numbered article is a 'dat'-clause stating the agreed terms; here 'zou leveren' (was to deliver) is the conditional/future-in-the-past, with the verb cluster at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of leveren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leveren","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weken","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"weken","lemma":"week","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"adverbial of frequency","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantifier of hoofdstukken","gloss":"couple"},{"surface":"hoofdstukken","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of leveren","gloss":"chapters"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of leveren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"leveren","lemma":"leveren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main lexical verb with zou","gloss":"deliver"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of veranderen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of veranderen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geschryf","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of geschryf","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geschryf","lemma":"geschrijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"writing"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of veranderen","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of veranderen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"veranderen","lemma":"veranderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main lexical verb with zou","gloss":"change"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h4-s127","source":"3° Dat Frits de taalfouten verbeteren zou.","translation":"3° That Frits would correct the language mistakes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s127.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verbeteren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verbeteren","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of taalfouten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"taalfouten","lemma":"taalfout","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verbeteren","gloss":"language mistakes"},{"surface":"verbeteren","lemma":"verbeteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main lexical verb with zou","gloss":"correct"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verbeteren","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h4-s128","source":"4° Dat ik nu-en-dan een hoofdstuk schryven zou, om aan 't boek een soliede voorkomen te geven. 5° Dat de titel zou wezen: de koffiveilingen der Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappy.","translation":"4° That now and then I would write a chapter myself, to give the book a solid appearance. 5° That the title would be: The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s128.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of schryven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schryven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu-en-dan","lemma":"nu en dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schryven","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdstuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hoofdstuk","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schryven","gloss":"chapter"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main lexical verb with zou","gloss":"write","note":"Schryven is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern schrijven."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of schryven","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of soliede","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soliede","lemma":"solide","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies voorkomen","gloss":"solid"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of titel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"titel","lemma":"titel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"title"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copular infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koffiveilingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koffiveilingen","lemma":"koffieveiling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject complement of wezen","gloss":"coffee auctions"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive feminine singular","role":"determiner of Handelmaatschappy","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Nederlandsche","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Handelmaatschappy","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"Handelmaatschappy","lemma":"handelmaatschappij","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"genitive modifier of koffiveilingen","gloss":"Trading Company"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"h4-s129","source":"6° Dat Marie het net afschrift zou maken voor den druk, maar dat men geduld met haar hebben zou, als de wasch kwam.","translation":"6° That Marie would make the fair copy for the printer, but that one would have to be patient with her when the wash came.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als de wasch kwam","title":"Temporal 'als' + simple past","body":"'Als' here introduces a recurring-time clause ('when the wash came'), verb-final with the simple past 'kwam'. The laundry interrupting Marie's fair-copying is a domestic comic touch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of maken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Marie","lemma":"Marie","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"Marie"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afschrift","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"net","lemma":"net","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies afschrift","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"afschrift","lemma":"afschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"copy"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of maken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking druk","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic form","role":"determiner of druk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"druk","lemma":"druk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"printing"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hebben","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"geduld","lemma":"geduld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"patience"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of met","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wasch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wasch","lemma":"was","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"wash","note":"Wasch is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern was, “laundry.”"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"h4-s130","source":"7° Dat de afgewerkte hoofdstukken elke week op den krans zouden worden voorgelezen. 8° Dat alle onzedelykheid zou worden vermeden.","translation":"7° That the finished chapters would be read aloud at the circle every week. 8° That all immorality would be avoided.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s130.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat de afgewerkte hoofdstukken ... zouden worden voorgelezen","title":"Conditional passive 'zouden worden voorgelezen'","body":"'Zouden worden voorgelezen' is a conditional process passive ('would be read aloud'), stacking 'zouden' + 'worden' + participle of the separable 'voorlezen'. 'Afgewerkte' is an attributive participle with -e."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat alle onzedelykheid zou worden vermeden","title":"Conditional passive of 'vermijden'","body":"'Zou worden vermeden' ('would be avoided') is again a conditional worden-passive. The recurring fixation on 'onzedelykheid' (immorality) is Droogstoppel's prudish refrain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorgelezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdstukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afgewerkte","lemma":"afgewerkt","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hoofdstukken","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"hoofdstukken","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive voorgelezen","gloss":"chapters"},{"surface":"elke","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of week","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"week","lemma":"week","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time expression modifying voorgelezen","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking krans","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic form","role":"determiner of krans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"krans","lemma":"krans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"circle","note":"Here krans means a small social or literary circle."},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of voorgelezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of voorgelezen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"voorgelezen","lemma":"voorlezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read aloud"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vermeden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onzedelykheid","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"onzedelykheid","lemma":"onzedelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive vermeden","gloss":"immorality","note":"Onzedelykheid uses historical y where modern Dutch writes ij."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vermeden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of vermeden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"vermeden","lemma":"vermijden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"avoided"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"h4-s131","source":"9° Dat myn naam niet op den titel zou staan, omdat ik makelaar ben. 10° Dat Stern een duitsche, een fransche, en een engelsche vertaling van myn boek zou mogen uitgeven, omdat--zoo beweerde hy--zulke werken beter in 't buitenland worden begrepen dan by ons.","translation":"9° That my name would not stand on the title page, because I am a broker. 10° That Stern would be allowed to issue a German, a French, and an English translation of my book, because--so he maintained--such works are better understood abroad than here at home.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat myn naam niet op den titel zou staan","title":"'niet' negation + dative 'den titel'","body":"'Niet ... zou staan' negates the conditional 'zou staan' ('would not stand'). 'Op den titel' keeps the dative 'den'. The clause is verb-final under 'Dat'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zulke werken beter ... worden begrepen dan by ons","title":"Worden-passive + comparative 'beter ... dan'","body":"'Worden begrepen' is the process passive ('are understood'); the comparative 'beter ... dan' ('better ... than') compares abroad with 'by ons' (at home, with us). 'Zulke' is the archaic-flavoured 'such'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of staan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of naam","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking titel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic form","role":"determiner of titel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"titel","lemma":"titel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of staan","gloss":"title page"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of staan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ben","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik and makelaar","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uitgeven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitgeven","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vertaling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"duitsche","lemma":"Duits","morphology":"adjective, inflected, nominally used","role":"modifies omitted vertaling","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omitted vertaling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fransche","lemma":"Frans","morphology":"adjective, inflected, nominally used","role":"modifies omitted vertaling","gloss":"French","note":"Fransche is the historical spelling of modern Franse."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the three translations","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vertaling","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"engelsche","lemma":"Engels","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vertaling","gloss":"English","note":"Engelsche is the historical spelling of modern Engelse."},{"surface":"vertaling","lemma":"vertaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitgeven","gloss":"translation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgeven","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"mogen","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of uitgeven","gloss":"be allowed to"},{"surface":"uitgeven","lemma":"uitgeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"issue"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of begrepen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beweerde","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"beweerde","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"maintained"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beweerde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werken","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"werken","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of begrepen","gloss":"works"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies begrepen","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buitenland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buitenland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buitenland","lemma":"buitenland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of begrepen","gloss":"abroad"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of begrepen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"begrepen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with bij ons","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of bij","gloss":"us"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"h4-s132","source":"11° (Hierop drong, Stern zeer sterk aan) Dat ik Sjaalman een riem papier, een gros pennen, en een kruikjen inkt zenden zou.","translation":"11° (On this point Stern pressed very hard) That I would send Scarfman a ream of paper, a gross of pens, and a little jug of ink.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een kruikjen inkt","title":"Diminutive 'kruikjen'","body":"'Kruikjen' is the 1860 spelling of the diminutive 'kruikje' (little jug), from 'kruik'. The -je/-jen suffix makes the noun small and neuter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hierop drong Stern zeer sterk aan","title":"Pronominal 'hierop' + separable 'aandringen'","body":"'Hierop' ('on this') is a 'hier-' pronominal adverb; 'drong ... aan' splits the separable 'aandringen' (to insist/press), with 'aan' at the end. 'Iemand iets zenden' uses two objects."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies drong","gloss":"on this point"},{"surface":"drong","lemma":"aandringen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of drong","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterk","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies drong aan","gloss":"strongly"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of drong aan","gloss":"on","note":"Drong … aan is the past tense of aandringen, “to insist.”"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zenden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zenden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of zenden","gloss":"Scarfman"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of riem","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"riem","lemma":"riem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zenden; measure noun governing papier","gloss":"ream"},{"surface":"papier","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of riem","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gros","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gros","lemma":"gros","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of zenden; measure noun governing pennen","gloss":"gross"},{"surface":"pennen","lemma":"pen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of gros","gloss":"pens"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kruikjen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kruikjen","lemma":"kruikje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"coordinated direct object of zenden; measure noun governing inkt","gloss":"little jug","note":"Kruikjen is an older diminutive form of modern kruikje."},{"surface":"inkt","lemma":"inkt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of kruikjen","gloss":"ink"},{"surface":"zenden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zenden","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"h4-s133","source":"Ik nam met alles genoegen, want er was groote haast by myn boek. Stern had den volgenden dag zyn eerste hoofdstuk gereed, en ziedaar, lezer, de vraag beantwoord, hoe 't komt dat een makelaar in koffi--Last & Co, Lauriergracht N° 37--een boek schryft, dat op een roman gelykt.","translation":"I consented to it all, for there was great haste about my book. By the next day Stern had his first chapter ready, and there you have it, reader, the question answered, of how it comes about that a coffee broker--Last & Co, Lauriergracht No. 37--writes a book that resembles a novel.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s133.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"want er was groote haast by myn boek","title":"Existential 'er was' + coordinating 'want'","body":"'Er was groote haast' uses existential 'er' ('there was great haste'). 'Want' (for) is coordinating and keeps verb-second order in its clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een boek ... dat op een roman gelykt","title":"Relative 'dat' + 'gelijken op'","body":"'Dat' relativizes the het-word 'boek' ('a book that resembles a novel'). 'Gelyken op' (to resemble) is a fixed verb-preposition pair; the verb is final in the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb in the idiom genoegen nemen met","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in genoegen nemen met","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of met","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom genoegen nemen met","gloss":"satisfaction","note":"Genoegen nemen met means “to consent to” or “to be satisfied with.”"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with nam","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies haast","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"haast","lemma":"haast","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"haste"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of was","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic form","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time expression modifying had","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hoofdstuk","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies hoofdstuk","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"hoofdstuk","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"chapter"},{"surface":"gereed","lemma":"gereed","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of hoofdstuk","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ziedaar","lemma":"ziedaar","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"presents vraag beantwoord","gloss":"there you have it","note":"Ziedaar is a presentative meaning “there you have it.”"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"noun phrase presented by ziedaar","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"beantwoord","lemma":"beantwoorden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial modifier of vraag","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with komt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"comes about"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of komt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of makelaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schryft","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of parenthetical business name","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"compagnie","morphology":"abbreviation in proper name","role":"part of the name Last & Co","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of parenthetical address","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces street number 37","gloss":"No."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schryft","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"schryft","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the subject clause","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of gelykt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roman","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of roman","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"roman","lemma":"roman","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gelykt","gloss":"novel"},{"surface":"gelykt","lemma":"gelijken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"resembles","note":"Gelykt is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern gelijkt."}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"h4-s134","source":"Nauwelyks echter was Stern aan zyn werk begonnen, of hy stuitte op moeielykheden. Buiten de zwarigheid om uit zooveel bouwstoffen het noodige uittezoeken en te rangschikken, kwamen er gedurig in de handschriften woorden en uitdrukkingen voor, die hy niet begreep, en die ook mij vreemd waren.","translation":"Yet scarcely had Stern set to his work when he ran into difficulties. Besides the trouble of picking out and arranging the needful matter from so much raw material, there kept turning up in the manuscripts words and expressions he did not understand, and which were strange to me as well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s134.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nauwelyks ... was Stern aan zyn werk begonnen, of hy stuitte","title":"'Nauwelyks ... of' correlative + inversion","body":"'Nauwelyks ... of' ('scarcely ... when') is a fixed correlative. The fronted 'Nauwelyks' inverts to 'was Stern ... begonnen'; the 'of'-clause delivers the sudden consequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"kwamen er gedurig ... woorden en uitdrukkingen voor, die hy niet begreep","title":"Existential 'er' + separable 'voorkomen' + relative","body":"'Kwamen er ... voor' uses existential 'er' and the separable 'voorkomen' (to occur), with 'voor' at the end. The relative 'die hy niet begreep' is verb-final with simple past 'begreep'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nauwelyks","lemma":"nauwelijks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begonnen","gloss":"scarcely","note":"Nauwelyks is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern nauwelijks."},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of begonnen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of begonnen","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werk","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of werk","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of begonnen","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"begonnen","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"begun"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause after nauwelijks","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stuitte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"stuitte","lemma":"stuiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"ran into"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeielykheden","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"moeielykheden","lemma":"moeilijkheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of stuitte","gloss":"difficulties","note":"Moeielykheden uses historical spelling for modern moeilijkheden."},{"surface":"Buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zwarigheid","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zwarigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwarigheid","lemma":"zwarigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of buiten","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the infinitival complement of zwarigheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bouwstoffen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bouwstoffen","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"bouwstoffen","lemma":"bouwstof","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"raw material"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of noodige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noodige","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, nominally used","role":"direct object of uittezoeken","gloss":"necessary material","note":"Het noodige means “what is needed” or “the necessary material.”"},{"surface":"uittezoeken","lemma":"uitzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by om","gloss":"to pick out","note":"Uittezoeken represents modern uit te zoeken written together."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive rangschikken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rangschikken","lemma":"rangschikken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with uittezoeken","gloss":"arrange"},{"surface":"kwamen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned up"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with kwamen voor","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwamen","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handschriften","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of handschriften","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"handschriften","lemma":"handschrift","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of kwamen","gloss":"manuscripts"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of kwamen voor","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"uitdrukkingen","lemma":"uitdrukking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated subject with woorden","gloss":"expressions"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of kwamen voor","gloss":"up","note":"Kwamen … voor is the past tense of voorkomen, “to occur” or “turn up.”"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of begreep","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreemd","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"mij","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"complement of vreemd","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking die and vreemd","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"h4-s135","source":"Het was meestal javaansch of maleisch. Ook waren hier-en-daar verkortingen aangebracht, die moeielyk te ontcyferen waren.","translation":"It was mostly Javanese or Malay. Here and there, too, abbreviations had been put in that were hard to decipher.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s135.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verkortingen ... die moeielyk te ontcyferen waren","title":"te-infinitive of capacity: 'te ontcyferen'","body":"'Te ontcyferen waren' is the 'te + infinitive' of possibility/necessity ('were hard to decipher'). The y-spelling 'ontcyferen' is the 1860 'ontcijferen'. The relative 'die' is verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ook waren hier-en-daar verkortingen aangebracht","title":"Fronted 'Ook' + passive of state","body":"'Ook' fronted inverts to 'waren ... aangebracht', a state passive ('had been put in'). The separable 'aanbrengen' supplies the participle 'aangebracht' at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to javaansch","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies javaansch","gloss":"mostly"},{"surface":"javaansch","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Javanese","note":"Javaansch is the historical spelling of modern Javaans."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"maleisch","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with javaansch","gloss":"Malay","note":"Maleisch is the historical spelling of modern Maleis."},{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangebracht","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of aangebracht","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"hier-en-daar","lemma":"hier en daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangebracht","gloss":"here and there"},{"surface":"verkortingen","lemma":"verkorting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren aangebracht","gloss":"abbreviations"},{"surface":"aangebracht","lemma":"aanbrengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"inserted"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"difficult","note":"Moeielyk is the historical spelling of modern moeilijk."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive ontcyferen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontcyferen","lemma":"ontcijferen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moeilijk","gloss":"decipher","note":"Ontcyferen is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern ontcijferen."},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking die and moeilijk te ontcyferen","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"h4-s136","source":"Ik zag in, dat we Sjaalman noodig hadden, en daar ik het voor een jong mensch niet goed vind, dat hy verkeerde konnexien aanknoopt, wilde ik noch Stern noch Frits daarheen zenden.","translation":"I saw that we had need of Scarfman, and since I do not think it good for a young man to strike up wrong connections, I wanted to send neither Stern nor Frits over there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar ik het ... niet goed vind, dat hy verkeerde konnexien aanknoopt","title":"Causal 'daar' + separable 'aanknopen'","body":"'Daar' is the literary causal 'since'. The embedded 'dat'-clause is verb-final, ending in 'aanknoopt' (from separable 'aanknopen', to strike up). 'Konnexien' is the period spelling of 'connecties'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wilde ik noch Stern noch Frits daarheen zenden","title":"'noch ... noch' + pronominal 'daarheen'","body":"'Noch ... noch' ('neither ... nor') is a literary correlative negation. The modal 'wilde' sends 'zenden' to the end; 'daarheen' ('thither') is a directional pronominal adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zag ... in","gloss":"realized","note":"“Inzien” means “to realize” or “to see.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hadden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"Scarfman"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of hadden","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"clausal complement of zag","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of vind","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory direct object of vind","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the person judged","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vind","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aanknoopt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aanknoopt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verkeerde","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies konnexien","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"konnexien","lemma":"connectie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of aanknoopt","gloss":"connections"},{"surface":"aanknoopt","lemma":"aanknopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"clausal complement of vind","gloss":"strikes up"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"first direct object of zenden","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"second direct object of zenden","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"daarheen","lemma":"daarheen","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of zenden","gloss":"over there"},{"surface":"zenden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"to send"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"h4-s137","source":"Ik nam suikergoed mee, dat overgebleven was van den laatsten krans-avend--want ik denk altyd aan alles--en ik zocht hem op.","translation":"I took along some sweets that were left over from the last circle evening--for I always think of everything--and I sought him out.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat overgebleven was van den laatsten krans-avend","title":"Relative 'dat' + pluperfect 'was overgebleven'","body":"'Dat' relativizes the het-word 'suikergoed' ('sweets that were left over'). 'Was overgebleven' is the pluperfect with 'zijn' of the separable 'overblijven'. 'Den laatsten ... avend' keeps the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"suikergoed","lemma":"suikergoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"sweets"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of nam ... mee","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was overgebleven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"overgebleven","lemma":"overblijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"left over"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of overgebleven","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking origin","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaically inflected","role":"determiner of krans-avend","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laatste","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies krans-avend","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"krans-avend","lemma":"kransavond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"circle evening"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"denk","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies denk","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of denk","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"opzoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with nam","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of zocht","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zocht ... op","gloss":"out"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"h4-s138","source":"Schitterend was zyn verblyf niet, maar de gelykheid voor alle menschen, dus ook wat hun woningen aangaat, is een hersenschim. Hyzelf had dit gezegd in zyn verhandeling over de aanspraken op geluk.","translation":"His lodging was not splendid, but equality among all men, and so among their dwellings too, is a fancy of the brain. He had said as much himself in his treatise on the claims to happiness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Schitterend was zyn verblyf niet","title":"Fronted predicate adjective + inversion","body":"'Schitterend' (splendid) is fronted as the predicate, inverting to 'was zyn verblyf niet'. 'Niet' negates at the end of the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dus ook wat hun woningen aangaat","title":"'wat ... aangaat' + possessive 'hun'","body":"'Wat hun woningen aangaat' ('as far as their dwellings are concerned') uses the separable 'aangaan' verb-finally. 'Hun' is the 3rd-person plural possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Schitterend","lemma":"schitterend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to Schitterend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verblyf","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verblyf","lemma":"verblijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"lodging"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Schitterend","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelykheid","lemma":"gelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"equality"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the scope of gelykheid","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the resulting extension","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangaat","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of woningen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"woningen","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of aangaat","gloss":"dwellings"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking gelykheid to hersenschim","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hersenschim","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hersenschim","lemma":"hersenschim","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"fancy"},{"surface":"Hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, emphatic","role":"subject of had gezegd","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezegd","gloss":"as much"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verhandeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verhandeling","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verhandeling","lemma":"verhandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gezegd","gloss":"treatise"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanspraken","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanspraken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanspraken","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"claims"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geluk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geluk","lemma":"geluk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"happiness"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"h4-s139","source":"Bovendien, ik houd niet van menschen die altyd ontevreden zyn. Het was in de Lange-leidsche-dwarsstraat, op een achterkamer.","translation":"Besides, I do not care for people who are always discontented. It was in the Lange-Leidsche-Dwarsstraat, in a back room.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik houd niet van menschen die altyd ontevreden zyn","title":"'houden van' + relative 'die'","body":"'Houden van' (to like/care for) is a fixed verb-preposition pair, negated by 'niet'. The relative clause 'die altyd ontevreden zyn' is verb-final ('who are always discontented')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"in 't onderhuis ... op een achterkamer","title":"onderhuis / achterkamer","body":"'Onderhuis' is the ground/basement floor and 'achterkamer' the back room — both signal humble, cheap lodging, the opposite of Droogstoppel's respectable canal-house at the Lauriergracht."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying houd","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies houd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menschen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of houd","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontevreden","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ontevreden","lemma":"ontevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"discontented"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking die to ontevreden","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lange-leidsche-dwarsstraat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lange-leidsche-dwarsstraat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lange-leidsche-dwarsstraat","lemma":"Lange Leidsedwarsstraat","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of was","gloss":"Lange-Leidsche-Dwarsstraat"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking location","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of achterkamer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"achterkamer","lemma":"achterkamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of was","gloss":"back room"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"h4-s140","source":"In 't onderhuis woonde een uitdrager die allerlei dingen verkocht, kopjes, schotels, meubels, oude boeken, glaswerk, portretten van Van Speyk, en zoo al meer.","translation":"On the ground floor lived a secondhand dealer who sold all manner of things, cups, dishes, furniture, old books, glassware, portraits of Van Speyk, and so forth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een uitdrager die allerlei dingen verkocht","title":"Relative 'die' + simple past 'verkocht'","body":"'Die ... verkocht' is a verb-final relative clause ('who sold all manner of things'), with the simple past of the mixed verb 'verkopen' at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderhuis","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderhuis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderhuis","lemma":"onderhuis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of woonde","gloss":"ground floor"},{"surface":"woonde","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitdrager","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"uitdrager","lemma":"uitdrager","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of woonde","gloss":"secondhand dealer"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of verkocht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"allerlei","lemma":"allerlei","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dingen","gloss":"all manner of"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verkocht","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"verkocht","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"sold"},{"surface":"kopjes","lemma":"kopje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"item in apposition to dingen","gloss":"cups"},{"surface":"schotels","lemma":"schotel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"item in apposition to dingen","gloss":"dishes"},{"surface":"meubels","lemma":"meubel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"item in apposition to dingen","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies boeken","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"boeken","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"item in apposition to dingen","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"glaswerk","lemma":"glaswerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"item in apposition to dingen","gloss":"glassware"},{"surface":"portretten","lemma":"portret","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"item in apposition to dingen","gloss":"portraits"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the portrayed person","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Van","lemma":"Van","morphology":"proper noun, name particle","role":"first part of the surname Van Speyk","gloss":"Van"},{"surface":"Speyk","lemma":"Speyk","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of the surname Van Speyk","gloss":"Speyk"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of zoo al meer","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of zoo al meer","gloss":"and such"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the phrase zoo al meer","gloss":"more","note":"“Zoo al meer” is an older expression meaning “and so forth.”"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"h4-s141","source":"Ik was zeer bang iets te breken, want in zoo'n geval vorderen de menschen altyd meer geld voor de zaken, dan ze waard zyn.","translation":"I was very much afraid of breaking something, for in such a case people always demand more money for the goods than they are worth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s141.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"want in zoo'n geval vorderen de menschen altyd meer geld","title":"'want' clause with internal inversion","body":"'Want' coordinates, but inside its clause the fronted 'in zoo'n geval' inverts to 'vorderen de menschen'. 'Meer geld ... dan' is the comparative 'more ... than'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to bang","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bang","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"bang","lemma":"bang","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of breken","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive breken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"breken","lemma":"breken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of bang","gloss":"break"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geval","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zoo'n","lemma":"zo'n","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vorderen","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"vorderen","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of vorderen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vorderen","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"quantifies geld","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vorderen","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of vorderen","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"waard","lemma":"waard","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking ze to waard","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"h4-s142","source":"Een klein meisje zat op de stoep, en kleedde haar pop aan. Ik vroeg of m'nheer Sjaalman daar woonde?","translation":"A little girl sat on the doorstep, dressing her doll. I asked whether Mr. Scarfman lived there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een klein meisje zat op de stoep, en kleedde haar pop aan","title":"Separable 'aankleden' + possessive 'haar'","body":"'Kleedde ... aan' splits the separable 'aankleden' (to dress), with 'aan' at the clause end. 'Haar pop' uses the possessive 'haar' (her). 'Meisje' is a neuter diminutive, hence grammatically 'het'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik vroeg of m'nheer Sjaalman daar woonde","title":"Indirect yes/no question with 'of'","body":"'Of' (whether) introduces an indirect yes/no question, sending the verb to the end: 'of ... daar woonde'. The simple past 'woonde' closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies meisje","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stoep","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stoep","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stoep","lemma":"stoep","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zat","gloss":"doorstep"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kleedde","lemma":"aankleden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zat","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of pop","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"pop","lemma":"pop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kleedde","gloss":"doll"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of kleedde ... aan","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect-question clause","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of woonde","gloss":"Mr.","note":"“M’nheer” is a contracted form of “mijnheer.”"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to m'nheer","gloss":"Scarfman"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies woonde","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"woonde","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the indirect-question clause","gloss":"lived"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"h4-s143","source":"Ze liep weg, en de moeder kwam.","translation":"She ran off, and the mother came.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s143.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liep","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"liep","lemma":"weglopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of liep ... weg","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with liep","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"h4-s144","source":"--Ja, die woont hier, meneer. Gaat uwee maar de trap op, na 'et eerste pertaal, en dan de trap na 'et tweede pertaal, en dan nog 'en trap, en dan is uwee-d-er, want uwe komt er vanzelf.","translation":"--Yes, he lives here, sir. Just go up the stairs, sir, to the first landing, and then up the stairs to the second landing, and then one more flight, and then you're there, sir, for you'll come to it of itself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s144.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Gaat uwee maar de trap op","title":"Imperative + dialectal 'uwee'","body":"'Gaat ... op' is an imperative of the separable 'opgaan' (go up), with the polite plural -t ending. 'Uwee'/'uwe' is the landlady's lower-class Amsterdam rendering of polite 'u' — Multatuli renders her speech phonetically."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"na 'et eerste pertaal","title":"Eye-dialect: 'na', 'pertaal'","body":"The landlady's speech is spelled as spoken Amsterdammer dialect: 'na' for 'naar' (to), 'pertaal' for 'portaal' (landing), 'et' for 'het'. The phonetic spelling marks her as uneducated."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of woont","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"woont","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies woont","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"meneer","lemma":"meneer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular, imperative","role":"main verb of the imperative","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"uwee","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, polite","role":"subject of Gaat","gloss":"you","note":"“Uwee” is a colloquial representation of polite “u.”"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens the imperative","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of trap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trap","lemma":"trap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"route complement of Gaat","gloss":"stairs"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of Gaat ... op","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking destination","gloss":"to","note":"Here “na” represents colloquial “naar,” meaning “to.”"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of pertaal","gloss":"the","note":"The source’s “'et” is a colloquial reduction of “het.”"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies pertaal","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"pertaal","lemma":"portaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"landing","note":"“Pertaal” is a nonstandard pronunciation of “portaal,” here meaning a landing."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the next step","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of trap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trap","lemma":"trap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical route complement of Gaat","gloss":"stairs"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking destination","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"et","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of pertaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tweede","lemma":"tweede","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies pertaal","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"pertaal","lemma":"portaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"landing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the next step","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trap","gloss":"one more"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of trap","gloss":"a","note":"Here “'en” is a colloquial reduction of “een.”"},{"surface":"trap","lemma":"trap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical route complement of Gaat","gloss":"flight"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying is","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the locative clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"uwee-d-er","lemma":"u er","morphology":"pronoun plus locative adverb, colloquial","role":"subject and locative complement of is","gloss":"you there","note":"“Uwee-d-er” represents “u er,” with an inserted linking d in colloquial speech."},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, polite","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"you","note":"“Uwe” is a colloquial representation of polite “u.”"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of komt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"of itself"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"h4-s145","source":"Myntje, ga 'es eefe segge datter 'en heer is.","translation":"Myntje, go on up and say there's a gentleman.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Myntje, ga 'es eefe segge datter 'en heer is","title":"Eye-dialect imperative","body":"Dialect spelling throughout: 'ga 'es eefe segge' = 'ga eens even zeggen' (go and just say), 'datter' = 'dat er', ''en' = 'een'. The 's'-for-'z' ('segge' for 'zeggen') marks the unvoiced Amsterdam pronunciation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Myntje","lemma":"Myntje","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative, person addressed","gloss":"Myntje"},{"surface":"ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"es","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb, colloquial reduced form","role":"adverb softening the command","gloss":"just","note":"Colloquial 'es is a reduced form of eens, used here to soften the command."},{"surface":"eefe","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb, colloquial spelling","role":"modifies ga and segge","gloss":"a moment","note":"Colloquial eefe represents even."},{"surface":"segge","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, colloquial spelling","role":"infinitival complement of ga","gloss":"say","note":"Segge represents zeggen in the servant’s colloquial speech."},{"surface":"datter","lemma":"dat er","morphology":"subordinating conjunction + adverb, contracted","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that there","note":"Datter contracts dat er, “that there.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, colloquial reduced form","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"a","note":"'En is a colloquial reduced form of een."},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"h4-s146","source":"Wie kanse segge, dat er is, meneer?","translation":"Who shall she say it is, sir?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s146.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Wie kanse segge","title":"Eye-dialect: 'kanse', 'segge'","body":"'Kanse segge' = 'kan ze zeggen' (can she say); 'segge' again shows the s-for-z spelling of working-class Amsterdam speech. Multatuli's phonetic rendering gives the landlady comic texture."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"notional subject of is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"kanse","lemma":"kunnen + ze","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular + pronoun","role":"modal auxiliary of segge; ze is its subject","gloss":"shall she","note":"Kanse contracts kan ze, “can she.”"},{"surface":"segge","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, colloquial spelling","role":"infinitival complement of kanse","gloss":"say","note":"Segge represents zeggen in colloquial speech."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"provisional subject with is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the embedded interrogative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"meneer","lemma":"meneer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative, person addressed","gloss":"sir"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"h4-s147","source":"Ik zei dat ik m'nheer Droogstoppel was, makelaar in koffi, van de Lauriergracht, maar dat ik mezelf wel zou aandienen.","translation":"I said that I was Mr. Drystubble, coffee broker, of the Lauriergracht, but that I would announce myself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s147.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"maar dat ik mezelf wel zou aandienen","title":"Reflexive 'mezelf' + separable 'aandienen'","body":"'Mezelf' is the emphatic 1st-person reflexive ('myself'); 'zou aandienen' is the conditional of the separable 'aandienen' (to announce), verb-cluster at the end of the 'dat'-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, abbreviated","role":"title before Droogstoppel","gloss":"Mr.","note":"M'nheer is an abbreviated form of mijnheer, “Mr.”"},{"surface":"Droogstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"Drystubble"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Droogstoppel","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lauriergracht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lauriergracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aandienen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aandienen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"mezelf","lemma":"zichzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of aandienen","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes that he would do it himself","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aandienen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"aandienen","lemma":"aandienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"announce"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"h4-s148","source":"Ik klom zoo hoog als gezegd was, en hoorde in het derde portaal een kinderstem zingen: strakjes komt vader, die zoete papa. Ik klopte, en de deur werd geopend door een vrouw of dame--ik weet zelf niet recht wat ik van haar maken moest.","translation":"I climbed as high as I had been told, and heard, on the third landing, a child's voice singing: papa's coming soon, that sweet papa. I knocked, and the door was opened by a woman or lady--I myself did not rightly know what to make of her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s148.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de deur werd geopend door een vrouw of dame","title":"Worden-passive: 'werd geopend'","body":"'Werd geopend' is the simple-past process passive ('was opened'), with the agent in 'door een vrouw of dame'. 'Werd' is the past of the passive auxiliary 'worden'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik weet zelf niet recht wat ik van haar maken moest","title":"Verb-final indirect question + modal","body":"'Wat ik van haar maken moest' is a verb-final indirect question ('what to make of her'), with the modal 'moest' at the end. 'Iets van iemand maken' = to make something of / size someone up."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of klom","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"klom","lemma":"klimmen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"climbed"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies hoog","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of klom","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezegd","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoorde","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with klom","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking portaal","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of portaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"derde","lemma":"derde","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies portaal","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"portaal","lemma":"portaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"locative adjunct of hoorde","gloss":"landing"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kinderstem","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kinderstem","lemma":"kinderstem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hoorde","gloss":"child's voice"},{"surface":"zingen","lemma":"zingen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"object complement after hoorde","gloss":"singing"},{"surface":"strakjes","lemma":"strakjes","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of papa","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zoete","lemma":"zoet","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies papa","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"papa","lemma":"papa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to vader","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of klopte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"klopte","lemma":"kloppen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"knocked"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deur","lemma":"deur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive geopend","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geopend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geopend","lemma":"openen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive clause","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouw","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of geopend","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"dame","lemma":"dame","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with vrouw","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb after the dash","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic adverb","role":"emphasizes ik","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of wat van haar maken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of van","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of maken","gloss":"should"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"h4-s149","source":"Ze zag zeer bleek.","translation":"She looked very pale.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s149.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"linking verb with bleek","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bleek","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"bleek","lemma":"bleek","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"predicative complement of zag","gloss":"pale"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"h4-s150","source":"Haar trekken droegen sporen van vermoeidheid, en deden me denken aan myn vrouw als de wasch beredderd is.","translation":"Her features bore traces of weariness, and put me in mind of my wife when the wash has been seen to.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s150.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Haar trekken droegen sporen ... en deden me denken aan myn vrouw","title":"Causative 'doen denken' + 'denken aan'","body":"'Deden me denken aan' is causative 'doen' + bare infinitive ('made me think of'), with 'denken aan' a fixed verb-preposition pair. 'Droegen' is the strong simple past of 'dragen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als de wasch beredderd is","title":"Passive of state 'beredderd is'","body":"'Beredderd is' is a state passive ('has been seen to / settled'). The recurring 'wasch' (the laundry) is the leitmotif of female domestic toil that Droogstoppel notices only as fatigue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of trekken","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"trekken","lemma":"trek","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of droegen","gloss":"features"},{"surface":"droegen","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"sporen","lemma":"spoor","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of droegen","gloss":"traces"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vermoeidheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vermoeidheid","lemma":"vermoeidheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"weariness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"deden","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with droegen","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"causative object of deden","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of deden","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of denken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beredderd","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wasch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wasch","lemma":"was","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of is","gloss":"wash"},{"surface":"beredderd","lemma":"beredderen","morphology":"predicative participial adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"seen to","note":"Beredderen means to put something in order or see to it."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wasch to beredderd","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"h4-s151","source":"Ze was gekleed in een wit lang hemd, of jak zonder schoot, dat haar tot de knieën hing, en aan de voorzyde met een zwart speldje was vastgemaakt.","translation":"She was dressed in a long white shift, or jacket without skirts, that hung to her knees and was fastened at the front with a little black pin.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s151.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze was gekleed in een wit lang hemd","title":"State passive + adjective without -e","body":"'Was gekleed' is a state passive ('was dressed'). Note 'een wit lang hemd': because 'hemd' is a neuter het-word with the indefinite 'een', the colour adjective 'wit' takes NO -e — the one exception to the -e rule."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat haar tot de knieën hing, en ... was vastgemaakt","title":"Relative 'dat' + state passive","body":"'Dat' relativizes the het-word 'hemd'. The clause ends with the simple past 'hing' (strong, from 'hangen') and the state passive 'was vastgemaakt' (was fastened), from separable 'vastmaken'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gekleed","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Ze to gekleed","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gekleed","lemma":"kleden","morphology":"predicative participial adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hemd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hemd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wit","lemma":"wit","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hemd","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hemd","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"hemd","lemma":"hemd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gekleed","gloss":"shift"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"jak","lemma":"jak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with hemd","gloss":"jacket"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schoot","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"schoot","lemma":"schoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"skirts","note":"Here schoot means the skirt or lower flared part of a garment."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of hing and was vastgemaakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"possessive dative with knieën","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking knieën","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of knieën","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"knieën","lemma":"knie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of hing","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"hing","lemma":"hangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb of the relative clause","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorzyde","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorzyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorzyde","lemma":"voorzijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"front","note":"Voorzyde is the historical spelling of voorzijde."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking speldje","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of speldje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zwart","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies speldje","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"speldje","lemma":"speld","morphology":"diminutive noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"little pin"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dat to vastgemaakt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vastgemaakt","lemma":"vastmaken","morphology":"predicative participial adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"fastened"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"h4-s152","source":"In plaats van een behoorlyke japon of rok, droeg ze daaronder een stuk donker gebloemd lynwaad, dat eenige malen om het lyf gewikkeld scheen, en hare heupen en knieën vry nauw omsloot.","translation":"In place of a proper gown or skirt, she wore beneath it a piece of dark flowered linen that seemed to be wrapped several times about her body, and clasped her hips and knees rather closely.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s152.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"droeg ze daaronder een stuk donker gebloemd lynwaad","title":"Fronting + pronominal 'daaronder'","body":"The fronted 'In plaats van ...' inverts to 'droeg ze'. 'Daaronder' ('underneath it') is a pronominal adverb. 'Donker gebloemd lynwaad' stacks attributive adjectives before the noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ... om het lyf gewikkeld scheen, en hare heupen en knieën ... omsloot","title":"Possessive 'hare' + relative 'dat'","body":"'Hare' is the older inflected form of the possessive 'haar' ('her'). The relative 'dat' (for het-word 'lynwaad') leads a verb-final clause ending in 'omsloot' (strong past of 'omsluiten')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een stuk donker gebloemd lynwaad","title":"The sarong, unrecognized","body":"Droogstoppel is describing, without knowing it, a Javanese sarong and kabaai — the everyday dress of the colonies, baffling to his Amsterdam eye. 'Lynwaad' (linen) wrapped about the body marks the household's Indies past."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of in plaats van","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of in plaats van","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of in plaats van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of japon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"behoorlyke","lemma":"behoorlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected, historical spelling","role":"modifies japon","gloss":"proper","note":"Behoorlyke is the historical spelling of behoorlijke."},{"surface":"japon","lemma":"japon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in plaats van","gloss":"gown"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"rok","lemma":"rok","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with japon","gloss":"skirt"},{"surface":"droeg","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of droeg","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"daaronder","lemma":"daaronder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies droeg","gloss":"beneath it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of droeg","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"donker","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lynwaad","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"gebloemd","lemma":"gebloemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lynwaad","gloss":"flowered"},{"surface":"lynwaad","lemma":"lijnwaad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, historical spelling","role":"complement of stuk","gloss":"linen","note":"Lynwaad is the historical spelling of lijnwaad, “linen.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of scheen and omsloot","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite numeral, inflected, historical spelling","role":"modifies malen","gloss":"several","note":"Eenige is the historical spelling of enige; here it means “several.”"},{"surface":"malen","lemma":"maal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"adverbial measure with gewikkeld","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces lyf","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lyf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lyf","lemma":"lijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, historical spelling","role":"complement of om","gloss":"body","note":"Lyf is the historical spelling of lijf."},{"surface":"gewikkeld","lemma":"wikkelen","morphology":"predicative participial adjective","role":"predicative complement of scheen","gloss":"wrapped"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb of the relative clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of heupen and knieën","gloss":"her","note":"Hare is the older inflected form of haar."},{"surface":"heupen","lemma":"heup","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of omsloot","gloss":"hips"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"knieën","lemma":"knie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with heupen","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies nauw","gloss":"rather","note":"Vry is the historical spelling of vrij."},{"surface":"nauw","lemma":"nauw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omsloot","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"omsloot","lemma":"omsluiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with scheen in the relative clause","gloss":"clasped"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"h4-s153","source":"Er was geen spoor van plooien, wydte of omvang, zooals dit by een vrouw toch behoort.","translation":"There was no trace of pleats, fullness, or breadth, such as there ought to be with a woman after all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s153.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zooals dit by een vrouw toch behoort","title":"Comparative 'zooals' + 'behoren'","body":"'Zooals ... behoort' ('such as ... ought to be') is a verb-final comparison clause; 'behoort' (befits, is proper) sits at the end. 'Toch' is the softening particle 'after all'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er was geen spoor van plooien","title":"Existential 'er' + 'geen' negation","body":"'Er was geen spoor' uses existential 'er' with 'geen' negating the indefinite noun 'spoor' ('there was no trace'). 'Geen', not 'niet', is required before such indefinite nouns."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"provisional subject with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spoor","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"spoor","lemma":"spoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"notional subject of was","gloss":"trace"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plooien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plooien","lemma":"plooi","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"pleats"},{"surface":"wydte","lemma":"wijdte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"coordinated with plooien","gloss":"fullness","note":"Wydte is the historical spelling of wijdte."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"omvang","lemma":"omvang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with plooien","gloss":"breadth"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, historical spelling","role":"introduces the clause of behoort","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of behoort","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"introduces vrouw","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behoort","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"behoort","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"ought to be"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"h4-s154","source":"Ik was bly dat ik Frits niet gezonden had, want haar kleeding kwam me zeer onkiesch voor, en het vreemde daarvan werd nog verhoogd door de losheid waarmee ze zich bewoog, als vond ze zich heel goed zoo. Het mensch scheen volstrekt niet te weten dat ze er niet uitzag als andere vrouwen.","translation":"I was glad I had not sent Frits, for her dress struck me as most indecent, and the strangeness of it was heightened still further by the ease with which she moved, as though she found herself quite all right that way. The creature seemed to have no notion at all that she did not look like other women.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s154.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik was bly dat ik Frits niet gezonden had","title":"Subordinate clause sends verbs to the end","body":"After dat the clause becomes a bijzin: the subject 'ik' is followed by everything else, and the verbs 'gezonden had' pile up at the very end (participle before finite verb). Note 'niet' negating the whole verbal idea here, not an indefinite noun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"kwam me zeer onkiesch voor","title":"Separable verb voorkomen 'to seem'","body":"This is the separable verb 'voorkomen' (to seem/appear); in the main clause the prefix 'voor' splits off and lands at the end, leaving 'kwam ... voor' wrapped around the rest. Watch for it again as 'kwam het me voor' in the next segment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Het mensch","title":"Het mensch — a contemptuous 'creature'","body":"Although 'mens' (person) is normally a de-word, the neuter 'het mensch' applied to a woman is dismissive, roughly 'that creature/female' — Droogstoppel's contempt showing in the grammar itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Ik to blij","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"bly","lemma":"blij","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"glad","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch blij."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gezonden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gezonden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of gezonden","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates had gezonden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gezonden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of kwam","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of kleeding","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kleeding","lemma":"kleding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam voor","gloss":"dress","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch kleding."},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of kwam voor","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of kwam voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onkiesch","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"onkiesch","lemma":"onkies","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of kwam voor","gloss":"indecent","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch onkies."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of kwam voor","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clauses of kwam and werd","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of vreemde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vreemde","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter, singular","role":"subject of werd verhoogd","gloss":"strangeness"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of vreemde","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verhoogd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verhoogd","gloss":"still further"},{"surface":"verhoogd","lemma":"verhogen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive main verb with werd","gloss":"heightened"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the cause of verhoogd","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of losheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"losheid","lemma":"losheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"ease"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"instrumental adjunct of bewoog referring to losheid","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bewoog","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of bewoog","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"bewoog","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the hypothetical clause of vond","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the hypothetical clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of zich after vond","gloss":"all right"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"that way"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"creature","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch mens; the neuter article makes it disparaging here."},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb governing te weten","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies niet","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates te weten","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of scheen","gloss":"have any notion"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of weten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of uitzag","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of er uitzag","gloss":"in appearance"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates uitzag","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"uitzag","lemma":"uitzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the complement clause","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison with vrouwen","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vrouwen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of comparative als","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"h4-s155","source":"Ook kwam het me voor, dat ze volstrekt niet verlegen was over myn komst. Ze verborg niets onder de tafel, verschoof de stoelen niet, en deed niets van wat toch het gebruik is, als er een vreemdeling komt van een deftig voorkomen.","translation":"It also seemed to me that she was not in the least embarrassed by my coming. She hid nothing under the table, did not shove the chairs about, and did none of the things that are after all the custom when a stranger of respectable bearing arrives.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s155.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ook kwam het me voor, dat ze ... niet verlegen was","title":"Fronting forces verb-second","body":"Beginning with 'Ook' (also) pushes the finite verb 'kwam' into second position ahead of the dummy subject 'het', a textbook V2 inversion; the following 'dat'-clause is verb-final with 'was' at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als er een vreemdeling komt","title":"Existential / presentative er","body":"Here 'er' introduces an indefinite subject coming onto the scene ('when a stranger arrives'); it has no place meaning, just smoothing the entry of 'een vreemdeling'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"myn komst / deftig voorkomen","title":"myn, deftig, voorkomen","body":"'myn' is period 'mijn' (my); 'deftig' means genteel/respectable; and the noun 'voorkomen' here means 'bearing/appearance' — the same root as the verb 'voorkomen' but used as a noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam voor","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of kwam voor","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of kwam voor","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of kwam voor","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of kwam voor","gloss":"apparent"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of kwam voor","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies niet","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verlegen was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verlegen","lemma":"verlegen","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"embarrassed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ze to verlegen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the cause of verlegen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of komst","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"komst","lemma":"komst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verborg, verschoof, and deed","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"verborg","lemma":"verbergen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first coordinated main verb","gloss":"hid"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of verborg","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of verborg","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of tafel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tafel","lemma":"tafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"verschoof","lemma":"verschuiven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"second coordinated main verb","gloss":"shoved about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of stoelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stoelen","lemma":"stoel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of verschoof","gloss":"chairs"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verschoof","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links verschoof and deed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"third coordinated main verb","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"links niets to the relative clause wat is","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of gebruik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"custom"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wat to gebruik","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of komt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"presentational adverb with komt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of vreemdeling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vreemdeling","lemma":"vreemdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"stranger"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"arrives"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a quality of vreemdeling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of voorkomen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"deftig","lemma":"deftig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies voorkomen","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"bearing"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"h4-s156","source":"Ze had, als een Chinesche, de haren achterover gekamd, en die achter het hoofd in een soort van strik of knoop saamgebonden.","translation":"She had, like a Chinese woman, combed her hair back, and bound it behind her head into a sort of knot or bun.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s156.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ... de haren achterover gekamd, en die ... saamgebonden","title":"Pluperfect with a shared auxiliary","body":"'had ... gekamd' is the pluperfect (had of hebben + participle); the second participle 'saamgebonden' (= samengebonden) hangs off the same 'had', a common Dutch economy where one auxiliary serves two participles."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"saamgebonden / strik of knoop","title":"saamgebonden, strik, knoop","body":"'saamgebonden' is a contracted 'samengebonden' (bound together); 'strik' (a tied knot/bow) and 'knoop' (knot/bun) gloss the hairstyle she has gathered behind her head."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gekamd and saamgebonden","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekamd and saamgebonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison with Chinesche","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of nominalized Chinesche","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Chinesche","lemma":"Chinees","morphology":"nominalized adjective, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"Chinese woman","note":"An older inflected spelling of Chinese, used substantively for a Chinese woman."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of haren","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of gekamd and antecedent of die","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"achterover","lemma":"achterover","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of gekamd","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"gekamd","lemma":"kammen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first main participle with had","gloss":"combed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links gekamd and saamgebonden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of saamgebonden referring to haren","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of saamgebonden","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of achter","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the resulting form of saamgebonden","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of soort","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"strik","lemma":"strik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of van","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links strik and knoop","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"knoop","lemma":"knoop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with strik","gloss":"knot"},{"surface":"saamgebonden","lemma":"samenbinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"second main participle with had","gloss":"bound","note":"Old shortened form of modern Dutch samengebonden."}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"h4-s157","source":"Later heb ik vernomen dat haar kleeding een soort van indische dracht is, die ze daar-te-lande sarong en kabaai noemen, maar ik vond het heel leelyk.","translation":"Later I learned that her dress is a kind of Indian costume, which over there they call sarong and kabaai, but I found it very ugly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s157.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Later heb ik vernomen dat haar kleeding ... is","title":"Present perfect with fronted adverb","body":"'heb ik vernomen' is the present perfect (hebben + participle), inverted because the sentence opens with 'Later'; the 'dat'-clause then runs to a verb-final 'is'. 'vernomen' is the participle of the strong verb 'vernemen' (to learn/hear)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"daar-te-lande","title":"daar-te-lande — 'over there in that land'","body":"An archaic fixed phrase ('in that country/over there') preserving an old dative '-e' on 'land'; the hyphens are Multatuli's, binding it into one expression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb vernomen","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vernomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb vernomen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vernomen","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of vernomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of kleeding","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kleeding","lemma":"kleding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"dress"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of soort","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"indische","lemma":"Indisch","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dracht","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"dracht","lemma":"dracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"costume"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking kleeding to soort","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of noemen referring to dracht","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of noemen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"daar-te-lande","lemma":"daar te lande","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"locative adjunct of noemen","gloss":"over there","note":"Archaic expression meaning in that country or region."},{"surface":"sarong","lemma":"sarong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object complement of die after noemen","gloss":"sarong"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links sarong and kabaai","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kabaai","lemma":"kabaai","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object complement of die after noemen","gloss":"kabaai"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause of vond","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the contrasting clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leelyk","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"leelyk","lemma":"lelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of het after vond","gloss":"ugly","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch lelijk."}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"h4-s158","source":"--Is u juffrouw Sjaalman? vroeg ik.","translation":"--Are you Mrs. Scarfman? I asked.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s158.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is u juffrouw Sjaalman? vroeg ik","title":"Yes/no question and quotative inversion","body":"The question fronts the verb 'Is' before the subject 'u'; then in the reporting tag 'vroeg ik' the verb again precedes 'ik' — Dutch keeps the finite verb forward in both."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"juffrouw","title":"juffrouw — 'Mrs./madam' of middling rank","body":"'Juffrouw' addressed a woman of the ordinary middle class, below 'mevrouw' (lady/my lady). The whole comic dispute later in the chapter turns on Droogstoppel insisting on 'juffrouw' rather than 'mevrouw'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking u to juffrouw Sjaalman","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"juffrouw","lemma":"juffrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname in apposition to juffrouw","gloss":"Scarfman"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"h4-s159","source":"--Wien heb ik de eer te spreken? zeide zy, en wel op een toon waarin iets lag, alsof ook ik wat eer had moeten brengen in myn vraag.","translation":"--Whom have I the honor of addressing? said she, and in a tone that carried something in it, as if I too ought to have brought a little more honor into my question.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s159.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wien heb ik de eer te spreken?","title":"Accusative case-remnant 'wien'","body":"'Wien' is the old inflected accusative of 'wie' (whom), a frozen case form alive in solemn 1860 prose; modern Dutch would just say 'wie'. The construction 'de eer te spreken' uses te + infinitive after the noun 'eer'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alsof ook ik wat eer had moeten brengen","title":"Modal in the pluperfect — the verb cluster","body":"In this 'alsof' subordinate clause the verbs stack at the end: 'had moeten brengen' (pluperfect of the modal 'moeten' governing the bare infinitive 'brengen'). When a modal appears in the perfect it shows up as an infinitive ('moeten', not a participle) — the 'infinitivus pro participio'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zeide zy","title":"zeide / zy","body":"'zeide' is the literary full past of 'zeggen' (modern 'zei'), and 'zy' is period 'zij' (she). Both flag the elevated, slightly archaic register of the woman's reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of spreken","gloss":"whom","note":"Archaic accusative form of wie."},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb in the idiom de eer hebben","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive spreken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of eer","gloss":"addressing"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"she","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch zij."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"adds the manner phrase op een toon","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes op een toon","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner of zeide","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of toon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of lag referring to toon","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the hypothetical clause of had moeten brengen","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses ik","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had moeten brengen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"quantifies eer","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of moeten brengen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of brengen","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the hypothetical clause","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination of brengen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of vraag","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"question"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"h4-s160","source":"Nu, van komplimenten houd ik niet.","translation":"Now, I am no friend of compliments.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s160.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"van komplimenten houd ik niet","title":"Fronting an object phrase","body":"The fixed verb 'houden van' (to like) has its 'van'-phrase pulled to the front for emphasis, forcing 'houd ik' inversion: literally 'of compliments like I not'. This V2 reordering is normal Dutch, not poetic license."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"frames the statement","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement marker of houden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"komplimenten","lemma":"compliment","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van and fronted complement of houd","gloss":"compliments","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch complimenten."},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am fond"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates houd","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"h4-s161","source":"Met een principaal is dit wat anders, en ik ben te lang by de zaken, om myn wereld niet te kennen. Maar om daar veel omslag te verkoopen op een derde verdieping, vond ik niet noodig.","translation":"With a principal it is a different matter, and I have been in business too long not to know my world. But to peddle a deal of ceremony there, on a third floor, I did not think necessary.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s161.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om myn wereld niet te kennen","title":"om ... te for consequence","body":"'te lang ... om ... te kennen' is the 'too X to Y' frame built on om ... te + infinitive; the infinitive 'kennen' closes the clause. Here it carries the 'too long in business not to know my world' sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"principaal / omslag / op een derde verdieping","title":"principaal, omslag, derde verdieping","body":"A 'principaal' is a business principal/client; 'omslag' here is fuss or ceremony ('veel omslag verkoopen' = to make a great to-do); 'derde verdieping' is the third floor up — to Droogstoppel a humble address not worth ceremony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the circumstance of is","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of principaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"principaal","lemma":"principaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"principal"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to anders","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies anders","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clauses of is and ben","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to lang","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the field of experience","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of kennen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of wereld","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kennen","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kennen in the te...om construction","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive kennen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitival subject of vond","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adjunct of verkoopen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"quantifies omslag","gloss":"a deal of"},{"surface":"omslag","lemma":"omslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verkoopen","gloss":"ceremony"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive verkoopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verkoopen","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the infinitival subject","gloss":"peddle","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch verkopen; omslag verkoopen is an ironic expression for making a great fuss."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of verkoopen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of verdieping","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"derde","lemma":"derde","morphology":"ordinal numeral, inflected","role":"modifies verdieping","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"verdieping","lemma":"verdieping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb governing the infinitival subject","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates noodig vond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement after vond","gloss":"necessary"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"h4-s162","source":"Ik zei dus kort-af, dat ik m'nheer Droogstoppel was, makelaar in koffi, Lauriergracht, N° 37, en dat ik haar man spreken wilde.","translation":"So I said curtly that I was Mr. Drystubble, coffee broker, Lauriergracht, No. 37, and that I wished to speak with her husband.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s162.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik m'nheer Droogstoppel was ... en dat ik haar man spreken wilde","title":"Two dat-clauses, verbs at the end","body":"Both reported clauses are verb-final: 'was' ends the first, and the modal cluster 'spreken wilde' (infinitive + finite modal 'wilde') ends the second — in a bijzin the modal follows its infinitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"koffi / kort-af","title":"koffi, kort-af","body":"'Koffi' is the period spelling of 'koffie' (coffee); 'kort-af' (modern kortaf) means curt, brusque — exactly Droogstoppel's manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"kort-af","lemma":"kortaf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"curtly","note":"The older hyphenated spelling corresponds to modern kortaf."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"meneer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title modifying Droogstoppel","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Droogstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"Drystubble"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to Droogstoppel","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Droogstoppel","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"address in apposition to Droogstoppel","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, abbreviated","role":"introduces the street number 37","gloss":"No."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two dat clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of spreken","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wilde","gloss":"to speak with"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second dat clause","gloss":"wished"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"h4-s163","source":"Wel ja, waarom zou ik omslag maken?","translation":"Well, yes, why should I stand on ceremony?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s163.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom zou ik omslag maken?","title":"Conditional zou for a rhetorical question","body":"'zou' (past of zullen) + infinitive 'maken' forms the conditional: 'why should/would I make a fuss?' Note the infinitive 'maken' parked at the end, after the verb-second 'zou'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the discourse phrase wel ja","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of the discourse phrase wel ja","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of maken","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"omslag","lemma":"omslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"circumlocution","note":"Omslag maken means to use circumlocution or stand on ceremony."},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"h4-s164","source":"Ze wees my een matten stoeltjen aan, en nam een klein meisje op den schoot, dat op den grond zat te spelen.","translation":"She pointed me to a little rush-bottomed chair, and took onto her lap a small girl who had been sitting on the floor at play.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze wees my een matten stoeltjen aan","title":"Separable verb aanwijzen","body":"'aanwijzen' (to point out/indicate) is separable: in this past-tense main clause the prefix 'aan' breaks off and goes to the end, framing 'wees my een matten stoeltjen aan'. 'stoeltjen' is a diminutive (modern 'stoeltje')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een klein meisje ... dat op den grond zat te spelen","title":"Relative dat + 'zitten te' progressive","body":"'dat' is the relative pronoun for the neuter 'meisje' ('a little girl who...'). The clause is verb-final, and 'zat te spelen' (sat at playing) is the Dutch posture-verb progressive: a verb of position + te + infinitive expresses ongoing action."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"op den schoot / op den grond","title":"Case-remnant 'den' after a preposition","body":"'op den schoot', 'op den grond': the masculine accusative article 'den' (modern 'de') survives here, a frozen case-ending typical of 1860 written Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wees and nam","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"wees","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of wees","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of stoeltjen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"matten","lemma":"matten","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies stoeltjen","gloss":"rush-bottomed"},{"surface":"stoeltjen","lemma":"stoeltje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of wees aan","gloss":"little chair","note":"Older diminutive spelling of modern stoeltje."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aanwijzen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of wees ... aan","gloss":"(particle)"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links wees and nam","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with wees","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies meisje","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den schoot","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of schoot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoot","lemma":"schoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"lap"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zat; antecedent meisje","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den grond","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces spelen after zat","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spelen","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zat","gloss":"play"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"h4-s165","source":"De kleine jongen dien ik had hooren zingen, zag me strak aan, en bekeek me van 't hoofd tot de voeten.","translation":"The little boy whom I had heard singing stared at me fixedly, and looked me over from head to foot.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s165.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De kleine jongen dien ik had hooren zingen","title":"Accusative relative 'dien' + perception verb","body":"'dien' is the old masculine-accusative relative ('whom'), modern 'die'. 'had hooren zingen' is a perfect-tense perception construction: hearing/seeing verbs take a bare infinitive, and in the perfect both 'hooren' and 'zingen' appear as infinitives, not participles."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zag me strak aan, en bekeek me","title":"Separable aankijken vs. inseparable bekijken","body":"'aanzien' splits ('zag ... aan' = looked at fixedly), while 'bekeek' (from 'bekijken', to look over) keeps its prefix attached — a neat minimal pair of separable vs. inseparable verbs in one line."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of jongen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies jongen","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zag and bekeek","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of had hooren; antecedent jongen","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had hooren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"replacement infinitive governed by had","gloss":"heard","note":"Older spelling of modern horen; the perfect uses an infinitive before another infinitive."},{"surface":"zingen","lemma":"zingen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hooren","gloss":"singing"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb with particle aan","gloss":"stared"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of zag aan","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"strak","lemma":"strak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zag aan","gloss":"fixedly"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zag ... aan","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zag and bekeek","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bekeek","lemma":"bekijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with zag","gloss":"looked over"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bekeek","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"begins the range van ... tot","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes the range van ... tot","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of voeten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voeten","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"feet"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"h4-s166","source":"Die scheen ook volstrekt niet verlegen! Het was een knaapje van een jaar of zes, ook al vreemd gekleed.","translation":"He too seemed not in the least bashful! He was a little fellow of six years or so, also oddly dressed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s166.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het was een knaapje van een jaar of zes","title":"Diminutive knaapje + impersonal het","body":"'knaapje' is the diminutive of 'knaap' (lad), automatically neuter. The sentence opens with the impersonal/identifying 'Het was...', and 'een jaar of zes' is the idiom 'six years or so'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ook al vreemd gekleed","title":"Past participle as predicate adjective","body":"'gekleed' (participle of 'kleden', to dress) functions adjectivally here ('dressed'), modified by 'vreemd' (oddly) — the ge-...-d participle doing descriptive duty rather than building a tense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheen","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies niet","gloss":"in the least"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verlegen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verlegen","lemma":"verlegen","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of scheen","gloss":"bashful"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Het to knaapje","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of knaapje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"knaapje","lemma":"knaapje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"little fellow"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces an age expression modifying knaapje","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of jaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the age expression","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"part of the approximation phrase een jaar of zes","gloss":"or so"},{"surface":"zes","lemma":"zes","morphology":"numeral","role":"specifies the approximate age","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekleed","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes ook in ook al","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekleed","gloss":"oddly"},{"surface":"gekleed","lemma":"kleden","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"supplementary predicate modifying Het","gloss":"dressed"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"h4-s167","source":"Zyn wyd broekje reikte ter-nauwernood tot de helft van de dy, en de beentjes waren bloot van daar tot aan den enkel. Heel indecent, vind ik.","translation":"His wide little breeches reached barely to the middle of the thigh, and his little legs were bare from there down to the ankle. Most indecent, I find.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s167.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyn wyd broekje ... de beentjes","title":"A cluster of diminutives","body":"'broekje' (little breeches) and 'beentjes' (little legs) are diminutives in -je/-tjes, here softening and miniaturizing the boy's clothing and limbs; the diminutive makes any noun neuter ('het broekje')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ter-nauwernood / dy / enkel","title":"ternauwernood, dy, enkel","body":"'ter-nauwernood' (modern ternauwernood) means barely/scarcely; 'dy' is the period form of 'dij' (thigh); 'enkel' is ankle. Note the case-remnant 'tot aan den enkel'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of broekje","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"wyd","lemma":"wijd","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies broekje","gloss":"wide","note":"Older spelling of modern wijd."},{"surface":"broekje","lemma":"broekje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"subject of reikte","gloss":"little breeches"},{"surface":"reikte","lemma":"reiken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"ter-nauwernood","lemma":"ternauwernood","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reikte","gloss":"barely","note":"Older hyphenated spelling of modern ternauwernood."},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking de helft","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of helft","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"helft","lemma":"helft","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking de dy","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of dy","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dy","lemma":"dij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"thigh","note":"Older spelling of modern dij."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links reikte and waren","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of beentjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beentjes","lemma":"beentje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural, diminutive","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"little legs"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking beentjes to bloot","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"bloot","lemma":"bloot","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"bare"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"begins the range van ... tot aan","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of van","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of enkel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"enkel","lemma":"enkel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot aan","gloss":"ankle"},{"surface":"Heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies indecent","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"indecent","lemma":"indecent","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of vind","gloss":"indecent","note":"A French-derived word used here in the sense of improper or immodest."},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the final sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"h4-s168","source":"\"Kom je om papa te spreken?\" vroeg hy op-eens, en ik begreep terstond dat de opvoeding van dat knaapje veel te wenschen overliet, anders had hy: \"komt u\" gezegd. Maar omdat ik met myn houding verlegen was, en wel wat praten wilde, antwoordde ik:","translation":"\"Have you come to talk to papa?\" he asked all at once, and I understood at once that the boy's upbringing left much to be desired, for otherwise he would have said: \"have you, sir.\" But because I was at a loss for what to do with myself, and felt rather like talking, I answered:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s168.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Kom je om papa te spreken?","title":"om ... te purpose clause","body":"'om papa te spreken' = 'in order to speak to papa', the purpose frame om ... te + infinitive, with 'spreken' at the end. The boy's informal 'je' is precisely what Droogstoppel notes as bad upbringing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"anders had hy: \"komt u\" gezegd","title":"Implied conditional: pluperfect doing irrealis work","body":"'had hy ... gezegd' is a pluperfect used counterfactually ('otherwise he would have said'), with 'anders' fronted forcing 'had hy' inversion. The polite alternative 'komt u' uses the formal pronoun 'u'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ik met myn houding verlegen was","title":"omdat sends the verb to the end","body":"The subordinating conjunction 'omdat' (because) opens a verb-final clause: subject 'ik', then the adverbials, then 'was' at the very end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Kom","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive spreken","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"papa","lemma":"papa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of spreken","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of Kom","gloss":"talk to"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op-eens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vroeg","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links vroeg and begreep","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with vroeg","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of begreep","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of opvoeding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opvoeding","lemma":"opvoeding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of overliet","gloss":"upbringing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dat knaapje","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of knaapje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"knaapje","lemma":"knaapje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"complement of van","gloss":"little boy"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of te wenschen","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive wenschen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wenschen","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement in veel te wenschen overlaten","gloss":"be desired","note":"Older spelling of modern wensen; veel te wensen overlaten means to leave much to be desired."},{"surface":"overliet","lemma":"overlaten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the object clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had gezegd","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gezegd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted formal question","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"you, sir"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle governed by had","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting main clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause of antwoordde","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was and wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn houding","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of houding","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"houding","lemma":"houding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"verlegen","lemma":"verlegen","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"at a loss","note":"Met zijn houding verlegen zijn means to be unsure what to do with oneself."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to verlegen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links was and wilde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wat in wel wat","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies praten","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"praten","lemma":"praten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wilde","gloss":"to talk"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated verb with was","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"h4-s169","source":"--Ja, kereltje, ik kom om je papa te spreken. Zou hy spoedig komen, denk je?","translation":"--Yes, little chap, I have come to talk to your papa. Will he be along soon, do you think?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s169.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zou hy spoedig komen, denk je?","title":"Future/conjecture with zullen","body":"'Zou hy ... komen' uses 'zou' (past of zullen) + infinitive for a softened expectation about the future, 'will he come soon, do you think?' — gentler than the bare present."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"kereltje","title":"kereltje — affectionate diminutive","body":"'kereltje' is the diminutive of 'kerel' (fellow/chap), here a friendly 'little chap'. Droogstoppel deploys it to ingratiate himself with the boy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"kereltje","lemma":"kereltje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"vocative","gloss":"little chap"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kom","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"have come"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive spreken","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of papa","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"papa","lemma":"papa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of spreken","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of kom","gloss":"talk to"},{"surface":"Zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of komen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by Zou","gloss":"be along"},{"surface":"denk","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denk","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"h4-s170","source":"--Dat weet ik niet.","translation":"--That I don't know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s170.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat weet ik niet","title":"Fronted object 'Dat' + V2","body":"The demonstrative object 'Dat' (that) is fronted for emphasis, putting the verb 'weet' second before the subject 'ik': literally 'That know I not.' A crisp V2 example with sentence-negating 'niet'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates weet","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"h4-s171","source":"Hy is uit, en zoekt geld om een verfdoos voor me te koopen. (Frits zegt: verwdoos, maar dit doe ik niet. Verf is verf, en geen verw.)","translation":"He's out, looking for money to buy a paintbox for me. (Frits says 'paynt-box,' but this I will not do. Paint is paint, and not paynt.)","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s171.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy is uit, en zoekt geld om ... te koopen","title":"om ... te purpose clause","body":"'om een verfdoos voor me te koopen' = 'in order to buy a paintbox for me'; the purpose marker 'om' opens and 'te koopen' (period spelling of 'kopen') closes the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Verf is verf, en geen verw","title":"verf vs. verw — a spelling joke","body":"Droogstoppel mocks Frits's spelling 'verwdoos' and insists 'Verf is verf, en geen verw.' The joke turns on competing 19th-century spellings of 'paint', a wink at the very period orthography this text is full of. Note 'geen' negating the indefinite noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is and zoekt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Hy to uit","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links is and zoekt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoekt","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with is","gloss":"looks for"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zoekt","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive koopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of verfdoos","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verfdoos","lemma":"verfdoos","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of koopen","gloss":"paintbox"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beneficiary me","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive koopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"koopen","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of zoekt","gloss":"buy","note":"Older spelling of modern kopen."},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthesis","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"verwdoos","lemma":"verfdoos","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, nonstandard spelling","role":"quoted direct object of zegt","gloss":"paynt-box","note":"A deliberately nonstandard spelling criticized by the narrator."},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zegt and doe","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with zegt","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates doe","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Verf","lemma":"verf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"paint"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking the two instances of verf","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"verf","lemma":"verf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"paint"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links verf and geen verw","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of verw","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verw","lemma":"verf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, nonstandard spelling","role":"contrasting predicative complement coordinated with verf","gloss":"paynt","note":"A deliberately nonstandard spelling of verf used to illustrate the pronunciation dispute."}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"h4-s172","source":"--Stil, myn jongen, zei de vrouw. Speel wat met je prenten of met de chinesche speeldoos.","translation":"--Hush, my boy, said the woman. Play a while with your pictures or with the Chinese music-box.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s172.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Stil ... Speel wat met je prenten","title":"Imperatives — bare stem commands","body":"'Speel' is the imperative (bare verb stem) of 'spelen' — a direct command, 'play'. 'Stil' is an elliptical command 'hush/quiet'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"prenten / chinesche speeldoos","title":"prenten, speeldoos","body":"'prenten' are pictures/prints; 'speeldoos' (compound of spelen + doos) is a music-box. 'chinesche' shows the period sch- spelling of 'chinese'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Stil","lemma":"stil","morphology":"interjection","role":"interjection commanding silence","gloss":"Hush"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of jongen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative addressed by the woman","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"Speel","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"Play"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial of duration modifying Speel","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking prenten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of prenten","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"prenten","lemma":"prent","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of Speel","gloss":"pictures"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking speeldoos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of speeldoos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chinesche","lemma":"Chinees","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies speeldoos","gloss":"Chinese"},{"surface":"speeldoos","lemma":"speeldoos","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met, coordinated with prenten","gloss":"music-box"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"h4-s173","source":"--Je weet immers dat die m'nheer gister alles heeft meegenomen.","translation":"--But you know that gentleman carried everything off yesterday.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s173.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Je weet immers dat die m'nheer gister alles heeft meegenomen","title":"Separable verb in a dat-clause","body":"Inside the 'dat'-clause the separable verb 'meenemen' (to take along/off) keeps its parts together at the end as the participle 'meegenomen', and the auxiliary 'heeft' is pushed right up against it: 'heeft meegenomen'. The flavoring particle 'immers' adds 'as you know'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying weet","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of meegenomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of m'nheer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of meegenomen","gloss":"gentleman","note":"Contracted form of mijnheer, here meaning “gentleman.”"},{"surface":"gister","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meegenomen","gloss":"yesterday","note":"Gister is an older/colloquial form of gisteren."},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of meegenomen","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of meegenomen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"meegenomen","lemma":"meenemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"carried off"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"h4-s174","source":"Ook zyn moeder noemde hy: je, en er scheen een \"heer\" geweest te zijn, die alles \"meegenomen had\" ... een vroolyk bezoek!","translation":"His mother, too, he addressed as \"you,\" and there seemed to have been some \"gentleman\" who had \"carried everything off\" ... a merry visit indeed!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s174.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ook zyn moeder noemde hy: je","title":"Object fronting and V2","body":"The object 'Ook zyn moeder' (his mother too) is fronted for emphasis, so the verb 'noemde' comes second before the subject 'hy': literally 'Also his mother addressed he as je'. A clear demonstration that V2 counts the first constituent, not the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er scheen een \"heer\" geweest te zijn","title":"Existential er + te-infinitive","body":"'er ... een heer' is the presentative 'er' introducing an indefinite subject; 'scheen ... geweest te zijn' is 'schijnen' (to seem) governing a te-infinitive (here a perfect infinitive, 'to have been')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeder","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of noemde","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"noemde","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative complement of noemde","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"logical subject of geweest te zijn","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"perfect participle governed by zijn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zijn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of scheen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of meegenomen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of meegenomen","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"meegenomen","lemma":"meenemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on heer","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of meegenomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezoek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vroolyk","lemma":"vrolijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bezoek","gloss":"merry","note":"Older spelling of modern vrolijk."},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"visit"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"h4-s175","source":"De vrouw scheen ook niet opgeruimd, want ter-sluik wischte zy haar oog af, terwyl zy 't kleine meisje by haar broertje bracht.","translation":"The woman did not seem cheerful either, for on the sly she wiped her eye while she brought the little girl over to her little brother.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s175.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"want ter-sluik wischte zy haar oog af","title":"want coordinates; separable afwisschen/afwissen","body":"'want' (for/because) is a coordinating conjunction — it does NOT send the verb to the end; the clause keeps main-clause order. The separable verb 'afwisschen' (to wipe away) splits, with 'af' at the end: 'wischte ... af'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"terwyl zy 't kleine meisje by haar broertje bracht","title":"terwyl — verb-final subordinate clause","body":"'terwyl' (while) is subordinating, so 'bracht' goes to the end. 'broertje' is the diminutive of 'broer' (little brother)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"opgeruimd / ter-sluik","title":"opgeruimd, ter-sluik","body":"'opgeruimd' here means cheerful/in good spirits (not 'tidied up'); 'ter-sluik' (modern tersluiks) means furtively, on the sly."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheen","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"opgeruimd","lemma":"opgeruimd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of scheen","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of wischte","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ter-sluik","lemma":"ter sluik","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wischte","gloss":"on the sly","note":"Ter sluik is an old expression meaning secretly or on the sly."},{"surface":"wischte","lemma":"afwissen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of clause introduced by want","gloss":"wiped","note":"Wischte is the older spelling of modern wiste, “wiped.”"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wischte","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of oog","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of wischte","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of wischte ... af","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"terwyl","lemma":"terwijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bracht","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bracht","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies meisje","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking broertje","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of broertje","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"broertje","lemma":"broertje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"little brother"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"brought"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"h4-s176","source":"\"Dáár, zeide zy, speel wat met Nonni.\" Een rare naam.","translation":"\"There, said she, play a while with Nonni.\" An odd name.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s176.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"speel wat met Nonni","title":"Imperative + flavoring 'wat'","body":"'speel' is again the imperative (play); 'wat' here is the colloquial 'a bit/a while', softening the command rather than meaning 'what'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"deictic adverb in the quoted command","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb of the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"speel","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial of duration modifying speel","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nonni","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Nonni","lemma":"Nonni","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of speel","gloss":"Nonni"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"rare","lemma":"raar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies naam","gloss":"odd"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"name"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"h4-s177","source":"En dit deed hy.","translation":"And this he did.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s177.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En dit deed hy","title":"Fronted object 'dit' triggers inversion","body":"Opening with the demonstrative object 'dit' (this) puts the verb 'deed' second, before the subject 'hy': 'And this did he.' A minimal, crisp example of V2 word order."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of deed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"h4-s178","source":"--Wel juffrouw, vroeg ik, verwacht u spoedig uw man?","translation":"--Well, madam, I asked, do you expect your husband soon?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s178.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verwacht u spoedig uw man?","title":"Question inversion with formal u / uw","body":"The verb 'verwacht' fronts before the formal subject 'u' to form the question. 'uw' is the formal possessive ('your'), matching the polite 'u' — the register Droogstoppel uses with the adult woman."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection opening the question","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"juffrouw","lemma":"juffrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative addressed by the speaker","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb of the question","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verwacht","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted question","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verwacht","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwacht","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of man","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verwacht","gloss":"husband"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"h4-s179","source":"--Ik kan 't niet bepalen, antwoordde zy.","translation":"--I cannot say for certain, she answered.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s179.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ik kan 't niet bepalen","title":"bepalen — 'to say for certain'","body":"'bepalen' literally 'to determine/fix', so 'ik kan 't niet bepalen' = 'I cannot say for certain/pin it down'. The clitic 'het' shrinks to ''t', very common in this speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal governing bepalen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bepalen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bepalen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bepalen","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kan","gloss":"say for certain"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb of the reply","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"h4-s180","source":"Daar liet op-eens de kleine jongen, die met zyn zusje schuitjevaren gespeeld had, deze in den steek, en vroeg my:","translation":"Then all at once the little boy, who had been playing boats with his little sister, abandoned her, and asked me:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s180.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"liet ... de kleine jongen ... deze in den steek","title":"Separable idiom 'in de steek laten'","body":"The fixed separable expression 'in de(n) steek laten' (to abandon/let down) splits across the clause: 'liet ... deze in den steek'. The relative clause 'die ... gespeeld had' (who had played) is verb-final."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"schuitjevaren / zusje","title":"schuitjevaren, zusje","body":"'schuitjevaren' is a children's game ('playing boats', built on the diminutive 'schuitje', little boat); 'zusje' is the diminutive of 'zus' (little sister)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liet","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of liet ... in den steek","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"op-eens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liet","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jongen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies jongen","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of liet and vroeg","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of gespeeld","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zusje","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zusje","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zusje","lemma":"zusje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"little sister"},{"surface":"schuitjevaren","lemma":"schuitjevaren","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gespeeld","gloss":"playing boats","note":"Schuitjevaren is the name of a children’s game, literally “sailing little boats.”"},{"surface":"gespeeld","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause on jongen","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gespeeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of liet, referring to zusje","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in den steek laten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of steek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"steek","lemma":"steek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in in the idiom in den steek laten","gloss":"lurch","note":"In den steek laten means “to abandon” or “leave in the lurch.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with liet","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"indirect object of vroeg","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"h4-s181","source":"--M'nheer, waarom zeg je tegen mama: juffrouw?","translation":"--Sir, why do you say 'madam' to mama?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s181.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom zeg je tegen mama: juffrouw?","title":"wh-question and informal 'je'","body":"'waarom' fronts and the verb 'zeg' stands second before 'je'; with the inverted subject the verb keeps the bare stem ('zeg je', not 'zegt je') — a hallmark of Dutch present-tense conjugation. The child's casual 'je' is again the social marker."}],"words":[{"surface":"M'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative addressed by the boy","gloss":"Sir","note":"Contracted form of mijnheer."},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeg","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mama","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mama","lemma":"mama","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zeg","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"juffrouw","lemma":"juffrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zeg","gloss":"madam"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"h4-s182","source":"--Hoe dan, kereltje, zei ik, wat moet ik dan zeggen?","translation":"--How then, little chap, said I, what ought I to say then?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s182.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat moet ik dan zeggen?","title":"Modal moeten with the verb at the end","body":"The modal 'moeten' (must/ought) sends the main verb to the end as a bare infinitive: 'wat moet ik dan zeggen?' = 'what must I then say?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"elliptical question meaning how","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical question Hoe","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"kereltje","lemma":"kereltje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"vocative addressed by the speaker","gloss":"little chap"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb of the question","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moet","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"h4-s183","source":"--Wel ... zooals andere menschen! De juffrouw is beneden.","translation":"--Why ... like other people! The madam is downstairs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s183.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De juffrouw is beneden","title":"Article + the boy's logic","body":"The definite article 'De juffrouw' marks the specific woman downstairs (the shopkeeper) — the boy reserves 'juffrouw' for her, which is exactly the social distinction the chapter plays on. 'beneden' = downstairs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"elliptical response introducing an explanation","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative phrase","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of zooals","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of juffrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"juffrouw","lemma":"juffrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to beneden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"beneden","lemma":"beneden","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"downstairs"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"h4-s184","source":"Ze verkoopt schotels en priktollen.","translation":"She sells dishes and spinning-tops.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s184.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"schotels en priktollen","title":"schotels, priktollen","body":"'schotels' are dishes/platters; 'priktollen' are spinning-tops you start with a string-prick — the cheap wares the downstairs 'juffrouw' sells, underlining her lower station."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verkoopt","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"verkoopt","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sells"},{"surface":"schotels","lemma":"schotel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verkoopt","gloss":"dishes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"priktollen","lemma":"priktol","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with schotels","gloss":"spinning-tops"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"h4-s185","source":"Nu ben ik makelaar in koffi--Last & Co, Lauriergracht, N° 37--we zyn met ons dertienen op 't kantoor, en als ik Stern meereken, die geen salaris ontvangt, zyn er veertien.","translation":"Now I am a coffee broker--Last & Co, Lauriergracht, No. 37--there are thirteen of us at the office, and if I count in Stern, who draws no salary, there are fourteen.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s185.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"we zyn met ons dertienen ... als ik Stern meereken ... zyn er veertien","title":"Counting idiom + existential er","body":"'met ons dertienen' is the Dutch idiom for 'thirteen of us'. 'zyn er veertien' uses 'er' in its counting/existential role ('there are fourteen'), and 'als ik Stern meereken' shows the separable 'meerekenen' (to count in) verb-final after 'als'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die geen salaris ontvangt","title":"Relative die + geen-negation","body":"'die' is the relative pronoun (for the de-word implied by 'Stern'), and 'geen' negates the indefinite noun 'salaris' (no salary) — the rule that 'geen', not 'niet', negates an indefinite object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adverb modifying ben","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to makelaar","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of the company name Last & Co","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"Co.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"second element of the company name Last & Co","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"street name in the address","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces the street number 37","gloss":"No."},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of met","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"dertienen","lemma":"dertien","morphology":"substantivized numeral","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"thirteen","note":"Met ons dertienen means “the thirteen of us.”"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 't","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kantoor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kantoor","lemma":"kantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of meereken","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meereken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of meereken","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"meereken","lemma":"meerekenen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"count in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of ontvangt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of salaris","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"salaris","lemma":"salaris","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ontvangt","gloss":"salary"},{"surface":"ontvangt","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on Stern","gloss":"receives"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"veertien","lemma":"veertien","morphology":"numeral","role":"logical subject of zyn","gloss":"fourteen"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"h4-s186","source":"Welnu, myn vrouw is: juffrouw, en moest ik nu tegen dàt mensch: mevrouw zeggen?","translation":"Well now, my wife is 'madam,' and was I now to say 'my lady' to that creature?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s186.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"moest ik nu tegen dàt mensch: mevrouw zeggen?","title":"Modal in past as deliberative question","body":"'moest ik ... zeggen?' inverts the past modal 'moest' (had to/was I to) with 'zeggen' parked at the end — 'was I now to say mevrouw?'. The stressed demonstrative 'dàt mensch' drips with Droogstoppel's contempt."}],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection introducing the conclusion","gloss":"Well now"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking vrouw to juffrouw","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"juffrouw","lemma":"juffrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal governing zeggen","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moest","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mensch","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"creature"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"my lady"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"h4-s187","source":"Dit ging toch niet! Ieder moet in zyn stand blyven, en wat meer is, gister hadden de deurwaarders den boel weggehaald.","translation":"That would never do! Everyone must keep to his station, and what is more, the bailiffs had carried off the whole lot the day before.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s187.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ieder moet in zyn stand blyven","title":"Modal moeten + final infinitive","body":"'moet ... blyven' (must stay) is the modal 'moeten' sending 'blyven' to the end — a gnomic statement of Droogstoppel's class creed: everyone must keep to his station."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gister hadden de deurwaarders den boel weggehaald","title":"Pluperfect + separable weghalen + 'den'","body":"'hadden ... weggehaald' is the pluperfect of the separable 'weghalen' (to carry off). The accusative case-remnant 'den boel' (the lot/the stuff) survives. Fronting 'gister' triggers 'hadden de deurwaarders' inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would do"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of blyven","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal governing blyven","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of stand","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"stand","lemma":"stand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moet","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is in the fixed phrase wat meer is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"comparative adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wat to meer","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gister","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weggehaald","gloss":"yesterday","note":"Here gister means the preceding day, as reflected in the translation."},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of weggehaald","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deurwaarders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deurwaarders","lemma":"deurwaarder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of weggehaald","gloss":"bailiffs"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of boel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boel","lemma":"boel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weggehaald","gloss":"whole lot"},{"surface":"weggehaald","lemma":"weghalen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"carried off"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"h4-s188","source":"Ik vond myn: juffrouw dus wèl, en bleef er by. Ik vroeg waarom Sjaalman zich niet by my had aangemeld om zyn pak terug te halen?","translation":"So I found my 'madam' quite right, and stuck to it. I asked why Scarfman had not presented himself to me to fetch back his parcel.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s188.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom Sjaalman zich niet by my had aangemeld","title":"Reflexive verb in a verb-final clause","body":"'zich aanmelden' (to present/report oneself) is reflexive and separable; in this indirect-question clause the reflexive 'zich' sits early and the verbs cluster at the end: 'had aangemeld' (pluperfect). 'om ... terug te halen' is a purpose om...te clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"wèl / bleef er by","title":"wèl, erbij blijven","body":"Stressed 'wèl' affirms ('quite right', countering the doubt); 'bleef er by' is the idiom 'erbij blijven' (to stick to it), with the pronominal adverb 'er...by' standing for 'by it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of juffrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"juffrouw","lemma":"juffrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"quite right","note":"The accent marks contrastive emphasis: the judgment was indeed favorable."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with vond","gloss":"stuck"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal part of erbij","gloss":"it","note":"Erbij blijven means to stand by a statement or decision."},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"particle completing erbij blijven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the indirect question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aangemeld","gloss":"Scarfman"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of aangemeld","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates aangemeld","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of by","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangemeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aangemeld","lemma":"aanmelden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of indirect question","gloss":"presented"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of halen","gloss":"parcel"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies halen","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive halen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"halen","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"fetch"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"h4-s189","source":"Ze scheen er van te weten, en zei, dat zy op-reis waren geweest, en wel naar Brussel.","translation":"She seemed to know about it, and said that they had been away on a journey, to Brussels in fact.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s189.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze scheen er van te weten","title":"Pronominal adverb 'ervan'","body":"'er van' (modern ervan) is a pronominal adverb replacing 'van het/dat' — 'to know of/about it'. Dutch cannot say 'van het weten' with a thing, so the preposition fuses with 'er'. 'scheen ... te weten' = schijnen + te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zy op-reis waren geweest","title":"Pluperfect with zijn","body":"'waren geweest' is the pluperfect of 'zijn' (to be) — itself conjugated with 'zijn' as auxiliary. In the 'dat'-clause it stands at the end. 'op-reis' = away on a journey."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal part of ervan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"particle completing ervan weten","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of scheen","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with scheen","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"op-reis","lemma":"op reis","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"travelling","note":"Historical hyphenation of the fixed expression op reis, “travelling.”"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces emphatic specification","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms en wel","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Brussel","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Brussel","lemma":"Brussel","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Brussels"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"h4-s190","source":"Dat hy daar voor de Indépendance gewerkt had, maar dat hy er niet had kunnen blyven, omdat zyn artikels oorzaak waren dat het blad aan de fransche grenzen zoo dikwyls werd afgewezen. Dat ze sedert eenige dagen in Amsterdam teruggekeerd waren, omdat Sjaalman hier een betrekking zou krygen ...","translation":"That there he had worked for the Indépendance, but that he had not been able to stay, because his articles were the reason the paper was so often turned back at the French border. That for some days now they had returned to Amsterdam, because Scarfman was to get a post here ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s190.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy er niet had kunnen blyven","title":"Modal in pluperfect: infinitivus pro participio","body":"'had kunnen blyven' — the modal 'kunnen' appears as a bare infinitive (not a participle) alongside 'blyven' after the auxiliary 'had'. This double-infinitive cluster at the clause end is the standard Dutch pattern for a modal in the perfect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat zyn artikels oorzaak waren dat het blad ... werd afgewezen","title":"Passive with worden","body":"'werd afgewezen' is the worden-passive (worden + past participle): the newspaper 'was turned back/refused' — the subject undergoing the action. It sits verb-final inside the 'dat'-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat Sjaalman hier een betrekking zou krygen","title":"Conditional/future zou in reported speech","body":"'zou krygen' (zou + infinitive) is the past-future used in indirect speech — 'was to get a post'. In the 'omdat'-clause the verbs close it out at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement of zei","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gewerkt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewerkt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indépendance","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Indépendance","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Indépendance","lemma":"Indépendance","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"Indépendance"},{"surface":"gewerkt","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewerkt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated complement clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of blyven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of kunnen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of blyven","gloss":"been able to"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of artikels","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"artikels","lemma":"artikel","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"articles"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"the reason"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking to oorzaak","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause modifying oorzaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of blad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"blad","lemma":"blad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive afgewezen","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grenzen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grenzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fransche","lemma":"Frans","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies grenzen","gloss":"French"},{"surface":"grenzen","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"borders"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dikwyls","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgewezen","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of afgewezen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"afgewezen","lemma":"afwijzen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of passive clause","gloss":"turned back"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement of zei","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of teruggekeerd","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dagen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies dagen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of sedert","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amsterdam","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Amsterdam","lemma":"Amsterdam","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of teruggekeerd","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"surface":"teruggekeerd","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of teruggekeerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of krygen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of krygen","gloss":"Scarfman"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies krygen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betrekking","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of krygen","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of krygen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"krygen","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"get"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"h4-s191","source":"--Zeker by Gaafzuiger? vroeg ik. Ja, dat was het!","translation":"--With Gaafzuiger, no doubt? I asked. Yes, that was it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s191.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Gaafzuiger","title":"Gaafzuiger — a satirical name","body":"Multatuli's names tell on their bearers: 'Gaafzuiger' suggests one who sucks out what is whole or honest — gaaf (whole, sound, honest) + zuiger (sucker). Like 'Droogstoppel' (dry-stubble) and 'Sjaalman' (scarf-man), the name is a small comic verdict on the character."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical phrase","gloss":"Surely"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gaafzuiger","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Gaafzuiger","lemma":"Gaafzuiger","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of by","gloss":"Gaafzuiger"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het and dat","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"h4-s192","source":"Maar dit was tegengeloopen, zeide zy.","translation":"But this had fallen through, said she.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s192.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"tegengeloopen","title":"tegenloopen — 'to fall through'","body":"'tegenloopen' (modern tegenlopen) means to go wrong/fall through; 'dit was tegengeloopen' = this had not worked out. It is a separable verb, here in its participle form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links contrastively to preceding statement","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of tegengeloopen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of tegengeloopen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"tegengeloopen","lemma":"tegenlopen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of reported statement","gloss":"fallen through","note":"Tegenlopen here means that a plan failed or fell through."},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"h4-s193","source":"Nu, hiervan wist ik meer dan zyzelf.","translation":"Now, of this I knew more than she did herself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s193.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hiervan wist ik meer dan zyzelf","title":"Pronominal adverb + comparative + fronting","body":"'hiervan' (of this) is a pronominal adverb fronted to first position, so 'wist ik' inverts (V2). 'meer dan zyzelf' shows the comparative with 'dan' (than). 'zyzelf' = zij zelf, herself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying wist","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"preposed complement of wist","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, comparative","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"zyzelf","lemma":"zijzelf","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, emphatic","role":"elliptical subject of wist","gloss":"she herself"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"h4-s194","source":"Hy had de Aglaia laten vallen, en was lui, pedant en ziekelyk ... precies, dáárom was hy weggejaagd. --En, ging ze voort, dat hy zeker dezer dagen by my komen zou, en misschien wel juist naar my toe was, om antwoord te vragen op 't verzoek dat hy my gedaan had.","translation":"He had let the Aglaia drop, and was lazy, pedantic, and sickly ... precisely, that was why he had been sent packing. --And, she went on, he would surely come to me one of these days, and was perhaps even on his way to me just then, to ask for an answer to the request he had made of me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s194.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had de Aglaia laten vallen","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"'laten vallen' (to let drop / drop) is the causative 'laten' + bare infinitive 'vallen'; in the pluperfect 'had ... laten vallen' both verbs are infinitives clustered at the end. Figuratively, he let the Aglaia journal fail."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dáárom was hy weggejaagd","title":"Passive/perfect of separable wegjagen","body":"'was ... weggejaagd' (driven away / sent packing) is the participle of separable 'wegjagen' with 'zijn' — read here as a state/perfect. Fronting 'dáárom' (therefore) forces 'was hy' inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy zeker dezer dagen by my komen zou","title":"Genitive remnant 'dezer dagen' + future zou","body":"'dezer dagen' is a frozen genitive ('of these days' = one of these days), the old -er ending on the demonstrative. The clause ends with the future cluster 'komen zou' (infinitive + finite zou), verb-final after the implied 'dat'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laten","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of laten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Aglaia","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Aglaia","lemma":"Aglaia","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vallen","gloss":"Aglaia"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laten","gloss":"drop"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking subject to adjectives","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"lui","lemma":"lui","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"lazy"},{"surface":"pedant","lemma":"pedant","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with lui","gloss":"pedantic"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ziekelyk","lemma":"ziekelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with lui","gloss":"sickly"},{"surface":"precies","lemma":"precies","morphology":"adverb","role":"affirming discourse adverb","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"dáárom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"causal adverb modifying weggejaagd","gloss":"that was why","note":"The written accent adds strong emphasis to daarom."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of weggejaagd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weggejaagd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"weggejaagd","lemma":"wegjagen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of passive clause","gloss":"sent packing"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces continued report","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle of voortgaan","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement of ging voort","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of komen and was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"these","note":"Dezer dagen is a formal expression meaning “one of these days.”"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"adverbial time phrase modifying komen","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking my","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of by","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of komen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates komen and was","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic modifier of juist","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of naar ... toe","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of naar ... toe","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes naar ... toe","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with komen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vragen","gloss":"an answer"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vragen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verzoek","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of gedaan; modifies verzoek","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"indirect object of gedaan","gloss":"of me"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clause modifying verzoek","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"h4-s195","source":"Ik zei dat Sjaalman maar eens komen zou, maar dat hy niet moest schellen, want dit is zoo lastig voor de meid. Als hy wat wachtte, zei ik, zou de deur wel eens opengaan, als er iemand uit moest.","translation":"I said that Scarfman might just come along, but that he was not to ring, for that is such a nuisance for the maid. If he waited a while, I said, the door would surely open at some point, when someone had to go out.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s195.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy niet moest schellen, want dit is zoo lastig voor de meid","title":"Modal moeten negated + want coordination","body":"'moest niet schellen' — the modal in the past with 'niet' = 'was not to ring'. 'want' then coordinates a main clause (no verb-final), giving the reason 'for this is so troublesome for the maid'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als hy wat wachtte ... zou de deur wel eens opengaan","title":"Conditional als-clause + zou main clause","body":"'Als hy wat wachtte' is the verb-final conditional (if he waited); the main clause then inverts to 'zou de deur ... opengaan' (the door would open), with the separable 'opengaan' as the infinitive after 'zou'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of komen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"Scarfman"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal particle modifying komen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal particle modifying komen","gloss":"sometime"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of komen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated complement clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schellen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schellen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of schellen","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"schellen","lemma":"schellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of coordinated complement","gloss":"ring"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to lastig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lastig","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"lastig","lemma":"lastig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"a nuisance"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meid","lemma":"meid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of lastig","gloss":"maid"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, adverbial","role":"adverbial duration modifying wachtte","gloss":"a while"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opengaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"deur","lemma":"deur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of opengaan","gloss":"door"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opengaan","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opengaan","gloss":"at some point"},{"surface":"opengaan","lemma":"opengaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of conditional result","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"directional complement of moest","gloss":"out","note":"Uit moeten is elliptical for having to go out."},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"had to"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"h4-s196","source":"En toen ging ik heen, en nam myn bruidsuikers weer mee, want, ronduit gezegd, het beviel me daar niet.","translation":"And then I went off, and took my sugarplums away with me again, for, to put it plainly, I did not like it there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s196.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En toen ging ik heen, en nam myn bruidsuikers weer mee","title":"Separable heengaan and meenemen","body":"Two separable verbs in a row: 'ging ... heen' (heengaan, to go away) and 'nam ... weer mee' (meenemen, to take along). Fronting 'En toen' (and then) gives 'ging ik' inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ging","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of heengaan","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with ging","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of bruidsuikers","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"bruidsuikers","lemma":"bruidsuiker","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"sugarplums"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nam","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of meenemen","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of beviel","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ronduit","lemma":"ronduit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"part of the parenthetical phrase ronduit gezegd","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with beviel","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"beviel","lemma":"bevallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of beviel","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beviel","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beviel","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"h4-s197","source":"Ik voelde me niet op myn gemak.","translation":"I did not feel at my ease.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s197.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"op myn gemak","title":"op zijn gemak — 'at ease'","body":"The fixed expression 'op zijn gemak zijn' means to be at ease/comfortable; 'ik voelde me niet op myn gemak' = I did not feel at ease. The reflexive 'me' goes with 'voelen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of voelde","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voelde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom op zijn gemak","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of gemak","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"gemak","lemma":"gemak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op in the idiom op zijn gemak","gloss":"ease","note":"Op zijn gemak zijn means “to feel at ease.”"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"h4-s198","source":"Een makelaar is toch geen kruier, dunkt me, en ik beweer dat ik er fatsoenlyk uitzie. Ik had mijn jas met bont aan, en toch zat ze daar zoo eenvoudig, en praatte zoo kalm met haar kinderen, alsof ze alleen was.","translation":"A broker is no porter, I should think, and I maintain that I make a respectable appearance. I had my coat with fur on, and yet she sat there so plainly, and chatted so calmly with her children, as if she were alone.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s198.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik beweer dat ik er fatsoenlyk uitzie","title":"Separable 'eruitzien' with er","body":"'eruitzien' (to look/appear) packs 'er' + 'uit' around the verb: 'ik er fatsoenlyk uitzie' = I look respectable. In the 'dat'-clause the cluster goes verb-final ('uitzie')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alsof ze alleen was","title":"alsof — subordinate verb-final","body":"'alsof' (as if) subordinates and sends 'was' to the end. Note the chained 'zat ... en praatte' main-clause verbs before it, set against this verb-final 'alsof'-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of makelaar","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to kruier","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal adverb modifying is","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kruier","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"kruier","lemma":"kruier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"porter"},{"surface":"dunkt","lemma":"dunken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical dunkt me","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of dunkt","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links beweer to the preceding clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beweer","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"beweer","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with is","gloss":"maintain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uitzie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of uitzie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the construction er ... uitzien","gloss":"in appearance"},{"surface":"fatsoenlyk","lemma":"fatsoenlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of uitzie","gloss":"respectable"},{"surface":"uitzie","lemma":"uitzien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"mijn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of jas","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"jas","lemma":"jas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"coat"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bont","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"bont","lemma":"bont","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met modifying jas","gloss":"fur"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of aanhebben","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clause of zat to the preceding sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zat","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zat and praatte","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eenvoudig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zat","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"praatte","lemma":"praten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with zat","gloss":"chatted"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kalm","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"kalm","lemma":"kalm","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies praatte","gloss":"calmly"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kinderen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of kinderen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the comparative clause introduced by alsof","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"h4-s199","source":"Bovendien ze scheen geschreid te hebben, en ontevreden menschen kan ik niet verdragen. Ook was 't er koud en ongezellig --zeker omdat de boel weggehaald was--en ik houd veel van gezelligheid in een kamer.","translation":"Besides, she seemed to have been weeping, and I cannot abide discontented people. It was cold and cheerless there, too--no doubt because the furniture had been carried off--and I am very fond of coziness in a room.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s199.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze scheen geschreid te hebben","title":"schijnen + perfect te-infinitive","body":"'scheen ... te hebben' is 'schijnen' (to seem) governing a perfect infinitive: 'geschreid te hebben' = 'to have wept'. 'geschreid' is the participle of the literary 'schreien' (to weep)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ontevreden menschen kan ik niet verdragen","title":"Object-fronting for emphasis","body":"The object 'ontevreden menschen' (discontented people) is fronted, putting 'kan ik' in inversion — 'discontented people I cannot abide'. A vivid V2 example with a modal ('kan') + final infinitive 'verdragen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zeker omdat de boel weggehaald was","title":"Passive/perfect of weghalen, verb-final","body":"'weggehaald was' — the separable 'weghalen' participle with 'zijn', in the verb-final 'omdat'-clause, read as a resultant state ('because the furniture had been carried off')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheen","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"geschreid","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the perfect infinitive geschreid te hebben","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geschreid","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ontevreden","lemma":"ontevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"discontented"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"fronted direct object of verdragen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verdragen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verdragen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verdragen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verdragen","lemma":"verdragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"abide"},{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking subject ’t to koud and ongezellig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"koud","lemma":"koud","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ongezellig","lemma":"ongezellig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement coordinated with koud","gloss":"cheerless"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying the omdat-clause","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weggehaald","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boel","lemma":"boel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive weggehaald","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"weggehaald","lemma":"weghalen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"carried away"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of weggehaald","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links houd to the clause of was","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"am fond"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of houd","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed preposition governed by houden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gezelligheid","lemma":"gezelligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"coziness"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kamer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kamer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kamer","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in modifying gezelligheid","gloss":"room"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"h4-s200","source":"Onder het naar-huis gaan besloot ik het met Bastiaans nog eens aantezien, omdat ik niet gaarne iemand op-straat zet.","translation":"On the way home I resolved to give Bastiaans yet another chance, because I am loath to put anyone out on the street.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s200.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Onder het naar-huis gaan besloot ik","title":"Nominalized infinitive + fronting","body":"'het naar-huis gaan' is an infinitive used as a neuter noun ('the going home'), governed by 'onder' (during). Fronting this phrase inverts the main verb: 'besloot ik' (I resolved)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het met Bastiaans nog eens aantezien","title":"te + infinitive written joined: 'aantezien'","body":"'aantezien' is the separable 'aanzien' with infixed 'te' — a hallmark 1860 spelling that glues 'aan + te + zien' into one word ('to give another look/chance'). Modern Dutch writes 'aan te zien'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ik niet gaarne iemand op-straat zet","title":"omdat verb-final + archaic 'gaarne'","body":"'omdat' sends 'zet' to the end. 'gaarne' (gladly/willingly) is an archaic/literary adverb, modern 'graag'; 'niet gaarne' = 'reluctant/loath'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the temporal phrase","gloss":"While"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nominalized gaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naar-huis","lemma":"naar huis","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"directional modifier of gaan","gloss":"homeward","note":"Historical hyphenation of the phrase naar huis."},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"object of onder","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"besloot","lemma":"besluiten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of besloot","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of aanzien","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bastiaans","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Bastiaans","lemma":"Bastiaans","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"Bastiaans"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eens","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanzien","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"aantezien","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of besloot","gloss":"see how it goes","note":"Historical closed spelling of aan te zien; here the idiom het met iemand aanzien means to give someone another chance."},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zet","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zet","gloss":"gladly","note":"Gaarne is a formal older synonym of graag."},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zet","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"op-straat","lemma":"op straat","morphology":"prepositional phrase","role":"directional complement of zet","gloss":"onto the street","note":"Historical hyphenation of the phrase op straat."},{"surface":"zet","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"put"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"h4-s201","source":"Nu volgt de eerste week van Stern.","translation":"Now follows the first week of Stern.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s201.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nu volgt de eerste week van Stern","title":"Fronted adverb 'Nu' + V2","body":"Opening with 'Nu' (now) puts the verb 'volgt' second, before the subject 'de eerste week': 'Now follows the first week of Stern.' A clean V2 illustration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volgt","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"volgt","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"follows"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of week","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies week","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"week","lemma":"week","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of volgt","gloss":"week"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Stern","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van modifying week","gloss":"Stern"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"h4-s202","source":"Het spreekt vanzelf dat er veel in voorkomt, dat my niet bevalt.","translation":"It goes without saying that there is much in it that does not please me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s202.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het spreekt vanzelf dat er veel in voorkomt, dat my niet bevalt","title":"Impersonal het + separable voorkomen","body":"'Het spreekt vanzelf' is an impersonal idiom ('it goes without saying') with dummy 'het'. The verb-final 'dat'-clause has the separable 'voorkomen' (to occur/appear) closing as 'voorkomt', and 'er ... in' adds the location 'in it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with spreekt","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom het spreekt vanzelf","gloss":"for itself","note":"Het spreekt vanzelf means “it goes without saying.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorkomt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"first half of split erin","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of voorkomt","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"second half of split erin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"voorkomt","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"occurs"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of bevalt; antecedent veel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of bevalt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevalt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bevalt","lemma":"bevallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying veel","gloss":"pleases"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"h4-s203","source":"Maar ik moet me houden aan artikel twee, en de Rosemeyers hebben 't goed gevonden. Ik geloof, dat ze Stern in de hoogte steken, omdat hy een oom heeft te Hamburg die in suiker doet.","translation":"But I must hold to article two, and the Rosemeyers thought it good. I believe they puff Stern up, because he has an uncle in Hamburg who deals in sugar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s203.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat hy een oom heeft te Hamburg die in suiker doet","title":"omdat verb-final + relative die","body":"'omdat' sends 'heeft' to the end of its clause; then the relative 'die' (for the de-word 'oom') opens a further verb-final clause closing on 'doet'. 'in suiker doen' = to deal in sugar."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"in de hoogte steken","title":"in de hoogte steken — 'to puff up'","body":"The idiom 'iemand in de hoogte steken' means to praise excessively / build someone up. Droogstoppel suspects the Rosemeyers flatter Stern only because of his sugar-trading uncle — commerce coloring everything."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of houden","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of houden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of houden","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed preposition governed by zich houden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"artikel","lemma":"artikel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"article"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"in apposition to artikel","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Rosemeyers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rosemeyers","lemma":"Rosemeyer","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"Rosemeyers"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"it","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of ’t with gevonden","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the coordinated clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of steken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of steken","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of steken","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom in de hoogte steken","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoogte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogte","lemma":"hoogte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in in the idiom in de hoogte steken","gloss":"heights"},{"surface":"steken","lemma":"steken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"raise","note":"Iemand in de hoogte steken means to praise or puff someone up."},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heeft","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oom","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"oom","lemma":"oom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"uncle"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hamburg; older usage for in","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Hamburg","lemma":"Hamburg","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of te modifying oom","gloss":"Hamburg"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking suiker","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying oom","gloss":"deals","note":"In iets doen means to trade or deal in something."}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"h4-s204","source":"Sjaalman was er inderdaad geweest. Hy had Stern gesproken, en aan dezen eenige woorden en zaken uitgelegd, die hy niet begreep.","translation":"Scarfman had indeed been there. He had spoken with Stern, and had explained to him a number of words and matters that he did not understand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s204.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan dezen eenige woorden en zaken uitgelegd","title":"Dative case-remnant 'dezen' + separable uitleggen","body":"'aan dezen' uses the old masculine dative '-en' on the demonstrative ('to this one' = to Stern). 'uitgelegd' is the participle of separable 'uitleggen' (to explain), here in a pluperfect with the earlier 'had'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"Scarfman"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweest","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweest","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gesproken","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of gesproken","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the sentence","gloss":"spoken with"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the recipient dezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, dative","role":"object of aan referring to Stern","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"modifies woorden","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of uitgelegd","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with woorden","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"uitgelegd","lemma":"uitleggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle coordinated with gesproken","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of begreep; antecedents woorden and zaken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying woorden and zaken","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"h4-s205","source":"Die Stern niet begreep, meen ik. Ik verzoek nu den lezer de volgende hoofdstukken doortebyten, dan beloof ik naderhand weer iets van meer solieden aard, van my, Batavus Droogstoppel, makelaar in koffi: Last & Co, Lauriergracht, N° 37.","translation":"That Stern did not understand, I mean. I now beg the reader to chew his way through the following chapters, and then I promise afterward something of more solid sort again, from me, Batavus Drystubble, coffee broker: Last & Co, Lauriergracht, No. 37.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h4-s205.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik verzoek nu den lezer de volgende hoofdstukken doortebyten","title":"Accusative 'den lezer' + joined te-infinitive","body":"'den lezer' shows the accusative case-remnant 'den'. 'doortebyten' is the separable 'doorbijten' with infixed 'te' written as one word — the 1860 spelling of 'door te bijten' (to chew/bite one's way through)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"direct object of begreep","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Stern","lemma":"Stern","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"Stern"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzoek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzoek","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verzoek","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdstukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgende","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hoofdstukken","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"hoofdstukken","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"direct object of doorbijten","gloss":"chapters"},{"surface":"doortebyten","lemma":"doorbijten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verzoek","gloss":"to chew through","note":"Historical closed spelling of door te bijten, literally “to bite through.”"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beloof","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"beloof","lemma":"beloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"naderhand","lemma":"naderhand","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beloof","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beloof","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of beloof","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces phrase modifying iets","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies solieden","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"solieden","lemma":"solide","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies aard","gloss":"solid"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source phrase","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Batavus","lemma":"Batavus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to mij","gloss":"Batavus"},{"surface":"Droogstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"surname in Batavus Droogstoppel","gloss":"Drystubble"},{"surface":"makelaar","lemma":"makelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Batavus Droogstoppel","gloss":"broker"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces field of trade","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"Last","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first name in company name","gloss":"Last"},{"surface":"Co","lemma":"compagnie","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"second element of company name","gloss":"Company"},{"surface":"Lauriergracht","lemma":"Lauriergracht","morphology":"proper noun","role":"street name in address","gloss":"Lauriergracht"},{"surface":"N","lemma":"nummer","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces street number","gloss":"No."}]}]}