{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-5","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 5","translated":"Chapter 5"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-5","lines":164},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-4","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-6","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h5-s1","source":"VYFDE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"CHAPTER FIVE","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"VYFDE HOOFDSTUK","title":"vyfde — period spelling of 'vijfde'","body":"'VYFDE HOOFDSTUK' = 'Fifth Chapter'. The 'y' stands for 'ij' (vijfde), a constant feature of the 1860 page you will see throughout."}],"words":[{"surface":"VYFDE","lemma":"vijfde","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"FIFTH","note":"Historical spelling with y for modern ij."},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"head of chapter title","gloss":"CHAPTER"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h5-s2","source":"Er was des morgens te tien ure een ongewone beweging op den grooten weg die de afdeeling Pandeglang verbindt met Lebak \"Groote weg\" is misschien wat veel gezegd voor 't breed voetpad dat men, uit beleefdheid en by-gebrek aan beter, de \"weg\" noemde. Maar als men met een vierspannig rytuig vertrok van Serang, de hoofdplaats der residentie Bantam, met het voornemen zich te begeven naar Rangkas-Betoeng, de nieuwe hoofdplaats van 't Lebaksche, kon men nagenoeg zeker zyn, te-eeniger-tyd daar aantekomen. 't Was dus een weg.","translation":"At ten in the morning there was an unusual stir on the high road that links the district of Pandeglang with Lebak. \"High road\" is perhaps saying rather too much for the broad footpath that people, out of courtesy and for want of anything better, called the \"road.\" But if one set out from Serang, the chief town of the Bantam residency, in a carriage and four, meaning to make one's way to Rangkas-Betoeng, the new chief town of the Lebak country, one could be nearly certain of arriving there in due course. So it was a road after all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er was des morgens te tien ure een ongewone beweging","title":"Existential er + genitive 'des morgens'","body":"'Er was ... een ongewone beweging' is the presentative 'er' introducing an indefinite subject. 'des morgens' is a frozen genitive of time ('in the morning'), and 'te tien ure' keeps an old dative ending on 'uur'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met het voornemen zich te begeven naar Rangkas-Betoeng","title":"Reflexive 'zich begeven' + te-infinitive","body":"'zich begeven' (to betake oneself / make one's way) is reflexive; 'te begeven' is the te-infinitive depending on 'voornemen' (intention). 'der residentie' is a genitive case-remnant ('of the residency')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive introducing existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of morgens","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"morgens","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, genitive singular","role":"time adjunct of was","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time phrase","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"tien","lemma":"tien","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ure","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"ure","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, dative singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"o'clock","note":"Archaic inflected form of uur."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beweging","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ongewone","lemma":"ongewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beweging","gloss":"unusual"},{"surface":"beweging","lemma":"beweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"stir"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verbindt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verbindt","gloss":"district","note":"Historical spelling of afdeling."},{"surface":"Pandeglang","lemma":"Pandeglang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to afdeeling","gloss":"Pandeglang"},{"surface":"verbindt","lemma":"verbinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on weg","gloss":"links"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of met","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"Groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies quoted weg","gloss":"High"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking weg to gezegd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"too much"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"predicative adjective with is","gloss":"said","note":"Wat veel gezegd is an idiom meaning that the description is an overstatement."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with voetpad","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voetpad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"breed","lemma":"breed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voetpad","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"voetpad","lemma":"voetpad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"footpath"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of noemde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemde","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beleefdheid","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"beleefdheid","lemma":"beleefdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"courtesy"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"by-gebrek","lemma":"bij gebrek","morphology":"prepositional phrase","role":"coordinated with uit beleefdheid","gloss":"for want","note":"Historical spelling with y; bij gebrek aan means “for want of.”"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of gebrek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"nominalized comparative adjective","role":"object of aan","gloss":"anything better"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of quoted weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of dat","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"noemde","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative-clause verb modifying voetpad","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting main sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vertrok","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vertrok","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means of travel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rytuig","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vierspannig","lemma":"vierspannig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rytuig","gloss":"four-horse","note":"A vierspan is a team of four horses."},{"surface":"rytuig","lemma":"rijtuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"carriage","note":"Historical spelling of rijtuig."},{"surface":"vertrok","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Serang","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Serang","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of residentie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"residentie","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of hoofdplaats","gloss":"residency"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to residentie","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voornemen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voornemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of begeven","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces begeven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"begeven","lemma":"begeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying voornemen","gloss":"make one's way"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hoofdplaats","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of hoofdplaats","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lebaksche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"adjective, substantivized","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak country","note":"Substantivized adjective meaning the Lebak territory or country."},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal governing zijn","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aantekomen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"nagenoeg","lemma":"nagenoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeker","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate adjective with zijn","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kon","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"te-eeniger-tyd","lemma":"te eniger tijd","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"time adjunct of aankomen","gloss":"in due course","note":"Archaic expression meaning eventually or in due course."},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aantekomen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"aantekomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zeker zijn","gloss":"to arrive","note":"Historical closed spelling of aan te komen."},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of Was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking subject to weg","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Was","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative noun with Was","gloss":"road"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h5-s3","source":"Wel bleef men gedurig steken in den modder, die in de Bantamsche laaglanden zwaar, kleierig en klevend is, wel was men telkens genoodzaakt de hulp interoepen van de bewoners der naastby gelegen dorpen--ook al waren ze niet zéér naby, want de dorpen zyn niet menigvuldig in die streken--maar als men er dan eindelyk in geslaagd was, een twintigtal landbouwers uit den omtrek by-een te krygen, duurde het gewoonlyk niet zeer lang, voor men paard en wagen weder op vasten grond had gebracht.","translation":"True, one was forever sticking fast in the mud, which in the Bantam lowlands is heavy, clayey, and clinging; true, one was repeatedly obliged to call on the help of the inhabitants of the nearest villages — even when they were not very near, for villages are not plentiful in those parts — but once one had finally managed to gather a score of farmers from round about, it usually did not take very long before horse and carriage were back on firm ground.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wel bleef men ... steken, ... wel was men ... genoodzaakt ... maar als men ...","title":"Concessive 'wel ... wel ... maar' + impersonal men","body":"The paired 'wel ... wel ... maar' frames a concession ('true ... true ... but'). Each 'wel' fronts, so the verb inverts ('bleef men', 'was men'). 'men' is the impersonal 'one', steering the whole anecdote."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de hulp interoepen van de bewoners der naastby gelegen dorpen","title":"Joined te-infinitive + genitive 'der'","body":"'interoepen' is 'in te roepen' (to call in) with the 'te' infixed and spelled as one word — classic 1860 orthography. 'der ... dorpen' is the genitive plural case-remnant ('of the villages')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als men ... er ... in geslaagd was ... duurde het ... niet zeer lang, voor men ... had gebracht","title":"Pronominal 'erin' + 'voor' temporal clause","body":"'er ... in geslaagd' = 'slagen in' (to succeed in), with 'er...in' standing for 'in it'. The long 'als'-clause is answered by inverted 'duurde het', and 'voor men ... had gebracht' is a verb-final temporal clause ('before one had brought')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive marker modifying bleef","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bleef","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bleef steken","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"steken","lemma":"steken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of bleef","gloss":"getting stuck"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking modder","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of modder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"modder","lemma":"modder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"mud"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking laaglanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of laaglanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bantamsche","lemma":"Bantams","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies laaglanden","gloss":"Bantam","note":"Historical -sch spelling of modern -s."},{"surface":"laaglanden","lemma":"laagland","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"lowlands"},{"surface":"zwaar","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative adjective with is","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"kleierig","lemma":"kleierig","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with zwaar","gloss":"clayey"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"klevend","lemma":"kleven","morphology":"present participle used adjectivally","role":"predicative adjective with is","gloss":"clinging"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking die to predicates","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive marker modifying was","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking men to genoodzaakt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of genoodzaakt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genoodzaakt","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"genoodzaakt","lemma":"noodzaken","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"predicate adjective with was","gloss":"obliged"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hulp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of interoepen","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"interoepen","lemma":"inroepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of genoodzaakt","gloss":"to call on","note":"Historical closed spelling of in te roepen."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bewoners","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewoners","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bewoners","lemma":"bewoner","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of hulp van","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of dorpen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"naastby","lemma":"naastbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelegen","gloss":"nearest","note":"Historical spelling of naastbij."},{"surface":"gelegen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies dorpen","gloss":"situated"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of bewoners","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive conjunction ook al","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking ze to naby","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zéér","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zéér","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies naby","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"naby","lemma":"nabij","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate adjective with waren","gloss":"near","note":"Historical spelling of nabij."},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorpen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking dorpen to menigvuldig","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies menigvuldig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"menigvuldig","lemma":"menigvuldig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate adjective with zyn","gloss":"plentiful"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking streken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of streken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting main clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geslaagd","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal component of erin geslaagd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geslaagd","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geslaagd","gloss":"finally","note":"Historical spelling of eindelijk."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"pronominal component of erin geslaagd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"geslaagd","lemma":"slagen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle with was","gloss":"succeeded"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geslaagd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of twintigtal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"twintigtal","lemma":"twintigtal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of krygen","gloss":"score"},{"surface":"landbouwers","lemma":"landbouwer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"partitive complement of twintigtal","gloss":"farmers"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source phrase","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of omtrek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omtrek","lemma":"omtrek","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"surrounding area"},{"surface":"by-een","lemma":"bijeen","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"particle of bijeen krygen","gloss":"together","note":"Historical spelling with y."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces krygen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"krygen","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of geslaagd","gloss":"get","note":"Historical spelling of krijgen."},{"surface":"duurde","lemma":"duren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of contrasting clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"expletive pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of duurde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duurde","gloss":"usually","note":"Historical spelling of gewoonlijk."},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"duration complement of duurde","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of gebracht","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gebracht","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"paard","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had gebracht","gloss":"horse"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with paard","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had gebracht","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grond","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"vasten","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies grond","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of clause introduced by voor","gloss":"brought"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h5-s4","source":"De koetsier klapte met de zweep, de loopers--in Europa zou men, geloof ik, zeggen \"palfreniers\" of liever, er bestaat in Europa niets wat met deze loopers overeenkomt--die onvergelykbare loopers dan, met hun korte dikke zweepjes, huppelden weer aan de zyde van het vierspan, kreschen onbeschryfelyke geluiden, en sloegen de paarden ter-aanmoediging onder den buik. Zóó hoste men dan eenigen tyd voort, tot het verdrietig oogenblik weer daar was, dat men tot over de assen wegzonk in den modder.","translation":"The coachman cracked his whip, the runners — in Europe, I believe, one would say \"grooms,\" or rather, there is nothing in Europe that corresponds to these runners — these incomparable runners, then, with their short thick little whips, would skip along again at the side of the team, shrieking out indescribable noises and lashing the horses under the belly to spur them on. In this way one jolted along for a while, until the dispiriting moment came round again when one sank up to the axles in the mud.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"in Europa zou men ... zeggen \"palfreniers\"","title":"Conditional zou + impersonal men","body":"'zou men ... zeggen' is the conditional (zou + infinitive 'zeggen'), inverted after the fronted 'in Europa': 'in Europe one would say...'. The infinitive parks at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er bestaat in Europa niets wat ... overeenkomt","title":"Existential er + relative 'wat'","body":"'er bestaat ... niets' uses 'er' with the verb 'bestaan' (to exist). 'wat' is the relative pronoun used after the indefinite 'niets' (nothing that...), and 'overeenkomt' (separable 'overeenkomen', to correspond) is verb-final."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"loopers / huppelden / kreschen","title":"loopers, huppelen, krijschen","body":"'loopers' are the running outriders who flank the carriage; 'huppelden' (skipped/hopped) and 'kreschen' (period past of 'krijschen', to shriek) animate them. Multatuli says no European word fits these 'onvergelykbare loopers'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koetsier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koetsier","lemma":"koetsier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of klapte","gloss":"coachman"},{"surface":"klapte","lemma":"klappen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cracked"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zweep","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zweep; contextually possessive","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zweep","lemma":"zweep","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of klapte","gloss":"whip"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loopers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loopers","lemma":"loper","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of huppelden, kreschen, and sloegen","gloss":"runners"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of zeggen","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"palfreniers","lemma":"palfrenier","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"grooms"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"liever","morphology":"adverb","role":"corrective discourse adverb","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb with bestaat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"bestaat","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the corrective clause","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of bestaat","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bestaat","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of overeenkomt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loopers","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loopers","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"loopers","lemma":"loper","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of overeenkomt","gloss":"runners"},{"surface":"overeenkomt","lemma":"overeenkomen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on niets","gloss":"corresponds"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of loopers","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"onvergelykbare","lemma":"onvergelijkbaar","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies loopers","gloss":"incomparable"},{"surface":"loopers","lemma":"loper","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of huppelden, kreschen, and sloegen","gloss":"runners"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb resuming the sentence","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zweepjes","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zweepjes","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"korte","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies zweepjes","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"dikke","lemma":"dik","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies zweepjes","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"zweepjes","lemma":"zweep","morphology":"noun, diminutive, plural","role":"oblique complement of huppelden","gloss":"little whips"},{"surface":"huppelden","lemma":"huppelen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb coordinated with kreschen and sloegen","gloss":"skipped"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies huppelden","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zyde","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zyde","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of huppelden","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vierspan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vierspan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vierspan","lemma":"vierspan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying zyde","gloss":"team"},{"surface":"kreschen","lemma":"krijsen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with huppelden","gloss":"shrieked","note":"Kreschen is a nineteenth-century form of modern krijsten, from krijsen."},{"surface":"onbeschryfelyke","lemma":"onbeschrijfelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies geluiden","gloss":"indescribable"},{"surface":"geluiden","lemma":"geluid","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of kreschen","gloss":"noises"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sloegen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with huppelden and kreschen","gloss":"lashed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paarden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"paarden","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of sloegen","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"ter-aanmoediging","lemma":"ter aanmoediging","morphology":"adverbial prepositional phrase","role":"purpose adjunct of sloegen","gloss":"for encouragement"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buik","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of buik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buik","lemma":"buik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of sloegen","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"Zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoste","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"hoste","lemma":"hossen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"jolted"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoste","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoste","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic inflection","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial measure of duration","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of voort-hossen","gloss":"onward"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of was","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdrietig","lemma":"verdrietig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies oogenblik","gloss":"dispiriting"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by tot","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a relative clause modifying oogenblik","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wegzonk","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking assen","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the complex preposition tot over","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of assen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"assen","lemma":"as","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of wegzonk","gloss":"axles"},{"surface":"wegzonk","lemma":"wegzinken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking modder","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of modder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"modder","lemma":"modder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of wegzonk","gloss":"mud"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h5-s5","source":"Dan begon het geroep om hulp op-nieuw. Men wachtte geduldig tot die hulp kwam, en ... sukkelde verder.","translation":"Then the cry for help began afresh. One waited patiently until that help arrived, and ... struggled on.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan begon het geroep om hulp op-nieuw","title":"Fronted 'Dan' + separable opnieuw beginnen","body":"Opening with 'Dan' (then) inverts to 'begon het geroep' (V2). 'op-nieuw' (modern opnieuw, anew) sits at the end. 'het geroep' is a collective noun built on 'roepen' (the calling/crying) with the ge-...-prefix."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begon","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geroep","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geroep","lemma":"geroep","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"crying"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hulp","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies geroep","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"op-nieuw","lemma":"opnieuw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begon","gloss":"afresh"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"geduldig","lemma":"geduldig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wachtte","gloss":"patiently"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of kwam","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hulp","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sukkelde","lemma":"sukkelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with wachtte","gloss":"struggled"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle complement of sukkelde","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h5-s6","source":"Dikwyls, als ik dien weg langs ging, was 't my als zou ik hier of daar een wagen vinden met reizigers uit de vorige eeuw, die in den modder gezakt, en vergeten waren.","translation":"Often, as I passed along that road, it seemed to me that here or there I might come upon a carriage carrying travellers from the previous century, who had sunk in the mud and been forgotten.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was 't my als zou ik ... een wagen vinden","title":"Impersonal 'het is mij als' + conditional zou","body":"'was 't my als ...' is an impersonal construction ('it was to me as though...'); the 'als'-clause then inverts to 'zou ik ... vinden' (I would find), the conditional with the infinitive at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die in den modder gezakt, en vergeten waren","title":"Relative die + shared auxiliary","body":"'die' (relative, for the de-word 'reizigers') opens a verb-final clause where two participles, 'gezakt' and 'vergeten', share one finite 'waren' (pluperfect with zijn): had sunk and been forgotten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ging","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of the postposition langs","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"langs","morphology":"postposition","role":"marks the route dien weg","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the impersonal construction","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer complement of was","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the apparent-state clause of vinden","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vinden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vinden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying vinden","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with hier","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by als","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reizigers","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"reizigers","lemma":"reiziger","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of met modifying wagen","gloss":"travellers"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eeuw","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eeuw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies eeuw","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"eeuw","lemma":"eeuw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of reizigers","gloss":"century"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gezakt and patient of vergeten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking modder","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of modder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"modder","lemma":"modder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gezakt","gloss":"mud"},{"surface":"gezakt","lemma":"zakken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause; coordinated with vergeten","gloss":"sunk"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vergeten","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle coordinated with gezakt","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezakt and passive auxiliary of vergeten","gloss":"had been"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h5-s7","source":"Maar dit is me nooit voorgekomen.","translation":"But this never once happened to me.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit is me nooit voorgekomen","title":"Perfect of separable voorkomen + negative nooit","body":"'is ... voorgekomen' is the perfect of the separable 'voorkomen' (to happen/occur), taking 'zijn' as auxiliary. 'nooit' (never) is the single negative — Dutch allows only one per clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorgekomen","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of voorgekomen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorgekomen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of voorgekomen","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgekomen","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"voorgekomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h5-s8","source":"Ik veronderstel dus dat allen die ooit dezen weg langs kwamen, eindelyk zyn aangeland waar ze wezen wilden.","translation":"So I assume that all who ever came along this road did in the end arrive where they wished to be.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat allen die ooit dezen weg langs kwamen, eindelyk zyn aangeland","title":"Nested relative + perfect of aanlanden","body":"Inside the 'dat'-clause a relative 'die ... kwamen' is embedded (verb-final), and the main predicate 'zyn aangeland' (perfect of separable 'aanlanden', to arrive, with zijn) closes the whole. 'dezen weg' is an accusative case-remnant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of veronderstel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"veronderstel","lemma":"veronderstellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"assume"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veronderstel","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of veronderstel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zyn aangeland","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kwamen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwamen","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of the postposition langs","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"langs","morphology":"postposition","role":"marks the route dezen weg","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"kwamen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause on allen","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangeland","gloss":"eventually"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of aangeland","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aangeland","lemma":"aanlanden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the complement clause","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of wezen","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of wilden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilden","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"wilden","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the locative clause introduced by waar","gloss":"wanted"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h5-s9","source":"Men zou zich zeer vergissen, wanneer men zich van den geheelen grooten weg op Java, een denkbeeld vormde naar den maatstaf van dien weg in 't Lebaksche.","translation":"One would be much mistaken to form an idea of the whole of the great road across Java by the measure of that road in the Lebak country.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men zou zich zeer vergissen, wanneer men zich ... een denkbeeld vormde","title":"Conditional zou + reflexive + wanneer-clause","body":"'zou zich ... vergissen' is the conditional of the reflexive 'zich vergissen' (to be mistaken). The condition follows in a verb-final 'wanneer'-clause with a second reflexive 'zich ... vormde' (to form for oneself an idea)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vergissen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vergissen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of vergissen","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vergissen","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"vergissen","lemma":"vergissen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the conditional construction","gloss":"be mistaken"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vormde","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vormde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive indirect object of vormde","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weg; the phrase modifies denkbeeld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheelen","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic inflection","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic inflection","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of denkbeeld","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement modifying weg","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vormde","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"vormde","lemma":"vormen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"formed"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maatstaf","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of maatstaf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maatstaf","lemma":"maatstaf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vormde","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weg; the phrase modifies maatstaf","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of maatstaf","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebaksche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lebaksche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, neuter singular","role":"object of in modifying weg","gloss":"Lebak country","note":"Het Lebaksche is a substantivized regional adjective meaning the Lebak country."}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h5-s10","source":"De eigenlyke heirbaan met zyn vele zytakken, die de maarschalk Daendels met groote opoffering van volk deed aanleggen is inderdaad een prachtig stuk werks, en men staat verbaasd over de geestkracht van den man die, ondanks alle bezwaren welke zyn benyders en tegenstanders in 't moederland hem in den weg legden, den onwil der bevolking en de ontevredenheid der hoofden durfde trotsen, om iets tot-stand te brengen, dat thans nog de bewondering van iederen bezoeker opwekt en verdient.","translation":"The high road proper, with its many branches, which Marshal Daendels had laid out at great cost of human life, is indeed a magnificent piece of work, and one stands amazed at the force of will of the man who, despite all the obstacles his enviers and opponents in the mother country put in his way, dared to defy the unwillingness of the population and the discontent of the chiefs in order to bring about something that to this day still rouses and deserves the admiration of every visitor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die de maarschalk Daendels ... deed aanleggen","title":"Causative doen + bare infinitive","body":"'deed aanleggen' is the causative 'doen' + bare infinitive 'aanleggen' (to have laid out) — older and more formal than 'laten'. The relative 'die' makes the clause verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de geestkracht van den man die ... durfde trotsen","title":"Stacked relatives + 'den' + durven + infinitive","body":"'van den man' keeps the case-remnant 'den'; the relative 'die ... durfde trotsen' ends the clause with 'durven' (to dare) governing the (here bare) infinitive 'trotsen' (to defy)."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heirbaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eigenlyke","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies heirbaan","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"heirbaan","lemma":"heerbaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"high road"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zytakken","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of zijtakken","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite numeral, inflected","role":"quantifies zijtakken","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"zytakken","lemma":"zijtak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"branches"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of aanleggen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maarschalk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maarschalk","lemma":"maarschalk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"marshal"},{"surface":"Daendels","lemma":"Daendels","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to maarschalk","gloss":"Daendels"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opoffering","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies opoffering","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"opoffering","lemma":"opoffering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"sacrifice"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking volk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"causative verb in relative clause on heirbaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aanleggen","lemma":"aanleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of deed","gloss":"laid out"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking heirbaan to stuk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"prachtig","lemma":"prachtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stuk","gloss":"magnificent"},{"surface":"stuk","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"piece"},{"surface":"werks","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of stuk","gloss":"of work"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with is","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"verbaasd","lemma":"verbazen","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of staat","gloss":"amazed"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geestkracht","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geestkracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geestkracht","lemma":"geestkracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"force of will"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking man","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of durfde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ondanks","lemma":"ondanks","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bezwaren","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezwaren","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"bezwaren","lemma":"bezwaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of ondanks","gloss":"obstacles"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter plural","role":"direct object of legden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of benijders and tegenstanders","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"benyders","lemma":"benijder","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of legden","gloss":"enviers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tegenstanders","lemma":"tegenstander","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with benyders","gloss":"opponents"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moederland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of moederland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moederland","lemma":"moederland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"mother country"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative singular","role":"indirect object of legden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in de weg leggen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of idiom in de weg leggen","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"legden","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on bezwaren","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of onwil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onwil","lemma":"onwil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of trotsen","gloss":"unwillingness"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of onwil","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontevredenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontevredenheid","lemma":"ontevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of trotsen, coordinated with onwil","gloss":"discontent"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of hoofden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of ontevredenheid","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"durfde","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on man","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"trotsen","lemma":"trotsen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of durfde","gloss":"to defy"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"tot-stand","lemma":"tot stand","morphology":"fixed adverbial phrase","role":"part of separable expression tot stand brengen","gloss":"into being"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of opwekt and verdient; antecedent iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opwekt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opwekt","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewondering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bewondering","lemma":"bewondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opwekt and verdient","gloss":"admiration"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bezoeker","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iederen","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of bezoeker","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"bezoeker","lemma":"bezoeker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"visitor"},{"surface":"opwekt","lemma":"opwekken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on iets","gloss":"rouses"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verdient","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with opwekt","gloss":"deserves"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h5-s11","source":"Geen paardenpostery dan ook in Europa--zelfs niet in Engeland, Rusland of Hongarye--kan met die op Java worden gelyk gesteld.","translation":"No system of post-horses in Europe — not even in England, Russia, or Hungary — can be set on a par with the one on Java.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Geen paardenpostery ... kan met die op Java worden gelyk gesteld","title":"Passive with worden + geen-negation","body":"'kan ... worden gelyk gesteld' is a modal + worden-passive ('can be put on a par'); the worden-passive sends 'gesteld' to the end. 'Geen paardenpostery' negates the indefinite subject — 'geen', not 'niet'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"paardenpostery","title":"paardenpostery — the post-horse relay","body":"'Paardenpostery' is a system of relay post-horses for fast travel. 'Paarden + postery' is a noun compound (the right element heads it); the whole praises Java's relay system over any in Europe."}],"words":[{"surface":"Geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paardenpostery","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"paardenpostery","lemma":"paardenposterij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kan worden gelijkgesteld","gloss":"post-horse system"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"with ook, emphasizes geen paardenpostery","gloss":"whatsoever"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"with dan, emphasizes geen paardenpostery","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates implied location phrase","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Engeland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Engeland","lemma":"Engeland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"England"},{"surface":"Rusland","lemma":"Rusland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Engeland","gloss":"Russia"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Hongarye","lemma":"Hongarije","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Engeland and Rusland","gloss":"Hungary"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesteld","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking die","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"object of met; stands for paardenposterij","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gelijkgesteld","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of gelijkstellen","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of split gelijkstellen construction","gloss":"set"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h5-s12","source":"Over hooge bergruggen, langs diepten die u doen yzen, vliegt de zwaar bepakte reiswagen in één galop voort.","translation":"Over high mountain ridges, along chasms that make you shudder, the heavily laden travelling-carriage flies onward at a single gallop.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Over hooge bergruggen ... vliegt de zwaar bepakte reiswagen voort","title":"Fronted adverbials + separable voortvliegen","body":"Two place-phrases are fronted, so the verb 'vliegt' stands second before the subject 'de ... reiswagen'. 'voort' is the separable prefix of 'voortvliegen' (to fly on), landing at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"langs diepten die u doen yzen","title":"Relative die + causative doen","body":"'die ... doen yzen' — the relative subject 'die' (the chasms) plus causative 'doen' + bare infinitive 'yzen' (to make you shudder). 'u' here is the object 'you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bergruggen","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"hooge","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies bergruggen","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"bergruggen","lemma":"bergrug","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"mountain ridges"},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"langs","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking diepten","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"diepten","lemma":"diepte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of langs","gloss":"chasms"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of ijzen in causative construction","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on diepten","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"yzen","lemma":"ijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"shudder"},{"surface":"vliegt","lemma":"vliegen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flies"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reiswagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwaar","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bepakte","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"bepakte","lemma":"bepakken","morphology":"past participle, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies reiswagen","gloss":"laden"},{"surface":"reiswagen","lemma":"reiswagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vliegt","gloss":"travelling carriage"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking galop","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies galop","gloss":"a single"},{"surface":"galop","lemma":"galop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"gallop"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of voortvliegen","gloss":"onward"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h5-s13","source":"De koetsier zit als op den bok genageld, uren, ja, gansche dagen achtereen, en zwaait de zware zweep met yzeren arm.","translation":"The coachman sits as though nailed to the box, for hours, indeed whole days on end, and swings the heavy whip with an iron arm.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De koetsier zit als op den bok genageld","title":"Participle 'genageld' as predicate + 'den'","body":"'genageld' (nailed, participle of 'nagelen') works as a predicate adjective after 'als' — 'sits as though nailed to the box'. 'op den bok' shows the case-remnant 'den' (the coach-box)."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koetsier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koetsier","lemma":"koetsier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zit","gloss":"coachman"},{"surface":"zit","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical comparison als genageld","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement of genageld","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of bok","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bok","lemma":"bok","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"box"},{"surface":"genageld","lemma":"nagelen","morphology":"past participle","role":"predicative complement of zit","gloss":"nailed"},{"surface":"uren","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"adverbial of duration modifying zit","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizes gansche dagen","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"gansche","lemma":"gans","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies dagen","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"adverbial of duration modifying zit","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"achtereen","lemma":"achtereen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uren and dagen","gloss":"on end"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zwaait","lemma":"zwaaien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with zit","gloss":"swings"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zweep","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zware","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zweep","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"zweep","lemma":"zweep","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zwaait","gloss":"whip"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arm","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"yzeren","lemma":"ijzeren","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies arm","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"arm"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h5-s14","source":"Hy weet juist te berekenen waar en hoeveel hy de hollende paarden moet inhouden, om na vliegend dalen van een berghelling, ginds aan dien hoek ...","translation":"He knows exactly how to reckon where and by how much he must rein in the racing horses, so that after a headlong descent of a mountain slope, there at that bend ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy weet juist te berekenen waar en hoeveel hy ... moet inhouden","title":"te-infinitive + embedded modal clause","body":"'weet ... te berekenen' = 'knows how to reckon' (weten + te + infinitive). The indirect question 'waar en hoeveel hy ... moet inhouden' is verb-final, with the modal 'moet' sending the separable infinitive 'inhouden' (to rein in) to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies berekenen","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive berekenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"berekenen","lemma":"berekenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of weet","gloss":"reckon"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"interrogative complement of berekenen","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoeveel","lemma":"hoeveel","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"interrogative complement of berekenen","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of moet inhouden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paarden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hollende","lemma":"hollen","morphology":"present participle, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies paarden","gloss":"racing"},{"surface":"paarden","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of inhouden","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of inhouden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"inhouden","lemma":"inhouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moet","gloss":"rein in"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces continuation of purpose clause","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dalen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"vliegend","lemma":"vliegen","morphology":"present participle used adverbially","role":"modifies dalen","gloss":"headlong"},{"surface":"dalen","lemma":"dalen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"object of na","gloss":"descent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking berghelling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of berghelling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"berghelling","lemma":"berghelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"mountain slope"},{"surface":"ginds","lemma":"ginds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies implied destination","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoek","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of hoek","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hoek","lemma":"hoek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"bend"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h5-s15","source":"--Myn God, de weg is ... weg! We gaan in een afgrond, gilt de onervaren reiziger, daar is geen weg ... daar is de diepte!","translation":"— My God, the road is ... gone! We are driving into an abyss, cries the inexperienced traveller; there is no road ... there is the chasm!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de weg is ... weg!","title":"Pun: weg (road) vs. weg (gone)","body":"A pun lost in English (the homophone exists only in Dutch): 'de weg is ... weg' = 'the road is ... gone'. The noun 'weg' (road) and the adverb 'weg' (gone/away) are spelled and pronounced alike — Multatuli's reader gets a small jolt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gilt de onervaren reiziger","title":"Quotative inversion + present 'gilt'","body":"In the reporting tag 'gilt de ... reiziger' the present-tense verb 'gilt' (cries/shrieks, from 'gillen') precedes its subject — the vivid 'historic present' Multatuli uses for this set-piece."}],"words":[{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of God","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative in exclamation","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking weg to weg","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"We","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of gaan","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afgrond","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afgrond","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"afgrond","lemma":"afgrond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gaan","gloss":"abyss"},{"surface":"gilt","lemma":"gillen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reiziger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onervaren","lemma":"onervaren","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies reiziger","gloss":"inexperienced"},{"surface":"reiziger","lemma":"reiziger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gilt","gloss":"traveller"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of locative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of diepte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diepte","lemma":"diepte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"chasm"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h5-s16","source":"Ja, zoo schynt het.","translation":"Yes, so it seems.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ja, zoo schynt het","title":"Impersonal het with schijnen","body":"'zoo schynt het' = 'so it seems', the impersonal/dummy 'het' as subject of 'schijnen' (to seem). Fronting 'zoo' (so/thus) inverts the verb before 'het'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirms the preceding exclamation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of schijnt","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of schijnt","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h5-s17","source":"De weg kromt zich, en juist als één galopsprong verder, vasten grond zou doen verliezen aan 't voorspan, wenden zich de paarden, en slingeren het voertuig den hoek om.","translation":"The road bends, and just as one gallop-bound more would lose firm ground beneath the leaders, the horses wheel about and sling the vehicle round the corner.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De weg kromt zich, en ... wenden zich de paarden","title":"Reflexive 'zich kromt' / 'zich wenden'","body":"Both 'kromt zich' (the road bends/curves itself) and 'wenden zich de paarden' (the horses turn) use the reflexive 'zich'. In the second, the long 'en juist als...'-clause is fronted, forcing 'wenden zich de paarden' inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kromt","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"kromt","lemma":"krommen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bends"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of kromt","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies als-clause","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subordinate clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies galopsprong","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"galopsprong","lemma":"galopsprong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou doen verliezen","gloss":"gallop bound"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"postpositive modifier of galopsprong","gloss":"farther"},{"surface":"vasten","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies grond","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verliezen","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"verliezen","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"lose"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks voorspan as causee of doen verliezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of voorspan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorspan","lemma":"voorspan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan; subject of verliezen in causative construction","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"wenden","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb coordinated with kromt","gloss":"wheel"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of wenden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paarden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"paarden","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of wenden","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"slingeren","lemma":"slingeren","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb coordinated with wenden","gloss":"sling"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voertuig","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voertuig","lemma":"voertuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of slingeren","gloss":"vehicle"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of hoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoek","lemma":"hoek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of circumposition den hoek om","gloss":"corner"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"postposition","role":"completes circumposition den hoek om","gloss":"around"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h5-s18","source":"Ze vliegen de berghoogte op, die ge een oogenblik vroeger niet zaagt, en ... de afgrond ligt achter u.","translation":"They fly up the mountain height that you did not see a moment before, and ... the abyss lies behind you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ge een oogenblik vroeger niet zaagt","title":"Archaic 'ge' + relative die, verb-final","body":"'ge' is the literary/period 2nd-person pronoun (modern 'je/jij'), characteristic of 1860 prose. The relative 'die' (the mountain height) makes the clause verb-final, ending on 'zaagt' (period past of 'zien', you saw)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of vliegen","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"vliegen","lemma":"vliegen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb; combines with op","gloss":"fly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of berghoogte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"berghoogte","lemma":"berghoogte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of postposition op","gloss":"mountain height"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"postposition","role":"forms de berghoogte op and combines with vliegen","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of zaagt; refers to berghoogte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person singular","role":"subject of zaagt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial measure of time modifying vroeger","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"adverbial modifier of zaagt","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zaagt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zaagt","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperfect, second person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying berghoogte","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates ligt with vliegen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of afgrond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afgrond","lemma":"afgrond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"abyss"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb coordinated with vliegen","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement u","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person, object form","role":"complement of achter","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h5-s19","source":"Er zyn, by zulke gelegenheid, oogenblikken dat de wagen alleen rust op de raderen aan de buitenzyde van den boog dien ge beschryft: de middelpuntvliedende kracht heeft de binnenwielen van den grond geheven.","translation":"On such an occasion there are moments when the carriage rests only on the wheels at the outer side of the curve you are describing: the centrifugal force has lifted the inner wheels off the ground.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er zyn ... oogenblikken dat de wagen alleen rust op de raderen","title":"Existential er + relative-like 'dat'","body":"'Er zyn ... oogenblikken' is the existential 'er' ('there are moments'). The following 'dat'-clause specifies them and runs verb-final to 'rust'. 'de raderen' is the older plural of 'rad' (wheels)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den boog dien ge beschryft","title":"Accusative remnants 'den' and 'dien'","body":"'den boog' (accusative article) and the accusative relative 'dien' ('the curve that/which you describe') are two frozen masculine-accusative forms in a single phrase — peak 1860 case-marking. 'ge' is again the archaic 'you'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential construction with zijn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces gelegenheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"such an"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"oogenblikken","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces relative clause modifying oogenblikken","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of rust","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of op de raderen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rusten","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"rests"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces raderen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of raderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"raderen","lemma":"rad","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of op","gloss":"wheels"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces buitenzyde","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of buitenzyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buitenzyde","lemma":"buitenzijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan; modifies raderen","gloss":"outer side"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces boog","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique historical form","role":"determiner of boog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boog","lemma":"boog","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"curve"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative historical form","role":"direct object of beschryft; refers to boog","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person singular","role":"subject of beschryft","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"beschryft","lemma":"beschrijven","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying boog","gloss":"are describing"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"middelpuntvliedende","lemma":"middelpuntvliedend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies kracht","gloss":"centrifugal"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft geheven","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of geheven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of binnenwielen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnenwielen","lemma":"binnenwiel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of geheven","gloss":"inner wheels"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces grond; marks separation","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique historical form","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"geheven","lemma":"heffen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with auxiliary heeft","gloss":"lifted"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h5-s20","source":"Er behoort koelbloedigheid toe, de oogen niet te sluiten, en wie voor 't eerst op Java reist, schryft aan zyn familie in Europa, dat hy in levensgevaar verkeerd heeft. Maar wie er te-huis behoort, lacht om dien angst.","translation":"It takes cool blood not to shut one's eyes, and whoever travels on Java for the first time writes to his family in Europe that he has been in mortal danger. But whoever belongs there laughs at such fear.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er behoort koelbloedigheid toe, de oogen niet te sluiten","title":"Separable 'toebehoren' + te-infinitive","body":"'Er behoort koelbloedigheid toe' uses the separable 'toebehoren' ('it takes/requires cool blood'), with 'toe' at the end and the 'er' as dummy. The te-infinitive 'de oogen niet te sluiten' (not to shut one's eyes) spells out what it takes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie voor 't eerst op Java reist, schryft aan zyn familie","title":"Headless relative 'wie' as subject","body":"'wie ... reist' is a free relative ('whoever travels') with no antecedent, opening a verb-final clause; the main clause then answers with 'schryft' (writes). Multatuli pairs it with 'wie er te-huis behoort, lacht...' for contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of construction er ... toe behoren","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"behoort","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb; combines with toe","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"koelbloedigheid","lemma":"koelbloedigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of behoort","gloss":"cool blood"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"prepositional adverb","role":"forms the discontinuous pronominal adverb er ... toe; complement of behoort","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"one's"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of sluiten","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates sluiten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive sluiten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sluiten","lemma":"sluiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement specifying what requires koelbloedigheid","gloss":"shut"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the clause of schryft with preceding clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"subject of reist; free relative clause is subject of schryft","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom voor het eerst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner in voor het eerst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"ordinal adjective, substantivized","role":"complement of voor in idiom voor het eerst","gloss":"first time"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"reist","lemma":"reizen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of free relative clause headed by wie","gloss":"travels"},{"surface":"schryft","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb; subject is free relative clause wie ... reist","gloss":"writes"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces indirect object familie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of familie","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan; indirect object of schryft","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Europa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of in; modifies familie","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of schryft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of verkeerd heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces levensgevaar","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"levensgevaar","lemma":"levensgevaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"mortal danger"},{"surface":"verkeerd","lemma":"verkeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with auxiliary heeft","gloss":"been","note":"Here verkeerd is the past participle of verkeren (‘to be/stay’), not the adjective meaning ‘wrong’."},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of verkeerd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"subject of behoort; free relative clause is subject of lacht","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"locative modifier of behoort","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te-huis","lemma":"thuis","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of behoort","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"behoort","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of free relative clause headed by wie","gloss":"belongs"},{"surface":"lacht","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb; subject is free relative clause wie ... behoort","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of lacht","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique historical form","role":"determiner of angst","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"angst","lemma":"angst","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of om","gloss":"fear"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h5-s21","source":"Het is myn doel niet, vooral niet in het begin van myn vertelling, den lezer lang bezig te houden met het beschryven van plaatsen, landschappen of gebouwen. Ik vrees te zeer hem afteschrikken door wat zweemen zou naar langdradigheid, en eerst later, als ik gevoel dat hy voor my gewonnen is, als ik uit blik en houding bemerk dat het lot van de heldin die ergens van 't balkon eener vierde verdieping springt, hem belang inboezemt, dan laat ik, met stoute verachting van alle wetten der zwaartekracht, haar zweven tusschen hemel en aarde, tot ik myn hart heb lucht gegeven in de nauwkeurige schets der schoonheden van het landschap, of van 't gebouw dat daar ergens schynt geplaatst te zyn om een voorwendsel aan de hand te doen tot een veelbladzydig vertoog over middeleeuwsche architektuur.","translation":"It is not my aim — least of all at the beginning of my tale — to keep the reader long occupied with the describing of places, landscapes, or buildings. I am too afraid of scaring him off with anything that might smack of long-windedness; and only later, when I feel that he has been won over to me, when I can tell from his look and bearing that the fate of the heroine who springs from a fourth-floor balcony somewhere holds his interest, then I will, with bold contempt for all the laws of gravity, let her hover between heaven and earth until I have unburdened my heart in a meticulous sketch of the beauties of the landscape, or of the building that seems set down there for the sole purpose of furnishing a pretext for a many-paged disquisition on medieval architecture.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik vrees te zeer hem afteschrikken","title":"Joined te-infinitive 'afteschrikken'","body":"'afteschrikken' is the separable 'afschrikken' (to scare off) with infixed 'te', written as one word in the 1860 manner (modern 'af te schrikken'). It depends on 'vrees' (I fear to...)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik gevoel dat hy voor my gewonnen is","title":"Passive with zijn (state)","body":"'gewonnen is' is the zijn-passive expressing a resulting state: 'he has been won over / is won'. It sits verb-final inside the 'dat'-clause, itself inside the 'als'-clause — Multatuli's characteristic nesting."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan laat ik ... haar zweven tusschen hemel en aarde","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"'laat ik ... haar zweven' is causative 'laten' + bare infinitive 'zweven' (to let her hover). The whole long sentence hangs the heroine in mid-air as a deliberate joke on digressive description."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Het to doel","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of doel","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"doel","lemma":"doel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the copular clause","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies following niet","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic negation of circumstance","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begin","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of begin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begin","lemma":"begin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertelling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of vertelling","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vertelling","lemma":"vertelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"tale"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic accusative","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezig","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"bezig","lemma":"bezig","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of houden","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of houden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of doel","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beschryven","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschryven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschryven","lemma":"beschrijven","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"describing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaatsen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plaatsen","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"landschappen","lemma":"landschap","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with plaatsen","gloss":"landscapes"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gebouwen","lemma":"gebouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with plaatsen","gloss":"buildings"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vrees","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeer","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree complement of te","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of afteschrikken","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"afteschrikken","lemma":"afschrikken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of vrees","gloss":"scaring off","note":"Afteschrikken is the older closed spelling of separable af te schrikken."},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing means or cause","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of zweemen","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"zweemen","lemma":"zwemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"smack"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zweemen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking langdradigheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"langdradigheid","lemma":"langdradigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"long-windedness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies later","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies laat","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gevoel","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevoel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gewonnen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gewonnen is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beneficiary","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gewonnen","lemma":"winnen","morphology":"participial adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"won over"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hy to gewonnen","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bemerk","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bemerk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking blik","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"houding","lemma":"houding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with blik","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"bemerk","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"can tell"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of inboezemt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lot","lemma":"lot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of inboezemt","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking possessor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heldin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heldin","lemma":"heldin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"heroine"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of springt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ergens","lemma":"ergens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies springt","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking source","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of balkon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"balkon","lemma":"balkon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"balcony"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, feminine singular, archaic genitive","role":"determiner of verdieping","gloss":"of a","note":"Eener is an archaic feminine genitive form of een."},{"surface":"vierde","lemma":"vierde","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies verdieping","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"verdieping","lemma":"verdieping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement modifying balkon","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"springt","lemma":"springen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on heldin","gloss":"springs"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of inboezemt","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of inboezemt","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"inboezemt","lemma":"inboezemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of content clause","gloss":"inspires"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laat","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verachting","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"stoute","lemma":"stout","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verachting","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"verachting","lemma":"verachting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking object of contempt","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wetten","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wetten","lemma":"wet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"laws"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, feminine singular, archaic genitive","role":"determiner of zwaartekracht","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zwaartekracht","lemma":"zwaartekracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement modifying wetten","gloss":"gravity"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of laat","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"zweven","lemma":"zweven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of laat","gloss":"hover"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking position","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tusschen","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aarde","lemma":"aarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with hemel","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces endpoint clause","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gegeven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of hart","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object in idiom lucht geven","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"lucht","lemma":"lucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"vent"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"verb of endpoint clause","gloss":"given","note":"Zijn hart lucht geven means to unburden oneself."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schets","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schets","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nauwkeurige","lemma":"nauwkeurig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies schets","gloss":"meticulous"},{"surface":"schets","lemma":"schets","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"sketch"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural, archaic genitive","role":"determiner of schoonheden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"schoonheden","lemma":"schoonheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement modifying schets","gloss":"beauties"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landschap","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landschap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landschap","lemma":"landschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"landscape"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebouw","lemma":"gebouw","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van, coordinated with landschap","gloss":"building"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of schynt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schynt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ergens","lemma":"ergens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schynt","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"geplaatst","lemma":"plaatsen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle complement of schynt","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of geplaatst","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorwendsel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"voorwendsel","lemma":"voorwendsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"pretext"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom aan de hand doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of idiom aan de hand doen","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in purpose clause","gloss":"furnish","note":"Aan de hand doen means to furnish or provide."},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking intended result","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vertoog","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"veelbladzydig","lemma":"veelbladzijdig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vertoog","gloss":"many-paged"},{"surface":"vertoog","lemma":"vertoog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"disquisition"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking architektuur","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"middeleeuwsche","lemma":"middeleeuws","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies architektuur","gloss":"medieval"},{"surface":"architektuur","lemma":"architectuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of over","gloss":"architecture"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h5-s22","source":"Al die kasteelen gelyken op elkaar.","translation":"All those castles resemble one another.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Al die kasteelen gelyken op elkaar","title":"Reciprocal 'op elkaar' + fixed preposition","body":"'gelyken op elkaar' (resemble one another) uses the fixed preposition 'op' with 'gelijken' and the reciprocal 'elkaar'. 'kasteelen' is the period spelling of 'kastelen' (castles), with the doubled vowel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"modifies kasteelen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kasteelen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"kasteelen","lemma":"kasteel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of gelyken","gloss":"castles"},{"surface":"gelyken","lemma":"gelijken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resemble"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed verb gelijken op","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"elkaar","lemma":"elkaar","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"complement of op","gloss":"one another"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h5-s23","source":"Onveranderlyk zyn ze van heterogeene bouworde. Het corps de logis dagteekent altyd van eenige regeeringen vroeger dan de aanhechtsels die onder dezen of genen lateren koning daarby zyn gevoegd.","translation":"Invariably they are of heterogeneous construction. The corps de logis always dates from a good few reigns earlier than the additions that some later king or other has tacked on to it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Onveranderlyk zyn ze van heterogeene bouworde","title":"Fronted adverb forces inversion","body":"Opening with the adverb 'Onveranderlyk' (invariably) puts the verb 'zyn' second, ahead of 'ze'. A textbook V2 move with an adverbial in first position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de aanhechtsels die ... daarby zyn gevoegd","title":"Pronominal 'daarby' + passive with zijn","body":"'daarby ... zyn gevoegd' — 'daarby' is a pronominal adverb ('to it'), and 'zyn gevoegd' is the zijn-passive/perfect ('have been added'). The relative 'die' keeps the clause verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Onveranderlyk","lemma":"onveranderlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"invariably"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking ze to bouworde","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bouworde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"heterogeene","lemma":"heterogeen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bouworde","gloss":"heterogeneous"},{"surface":"bouworde","lemma":"bouworde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"construction"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of corps","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"corps","lemma":"corps","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of compound subject corps de logis","gloss":"main building"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"foreign preposition","role":"part of French phrase corps de logis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"logis","lemma":"logis","morphology":"foreign noun","role":"part of French phrase corps de logis","gloss":"lodging","note":"Corps de logis is French for the main residential block of a building."},{"surface":"dagteekent","lemma":"dagtekenen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dates"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dagteekent","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regeeringen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies regeeringen","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"regeeringen","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"reigns"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"comparative complement of dagteekent","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with aanhechtsels","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanhechtsels","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanhechtsels","lemma":"aanhechtsel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"additions"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zyn gevoegd","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking time or reign","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique","role":"first part of dezen of genen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links dezen and genen","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"genen","lemma":"gene","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique","role":"second part of dezen of genen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lateren","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies koning","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal complement of onder","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of gevoegd","gloss":"onto it"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gevoegd","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"gevoegd","lemma":"voegen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in relative clause","gloss":"added"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h5-s24","source":"De torens zyn in vervallen staat ... Waarde lezer, er zyn geen torens.","translation":"The towers are in a state of decay ... Worthy reader, there are no towers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De torens zyn in vervallen staat ... er zyn geen torens","title":"Existential er + geen-negation","body":"Multatuli sets up 'De torens zyn ...' then deflates it with 'er zyn geen torens' — the existential 'er' plus 'geen' negating the indefinite plural 'torens' ('there are no towers')."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of torens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"torens","lemma":"toren","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"towers"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking to staat","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking state","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vervallen","lemma":"vervallen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"decayed"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"Waarde","lemma":"waard","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vocative lezer","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive of zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of torens","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"torens","lemma":"toren","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"logical subject of existential zyn","gloss":"towers"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h5-s25","source":"Een toren is een denkbeeld, een droom, een ideaal, een verzinsel, onverdragelyke grootspraak!","translation":"A tower is a notion, a dream, an ideal, a fabrication, an intolerable piece of bragging!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een denkbeeld, een droom, een ideaal, een verzinsel, onverdragelyke grootspraak","title":"An asyndetic crescendo","body":"Multatuli piles synonyms in mounting scorn — denkbeeld (notion), droom (dream), ideaal, verzinsel (fabrication), grootspraak (bragging) — to demolish the very idea of a 'toren'. 'onverdragelyk' (unbearable) caps the list with characteristic vehemence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toren","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"toren","lemma":"toren","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"tower"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to denkbeeld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of droom","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"droom","lemma":"droom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with denkbeeld","gloss":"dream"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ideaal","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ideaal","lemma":"ideaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with denkbeeld","gloss":"ideal"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzinsel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verzinsel","lemma":"verzinsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with denkbeeld","gloss":"fabrication"},{"surface":"onverdragelyke","lemma":"onverdraaglijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies grootspraak","gloss":"intolerable"},{"surface":"grootspraak","lemma":"grootspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement coordinated with denkbeeld","gloss":"bragging"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h5-s26","source":"Er zyn halve torens, en ... torentjes.","translation":"There are half-towers, and ... little turrets.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er zyn halve torens, en ... torentjes","title":"Existential er + diminutive plural","body":"'Er zyn ... torentjes' pairs the existential 'er' with 'torentjes', the diminutive plural of 'toren' (little turrets) — the comic anticlimax to the grand 'torens'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive of zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"halve","lemma":"half","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies torens","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"torens","lemma":"toren","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"logical subject of existential zyn","gloss":"towers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"torentjes","lemma":"toren","morphology":"diminutive noun, plural","role":"coordinated with torens","gloss":"little turrets"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h5-s27","source":"De geestdryvery die torens meende te moeten zetten op de gebouwen die opgericht werden ter-eere van dezen of genen heilige, duurde niet lang genoeg om ze te voleinden, en de spits die de geloovigen naar den hemel moet wyzen, rust, gewoonlyk een paar omgangen te laag, op de massieve bazis, 'tgeen denken doet aan den man zonder dyen op de kermis.","translation":"The zeal that thought it had to set towers upon the buildings raised in honour of some saint or other did not last long enough to bring them to completion, and the spire that is to point the faithful toward heaven usually rests, a few stages too low, on the massive base — which puts one in mind of the man without thighs at the fair.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De geestdryvery die torens meende te moeten zetten","title":"Stacked infinitives: meende te moeten zetten","body":"A three-verb cluster: 'meende te moeten zetten' = 'thought it had to set' — 'menen' + te + modal 'moeten' + bare infinitive 'zetten'. The relative 'die' makes the clause verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de spits die de geloovigen naar den hemel moet wyzen","title":"Relative die + modal moeten","body":"'die ... moet wyzen' — the relative subject 'die' (the spire) with modal 'moeten' sending 'wyzen' (to point) to the end. 'naar den hemel' carries the case-remnant 'den' (toward heaven)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'tgeen denken doet aan den man zonder dyen","title":"Archaic relative ''tgeen' + causative doen","body":"''tgeen' (= hetgeen) is a formal/older relative meaning 'which', referring to the whole preceding idea. 'denken doet aan' is causative 'doen' ('makes one think of'). 'zonder dyen' uses 'dyen', the period plural of 'dij' (thighs)."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geestdryvery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geestdryvery","lemma":"geestdrijverij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of duurde","gloss":"religious zeal","note":"Historical spelling of geestdrijverij, here meaning excessive religious zeal."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"torens","lemma":"toren","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zetten","gloss":"towers"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on geestdryvery","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive moeten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of zetten","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"zetten","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by meende te moeten","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebouwen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebouwen","lemma":"gebouw","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"buildings"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of werden opgericht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"opgericht","lemma":"oprichten","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb in the passive werden opgericht","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of opgericht","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ter-eere","lemma":"ter ere","morphology":"fixed prepositional phrase","role":"purpose adjunct of opgericht","gloss":"in honour","note":"Historical hyphenation of ter ere, ‘in honour’."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of ter-eere","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, dative singular","role":"first term of dezen of genen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links dezen and genen","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"genen","lemma":"gene","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, dative singular","role":"second term of dezen of genen","gloss":"other","note":"The idiom dezen of genen means ‘some person or other’."},{"surface":"heilige","lemma":"heilige","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van, specified by dezen of genen","gloss":"saint"},{"surface":"duurde","lemma":"duren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lasted"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duurde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duurde","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree complement of lang","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the infinitive purpose clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative plural","role":"direct object of voleinden","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive voleinden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voleinden","lemma":"voleinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the purpose clause modifying duurde","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clauses headed by duurde and rust","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spits","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"spits","lemma":"spits","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of rust","gloss":"spire"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of moet wyzen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geloovigen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geloovigen","lemma":"gelovige","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of wyzen","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the directional complement of wyzen","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of hemel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hemel","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of wyzen","gloss":"is to"},{"surface":"wyzen","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"point","note":"Wyzen is the nineteenth-century spelling of wijzen."},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rusten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"rests"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rust","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"quantifying noun, singular","role":"quantifies omgangen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"omgangen","lemma":"omgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"measure complement of laag","gloss":"stages"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laag","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"laag","lemma":"laag","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative locative complement of rust","gloss":"low"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement of rust","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bazis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"massieve","lemma":"massief","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bazis","gloss":"massive"},{"surface":"bazis","lemma":"basis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"base","note":"Bazis is an obsolete spelling of basis."},{"surface":"tgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"which","note":"’tgeen is a contraction of hetgeen."},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of doet","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause referring to the preceding situation","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of denken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dyen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dyen","lemma":"dij","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"thighs","note":"Dyen is the nineteenth-century spelling of dijen."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kermis","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kermis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kermis","lemma":"kermis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"fair"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h5-s28","source":"Alleen torentjes, kleine naaldjes op dorpskerken, zyn afgewerkt.","translation":"Only little turrets, small needles on village churches, are ever finished.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Alleen torentjes ... zyn afgewerkt","title":"Passive/perfect of afwerken + diminutive","body":"'zyn afgewerkt' is the participle of separable 'afwerken' (to finish) with 'zijn', read as a state ('are finished'). The subject 'torentjes' (little turrets) and 'naaldjes' (little needles) are diminutive plurals."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of torentjes","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"torentjes","lemma":"torentje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive afgewerkt","gloss":"little turrets"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies naaldjes","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"naaldjes","lemma":"naaldje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"apposition to torentjes","gloss":"needles"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a modifier of naaldjes","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dorpskerken","lemma":"dorpskerk","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"village churches"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of afgewerkt","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"afgewerkt","lemma":"afwerken","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb of the passive predicate","gloss":"finished"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h5-s29","source":"Het is waarlyk niet vleiend voor de westersche beschaving, dat zelden het denkbeeld om een groot werk tot-stand te brengen, zich lang genoeg heeft kunnen staande houden om dat werk voleind te zien.","translation":"It is truly no compliment to Western civilization that the notion of bringing some great work to completion has so seldom been able to hold its ground long enough to see that work carried through.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ... het denkbeeld ... zich lang genoeg heeft kunnen staande houden","title":"Reflexive + modal in perfect (kunnen)","body":"'heeft kunnen staande houden' is a perfect with a modal as infinitive ('kunnen', not a participle) plus 'staande houden' (to hold its ground). The reflexive 'zich' belongs to 'zich staande houden'. The whole clause is verb-final after 'dat'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"westersche beschaving","title":"westersche beschaving — Western civilization","body":"'westersche' shows the period sch- spelling (modern 'westerse'). Multatuli's barb — that the West can seldom finish a great work — sets up his sincere admiration for Cologne Cathedral that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with vleiend","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Het to vleiend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vleiend","gloss":"truly","note":"Waarlyk is the nineteenth-century spelling of waarlijk."},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vleiend","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vleiend","lemma":"vleiend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"flattering"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beschaving","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschaving","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"westersche","lemma":"westers","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies beschaving","gloss":"Western","note":"Westersche is an older inflected spelling of westerse."},{"surface":"beschaving","lemma":"beschaving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vleiend","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the extraposed subject clause of is vleiend","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zelden","lemma":"zelden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft kunnen staande houden","gloss":"seldom"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of heeft kunnen staande houden","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the infinitive clause modifying denkbeeld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies werk","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"tot-stand","lemma":"tot stand","morphology":"fixed adverbial phrase","role":"result complement of brengen","gloss":"to completion"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the clause modifying denkbeeld","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of staande houden","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staande houden","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary governing kunnen staande houden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of staande houden","gloss":"been able to"},{"surface":"staande","lemma":"staande","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"predicative element of staande houden","gloss":"upright","note":"Zich staande houden is an idiom meaning ‘to hold one’s ground’."},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by heeft kunnen","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the result infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zien and understood object of voleind","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"voleind","lemma":"voleinden","morphology":"past participle","role":"object complement of werk under zien","gloss":"completed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the result clause modifying staande houden","gloss":"see"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h5-s30","source":"Ik spreek nu niet van ondernemingen welker afwerking noodig was om de kosten te dekken. Wie juist weten wil wat ik bedoel, ga den Dom te Keulen zien.","translation":"I am not speaking now of undertakings whose completion was necessary to cover the costs. Whoever wishes to know exactly what I mean should go and look at the Cathedral of Cologne.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ondernemingen welker afwerking noodig was","title":"Formal relative 'welker'","body":"'welker' is a heavy, archaic genitive relative ('whose/of which'), tied to 'ondernemingen' — the kind of formal relative reserved for elevated 1860 prose; modern Dutch would rephrase with 'waarvan'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie juist weten wil ... ga den Dom te Keulen zien","title":"Free relative 'wie' + jussive 'ga'","body":"'Wie ... weten wil' is a headless relative ('whoever wishes to know'); the answer 'ga ... zien' uses a third-person imperative/jussive 'ga' ('let him go and see'). 'den Dom' keeps the accusative case-remnant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of spreek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"spreek","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreek","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreek","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ondernemingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ondernemingen","lemma":"onderneming","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of spreek","gloss":"undertakings"},{"surface":"welker","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative possessive determiner, genitive plural","role":"possessive determiner of afwerking","gloss":"whose","note":"Welker is an archaic genitive relative form meaning ‘whose’."},{"surface":"afwerking","lemma":"afwerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"completion"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to noodig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the infinitive purpose clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kosten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kosten","lemma":"kost","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of dekken","gloss":"costs"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive dekken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dekken","lemma":"dekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on noodig","gloss":"cover"},{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"subject of wil and ga","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the free relative clause headed by Wie","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bedoel","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bedoel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bedoel","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the embedded question wat ik bedoel","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"should go","note":"Ga is a formal subjunctive here, expressing ‘should go’."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of Dom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Dom","lemma":"Dom","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"Cathedral"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place name modifying Dom","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Keulen","lemma":"Keulen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te; identifies the location of the Dom","gloss":"Cologne"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of ga","gloss":"see"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h5-s31","source":"Hy geve zich rekenschap van de grootsche opvatting van dat gebouw, in de ziel des bouwmeesters Gerhard von Riehl ... van 't geloof in de harten des volks, dat hem in-staat stelde dat werk aantevangen en voorttezetten ... van den invloed der denkbeelden die zùlk een kolos noodig hadden om als zichtbare voorstelling te dienen van het ongezien godsdienstig gevoel ... en hy vergelyke deze overspanning met de richting, die eenige eeuwen later het oogenblik deed geboren worden, waarop men 't werk staakte. Er ligt een diepe kloof tusschen Erwin van Steinbach en onze bouwmeesters!","translation":"Let him give himself an account of the grand conception of that building, in the soul of its architect Gerhard von Riehl ... of the faith in the hearts of the people that put him in a position to begin that work and carry it on ... of the influence of the ideas that needed so colossal a thing to serve as a visible representation of the unseen religious feeling ... and let him compare this exaltation with the temper that, some centuries later, gave birth to the moment at which the work was abandoned. There lies a deep gulf between Erwin von Steinbach and our architects!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy geve zich rekenschap ... en hy vergelyke","title":"Subjunctive/jussive 'geve' and 'vergelyke'","body":"'geve' and 'vergelyke' are old optative/jussive subjunctive forms in -e ('let him give himself an account', 'let him compare') — a solemn, archaic register Multatuli adopts for this meditation. 'zich rekenschap geven' is reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in de ziel des bouwmeesters ... van 't geloof in de harten des volks","title":"Genitive case-remnant 'des'","body":"'des bouwmeesters' and 'des volks' are genitive case-remnants ('of the master-builder', 'of the people'), with the old masculine/neuter genitive 'des' plus the -s on the noun — high formal 1860 grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of geve","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geve","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third person singular","role":"main verb, coordinated with vergelyke","gloss":"let him give","note":"The present subjunctive is used jussively here: “let him give.”"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of geve","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"rekenschap","lemma":"rekenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geve","gloss":"an account","note":"Zich rekenschap geven van means “to give oneself an account of” or “to consider.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opvatting","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opvatting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grootsche","lemma":"groots","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies opvatting","gloss":"grand"},{"surface":"opvatting","lemma":"opvatting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"conception"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebouw","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gebouw","lemma":"gebouw","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies opvatting","gloss":"building"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ziel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; modifies opvatting","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of bouwmeesters","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bouwmeesters","lemma":"bouwmeester","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, genitive","role":"possessive modifier of ziel","gloss":"architect"},{"surface":"Gerhard","lemma":"Gerhard","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to bouwmeesters","gloss":"Gerhard"},{"surface":"von","lemma":"von","morphology":"proper-name particle","role":"part of the name Gerhard","gloss":"von"},{"surface":"Riehl","lemma":"Riehl","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Gerhard","gloss":"Riehl"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geloof","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geloof","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; coordinated with opvatting","gloss":"faith"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking harten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of harten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"harten","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"object of in; modifies geloof","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of volks","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"volks","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, genitive","role":"possessive modifier of harten","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of stelde; refers to geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"direct object of stelde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"in-staat","lemma":"in staat","morphology":"adjectival phrase","role":"predicative complement of stelde","gloss":"in a position","note":"The modern spelling is the two-word phrase in staat."},{"surface":"stelde","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying geloof","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of aantevangen and voorttezetten","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"aantevangen","lemma":"aanvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitive complement of stelde","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voorttezetten","lemma":"voortzetten","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"coordinated with aantevangen","gloss":"carry it on","note":"Voorttezetten is the historical written-together spelling of voort te zetten."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking invloed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; coordinated with opvatting and geloof","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of denkbeelden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"possessive modifier of invloed","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hadden; refers to denkbeelden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zùlk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies kolos","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kolos","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kolos","lemma":"kolos","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"colossus"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of hadden","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying denkbeelden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive dienen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces predicative complement voorstelling","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zichtbare","lemma":"zichtbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voorstelling","gloss":"visible"},{"surface":"voorstelling","lemma":"voorstelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of dienen","gloss":"representation"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive dienen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on hadden","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevoel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevoel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ongezien","lemma":"ongezien","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gevoel","gloss":"unseen"},{"surface":"godsdienstig","lemma":"godsdienstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gevoel","gloss":"religious"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies voorstelling","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of vergelyke","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vergelyke","lemma":"vergelijken","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third person singular","role":"main verb coordinated with geve","gloss":"let him compare","note":"The present subjunctive is used jussively here: “let him compare.”"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overspanning","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"overspanning","lemma":"overspanning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vergelyke","gloss":"exaltation"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking richting","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of richting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"richting","lemma":"richting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"temper"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of deed; refers to richting","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies eeuwen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"eeuwen","lemma":"eeuw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure phrase modifying later","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies deed","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying richting","gloss":"caused"},{"surface":"geboren","lemma":"geboren","morphology":"past participle","role":"complement of causative deed","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive auxiliary with geboren","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"time adjunct of staakte; refers to oogenblik","gloss":"at which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of staakte","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of staakte","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"staakte","lemma":"staken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of relative clause introduced by waarop","gloss":"abandoned"},{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with ligt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kloof","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"diepe","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kloof","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"kloof","lemma":"kloof","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"gulf"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Erwin and bouwmeesters","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"Erwin","lemma":"Erwin","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"Erwin"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"proper-name particle","role":"part of the name Erwin van Steinbach","gloss":"van"},{"surface":"Steinbach","lemma":"Steinbach","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Erwin","gloss":"Steinbach"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural","role":"determiner of bouwmeesters","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"bouwmeesters","lemma":"bouwmeester","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"second object of tusschen; coordinated with Erwin","gloss":"architects"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h5-s32","source":"Ik weet dat men sedert jaren bezig is deze kloof te dempen. Ook te Keulen bouwt men weder aan den Dom.","translation":"I know that for years now men have been at work bridging this gulf. At Cologne too they are building at the Cathedral once more.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ook te Keulen bouwt men weder aan den Dom","title":"Fronted adverbial + impersonal men","body":"Opening with 'Ook te Keulen' inverts to 'bouwt men' (V2). 'men' is the impersonal 'one/they'; 'weder' is the archaic 'weer' (again). 'aan den Dom' keeps the case-remnant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is and dempen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of sedert; duration adjunct","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"bezig","lemma":"bezig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"at work"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking men to bezig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kloof","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"kloof","lemma":"kloof","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of dempen","gloss":"gulf"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive dempen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dempen","lemma":"dempen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of bezig","gloss":"bridge"},{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the locative phrase te Keulen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Keulen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Keulen","lemma":"Keulen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te; locative adjunct of bouwt","gloss":"Cologne"},{"surface":"bouwt","lemma":"bouwen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is building"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bouwt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bouwt","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing complement of bouwt","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Dom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Dom","lemma":"dom","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Cathedral"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h5-s33","source":"Maar zal men den afgebroken draad weer kunnen aanhechten? Zal men terugvinden in onze dagen, wat toen de kracht uitmaakte van kerkvoogd en bouwheer?","translation":"But will the broken thread be joined again? Will we find once more, in our own days, what then made up the strength of churchman and master-builder?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zal men den afgebroken draad weer kunnen aanhechten?","title":"Future zullen + modal kunnen","body":"'zal men ... kunnen aanhechten?' stacks the future 'zullen' with the modal 'kunnen' and the separable infinitive 'aanhechten' (to reattach) — a future-of-possibility cluster at the clause end. 'den ... draad' keeps the case-remnant."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat toen de kracht uitmaakte van kerkvoogd en bouwheer","title":"Relative 'wat' + separable uitmaken","body":"'wat ... uitmaakte' is a free relative ('what made up...') closing verb-final on the separable 'uitmaken' (to constitute). 'toen' (then/at that time) is the temporal adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates this question with the preceding sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of aanhechten","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aanhechten","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of draad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afgebroken","lemma":"afbreken","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies draad","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"draad","lemma":"draad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanhechten","gloss":"thread"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanhechten","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of aanhechten","gloss":"be able"},{"surface":"aanhechten","lemma":"aanhechten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical infinitive governed by zal and kunnen","gloss":"attach"},{"surface":"Zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of terugvinden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of terugvinden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"terugvinden","lemma":"terugvinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"find again"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dagen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"temporal adjunct of terugvinden","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"fused relative pronoun","role":"subject of uitmaakte; its clause is object of terugvinden","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitmaakte","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitmaakte","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"uitmaakte","lemma":"uitmaken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of relative clause headed by wat","gloss":"made up"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kerkvoogd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kerkvoogd","lemma":"kerkvoogd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of van; modifies kracht","gloss":"churchman"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bouwheer","lemma":"bouwheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of van; coordinated with kerkvoogd","gloss":"master-builder"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h5-s34","source":"Ik geloof het niet. Geld zal wel te bekomen zyn, en hiervoor is steen en kalk te-koop.","translation":"I do not believe it. Money will surely be forthcoming, and for that, stone and lime are to be bought.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Geld zal wel te bekomen zyn","title":"Future zullen + passive-like te-infinitive","body":"'zal ... te bekomen zyn' = 'will surely be obtainable' — future 'zullen' with the modal-passive 'te + infinitive + zijn' (something is to be had/done). 'wel' adds the reassuring 'surely'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of geloof","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zal zijn","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary governing zijn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekomen","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bekomen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bekomen","lemma":"bekomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative infinitive with zijn","gloss":"obtain"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hiervoor","lemma":"hiervoor","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te-koop","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking steen en kalk to te-koop","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"steen","lemma":"steen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first part of compound subject of is","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kalk","lemma":"kalk","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"second part of compound subject of is","gloss":"lime"},{"surface":"te-koop","lemma":"te koop","morphology":"adjectival phrase, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"for sale","note":"The modern spelling is the two-word phrase te koop."}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h5-s35","source":"Men kan den kunstenaar betalen, die een plan ontwerpt, en den metselaar die de steenen legt. Maar niet voor geld te-koop is 't verdwaald en toch eerbiedwaardig gevoel dat in een bouwontwerp een dichtstuk zag, een dichtstuk van graniet, dat luid sprak tot het volk, een dichtstuk in marmer, dat dáár stond als een onbewegelyk voortdurend eeuwig gebed.","translation":"One can pay the artist who draws up a plan, and the mason who lays the stones. But not to be had for money is that strayed, yet still venerable, feeling which saw in a building-design a poem — a poem of granite that spoke aloud to the people, a poem in marble that stood there like an unmoving, ever-enduring, eternal prayer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den kunstenaar ... den metselaar die de steenen legt","title":"Accusative 'den' + relative die","body":"Two accusative case-remnants, 'den kunstenaar' and 'den metselaar' (the objects of 'betalen', to pay), plus the relative 'die ... legt' (who lays the stones), verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet voor geld te-koop is 't ... gevoel dat ... een dichtstuk zag","title":"Fronting a predicate phrase","body":"The predicate 'niet voor geld te-koop' (not for sale for money) is fronted for rhetorical weight, inverting to 'is 't ... gevoel'. The relative 'dat ... zag' (which saw...) is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of betalen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of betalen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of kunstenaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kunstenaar","lemma":"kunstenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of betalen","gloss":"artist"},{"surface":"betalen","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pay"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of ontwerpt; refers to kunstenaar","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"plan","lemma":"plan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ontwerpt","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"ontwerpt","lemma":"ontwerpen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying kunstenaar","gloss":"draws up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of metselaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"metselaar","lemma":"metselaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of betalen; coordinated with kunstenaar","gloss":"mason"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of legt; refers to metselaar","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of steenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"steenen","lemma":"steen","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"direct object of legt","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"legt","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying metselaar","gloss":"lays"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates this sentence with the preceding sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates te-koop","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geld","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of te-koop","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"te-koop","lemma":"te koop","morphology":"adjectival phrase, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"for sale"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking gevoel to te-koop","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevoel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdwaald","lemma":"verdwalen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies gevoel","gloss":"strayed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eerbiedwaardig","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"eerbiedwaardig","lemma":"eerbiedwaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gevoel","gloss":"venerable"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zag; refers to gevoel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bouwontwerp","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bouwontwerp","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bouwontwerp","lemma":"bouwontwerp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of zag","gloss":"building-design"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dichtstuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dichtstuk","lemma":"dichtstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"poem"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying gevoel","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dichtstuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dichtstuk","lemma":"dichtstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to dichtstuk in the preceding clause","gloss":"poem"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking graniet","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"graniet","lemma":"graniet","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of van; modifies dichtstuk","gloss":"granite"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of sprak; refers to dichtstuk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"luid","lemma":"luid","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying dichtstuk","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking volk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of volk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of sprak","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dichtstuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dichtstuk","lemma":"dichtstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to the earlier dichtstuk","gloss":"poem"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking marmer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"marmer","lemma":"marmer","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in; modifies dichtstuk","gloss":"marble"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of stond; refers to dichtstuk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adjunct of stond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying dichtstuk","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with gebed","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebed","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onbewegelyk","lemma":"onbeweeglijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gebed","gloss":"unmoving"},{"surface":"voortdurend","lemma":"voortdurend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gebed","gloss":"ever-enduring"},{"surface":"eeuwig","lemma":"eeuwig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gebed","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"gebed","lemma":"gebed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"prayer"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h5-s36","source":"Op de grens tusschen Lebak en Pandeglang dan, was op zekeren morgen een ongewone beweging.","translation":"On the border between Lebak and Pandeglang, then, there was an unusual stir one certain morning.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Op de grens tusschen Lebak en Pandeglang dan, was ... een ongewone beweging","title":"Resumption with fronted place + 'dan'","body":"After the long digression Multatuli resumes the scene, fronting the place-phrase (so 'was' inverts) and inserting 'dan' ('then/as I was saying') to pick the narrative thread back up. This echoes the chapter's opening sentence almost verbatim."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grens","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of grens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grens","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of Op","gloss":"border"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces phrase modifying grens","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"first complement of tusschen","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Lebak and Pandeglang","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Pandeglang","lemma":"Pandeglang","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated complement of tusschen","gloss":"Pandeglang"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying the clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main existential verb","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time adjunct of was","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zekeren","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies morgen","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of beweging","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ongewone","lemma":"ongewoon","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies beweging","gloss":"unusual"},{"surface":"beweging","lemma":"beweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of existential was","gloss":"stir"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h5-s37","source":"Honderden gezadelde paarden bedekten den weg, en duizend menschen voor 't minst--wat veel was voor die plek--liepen in bedryvig wachten heen-en-weer.","translation":"Hundreds of saddled horses covered the road, and at least a thousand people — which was a great many for that spot — moved to and fro in busy waiting.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"liepen in bedryvig wachten heen-en-weer","title":"Separable 'heen-en-weer lopen' + middle field","body":"'liepen ... heen-en-weer' places the directional element at the end (heen-en-weer = to and fro). The manner phrase 'in bedryvig wachten' (in busy waiting) sits in the middle field before it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Honderden","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"numeral, plural substantivized","role":"quantifies paarden","gloss":"Hundreds of"},{"surface":"gezadelde","lemma":"zadelen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally, inflected","role":"modifies paarden","gloss":"saddled"},{"surface":"paarden","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of bedekten","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"bedekten","lemma":"bedekken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bedekten","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"duizend","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies menschen","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of liepen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase voor 't minst","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular, contracted","role":"part of fixed phrase voor 't minst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minst","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"superlative adjective, substantivized","role":"part of fixed phrase voor 't minst","gloss":"least","note":"Voor 't minst is the older form of ten minste, ‘at least.’"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite numeral, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"a great many"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking wat to veel","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of veel","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of plek","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"plek","lemma":"plek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"spot"},{"surface":"liepen","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner adjunct of liepen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"bedryvig","lemma":"bedrijvig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies nominal infinitive wachten","gloss":"busy","note":"Old spelling of modern bedrijvig."},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"infinitive used as a neuter verbal noun","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"heen-en-weer","lemma":"heen-en-weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional adjunct of liepen","gloss":"to and fro"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h5-s38","source":"Hier zag men de hoofden der dorpen, en de distriktshoofden uit het Lebaksche, allen met hun gevolg, en te oordeelen naar den schoonen bastert-arabier die in zyn ryk tuig op den zilveren watertrens knabbelde, was ook een hoofd van hoogeren rang op deze plaats aanwezig.","translation":"Here one saw the chiefs of the villages, and the district chiefs from the Lebak country, each with his retinue; and to judge by the handsome half-Arab horse that, in its rich harness, was champing at the silver watering-bit, a chief of higher rank too was present in this place.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"te oordeelen naar den schoonen bastert-arabier die ... knabbelde","title":"te-infinitive + adjective -e + relative","body":"'te oordeelen naar' = 'to judge by'. 'den schoonen bastert-arabier' shows both the case-remnant 'den' and the attributive adjective ending -en/-e ('schoonen', handsome). The relative 'die ... knabbelde' is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"place adjunct of zag","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive plural","role":"determiner of dorpen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive modifier of hoofden","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links hoofden and distriktshoofden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of distriktshoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distriktshoofden","lemma":"districtshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated direct object of zag","gloss":"district chiefs","note":"Historical spelling of modern districtshoofden."},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of distriktshoofden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of nominalized Lebaksche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"adjective, nominalized, inflected","role":"oblique complement of uit","gloss":"Lebak country","note":"Het Lebaksche means the Lebak region or country."},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"supplement referring to both groups of chiefs","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces supplement to allen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"possessor of gevolg","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"retinue"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive oordeelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"oordeelen","lemma":"oordelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in parenthetical te oordeelen naar","gloss":"judge","note":"Old spelling of modern oordelen."},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces evidence for oordeelen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of bastert-arabier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoonen","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bastert-arabier","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"bastert-arabier","lemma":"bastaard-Arabier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of naar","gloss":"half-Arab horse","note":"Bastert is an older spelling of bastaard; here the compound denotes a partly Arabian horse."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of knabbelde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner adjunct of knabbelde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of tuig","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies tuig","gloss":"rich","note":"Old spelling of modern rijk."},{"surface":"tuig","lemma":"tuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"harness"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of knabbelde","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of watertrens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zilveren","lemma":"zilveren","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies watertrens","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"watertrens","lemma":"watertrens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"watering-bit","note":"A watertrens is a horse's bit used without a curb."},{"surface":"knabbelde","lemma":"knabbelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying bastert-arabier","gloss":"was champing"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hoofd to aanwezig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb modifying hoofd","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of hoofd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hoogeren","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies rang","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place adjunct of aanwezig","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"aanwezig","lemma":"aanwezig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"present"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h5-s39","source":"Dit was dan ook het geval.","translation":"And so indeed it was.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit was dan ook het geval","title":"Fronted 'Dit' + confirmatory 'dan ook'","body":"The demonstrative 'Dit' (this) is fronted, inverting to 'was ... het geval' (V2). 'dan ook' is a fixed confirming adverbial pair ('and so indeed', 'as expected'), very common in this expository register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula in fixed expression het geval zijn","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of discourse phrase dan ook","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of discourse phrase dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"case","note":"Het geval zijn is an idiom meaning ‘to be so’ or ‘to be the case.’"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h5-s40","source":"De Regent van Lebak, Radhen Adhipatti Karta Natta Negara had met groot gevolg Rangkas-Betoeng, verlaten, en ondanks zijn hoogen ouderdom de twaalf of veertien palen afgelegd, die zyn woonplaats scheiden van de grenzen der naburige afdeeling Pandeglang.","translation":"The Regent of Lebak, Radhen Adhipatti Karta Natta Negara, had left Rangkas-Betoeng with a great retinue, and despite his advanced age had covered the twelve or fourteen miles that separate his dwelling-place from the borders of the neighbouring district of Pandeglang.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ... Rangkas-Betoeng, verlaten, en ... de twaalf of veertien palen afgelegd","title":"Pluperfect with two shared participles","body":"One 'had' governs two participles at a distance: 'verlaten' (left) and 'afgelegd' (covered/travelled), the separable 'afleggen'. 'die zyn woonplaats scheiden van...' is a verb-final relative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"palen","title":"palen — Javanese 'miles'","body":"A 'paal' was a colonial-era distance marker on Java, roughly 1.5 km; 'de twaalf of veertien palen' is rendered 'twelve or fourteen miles'. The word literally means 'post/pole', after the roadside markers."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had verlaten and had afgelegd","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"Radhen","lemma":"Radhen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of name in apposition to Regent","gloss":"Radhen"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of name in apposition to Regent","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"Karta","lemma":"Karta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of name in apposition to Regent","gloss":"Karta"},{"surface":"Natta","lemma":"Natta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of name in apposition to Regent","gloss":"Natta"},{"surface":"Negara","lemma":"Negara","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of name in apposition to Regent","gloss":"Negara"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verlaten and afgelegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces accompaniment adjunct of verlaten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies gevolg","gloss":"a great"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"retinue"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first main participle governed by had","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links verlaten and afgelegd","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ondanks","lemma":"ondanks","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces concessive adjunct of afgelegd","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"zijn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of ouderdom","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hoogen","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies ouderdom","gloss":"advanced"},{"surface":"ouderdom","lemma":"ouderdom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ondanks","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of palen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"twaalf","lemma":"twaalf","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"first coordinated quantifier of palen","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links twaalf and veertien","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"veertien","lemma":"veertien","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"second coordinated quantifier of palen","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"palen","lemma":"paal","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of afgelegd","gloss":"miles","note":"In the colonial Indies, a paal was a unit of distance; the translation renders it as ‘mile.’"},{"surface":"afgelegd","lemma":"afleggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"second main participle governed by had","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of scheiden; antecedent palen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of woonplaats","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"woonplaats","lemma":"woonplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of scheiden","gloss":"dwelling-place"},{"surface":"scheiden","lemma":"scheiden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying palen","gloss":"separate"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of scheiden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of grenzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grenzen","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"borders"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive singular","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"naburige","lemma":"naburig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies afdeeling","gloss":"neighbouring"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of grenzen","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"Pandeglang","lemma":"Pandeglang","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"apposition to afdeeling","gloss":"of Pandeglang"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h5-s41","source":"Er werd een nieuwe adsistent-resident verwacht, en het gebruik, dat in Indie meer dan ergens kracht van wet heeft, wil dat de beambte die met het bestuur eener afdeeling belast is, feestelyk worde ingehaald by zyn aankomst.","translation":"A new assistant-resident was expected, and custom — which in the Indies has the force of law more than anywhere else — requires that the official charged with the government of a district be ceremonially received on his arrival.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het gebruik ... wil dat de beambte ... feestelyk worde ingehaald","title":"Subjunctive 'worde' in a worden-passive","body":"'worde ingehaald' is a worden-passive in the old subjunctive 'worde' (after 'wil dat', requires that...): 'be ceremonially received'. The separable 'inhalen' (to welcome/receive) supplies the participle 'ingehaald', verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de beambte die met het bestuur ... belast is","title":"Relative die + passive with zijn","body":"'belast is' is a zijn-passive/state ('is charged with'); the relative 'die' makes the clause verb-final. 'eener afdeeling' carries an old feminine genitive '-er' (of a district)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in passive existential clause","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verwacht","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive verwacht","gloss":"assistant-resident","note":"Adsistent is a historical spelling of assistent."},{"surface":"verwacht","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive werd verwacht","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of gebruik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"custom"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of heeft; antecedent gebruik","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place adjunct of heeft","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"the Indies","note":"The source omits the diaeresis of modern Indië."},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"degree adjunct of heeft","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with ergens","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ergens","lemma":"ergens","morphology":"indefinite adverb","role":"complement of comparative dan","gloss":"anywhere else"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of kracht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wet","lemma":"wet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying gebruik","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"requires"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clausal complement of wil","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of beambte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beambte","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive worde ingehaald","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of passive belast is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of belast","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"government"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, feminine genitive singular","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of bestuur","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"belast","lemma":"belasten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of relative passive belast is","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of belast","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"feestelyk","lemma":"feestelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner adjunct of ingehaald","gloss":"ceremonially","note":"Old spelling of modern feestelijk."},{"surface":"worde","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ingehaald","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ingehaald","lemma":"inhalen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle in clausal complement of wil","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time adjunct of ingehaald","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of aankomst","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aankomst","lemma":"aankomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of by","gloss":"arrival"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h5-s42","source":"Ook de kontroleur, een man van middelbaren leeftyd, die sedert eenige maanden na den dood van den vorigen adsistent-resident, als eerstopvolgende in rang het bestuur had waargenomen, was daar tegenwoordig.","translation":"The controller too was present there, a man of middle age who, ever since the death of the previous assistant-resident some months before, had as next in rank been carrying on the administration.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ... als eerstopvolgende in rang het bestuur had waargenomen","title":"Relative die + pluperfect of waarnemen","body":"'had waargenomen' is the pluperfect of the separable 'waarnemen' (to carry out / act in), verb-final inside the relative 'die'-clause. 'sedert eenige maanden na den dood' stacks the time-phrase with the case-remnant 'den dood'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb modifying kontroleur","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, common gender singular","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"controller","note":"Historical spelling of modern controleur."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to kontroleur","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of man","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"middelbaren","lemma":"middelbaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies leeftyd","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"leeftyd","lemma":"leeftijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of had waargenomen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time adjunct of had waargenomen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"quantifies maanden","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"maanden","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of sedert","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time adjunct of had waargenomen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of dood","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of na","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of dood","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorigen","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces capacity adjunct of waargenomen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"eerstopvolgende","lemma":"eerstopvolgend","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, common gender singular","role":"oblique complement of als referring to die","gloss":"next in line"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of eerstopvolgende","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of waargenomen","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of waargenomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"waargenomen","lemma":"waarnemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause modifying man","gloss":"been carrying on"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking kontroleur to tegenwoordig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"place adjunct of tegenwoordig","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"tegenwoordig","lemma":"tegenwoordig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"present"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h5-s43","source":"Zoodra het tydstip der komst van den nieuwen adsistent-resident bekend was, had men in-aller-yl een pendoppo doen oprichten, een tafel en eenige stoelen daarheen gebracht, en eenige ververschingen gereed gezet. In deze pendoppo wachtte de Regent met den kontroleur de aankomst van den nieuwen chef af.","translation":"As soon as the time of the new assistant-resident's coming was known, men had hastily caused a pendoppo to be put up, had brought a table and a few chairs there, and had set out some refreshments. In this pendoppo the Regent, together with the controller, awaited the arrival of the new chief.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had men ... een pendoppo doen oprichten","title":"Causative doen in the pluperfect","body":"'had men ... doen oprichten' is the causative 'doen' + bare infinitive 'oprichten' (to have erected), in the pluperfect — the double-infinitive cluster 'doen oprichten' at the end. Fronting the 'Zoodra'-clause inverts 'had men'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoodra het tydstip ... bekend was","title":"zoodra — verb-final temporal clause","body":"'Zoodra' (as soon as) is subordinating, sending 'was' to the end. 'der komst' and 'des ... adsistent-resident' show genitive case-remnants ('of the coming', 'of the assistant-resident')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bekend was","gloss":"As soon as"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of tijdstip","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tydstip","lemma":"tijdstip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bekend was","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive singular","role":"determiner of komst","gloss":"of the","note":"Der is the old genitive form of de."},{"surface":"komst","lemma":"komst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of tijdstip","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of komst","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic masculine singular","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen, gebracht, and gezet","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"in-aller-yl","lemma":"in aller ijl","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"adverbial modifier of had doen oprichten","gloss":"hastily","note":"The modern spelling is in aller ijl, meaning ‘in great haste’."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendoppo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen oprichten","gloss":"pendoppo"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of had","gloss":"caused to"},{"surface":"oprichten","lemma":"oprichten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doen","gloss":"be put up"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of tafel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tafel","lemma":"tafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gebracht","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links tafel and stoelen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of stoelen","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"stoelen","lemma":"stoel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated direct object of gebracht","gloss":"chairs"},{"surface":"daarheen","lemma":"daarheen","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional modifier of gebracht","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with doen oprichten and gezet","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links gebracht and gezet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ververschingen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ververschingen","lemma":"verversing","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gezet","gloss":"refreshments"},{"surface":"gereed","lemma":"gereed","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle-like modifier in gereedzetten","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"gezet","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with doen oprichten and gebracht","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative phrase","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendoppo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"pendoppo"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb, completed by af","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wachtte af","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces accompaniment phrase","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aankomst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aankomst","lemma":"aankomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wachtte af","gloss":"arrival"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of aankomst","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of chef","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic masculine singular","role":"modifies chef","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"chef","lemma":"chef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of wachtte ... af","gloss":"for"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h5-s44","source":"Na een hoed met breeden rand, een regenscherm, of een hollen boom, is een pendoppo zeker de eenvoudigste uitdrukking van het denkbeeld: dak.","translation":"After a broad-brimmed hat, an umbrella, or a hollow tree, a pendoppo is surely the simplest expression of the notion: roof.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Na een hoed ... is een pendoppo zeker de eenvoudigste uitdrukking","title":"Fronted phrase + superlative","body":"The long 'Na...'-phrase is fronted, inverting to 'is een pendoppo'. 'de eenvoudigste' is the superlative (-ste) of 'eenvoudig' (simplest) — Multatuli ranking the pendoppo among the most basic kinds of 'roof'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparative ordering phrase","gloss":"After"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of hoed","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hoed","lemma":"hoed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"hat"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of hoed","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"breeden","lemma":"breed","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic masculine singular","role":"modifies rand","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"rand","lemma":"rand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"brim"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of regenscherm","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"regenscherm","lemma":"regenscherm","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of na","gloss":"umbrella"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links regenscherm and boom","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hollen","lemma":"hol","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic masculine singular","role":"modifies boom","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of na","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links pendoppo to uitdrukking","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendoppo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"pendoppo"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying is","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitdrukking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eenvoudigste","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies uitdrukking","gloss":"simplest"},{"surface":"uitdrukking","lemma":"uitdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of uitdrukking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"dak","lemma":"dak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition defining denkbeeld","gloss":"roof"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h5-s45","source":"Verbeeld u vier of zes bamboezen palen in den grond geslagen, die aan de boveneinden met elkander verbonden zyn door andere bamboes, waarop een deksel is vastgehecht van de lange bladen van den waterpalm, die in deze streken atap heet, en ge zult u dusdanige pendoppo kunnen voorstellen. Het is, zooals ge ziet, zoo eenvoudig mogelyk, en het moest hier dan ook slechts dienen als pied à terre voor de europesche en inlandsche beambten die daar hun nieuw opperhoofd kwamen verwelkomen aan de grenzen.","translation":"Picture to yourself four or six bamboo poles driven into the ground, joined together at their upper ends by other lengths of bamboo, to which is fastened a covering made of the long leaves of the water-palm — which in these parts is called atap — and you will be able to imagine such a pendoppo. It is, as you see, as simple as can be, and here too it was meant to serve only as a pied-à-terre for the European and native officials who had come to that spot to welcome their new superior at the borders.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Verbeeld u vier of zes bamboezen palen ... en ge zult u dusdanige pendoppo kunnen voorstellen","title":"Reflexive imperative + future zullen + modal","body":"'Verbeeld u' is a reflexive imperative ('picture to yourself'). The payoff 'ge zult u ... kunnen voorstellen' stacks future 'zullen' + modal 'kunnen' + reflexive 'zich voorstellen' (be able to imagine), all clustering at the end. 'ge' is the archaic 'you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die aan de boveneinden ... verbonden zyn door andere bamboes, waarop een deksel is vastgehecht","title":"Passives + pronominal 'waarop'","body":"'verbonden zyn' and 'is vastgehecht' are zijn-passives ('are joined', 'is fastened'). 'waarop' is a pronominal adverb ('to which') opening a verb-final relative. 'door' marks the agent of the passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbeeld","lemma":"verbeelden","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb, reflexive with u","gloss":"Picture"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of verbeeld","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"vier","lemma":"vier","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies palen","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links vier and zes","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zes","lemma":"zes","morphology":"numeral","role":"coordinated with vier","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"bamboezen","lemma":"bamboezen","morphology":"material adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies palen","gloss":"bamboo"},{"surface":"palen","lemma":"paal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verbeeld","gloss":"poles"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of geslagen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"geslagen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of palen","gloss":"driven"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of verbonden zijn; antecedent palen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of verbonden","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boveneinden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boveneinden","lemma":"boveneind","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"upper ends"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of verbonden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkaar","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"object of met","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"verbonden","lemma":"verbinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive predicate with zijn","gloss":"joined"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of verbonden","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent or means of verbonden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected, plural","role":"modifies bamboes","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"bamboes","lemma":"bamboe","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"lengths of bamboo"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of vastgehecht; antecedent bamboes","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of deksel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"deksel","lemma":"deksel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is vastgehecht","gloss":"covering"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vastgehecht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vastgehecht","lemma":"vasthechten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive predicate with is","gloss":"fastened"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces material complement of deksel","gloss":"made of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bladen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lange","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, inflected, plural","role":"modifies bladen","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"bladen","lemma":"blad","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of bladen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of waterpalm","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waterpalm","lemma":"waterpalm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"water-palm"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of heet; antecedent waterpalm","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of streken","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"atap","lemma":"atap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of heet","gloss":"atap"},{"surface":"heet","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"is called"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of zult","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second person singular","role":"future auxiliary of kunnen voorstellen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of voorstellen","gloss":"to yourself"},{"surface":"dusdanige","lemma":"dusdanig","morphology":"demonstrative adjective, inflected, singular","role":"modifies pendoppo","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendoppo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorstellen","gloss":"pendoppo"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zult and governs voorstellen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"voorstellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kunnen, reflexive with u","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links het to eenvoudig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause ge ziet","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies eenvoudig mogelijk","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"completes zo eenvoudig mogelijk construction","gloss":"as can be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of moest dienen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"governs dienen","gloss":"was meant to"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of dienen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dienen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moest","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement of dienen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"pied","lemma":"pied","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, French","role":"head of French phrase pied à terre","gloss":"foot","note":"Pied à terre is French for a temporary lodging or base."},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition, French","role":"links pied and terre in French phrase","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"terre","lemma":"terre","morphology":"noun, feminine singular, French","role":"object of à in French phrase","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces beneficiary of dienen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, inflected, plural","role":"modifies beambten","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links europesche and inlandsche","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected, plural","role":"modifies beambten","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of kwamen; antecedent beambten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of kwamen","gloss":"to that spot"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"determiner of opperhoofd","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"nieuw","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, uninflected, neuter singular","role":"modifies opperhoofd","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"opperhoofd","lemma":"opperhoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verwelkomen","gloss":"superior"},{"surface":"kwamen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause and governs verwelkomen","gloss":"had come"},{"surface":"verwelkomen","lemma":"verwelkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of kwamen","gloss":"to welcome"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative phrase","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grenzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grenzen","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"borders"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h5-s46","source":"Ik heb me niet volkomen juist uitgedrukt, toen ik den adsistent-resident het opperhoofd, ook van den Regent, noemde.","translation":"I did not express myself altogether precisely when I called the assistant-resident the superior, of the Regent as well.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb me niet volkomen juist uitgedrukt","title":"Reflexive perfect of uitdrukken","body":"'heb me ... uitgedrukt' is the perfect of the reflexive separable verb 'zich uitdrukken' (to express oneself); 'me' is the 1st-person reflexive, and 'uitgedrukt' is the participle, verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of heb uitgedrukt","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgedrukt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first person singular","role":"reflexive object of uitgedrukt","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates heb uitgedrukt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"volkomen","lemma":"volkomen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies juist","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitgedrukt","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"uitgedrukt","lemma":"uitdrukken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main predicate with heb","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of noemde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of noemde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of noemde","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of opperhoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opperhoofd","lemma":"opperhoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object complement of adsistent-resident","gloss":"superior"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses van den Regent","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of opperhoofd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"noemde","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"called"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h5-s47","source":"Een uitweiding over 't mechanismus van het bestuur in deze landstreken is hier, tot juist begrip van hetgeen volgen zal, noodzakelyk.","translation":"A digression on the mechanism of the government in these regions is here indispensable, for a proper understanding of what is to follow.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"uitweiding / mechanismus van het bestuur","title":"uitweiding, mechanismus van het bestuur","body":"'uitweiding' is a digression/excursus; 'mechanismus van het bestuur' = the mechanism of government. Multatuli flags that the coming administrative explanation is 'noodzakelyk' (indispensable) for understanding the plot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of uitweiding","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"uitweiding","lemma":"uitweiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"digression"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of uitweiding","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of mechanismus","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mechanismus","lemma":"mechanisme","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"mechanism"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of mechanismus","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"government"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative modifier of bestuur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of landstreken","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"landstreken","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links uitweiding to noodzakelijk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is noodzakelijk","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose phrase","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adjective, uninflected, neuter singular","role":"modifies begrip","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"begrip","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of begrip","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zal volgen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"volgen","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zal","gloss":"follow"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of volgen","gloss":"is to"},{"surface":"noodzakelyk","lemma":"noodzakelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"indispensable"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h5-s48","source":"Het dusgenaamd Nederlandsch Indie--'t adjektief nederlandsch komt me eenigszins onnauwkeurig voor, doch 't werd officieel aangenomen--is, wat de verhouding van het moederland tot de bevolking aangaat, te splitsen in twee zeer verschillende hoofddeelen.","translation":"What is called the Netherlands Indies — the adjective \"Netherlands\" strikes me as somewhat inaccurate, though it was officially adopted — is, as regards the relation of the mother country to the population, to be divided into two very different main parts.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is ... te splitsen in twee zeer verschillende hoofddeelen","title":"'is te + infinitive' — modal passive","body":"'is te splitsen' = 'is to be divided/can be divided', the 'zijn + te + infinitive' construction expressing possibility or necessity in a passive sense. The doubled-vowel 'hoofddeelen' is period spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of Indie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dusgenaamd","lemma":"dusgenaamd","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Indie","gloss":"so-called"},{"surface":"Nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Indie","gloss":"Netherlands","note":"Historical spelling of modern Nederlands."},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Indies"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of adjektief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adjektief","lemma":"adjectief","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"adjective","note":"Historical spelling of modern adjectief."},{"surface":"nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"apposition identifying adjektief","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"strikes"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of voorkomt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onnauwkeurig","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"onnauwkeurig","lemma":"onnauwkeurig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of voorkomt","gloss":"inaccurate"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of komt ... voor","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive aangenomen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of aangenomen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"officieel","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangenomen","gloss":"officially"},{"surface":"aangenomen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive clause","gloss":"adopted"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb with te splitsen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"fronted object of aangaat","gloss":"as regards"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moederland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moederland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moederland","lemma":"moederland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"mother country"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevolking","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive splitsen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"splitsen","lemma":"splitsen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of is","gloss":"divided"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofddeelen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies hoofddeelen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verschillende","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"verschillende","lemma":"verschillend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hoofddeelen","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"hoofddeelen","lemma":"hoofddeel","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"main parts"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h5-s49","source":"Een gedeelte bestaat uit stammen welker vorsten en vorstjes de opperheerschappy van Nederland als suzerein erkend hebben, doch waarby nog altyd het rechtstreeksch bestuur, in meer of minder mate gebleven is in handen van de ingeboren Hoofden zelf.","translation":"One part consists of tribes whose princes and petty princes have acknowledged the sovereignty of the Netherlands as suzerain, but where the direct administration has, in greater or lesser degree, nonetheless remained in the hands of the native Chiefs themselves.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stammen welker vorsten en vorstjes de opperheerschappy ... erkend hebben","title":"Formal relative 'welker' + perfect","body":"'welker' is the heavy genitive relative ('whose'), tying 'stammen' to 'vorsten en vorstjes'. 'erkend hebben' is the perfect (participle + hebben), verb-final. 'vorstjes' is the diminutive plural ('petty princes')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"doch waarby ... het rechtstreeksch bestuur ... gebleven is","title":"Archaic 'doch' + pronominal 'waarby'","body":"'doch' is the literary/archaic 'but/yet'. 'waarby' is a pronominal adverb ('whereby/in which'), and 'gebleven is' is the perfect of 'blijven' with 'zijn', verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedeelte","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"gedeelte","lemma":"gedeelte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bestaat","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"bestaat","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consists"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stammen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"stammen","lemma":"stam","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of bestaat","gloss":"tribes"},{"surface":"welker","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative determiner, genitive plural","role":"possessive determiner of vorsten and vorstjes","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"vorsten","lemma":"vorst","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of erkend hebben","gloss":"princes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vorstjes","lemma":"vorstje","morphology":"noun, neuter plural, diminutive","role":"coordinated subject with vorsten","gloss":"petty princes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opperheerschappy","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opperheerschappy","lemma":"opperheerschappij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of erkend","gloss":"sovereignty","note":"Historical spelling of modern opperheerschappij."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies opperheerschappy","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative complement suzerein","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"suzerein","lemma":"suzerein","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Nederland","gloss":"suzerain"},{"surface":"erkend","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of erkend hebben","gloss":"acknowledged"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of erkend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"waarby","lemma":"waarbij","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on stammen","gloss":"among which","note":"Historical spelling of modern waarbij."},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"with altijd, means nonetheless","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebleven","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rechtstreeksch","lemma":"rechtstreeks","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies bestuur","gloss":"direct","note":"Historical spelling of modern rechtstreeks."},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gebleven","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mate","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"comparative adjective","role":"modifies mate","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"minder","morphology":"comparative adjective","role":"modifies mate","gloss":"lesser"},{"surface":"mate","lemma":"mate","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gebleven","gloss":"degree"},{"surface":"gebleven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of gebleven is","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gebleven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"handen","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of gebleven","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ingeboren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ingeboren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ingeboren","lemma":"ingeboren","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Hoofden","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"emphasizes Hoofden","gloss":"themselves"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h5-s50","source":"Een ander gedeelte, waartoe--met een zeer kleine, wellicht maar schynbare, uitzondering--geheel Java behoort, is rechtstreeks onderworpen aan Nederland.","translation":"Another part — to which, with a very small and perhaps only apparent exception, the whole of Java belongs — is directly subject to the Netherlands.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waartoe ... geheel Java behoort, is rechtstreeks onderworpen aan Nederland","title":"Archaic pronominal 'waartoe' + passive zijn","body":"'waartoe' (to which) is a pronominal adverb opening a verb-final relative inside dashes. The main predicate 'is ... onderworpen' is a zijn-passive/state ('is subjected'). 'aan' marks what it is subject to."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedeelte","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gedeelte","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"gedeelte","lemma":"gedeelte","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is onderworpen","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"waartoe","lemma":"waartoe","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of behoort","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces exception phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitzondering","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kleine","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies uitzondering","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"wellicht","lemma":"wellicht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schynbare","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schynbare","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"schynbare","lemma":"schijnbaar","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies uitzondering","gloss":"apparent","note":"Historical spelling of modern schijnbaar."},{"surface":"uitzondering","lemma":"uitzondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"exception"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"quantifies Java","gloss":"all of"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of behoort","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"behoort","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on gedeelte","gloss":"belongs"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with onderworpen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"rechtstreeks","lemma":"rechtstreeks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderworpen","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"onderworpen","lemma":"onderworpen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"subject"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of onderworpen","gloss":"the Netherlands"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h5-s51","source":"Van cyns of schatting of bondgenootschap is hier geen spraak.","translation":"Of tribute or levy or alliance there is no question here.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Van cyns of schatting of bondgenootschap is hier geen spraak","title":"Fronted 'van'-phrase + idiom 'geen sprake'","body":"The 'van'-phrase is fronted, inverting to 'is hier geen spraak'. 'er is geen sprake van' (there is no question of) is the idiom, here with 'geen' negating the indefinite. 'cyns' (period 'cijns') = tribute/tax."}],"words":[{"surface":"Van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces topic complement of sprake","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"cyns","lemma":"cijns","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"tribute","note":"Historical spelling of modern cijns."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"schatting","lemma":"schatting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with cyns","gloss":"levy"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"bondgenootschap","lemma":"bondgenootschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with cijns","gloss":"alliance"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of existential expression","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spraak","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spraak","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative noun in existential expression","gloss":"question","note":"Van ... is geen spraak means “there is no question of ...”."}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h5-s52","source":"De Javaan is nederlandsch onderdaan.","translation":"The Javanese is a Netherlands subject.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De Javaan is nederlandsch onderdaan","title":"Predicate noun without article","body":"Dutch drops the indefinite article before a predicate noun of role/category: 'is nederlandsch onderdaan' = 'is a Netherlands subject'. The adjective 'nederlandsch' is uninflected here; 'onderdaan' is a de-word (common gender: de onderdaan). The levelled form reflects the fixed administrative-legal phrase 'nederlandsch onderdaan', a set colonial-era designation in which inflection is dropped."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Javaan and onderdaan","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies onderdaan","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"onderdaan","lemma":"onderdaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"subject"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h5-s53","source":"De Koning van Nederland is zyn koning.","translation":"The King of the Netherlands is his king.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De Koning van Nederland is zyn koning","title":"Possessive 'zyn' (period spelling)","body":"'zyn koning' is the possessive 'zijn' (his), spelled with 'y' in the 1860 manner. The referent is the Javanese subject of the previous lines — the King of the Netherlands is 'his' king, Multatuli's blunt statement of direct rule."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking the two noun phrases","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of koning","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"king"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h5-s54","source":"De afstammelingen zyner vorige vorsten en heeren zyn nederlandsche beambten. Ze worden aangesteld, verplaatst, bevorderd, door den Gouverneur-generaal die in-naam van den Koning regeert.","translation":"The descendants of his former princes and lords are Netherlands officials. They are appointed, transferred, promoted, by the Governor-General who governs in the name of the King.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze worden aangesteld, verplaatst, bevorderd, door den Gouverneur-generaal","title":"Worden-passive with three participles","body":"'worden aangesteld, verplaatst, bevorderd' is a worden-passive (process) with three participles sharing one 'worden': 'are appointed, transferred, promoted'. 'door den Gouverneur-generaal' is the agent, with case-remnant 'den'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die in-naam van den Koning regeert","title":"Relative die + present 'regeert'","body":"'die ... regeert' (who governs) is a verb-final relative. 'in-naam van den Koning' (in the name of the King) carries the case-remnant 'den'. 'zyner vorige vorsten' shows a genitive possessive '-er' ('of his former princes')."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afstammelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afstammelingen","lemma":"afstammeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"descendants"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive plural","role":"possessive determiner of vorsten and heeren","gloss":"of his","note":"Archaic genitive form of zijn: “of his.”"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vorsten","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"vorsten","lemma":"vorst","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of zyner","gloss":"princes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"heeren","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with vorsten","gloss":"lords","note":"Historical plural spelling of modern heren."},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking afstammelingen and beambten","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"nederlandsche","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies beambten","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive aangesteld","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of aangesteld","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"aangesteld","lemma":"aanstellen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"verplaatst","lemma":"verplaatsen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with aangesteld","gloss":"transferred"},{"surface":"bevorderd","lemma":"bevorderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with aangesteld","gloss":"promoted"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks agent of passive verbs","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent complement of door","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of regeert","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in-naam","lemma":"in naam","morphology":"prepositional phrase","role":"adverbial modifier of regeert","gloss":"in the name"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of Koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"regeert","lemma":"regeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"governs"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h5-s55","source":"De misdadiger wordt veroordeeld en gevonnisd naar een wet die van 's Gravenhage is uitgegaan.","translation":"The criminal is condemned and sentenced by a law that has issued from The Hague.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De misdadiger wordt veroordeeld en gevonnisd","title":"Worden-passive, two participles","body":"'wordt veroordeeld en gevonnisd' is a worden-passive ('is condemned and sentenced') with two participles on one 'wordt'. 'naar een wet die ... is uitgegaan' adds a verb-final relative with a zijn-perfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misdadiger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misdadiger","lemma":"misdadiger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive veroordeeld","gloss":"criminal"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of veroordeeld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"veroordeeld","lemma":"veroordelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"condemned"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gevonnisd","lemma":"vonnissen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with veroordeeld","gloss":"sentenced"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces legal standard","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wet","lemma":"wet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of uitgegaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks source of uitgegaan","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"fossilized genitive article","role":"part of place name ’s-Gravenhage","gloss":"of the","note":"’s-Gravenhage is the historical formal name of The Hague."},{"surface":"Gravenhage","lemma":"’s-Gravenhage","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Hague"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgegaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"uitgegaan","lemma":"uitgaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of relative clause","gloss":"issued"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h5-s56","source":"De belasting die de Javaan opbrengt, vloeit in de schatkist van Nederland.","translation":"The taxes that the Javanese pays flow into the treasury of the Netherlands.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De belasting die de Javaan opbrengt, vloeit in de schatkist","title":"Relative die + separable opbrengen","body":"'die de Javaan opbrengt' is a verb-final relative with the separable 'opbrengen' (to yield/pay), here the parts together at the end. The main verb 'vloeit' (flows) follows the relative. The 'belasting → schatkist van Nederland' line states the colonial fiscal flow plainly."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of belasting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belasting","lemma":"belasting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vloeit","gloss":"tax"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of opbrengt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of opbrengt","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"opbrengt","lemma":"opbrengen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"pays"},{"surface":"vloeit","lemma":"vloeien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flows"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks destination of vloeit","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schatkist","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schatkist","lemma":"schatkist","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vloeit","gloss":"treasury"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies schatkist","gloss":"the Netherlands"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h5-s57","source":"Van dit gedeelte slechts der nederlandsche bezittingen, dat alzoo inderdaad deel uitmaakt van het Koningryk der Nederlanden, zal in deze bladen hoofdzakelyk sprake zyn.","translation":"It is of this part only of the Netherlands possessions — which thus in truth forms a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands — that these pages will chiefly speak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ... deel uitmaakt van het Koningryk ... zal in deze bladen ... sprake zyn","title":"Future zullen + separable uitmaken","body":"'zal ... sprake zyn' is the future ('will be spoken of'). The earlier relative 'dat ... deel uitmaakt van' uses the separable 'uitmaken' (to constitute), verb-final. Fronting 'Van dit gedeelte' inverts the main clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gedeelte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedeelte","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"gedeelte","lemma":"gedeelte","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"topic complement of van","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses dit gedeelte","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of bezittingen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"nederlandsche","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies bezittingen","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"bezittingen","lemma":"bezitting","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive complement of gedeelte","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of uitmaakt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"alzoo","lemma":"alzo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitmaakt","gloss":"thus","note":"Archaic alzoo means “thus.”"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitmaakt","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"deel","lemma":"deel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uitmaakt","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"uitmaakt","lemma":"uitmaken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on gedeelte","gloss":"forms"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Koningryk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Koningryk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koningryk","lemma":"koninkrijk","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Kingdom","note":"Historical spelling of modern koninkrijk."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of Nederlanden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Nederlanden","lemma":"Nederlanden","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of Koningryk","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bladen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bladen","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"bladen","lemma":"blad","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"pages"},{"surface":"hoofdzakelyk","lemma":"hoofdzakelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprake zijn","gloss":"chiefly","note":"Historical spelling of modern hoofdzakelijk."},{"surface":"sprake","lemma":"sprake","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of expression sprake zijn","gloss":"mention"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h5-s58","source":"Den Gouverneur-generaal staat een Raad ter-zyde, die echter op zyn besluiten geen beslissenden invloed heeft.","translation":"The Governor-General is assisted by a Council, which, however, has no decisive influence on his decisions.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Den Gouverneur-generaal staat een Raad ter-zyde","title":"Dative-fronted object 'Den Gouverneur-generaal'","body":"'Den Gouverneur-generaal' is a fronted dative ('to the Governor-General'), marked by the case-remnant 'den'; the verb 'staat' then takes second place before the real subject 'een Raad'. 'ter-zyde staan' (to stand by/assist) is a fixed expression."}],"words":[{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of staat terzijde","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb with particle terzijde","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Raad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Raad","lemma":"raad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"Council"},{"surface":"ter-zyde","lemma":"terzijde","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb in idiom staat ... terzijde","gloss":"assists","note":"Historical spelling of modern terzijde; iemand terzijde staan means “to assist someone.”"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking besluiten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of besluiten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"besluiten","lemma":"besluit","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of heeft","gloss":"decisions"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"beslissenden","lemma":"beslissend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, accusative","role":"modifies invloed","gloss":"decisive"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h5-s59","source":"Te Batavia zyn de onderscheidene bestuurstakken verdeeld in \"departementen\" aan welker hoofd Direkteuren geplaatst zyn, die den schakel uitmaken tusschen het opperbestuur van den Gouverneur-generaal en de Residenten in de provincien.","translation":"At Batavia the several branches of administration are divided into \"departments,\" at the head of which Directors are placed, who form the link between the supreme government of the Governor-General and the Residents in the provinces.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan welker hoofd Direkteuren geplaatst zyn, die den schakel uitmaken","title":"Formal relative 'welker' + passive + separable","body":"'aan welker hoofd' uses the heavy genitive relative 'welker' ('at the head of which'). 'geplaatst zyn' is a zijn-passive ('are placed'), and the following 'die den schakel uitmaken' uses the separable 'uitmaken' (to form the link), verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te; locative adjunct of the first clause","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of verdeeld","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuurstakken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderscheidene","lemma":"onderscheiden","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bestuurstakken","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"bestuurstakken","lemma":"bestuurstak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of passive verdeeld","gloss":"administrative branches"},{"surface":"verdeeld","lemma":"verdelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"divided"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking departementen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"departementen","lemma":"departement","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of verdeeld","gloss":"departments"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase aan het hoofd","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"welker","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor of hoofd; refers to departementen","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of geplaatst","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"Direkteuren","lemma":"directeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of passive geplaatst","gloss":"Directors"},{"surface":"geplaatst","lemma":"plaatsen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the relative clause on departementen","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geplaatst","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of uitmaken; refers to Direkteuren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of schakel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schakel","lemma":"schakel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitmaken","gloss":"link"},{"surface":"uitmaken","lemma":"uitmaken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on Direkteuren","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the two things linked","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opperbestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opperbestuur","lemma":"opperbestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first complement of tusschen","gloss":"supreme government"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessive complement of opperbestuur","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates opperbestuur and Residenten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Residenten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Residenten","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"second complement of tusschen","gloss":"Residents"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking provincien","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of provincien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"provincien","lemma":"provincie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"modifies Residenten","gloss":"provinces"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h5-s60","source":"By behandeling evenwel der zaken van politieken aard, wenden zich deze beambten rechtstreeks tot den Gouverneur-generaal.","translation":"In the handling, however, of matters of a political nature, these officials apply directly to the Governor-General.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"By behandeling ... der zaken ..., wenden zich deze beambten ... tot den Gouverneur-generaal","title":"Fronted phrase + reflexive 'zich wenden'","body":"The long 'By behandeling...'-phrase is fronted, inverting to 'wenden zich deze beambten'. 'zich wenden tot' (to apply/turn to) is reflexive. 'der zaken' and 'den Gouverneur-generaal' carry case-remnants."}],"words":[{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking behandeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"behandeling","lemma":"behandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of By; the prepositional phrase is a circumstantial adjunct of wenden","gloss":"handling"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying wenden","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive complement of behandeling","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aard","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"politieken","lemma":"politiek","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies aard","gloss":"political"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying zaken","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"wenden","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"apply"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person plural","role":"reflexive object of wenden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of beambten","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of wenden","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"rechtstreeks","lemma":"rechtstreeks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wenden","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by zich wenden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"Governor-General"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h5-s61","source":"De benaming Resident is herkomstig uit den tyd toen Nederland nog slechts middelyk als leenheer de bevolking beheerschte, en zich aan de hoven der nog regeerende Vorsten door Residenten liet vertegenwoordigen.","translation":"The title of Resident comes from the time when the Netherlands still governed the population only indirectly, as liege lord, and had itself represented at the courts of the still-reigning Princes by Residents.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"uit den tyd toen Nederland ... de bevolking beheerschte, en zich ... liet vertegenwoordigen","title":"toen-clause + causative laten + reflexive","body":"'toen' (when, past) opens a verb-final clause ('beheerschte' at the end). The second verb 'zich ... liet vertegenwoordigen' is causative 'laten' + infinitive with the reflexive 'zich' ('had itself represented'). 'den tyd' keeps the case-remnant."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of benaming","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"benaming","lemma":"benaming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"title"},{"surface":"Resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition specifying benaming","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking benaming to herkomstig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"herkomstig","lemma":"herkomstig","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"derived"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by herkomstig","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause modifying tyd","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of beheerschte and liet","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beheerschte","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies middelyk","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"middelyk","lemma":"middellijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beheerschte","gloss":"indirectly","note":"Old spelling of ‘middellijk’, here meaning indirectly."},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the role leenheer","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"leenheer","lemma":"leenheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of als","gloss":"liege lord"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beheerschte","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"beheerschte","lemma":"beheersen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb in the temporal clause","gloss":"governed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates beheerschte and liet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"direct object of vertegenwoordigen","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoven","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoven","lemma":"hof","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"locative complement of vertegenwoordigen","gloss":"courts"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of Vorsten","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies regeerende","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"regeerende","lemma":"regeren","morphology":"present participle, inflected","role":"modifies Vorsten","gloss":"reigning"},{"surface":"Vorsten","lemma":"vorst","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive complement of hoven","gloss":"Princes"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the agent of vertegenwoordigen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Residenten","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"agent complement of vertegenwoordigen","gloss":"Residents"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"second verb in the temporal clause; causative auxiliary of vertegenwoordigen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vertegenwoordigen","lemma":"vertegenwoordigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of liet","gloss":"represented"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h5-s62","source":"Die Vorsten bestaan niet meer, en de residenten zyn, als gewestelijke Gouverneurs of Praefecten, bestuurders van landschappen geworden.","translation":"Those Princes no longer exist, and the residents have become, as provincial Governors or Prefects, administrators of territories.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de residenten zyn ... bestuurders ... geworden","title":"Perfect of worden ('zijn ... geworden')","body":"'zyn ... geworden' is the perfect of 'worden' (to become): 'have become administrators'. Note that 'worden' takes 'zijn' as its perfect auxiliary, and the participle 'geworden' stands at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Vorsten","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"Vorsten","lemma":"vorst","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of bestaan","gloss":"Princes"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of the negative phrase niet meer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"second part of the negative phrase niet meer","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of residenten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"residenten","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zyn geworden","gloss":"residents"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Gouverneurs or Praefecten as a capacity","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"gewestelijke","lemma":"gewestelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Gouverneurs","gloss":"provincial"},{"surface":"Gouverneurs","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"first complement of als","gloss":"Governors"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Gouverneurs and Praefecten","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Praefecten","lemma":"prefect","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"second complement of als","gloss":"Prefects","note":"‘Praefecten’ is an older spelling of ‘prefecten’."},{"surface":"bestuurders","lemma":"bestuurder","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject complement of geworden","gloss":"administrators"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landschappen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"landschappen","lemma":"landschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of van modifying bestuurders","gloss":"territories"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"become"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h5-s63","source":"Hun werkkring is veranderd, doch de naam is gebleven.","translation":"Their sphere of work has changed, but the name has remained.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hun werkkring is veranderd, doch de naam is gebleven","title":"State passive/perfect + archaic 'doch'","body":"'is veranderd' and 'is gebleven' are perfects/states with 'zijn' (has changed / has remained). 'doch' is the literary 'but/yet', joining the two as a balanced antithesis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of werkkring","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"werkkring","lemma":"werkkring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is veranderd","gloss":"sphere of work"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of veranderd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"veranderd","lemma":"veranderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is gebleven","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gebleven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gebleven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"remained"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h5-s64","source":"Het zyn deze residenten, die eigenlyk het nederlandsch gezag tegenover de javaansche bevolking vertegenwoordigen. Het volk kent noch den Gouverneur-generaal, noch de Raden van Indie, noch, de Direkteuren te Batavia.","translation":"It is these residents who actually represent the Netherlands authority to the Javanese population. The people know neither the Governor-General, nor the Councillors of the Indies, nor the Directors at Batavia.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het volk kent noch den Gouverneur-generaal, noch de Raden ..., noch de Direkteuren","title":"Correlative 'noch ... noch' negation","body":"'noch ... noch ... noch' (neither ... nor ... nor) is the single, spread negation of the clause — Dutch allows only one negation, expressed here by the noch-series. 'den Gouverneur-generaal' carries the accusative case-remnant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of the cleft construction","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking Het to deze residenten","gloss":"are","note":"Plural ‘zijn’ is used in this cleft construction with the plural complement."},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of residenten","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"residenten","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject complement of zyn and antecedent of die","gloss":"residents"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of vertegenwoordigen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertegenwoordigen","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies gezag","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vertegenwoordigen","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"tegenover","lemma":"tegenover","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevolking","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"javaansche","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tegenover","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"vertegenwoordigen","lemma":"vertegenwoordigen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on residenten","gloss":"represent"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of volk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kent","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"kent","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first member of the negative coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first direct-object member coordinated by noch","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second member of the negative coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Raden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Raden","lemma":"raad","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"second direct-object member coordinated by noch","gloss":"Councillors"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the title Raden van Indie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van in the title Raden van Indie","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the third member of the negative coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Direkteuren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Direkteuren","lemma":"directeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"third direct-object member coordinated by noch","gloss":"Directors"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"locative modifier of Direkteuren","gloss":"Batavia"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h5-s65","source":"Het kent slechts den Resident, en de beambten die onder hem het besturen. Een dusdanige residentie--er zyn er, die byna een millioen zielen bevatten--is verdeeld in drie, vier of vyf afdeelingen of regentschappen, aan welker hoofd Adsistent-Residenten geplaatst zyn.","translation":"They know only the Resident, and the officials who do the governing under him. Such a residency — there are some that contain nearly a million souls — is divided into three, four, or five districts or regencies, at the head of which Assistant-Residents are placed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het kent slechts den Resident","title":"Neuter 'Het' for 'het volk' + 'den'","body":"'Het' here is the pronoun standing for the neuter 'het volk' (the people), so the verb is singular 'kent'. 'den Resident' shows the accusative case-remnant. 'slechts' (only) is a slightly formal 'alleen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er zyn er, die byna een millioen zielen bevatten","title":"Double 'er': existential + quantitative","body":"'er zyn er' uses 'er' twice: the first is existential ('there are'), the second is the quantitative/partitive 'er' standing for 'of them' ('there are some of them that...'). A compact showcase of the word's versatility."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of kent; refers to het volk","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kent","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of the coordinated direct object","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first direct object of kent","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Resident and beambten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"second direct object of kent","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of besturen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of besturen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"besturen","lemma":"besturen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on beambten","gloss":"govern"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of residentie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dusdanige","lemma":"dusdanig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies residentie","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"residentie","lemma":"residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is verdeeld","gloss":"residency"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the parenthetical existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the parenthetical existential clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"quantitative pronoun","role":"quantitative subject meaning some residenties","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of bevatten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies een millioen","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of millioen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"millioen","lemma":"miljoen","morphology":"numeral noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantifier of zielen","gloss":"million"},{"surface":"zielen","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of bevatten","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"bevatten","lemma":"bevatten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on quantitative er","gloss":"contain"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verdeeld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"verdeeld","lemma":"verdelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"divided"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afdeelingen or regentschappen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"first coordinated numeral modifying afdeelingen and regentschappen","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"vier","lemma":"vier","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"second coordinated numeral modifying afdeelingen and regentschappen","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates vier and vyf","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"vyf","lemma":"vijf","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"third coordinated numeral modifying afdeelingen and regentschappen","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"afdeelingen","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"first complement of in","gloss":"districts"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates afdeelingen and regentschappen","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"regentschappen","lemma":"regentschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"second complement of in","gloss":"regencies"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase aan het hoofd","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"welker","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"possessor of hoofd; refers to afdeelingen or regentschappen","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of geplaatst","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"Adsistent-Residenten","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of passive geplaatst","gloss":"Assistant-Residents","note":"‘Adsistent’ is the historical spelling used here for modern ‘assistent’."},{"surface":"geplaatst","lemma":"plaatsen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the relative clause on afdeelingen or regentschappen","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geplaatst","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h5-s66","source":"Onder dezen weder wordt het bestuur uitgeoefend door kontroleurs, opzieners en een tal van andere beambten die noodig zyn voor de inning der belastingen, voor het toezicht over den landbouw, voor het oprichten van gebouwen, voor de waterstaats-werken, voor de policie en voor het rechtswezen.","translation":"Under these in turn the administration is carried on by controllers, overseers, and a number of other officials who are needed for the collecting of the taxes, for the supervision of agriculture, for the erecting of buildings, for the waterworks, for the police, and for the administration of justice.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Onder dezen weder wordt het bestuur uitgeoefend door kontroleurs","title":"Worden-passive + separable uitoefenen","body":"'wordt ... uitgeoefend' is a worden-passive ('is carried on'), with the separable 'uitoefenen' supplying the participle. 'door kontroleurs ...' names the agent. Fronting 'Onder dezen weder' (under these in turn) inverts the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"andere beambten die noodig zyn voor de inning der belastingen","title":"Relative die + genitive 'der'","body":"'die noodig zyn' is a verb-final relative ('who are needed'). 'der belastingen' is a genitive case-remnant ('of the taxes'). The long list of 'voor de...'-phrases keeps fixed prepositions with each governmental task."}],"words":[{"surface":"Onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"oblique complement of uitgeoefend","gloss":"Under"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural, dative","role":"object of Onder","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitgeoefend","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of uitgeoefend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive uitgeoefend","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"uitgeoefend","lemma":"uitoefenen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried on"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kontroleurs","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"kontroleurs","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of passive uitgeoefend","gloss":"controllers"},{"surface":"opzieners","lemma":"opziener","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"coordinated with kontroleurs","gloss":"overseers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated head in agent phrase","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beambten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beambten","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of tal van","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective with zyn","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking die to noodig","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inning","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inning","lemma":"inning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor; complement of noodig","gloss":"collecting"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of belastingen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"belastingen","lemma":"belasting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of inning","gloss":"taxes"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toezicht","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toezicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toezicht","lemma":"toezicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor; complement of noodig","gloss":"supervision"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landbouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative","role":"determiner of landbouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landbouw","lemma":"landbouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"agriculture"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oprichten","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oprichten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oprichten","lemma":"oprichten","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"object of voor; complement of noodig","gloss":"erecting"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebouwen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gebouwen","lemma":"gebouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of oprichten van","gloss":"buildings"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking waterstaats-werken","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waterstaats-werken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waterstaats-werken","lemma":"waterstaatswerk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor; complement of noodig","gloss":"waterworks"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking policie","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of policie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"policie","lemma":"politie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor; complement of noodig","gloss":"police"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rechtswezen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rechtswezen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rechtswezen","lemma":"rechtswezen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor; complement of noodig","gloss":"justice system"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h5-s67","source":"In elke afdeeling staat een inlandsch hoofd van hoogen rang met den titel van Regent, den adsistent-resident ter-zyde.","translation":"In each district a native chief of high rank, with the title of Regent, stands at the assistant-resident's side.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"In elke afdeeling staat een inlandsch hoofd ... den adsistent-resident ter-zyde","title":"Fronted place + dative 'den' + ter-zyde staan","body":"Fronting 'In elke afdeeling' inverts to 'staat een inlandsch hoofd'. 'den adsistent-resident ter-zyde' is again the fixed 'ter-zyde staan' (to stand by) with a dative case-remnant 'den'. 'inlandsch' (native/indigenous) shows the period sch- spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afdeeling","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"elke","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of staat","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"inlandsch","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hoofd","gloss":"native","note":"Historical spelling of modern inlands."},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hoogen","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rang","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking titel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative","role":"determiner of titel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"titel","lemma":"titel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"title"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"complement of titel van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of staat ... terzijde","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"ter-zyde","lemma":"terzijde","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms staat ... terzijde","gloss":"at the side","note":"Staat iemand terzijde means ‘stands by or assists someone.’"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h5-s68","source":"Zoodanig Regent, hoewel zyn verhouding tot het bestuur en zyn werkkring geheel die is van een bezoldigd beambte, behoort altyd tot den hoogen adel des lands, en dikwyls tot de familie der vorsten die vroeger in dat landschap of in de nabuurschap onafhankelyk geregeerd hebben.","translation":"Such a Regent, although his relation to the government and his sphere of work are entirely those of a salaried official, always belongs to the high nobility of the land, and often to the family of the princes who in earlier times ruled independently in that territory or in the neighbourhood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn verhouding ... behoort altyd tot den hoogen adel des lands","title":"Frozen case in den ... des lands","body":"1860 prose keeps old case endings: dative-accusative den hoogen adel after tot, and the genitive des lands ('of the land'). Modern Dutch would write de hoge adel van het land."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de familie der vorsten die ... geregeerd hebben","title":"Genitive der + a relative die","body":"der vorsten is the old genitive plural ('of the princes'), and die opens a relative clause whose verb cluster geregeerd hebben is pushed to the very end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"geregeerd hebben","title":"Present perfect at clause end","body":"In the relative clause the perfect is built from hebben + the participle geregeerd, both driven to the end because the clause is subordinate."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"Such a"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of behoort","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"hoewel","lemma":"hoewel","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause ending at beambte","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verhouding","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestuur","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of verhouding tot","gloss":"government"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of werkkring","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"werkkring","lemma":"werkkring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with verhouding","gloss":"sphere of work"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies die","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking subjects to die","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beambte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bezoldigd","lemma":"bezoldigd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beambte","gloss":"salaried"},{"surface":"beambte","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"behoort","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"belongs"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behoort","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adel","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative","role":"determiner of adel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogen","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies adel","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"adel","lemma":"adel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of lands","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"lands","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of adel","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies implied behoort","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking familie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of vorsten","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vorsten","lemma":"vorst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of familie","gloss":"princes"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of geregeerd hebben","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geregeerd","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landschap","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landschap","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"landschap","lemma":"landschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of geregeerd","gloss":"territory"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nabuurschap","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nabuurschap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nabuurschap","lemma":"nabuurschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with landschap","gloss":"neighbourhood"},{"surface":"onafhankelyk","lemma":"onafhankelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geregeerd","gloss":"independently"},{"surface":"geregeerd","lemma":"regeren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on vorsten","gloss":"ruled"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of geregeerd","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h5-s69","source":"Zeer staatkundig wordt alzoo gebruik gemaakt van hun alouden feodalen invloed--die in Azie over 't geheel van groot gewicht is, en by de meeste stammen als punt van godsdienst wordt aangemerkt--dewyl door het benoemen dezer hoofden tot beambten, een hierarchie wordt geschapen, aan welker spits het nederlandsch gezag staat, dat door den Gouverneur-generaal wordt uitgeoefend.","translation":"Very statesmanlike use is thus made of their ancient feudal influence — which throughout Asia is of great weight, and is regarded among most tribes as a point of religion — inasmuch as, by appointing these chiefs to be officials, a hierarchy is created, at whose summit stands the Netherlands authority, exercised through the Governor-General.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zeer staatkundig wordt alzoo gebruik gemaakt van ...","title":"Worden-passive with a fronted adverb","body":"The sentence opens with the adverb, so the finite verb wordt comes second (V2) and the participle gemaakt closes the passive: 'use is thus made of...'. The agent is left unnamed, typical of the impersonal passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan welker spits het nederlandsch gezag staat","title":"Formal relative welker","body":"welker is a heavy, archaic genitive relative ('at whose summit'), the kind of formal relative reserved for solemn 1860 prose; modern Dutch would rephrase with waarvan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dewyl door het benoemen ... een hierarchie wordt geschapen","title":"Archaic subordinator dewyl","body":"dewyl ('inasmuch as / because') is an archaic subordinating conjunction that, like all subordinators, sends its verb to the end — here the passive wordt geschapen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staatkundig","gloss":"Very"},{"surface":"staatkundig","lemma":"staatkundig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemaakt","gloss":"statesmanlike"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"alzoo","lemma":"alzo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemaakt","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive gemaakt","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking invloed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of invloed","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"alouden","lemma":"aloud","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies invloed","gloss":"ancient"},{"surface":"feodalen","lemma":"feodaal","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies invloed","gloss":"feudal"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of gebruik gemaakt van","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is and wordt aangemerkt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Azie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Azie","lemma":"Azië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Asia"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of adverbial over 't geheel","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of geheel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"part of adverbial over 't geheel","gloss":"whole","note":"Over ’t geheel means ‘on the whole’ or ‘throughout.’"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gewicht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gewicht","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"gewicht","lemma":"gewicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking die to van groot gewicht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stammen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stammen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meeste","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies stammen","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"stammen","lemma":"stam","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of by","gloss":"tribes"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking punt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"punt","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of aangemerkt","gloss":"a point"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking godsdienst","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"godsdienst","lemma":"godsdienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies punt","gloss":"religion"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of aangemerkt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"aangemerkt","lemma":"aanmerken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated predicate in relative clause on invloed","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"dewyl","lemma":"dewijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause with geschapen","gloss":"inasmuch as","note":"Archaic dewijl means ‘because’ or ‘inasmuch as.’"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking benoemen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of benoemen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"benoemen","lemma":"benoemen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"object of door","gloss":"appointing"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of hoofden","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of benoemen","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beambten","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of benoemen","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hierarchie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hierarchie","lemma":"hiërarchie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive geschapen","gloss":"hierarchy"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geschapen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"geschapen","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"created"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spits","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"welker","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative determiner, genitive singular","role":"possessive determiner of spits","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"spits","lemma":"spits","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of staat","gloss":"summit"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gezag","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on hierarchie","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of passive uitgeoefend","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"agent of passive uitgeoefend","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of uitgeoefend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"uitgeoefend","lemma":"uitoefenen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on gezag","gloss":"exercised"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h5-s70","source":"Er is niets nieuws onder de zon.","translation":"There is nothing new under the sun.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er is niets nieuws onder de zon","title":"Existential er + niets nieuws","body":"er here is the existential 'there' (Er is = 'There is'). After niets, the adjective takes an -s genitive remnant: niets nieuws, 'nothing new'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing existence","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"nieuws","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies niets","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zon","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of is","gloss":"sun"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h5-s71","source":"Werden niet de Ryks-, Mark-, Gau-, en Burggraven van het duitsche Ryk evenzoo door den Keizer aangesteld, en meestal gekozen uit de Baronnen?","translation":"Were not the Imperial Counts, the Margraves, the Counts of the Gau, and the Burgraves of the German Empire likewise appointed by the Emperor, and mostly chosen from among the Barons?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Werden niet de Ryks-... graven ... door den Keizer aangesteld?","title":"Rhetorical question + worden-passive","body":"A yes/no question fronts the finite verb Werden, and the passive is completed by aangesteld at the end ('were... not appointed'). door den Keizer marks the agent, with den still carrying the old accusative form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of aangesteld and gekozen","gloss":"Were"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Werden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Ryks-","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ryks","lemma":"rijksgraaf","morphology":"noun, plural, suspended compound","role":"subject of passive aangesteld and gekozen","gloss":"Imperial Counts"},{"surface":"Mark","lemma":"markgraaf","morphology":"noun, plural, suspended compound","role":"coordinated with Ryks","gloss":"Margraves"},{"surface":"Gau","lemma":"gouwgraaf","morphology":"noun, plural, suspended compound","role":"coordinated with Ryks","gloss":"Gau Counts"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Burggraven","lemma":"burggraaf","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with Ryks","gloss":"Burgraves"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ryk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Ryk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duitsche","lemma":"Duits","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Ryk","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"Ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"proper noun, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Empire"},{"surface":"evenzoo","lemma":"evenzo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangesteld","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Keizer","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative","role":"determiner of Keizer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Keizer","lemma":"keizer","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"agent of passive aangesteld","gloss":"Emperor"},{"surface":"aangesteld","lemma":"aanstellen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekozen","gloss":"mostly"},{"surface":"gekozen","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with aangesteld","gloss":"chosen"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Baronnen","gloss":"from among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Baronnen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Baronnen","lemma":"baron","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"Barons"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h5-s72","source":"Zonder uitweiding over den oorsprong des adels, die geheel in de natuur ligt, wensch ik toch plaats te geven aan de opmerking hoe in òns werelddeel en ginds in 't verre Indie, dezelfde oorzaken dezelfde gevolgen hadden.","translation":"Without a digression on the origin of the nobility, which lies wholly in nature, I should nonetheless like to make room for the observation of how, in our part of the world and yonder in the far Indies, the same causes had the same effects.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wensch ik toch plaats te geven aan de opmerking","title":"te + infinitive after wensen","body":"wensen governs a following infinitive with te (plaats te geven, 'to make room'). Because the sentence opens with a long adverbial, V2 puts wensch ahead of the subject ik."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den oorsprong des adels, die geheel in de natuur ligt","title":"Genitive des adels","body":"des adels is the old genitive ('of the nobility'), and die opens a relative clause whose verb ligt closes it."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ginds in 't verre Indie","title":"ginds — 'yonder'","body":"ginds is a literary adverb meaning 'over there, yonder', here pointing across the world to the distant Indies. The accent in òns ('our', emphatic) contrasts Europe with the colony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitweiding","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"uitweiding","lemma":"uitweiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of prepositional phrase","gloss":"a digression"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorsprong","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of oorsprong","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorsprong","lemma":"oorsprong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"origin"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of adels","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"adels","lemma":"adel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of oorsprong","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ligt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of ligt","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking natuur","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of natuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"natuur","lemma":"natuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of ligt","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"head of relative clause modifying oorsprong","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"wensch","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"should like"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wensch","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of wensch","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wensch","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opmerking","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opmerking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opmerking","lemma":"opmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of geven","gloss":"observation"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces content clause modifying opmerking","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werelddeel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"òns","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person plural, emphatic","role":"determiner of werelddeel","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"werelddeel","lemma":"werelddeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"locative complement of hadden","gloss":"part of the world"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates locative phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ginds","lemma":"ginds","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying hadden","gloss":"yonder"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of Indie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verre","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Indie","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Indies"},{"surface":"dezelfde","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of oorzaken","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"dezelfde","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of gevolgen","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"gevolgen","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"effects"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"main verb of content clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h5-s73","source":"Een land moet op verren afstand geregeerd worden, en hiertoe zyn beambten noodig, die 't centraaal gezag vertegenwoordigen.","translation":"A country must be governed from a great distance, and for this officials are needed who represent the central authority.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een land moet op verren afstand geregeerd worden","title":"Modal + passive infinitive","body":"The modal moet sends a whole passive infinitive to the end: geregeerd worden ('be governed'). Stacking a passive under a modal is very common in Dutch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hiertoe zyn beambten noodig, die ...","title":"Pronominal adverb hiertoe","body":"hiertoe fuses hier + toe ('for this'), a pronominal adverb standing in for 'for this purpose' and fronted to trigger V2 (zyn comes second)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive geregeerd worden","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geregeerd worden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afstand","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"verren","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, oblique","role":"modifies afstand","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"afstand","lemma":"afstand","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"prepositional modifier of geregeerd","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"geregeerd","lemma":"regeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of passive geregeerd worden","gloss":"governed"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of geregeerd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hiertoe","lemma":"hiertoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"purpose adjunct of zijn","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main copular verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of vertegenwoordigen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of gezag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"centraaal","lemma":"centraal","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies gezag","gloss":"central"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vertegenwoordigen","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"vertegenwoordigen","lemma":"vertegenwoordigen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"head of relative clause modifying beambten","gloss":"represent"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h5-s74","source":"Onder het stelsel van militaire willekeur, kozen de Romeinen hiertoe de Praefecten, in den aanvang gewoonlyk de bevelhebbers der legioenen die 't bedoelde land hadden ten-onder gebracht.","translation":"Under the system of military arbitrariness, the Romans chose for this purpose the Prefects, in the beginning usually the commanders of the legions that had subdued the country in question.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s74.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kozen de Romeinen hiertoe de Praefecten","title":"Subject-verb inversion after a fronted adverbial","body":"The clause opens with Onder het stelsel..., so the strong past verb kozen ('chose') stands second and the subject de Romeinen follows it — textbook V2 inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die 't bedoelde land hadden ten-onder gebracht","title":"Pluperfect in a relative clause","body":"hadden + the participle gebracht form the pluperfect ('had subdued'), all at the end of the relative clause. ten-onder brengen is a fixed separable expression, its parts reunited here at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stelsel","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stelsel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stelsel","lemma":"stelsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional modifier of kozen","gloss":"system"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking willekeur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"militaire","lemma":"militair","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies willekeur","gloss":"military"},{"surface":"willekeur","lemma":"willekeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional modifier of stelsel","gloss":"arbitrariness"},{"surface":"kozen","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"chose"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Romeinen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Romeinen","lemma":"Romein","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"subject of kozen","gloss":"Romans"},{"surface":"hiertoe","lemma":"hiertoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"purpose adjunct of kozen","gloss":"for this purpose"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Praefecten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Praefecten","lemma":"prefect","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of kozen","gloss":"Prefects"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanvang","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of aanvang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanvang","lemma":"aanvang","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"prepositional temporal modifier of kozen","gloss":"beginning"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of apposition bevelhebbers","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevelhebbers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevelhebbers","lemma":"bevelhebber","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"apposition to Praefecten","gloss":"commanders"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural, genitive","role":"determiner of legioenen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"legioenen","lemma":"legioen","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural, genitive construction","role":"genitive modifier of bevelhebbers","gloss":"legions"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hadden gebracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bedoelde","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"adjective, past-participial, inflected","role":"modifies land","gloss":"in question"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ten-onder gebracht","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ten-onder","lemma":"ten onder","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of ten onder brengen","gloss":"into submission","note":"Ten-onder brengen is the historical spelling of ten onder brengen, meaning ‘to subdue’."},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of relative clause modifying legioenen","gloss":"brought"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h5-s75","source":"Zulke landstreken bleven dan ook: provincien, dat is: wingewesten.","translation":"Such regions therefore remained: provinces, that is to say: conquered territories.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zulke landstreken bleven dan ook: provincien","title":"Archaic determiner zulk","body":"zulk(e) ('such') belongs to the more formal, literary register; dan ook ('therefore, accordingly') is a fixed adverbial pair."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"wingewesten","title":"wingewest — 'conquered territory'","body":"A compound of winnen ('to win/gain') + gewest ('region'): a province held by conquest and exploited for gain. Multatuli equates Roman provincia with this loaded Dutch word to indict the Indies system."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of landstreken","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"landstreken","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of bleven","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"bleven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"main copular verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of conjunctive adverb dan ook modifying bleven","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of conjunctive adverb dan ook modifying bleven","gloss":"indeed","note":"Dan ook functions together as ‘therefore’ here."},{"surface":"provincien","lemma":"provincie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"predicative complement of bleven","gloss":"provinces"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb in explanatory phrase dat is","gloss":"is to say"},{"surface":"wingewesten","lemma":"wingewest","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"apposition explaining provincien","gloss":"conquered territories"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h5-s76","source":"Maar toen later het centraal gezag des duitschen Ryks behoefte voelde, eenig ver gelegen volk aan zich te binden op andere wyze dan door stoffelyk overwicht alleen, zoodra een verwyderde streek werd beschouwd als door gelykheid in afkomst, taal en gewoonten tot het Ryk te behooren, deed zich de noodzakelykheid gevoelen, iemand met de leiding der zaken te belasten, die in dat land te-huis behoorde niet alleen, maar door zyn stand boven zyn medeburgers in die streken verheven was, opdat de gehoorzaamheid aan de bevelen des Keizers, gemakkelyk werde door de samengaande neiging tot onderwerping aan hem die met de uitvoering dezer bevelen belast was. Hierdoor werden dan tevens geheel of gedeeltelyk de uitgaven vermeden, voor een staand leger ten-laste der algemeene staatskas, of, zooals meestal geschiedde, ten-laste van de gewesten zelf, die door zoodanig leger moesten bewaakt worden.","translation":"But when, later, the central authority of the German Empire felt the need to bind some distant people to itself by other means than mere material preponderance — as soon as a remote region came to be regarded as belonging to the Empire by kinship of origin, language, and customs — the necessity made itself felt of charging someone with the conduct of affairs who not only was at home in that country, but who, by his standing, was raised above his fellow citizens in those parts, so that obedience to the Emperor's commands might be made easy through the concurrent inclination to submit to him who was charged with carrying out those commands. By this means the expense was at the same time wholly or partly avoided of a standing army at the charge of the general treasury, or, as most often happened, at the charge of the territories themselves that had to be guarded by such an army.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar toen later het centraal gezag ... behoefte voelde","title":"toen as temporal subordinator","body":"toen ('when', of a single past event) opens a subordinate clause and drives its verb voelde to the end. The very long sentence stacks several such clauses before the main verb deed ... gevoelen arrives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand met de leiding der zaken te belasten","title":"te + infinitive complement","body":"deed zich de noodzakelykheid gevoelen ('the necessity made itself felt') is completed by an extraposed te-infinitive clause iemand ... te belasten. der zaken is again the old genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"opdat de gehoorzaamheid ... gemakkelyk werde","title":"Subjunctive werde after opdat","body":"opdat ('so that, in order that') introduces a purpose clause; werde is the old present subjunctive of worden, a solemn form long obsolete in speech but alive in 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ten-laste der algemeene staatskas","title":"Genitive der after a fixed phrase","body":"der is the frozen genitive feminine/plural article ('of the'); ten-laste van ('at the charge of') still governs it here in the old way."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the sentence with preceding discourse","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of voelde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voelde","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of gezag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"centraal","lemma":"centraal","morphology":"adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies gezag","gloss":"central"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of Rijks","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"duitschen","lemma":"Duits","morphology":"adjective, genitive singular","role":"modifies Rijks","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"Ryks","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, genitive singular","role":"genitive complement of gezag","gloss":"Empire"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voelde","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"eenig","lemma":"enig","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of volk","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelegen","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"gelegen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies volk","gloss":"situated"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of binden","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"object of aan","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive binden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"binden","lemma":"binden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of behoefte","gloss":"bind"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wijze","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wijze","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with andere wijze","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overwicht","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"stoffelyk","lemma":"stoffelijk","morphology":"adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies overwicht","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"overwicht","lemma":"overwicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"preponderance"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses stoffelijk overwicht","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beschouwd","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of streek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verwyderde","lemma":"verwijderd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies streek","gloss":"remote"},{"surface":"streek","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive beschouwd","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of beschouwd","gloss":"came to be"},{"surface":"beschouwd","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the zodra clause","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"complementizer","role":"introduces the complement te behooren","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelijkheid","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"gelykheid","lemma":"gelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"causal adjunct of behooren","gloss":"similarity"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afkomst","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"afkomst","lemma":"afkomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"origin"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with afkomst","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links taal and gewoonten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gewoonten","lemma":"gewoonte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with afkomst","gloss":"customs"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rijk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of Rijk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"Empire"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive behooren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"behooren","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of beschouwd als","gloss":"belong"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"reflexive object of gevoelen","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of noodzakelijkheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noodzakelykheid","lemma":"noodzakelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"necessity"},{"surface":"gevoelen","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of deed","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of belasten","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leiding","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leiding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leiding","lemma":"leiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive complement of leiding","gloss":"affairs"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive belasten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"belasten","lemma":"belasten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of noodzakelijkheid","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of behoorde and was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"te-huis","lemma":"thuis","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of behoorde","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"behoorde","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"first verb of the relative clause on iemand","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of correlative niet alleen ... maar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of correlative niet alleen ... maar","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces second part of niet alleen ... maar","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stand","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of stand","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"stand","lemma":"stand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking medeburgers","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of medeburgers","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"medeburgers","lemma":"medeburger","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of boven","gloss":"fellow citizens"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking streken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of streken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"verheven","lemma":"verheffen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by was","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verheven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"opdat","lemma":"opdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause of werde","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gehoorzaamheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gehoorzaamheid","lemma":"gehoorzaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of werde","gloss":"obedience"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevelen","lemma":"bevel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"commands"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of Keizers","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Keizers","lemma":"keizer","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular","role":"genitive complement of bevelen","gloss":"Emperor"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of werde","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"werde","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"might become"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking neiging","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of neiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"samengaande","lemma":"samengaan","morphology":"present participle, inflected","role":"modifies neiging","gloss":"concurrent"},{"surface":"neiging","lemma":"neiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"inclination"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderwerping","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"onderwerping","lemma":"onderwerping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of neiging","gloss":"submission"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, object form","role":"object of aan","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of passive belast","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitvoering","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitvoering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitvoering","lemma":"uitvoering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"carrying out"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of bevelen","gloss":"of these","note":"Archaic genitive form of deze."},{"surface":"bevelen","lemma":"bevel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of uitvoering","gloss":"commands"},{"surface":"belast","lemma":"belasten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by was","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of belast","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Hierdoor","lemma":"hierdoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies vermeden","gloss":"By this means"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person plural","role":"passive auxiliary of vermeden","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the resulting situation","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vermeden","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vermeden","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links geheel and gedeeltelijk","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gedeeltelyk","lemma":"gedeeltelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with geheel","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitgaven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitgaven","lemma":"uitgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of passive vermeden","gloss":"expenses"},{"surface":"vermeden","lemma":"vermijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive clause","gloss":"avoided"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leger","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of leger","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"staand","lemma":"staand","morphology":"adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies leger","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"leger","lemma":"leger","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"ten-laste","lemma":"ten laste","morphology":"prepositional phrase","role":"introduces the party bearing the expense","gloss":"at the charge"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of staatskas","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"algemeene","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies staatskas","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"staatskas","lemma":"staatskas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of ten laste","gloss":"treasury"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links alternative ten laste phrases","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause geschiedde","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschiedde","gloss":"most often"},{"surface":"geschiedde","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"ten-laste","lemma":"ten laste","morphology":"prepositional phrase","role":"introduces the party bearing the expense","gloss":"at the charge"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gewesten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gewesten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewesten","lemma":"gewest","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"territories"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes gewesten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of moesten worden bewaakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leger","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"demonstrative adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies leger","gloss":"such an"},{"surface":"leger","lemma":"leger","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"agent of passive bewaakt","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person plural","role":"modal auxiliary of worden bewaakt","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"bewaakt","lemma":"bewaken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of relative clause on gewesten","gloss":"guarded"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of bewaakt","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h5-s77","source":"Zoo werden de eerste Graven gekozen uit de Baronnen des lands, en strikt genomen is dus 't woord graaf geen adellyke titel, doch slechts de benaming van een met zeker ambt belasten persoon.","translation":"So the first Counts were chosen from among the Barons of the land, and strictly speaking the word \"count\" is therefore no title of nobility, but merely the designation of a person charged with a certain office.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoo werden de eerste Graven gekozen uit de Baronnen","title":"Worden-passive in the past","body":"werden (past of worden) + the participle gekozen builds the past process-passive ('were chosen'). Fronting Zoo forces the V2 inversion werden ... Graven."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"doch slechts de benaming van een ... belasten persoon","title":"Archaic doch","body":"doch is an archaic/literary equivalent of maar ('but'), a coordinating conjunction that, unlike subordinators, does NOT send the verb to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekozen","gloss":"So"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gekozen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Graven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Graven","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"Graven","lemma":"graaf","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of passive gekozen","gloss":"Counts"},{"surface":"gekozen","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive clause","gloss":"chosen"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Baronnen","gloss":"from among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Baronnen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Baronnen","lemma":"baron","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"Barons"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of lands","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"lands","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, genitive singular","role":"genitive complement of Baronnen","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"strikt","lemma":"strikt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genomen","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"part of parenthetical expression strikt genomen","gloss":"speaking","note":"Strikt genomen literally means ‘strictly taken’ and idiomatically means ‘strictly speaking’."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of subject phrase","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"graaf","lemma":"graaf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to woord","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of titel","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"adellyke","lemma":"adellijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies titel","gloss":"of nobility"},{"surface":"titel","lemma":"titel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"title"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links contrasting predicative complements","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses benaming","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of benaming","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"benaming","lemma":"benaming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement coordinated with titel","gloss":"designation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking persoon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambt","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of ambt","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"belasten","lemma":"belasten","morphology":"verb, past participle, inflected","role":"modifies persoon","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"person"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h5-s78","source":"Ik geloof dan ook dat in de middeleeuwen de meening gold, dat de duitsche Keizer wel 't recht had, graven, d.i. landschapsbestuurders, en hertogen, d.i. heiraanvoerders, te benoemen, doch dat de Baronnen beweerden, wat hun geboorte aangaat, aan den Keizer gelyk te zyn en alleen van God aftehangen, behoudens de verplichting den Keizer te dienen, voor-zoo-ver deze met hun toestemming, en uit hun midden gekozen was. Een graaf bekleedde een ambt waartoe hem de Keizer had geroepen.","translation":"I believe, then, that in the Middle Ages the opinion held good that the German Emperor did indeed have the right to appoint counts, that is, administrators of territories, and dukes, that is, leaders of armies, but that the Barons maintained that, as regards their birth, they were the Emperor's equals and dependent on God alone, save for the obligation to serve the Emperor in so far as he had been chosen with their consent and from among their own number. A count held an office to which the Emperor had called him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik geloof dan ook dat in de middeleeuwen de meening gold, dat ...","title":"Stacked dat-clauses, verb to the end","body":"Each dat ('that') opens a subordinate clause whose verb is pushed back — gold, then aangaat, then aftehangen. Dutch tolerates deep nesting of such verb-final clauses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan den Keizer gelyk te zyn en alleen van God aftehangen","title":"te-infinitives, period spelling aftehangen","body":"Both infinitives are governed by te; in 1860 the te is written joined to the verb (af-te-hangen → aftehangen), one of the era's spelling habits."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een ambt waartoe hem de Keizer had geroepen","title":"Pronominal-adverb relative waartoe","body":"waartoe ('to which') is waar + toe, a pronominal adverb doing relative duty; the pluperfect had geroepen closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of discourse phrase dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of discourse phrase dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gold","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking middeleeuwen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of middeleeuwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"middeleeuwen","lemma":"middeleeuwen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"Middle Ages"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gold","gloss":"opinion","note":"Meening is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern mening."},{"surface":"gold","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"held good"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Keizer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"duitsche","lemma":"Duits","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Keizer","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"Keizer","lemma":"keizer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"Emperor"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"graven","lemma":"graaf","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of benoemen","gloss":"counts"},{"surface":"d.i","lemma":"d.i.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces apposition to graven","gloss":"that is","note":"d.i. abbreviates dat is, “that is.”"},{"surface":"landschapsbestuurders","lemma":"landschapsbestuurder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition to graven","gloss":"territorial administrators"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hertogen","lemma":"hertog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated direct object of benoemen","gloss":"dukes"},{"surface":"d.i","lemma":"d.i.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces apposition to hertogen","gloss":"that is","note":"d.i. abbreviates dat is, “that is.”"},{"surface":"heiraanvoerders","lemma":"heeraanvoerder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition to hertogen","gloss":"army commanders","note":"Heir is an older spelling of heer in the sense “army.”"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive benoemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"benoemen","lemma":"benoemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of recht had","gloss":"appoint"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two dat clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beweerden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Baronnen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Baronnen","lemma":"baron","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of beweerden","gloss":"Barons"},{"surface":"beweerden","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of coordinated dat clause","gloss":"maintained"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of aangaat","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of geboorte","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"geboorte","lemma":"geboorte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"birth"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition complement of gelijk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Keizer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Keizer","lemma":"keizer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Emperor"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"equal","note":"Gelyk is the older spelling of modern gelijk."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of beweerden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates zijn and af te hangen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses van God","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition complement of afhangen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"aftehangen","lemma":"afhangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"coordinated infinitive complement of beweerden","gloss":"to depend","note":"Af te hangen is printed as one word here; modern Dutch writes it separately."},{"surface":"behoudens","lemma":"behoudens","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces exception phrase","gloss":"save for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verplichting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verplichting","lemma":"verplichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of behoudens","gloss":"obligation"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Keizer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Keizer","lemma":"keizer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of dienen","gloss":"Emperor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive dienen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dienen","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of verplichting","gloss":"serve"},{"surface":"voor-zoo-ver","lemma":"voor zover","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces limiting clause","gloss":"insofar as","note":"Voor-zoo-ver is the historical spelling of modern voor zover."},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toestemming","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of toestemming","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"toestemming","lemma":"toestemming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"consent"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates met and uit phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking midden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of midden","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"midden","lemma":"midden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"midst"},{"surface":"gekozen","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive clause","gloss":"chosen"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite passive auxiliary of gekozen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of graaf","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"graaf","lemma":"graaf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bekleedde","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"bekleedde","lemma":"bekleden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambt","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bekleedde","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"waartoe","lemma":"waartoe","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"relative complement of geroepen","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of geroepen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Keizer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Keizer","lemma":"keizer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geroepen","gloss":"Emperor"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in relative clause on ambt","gloss":"called"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h5-s79","source":"Een baron beschouwde zich als baron \"door de genade Gods.\" De graven vertegenwoordigden den Keizer, en voerden als zoodanig diens banier, d.i. den Standaard van het Ryk. Een baron bracht volk op de been onder zyn eigen vaan, als baanderheer.","translation":"A baron regarded himself as baron \"by the grace of God.\" The counts represented the Emperor, and as such carried his banner, that is, the Standard of the Empire. A baron called men to arms under his own colours, as a banneret.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voerden als zoodanig diens banier","title":"Genitive demonstrative diens","body":"diens is the old genitive of die ('his / of that one'), pointing back to the Emperor: 'his banner'. It survives mainly in formal written Dutch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"baanderheer","title":"baanderheer — 'banneret'","body":"A banneret: a lord wealthy enough to bring his own contingent to war under his personal banner (vaan), as opposed to a count carrying the Emperor's standard. The doublet vaan / banier ('flag / banner') marks the feudal distinction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of baron","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"baron","lemma":"baron","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of beschouwde","gloss":"baron"},{"surface":"beschouwde","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive direct object of beschouwde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"baron","lemma":"baron","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of beschouwde","gloss":"baron"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genade","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of genade","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"genade","lemma":"genade","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"grace"},{"surface":"Gods","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of genade","gloss":"of God"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of graven","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"graven","lemma":"graaf","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of vertegenwoordigden","gloss":"counts"},{"surface":"vertegenwoordigden","lemma":"vertegenwoordigen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"represented"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Keizer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Keizer","lemma":"keizer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vertegenwoordigden","gloss":"Emperor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voerden","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with vertegenwoordigden","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces adverbial complement","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"demonstrative adjective, substantivized","role":"object of als","gloss":"such","note":"Zoodanig is the older spelling of modern zodanig; als zodanig means “as such.”"},{"surface":"diens","lemma":"die","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular","role":"possessor of banier","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"banier","lemma":"banier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voerden","gloss":"banner"},{"surface":"d.i","lemma":"d.i.","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces apposition to banier","gloss":"that is","note":"d.i. abbreviates dat is, “that is.”"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Standaard","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Standaard","lemma":"standaard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to banier","gloss":"Standard"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition modifying Standaard","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Ryk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Empire"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of baron","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"baron","lemma":"baron","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bracht","gloss":"baron"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom op de been brengen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of idiom op de been brengen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"been","lemma":"been","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom op de been brengen","gloss":"leg","note":"Op de been brengen means to muster or call people to arms."},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vaan","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vaan","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vaan","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"vaan","lemma":"vaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"colours"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces role complement","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"baanderheer","lemma":"baanderheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"banneret","note":"A baanderheer was a noble entitled to lead troops under his own banner."}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h5-s80","source":"De omstandigheid nu, dat graven en hertogen gewoonlyk uit de baronnen werden gekozen, bracht te-weeg dat zy het gewicht hunner betrekking in de schaal legden by den invloed dien zy aan hun geboorte ontleenden, en hieruit schynt later, vooral toen men aan de erfelykheid dezer betrekkingen was gewoon geraakt, de voorrang ontstaan te zyn, dien deze titels hadden boven dien van baron.","translation":"Now the circumstance that counts and dukes were usually chosen from among the barons brought it about that they laid the weight of their office in the scale alongside the influence they derived from their birth; and from this there seems later — especially once men had grown accustomed to the heritability of these offices — to have arisen the precedence that these titles held over that of baron.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het gewicht hunner betrekking in de schaal legden","title":"Genitive possessive hunner","body":"hunner is the inflected genitive of hun ('of their'): hunner betrekking = 'of their office'. Modern Dutch would say van hun betrekking."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de voorrang ontstaan te zyn, dien deze titels hadden","title":"Accusative relative dien","body":"dien is the old masculine accusative of die ('which / that'), agreeing with masculine voorrang as the object of hadden — a case distinction modern Dutch has dropped."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omstandigheid","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"omstandigheid","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bracht","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying bracht","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces appositive clause on omstandigheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"graven","lemma":"graaf","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of werden gekozen","gloss":"counts"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hertogen","lemma":"hertog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with graven","gloss":"dukes"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekozen","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baronnen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of baronnen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"baronnen","lemma":"baron","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"barons"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gekozen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"gekozen","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive clause","gloss":"chosen"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"te-weeg","lemma":"teweeg","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"particle of bracht","gloss":"about","note":"Te-weeg brengen is the historical spelling of modern teweegbrengen, “bring about.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of legden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of legden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gewicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewicht","lemma":"gewicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of legden","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"hunner","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural","role":"possessor of betrekking","gloss":"of their","note":"Hunner is an older genitive form meaning “of their.”"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of genitive modifier of gewicht","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schaal","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schaal","lemma":"schaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"scale"},{"surface":"legden","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of result clause","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking influence","gloss":"alongside"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative singular","role":"direct object of ontleenden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of ontleenden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geboorte","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of geboorte","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"geboorte","lemma":"geboorte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ontleenden","gloss":"birth"},{"surface":"ontleenden","lemma":"ontlenen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on invloed","gloss":"derived"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hieruit","lemma":"hieruit","morphology":"adverb","role":"source complement of ontstaan","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb governing ontstaan te zijn","gloss":"seems","note":"Schynt is the older spelling of modern schijnt."},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontstaan","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses temporal clause","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geraakt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geraakt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking erfelykheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of erfelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erfelykheid","lemma":"erfelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"heritability","note":"Erfelykheid is the older spelling of modern erfelijkheid."},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, genitive plural","role":"genitive determiner of betrekkingen","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"betrekkingen","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of genitive modifier of erfelijkheid","gloss":"offices"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geraakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gewoon","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of geraakt","gloss":"accustomed"},{"surface":"geraakt","lemma":"raken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in temporal clause","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorrang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorrang","lemma":"voorrang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ontstaan","gloss":"precedence"},{"surface":"ontstaan","lemma":"ontstaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by schijnt","gloss":"arisen"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks perfect infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of ontstaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative singular","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of titels","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"titels","lemma":"titel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"titles"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on voorrang","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking baron","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"object of boven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition modifying dien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"baron","lemma":"baron","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"baron"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h5-s81","source":"Nog heden-ten-dage zou menige vryheerlyke familie--zonder keizerlyk of koninklyk patent, dat is een zoodanige familie, die haren adel afleidt van het ontstaan des lands, die altyd van adel was omdat ze van adel was--autochthoon--een verheffing tot den gravenstand, als derogeerend afwyzen.","translation":"Even at the present day many a free-lordly family — without imperial or royal patent, that is, such a family as derives its nobility from the origin of the land itself, which was always noble because it was noble — autochthonous — would reject an elevation to the rank of count as a coming-down.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou menige vryheerlyke familie ... een verheffing ... afwyzen","title":"Conditional with zou","body":"zou + the infinitive afwyzen ('would reject') expresses a hypothetical; the split between zou and its infinitive spans the whole long subject and dashes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die haren adel afleidt van het ontstaan des lands","title":"Genitive possessive haren","body":"haren is the inflected accusative of haar ('her'), here the family's: haren adel = 'its nobility'. des lands is again the frozen genitive ('of the land')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"autochthoon","title":"autochthoon — 'autochthonous, native-born'","body":"A learned borrowing from Greek meaning 'sprung from the soil itself'. Multatuli uses it of nobility that owes its rank to no charter but to immemorial belonging — the very claim he ascribes to the Javanese Regents."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heden-ten-dage","gloss":"Even"},{"surface":"heden-ten-dage","lemma":"heden ten dage","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"temporal modifier of afwijzen","gloss":"at the present day"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of afwijzen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"menige","lemma":"menig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"vryheerlyke","lemma":"vrijheerlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies familie","gloss":"free-lordly"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of afwijzen","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces patent","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"keizerlyk","lemma":"keizerlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies patent","gloss":"imperial"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"koninklyk","lemma":"koninklijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"coordinated with keizerlijk","gloss":"royal"},{"surface":"patent","lemma":"patent","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"patent"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat to familie","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies familie","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun after is","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of afleidt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"possessor of adel","gloss":"its","note":"Haren is an archaic inflected form of the possessive haar."},{"surface":"adel","lemma":"adel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afleidt","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"afleidt","lemma":"afleiden","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"relative-clause verb modifying familie","gloss":"derives"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source of afleidt","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontstaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontstaan","lemma":"ontstaan","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"origin"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, archaic","role":"determiner of lands","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"lands","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, genitive singular, archaic","role":"genitive modifier of ontstaan","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of predicate van adel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"adel","lemma":"adel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van in predicate van adel","gloss":"noble birth"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative-clause copula modifying familie","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of predicate van adel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"adel","lemma":"adel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van in predicate van adel","gloss":"noble birth"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of reason clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"autochthoon","lemma":"autochtoon","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"parenthetical characterization of familie","gloss":"autochthonous"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verheffing","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"verheffing","lemma":"verheffing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afwijzen","gloss":"elevation"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces resulting rank","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative singular, archaic","role":"determiner of gravenstand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gravenstand","lemma":"gravenstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"rank of count"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks assessment of verheffing","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"derogeerend","lemma":"derogeren","morphology":"present participle used adjectivally","role":"predicative complement after als","gloss":"demeaning","note":"Derogeerend means lowering in rank or dignity, hence demeaning here."},{"surface":"afwyzen","lemma":"afwijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"reject"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h5-s82","source":"Er zyn voorbeelden van.","translation":"There are instances of it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er zyn voorbeelden van","title":"Existential er + stranded van","body":"Er zyn = 'There are'; the dangling van ('of it') is the remnant of a pronominal adverb (ervan), here split for emphasis — 'there are instances of it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"voorbeelden","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"instances"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes pronominal expression ervan","gloss":"of it"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h5-s83","source":"De personen die met het bestuur van zoodanig graafschap belast waren, trachtten natuurlyk van den Keizer te verkrygen dat hun zoons, of, by-gebreke daarvan, andere bloedverwanten, hen in hun betrekking zouden opvolgen.","translation":"The persons who were charged with the government of such a county naturally strove to obtain from the Emperor that their sons, or, failing these, other blood relations, should succeed them in their office.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"trachtten ... van den Keizer te verkrygen dat ...","title":"te + infinitive after trachten","body":"trachten ('to strive') governs te verkrygen ('to obtain'), and the object is itself a dat-clause whose verbs zouden opvolgen close it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hun zoons ... hen ... zouden opvolgen","title":"Conditional/future zouden in a dat-clause","body":"zouden + opvolgen expresses a desired future-in-the-past ('should succeed'); inside the dat-clause the whole verb cluster sits at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of personen","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of trachtten","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of passive belast waren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestuur","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of belast","gloss":"government"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking graafschap","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies graafschap","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"graafschap","lemma":"graafschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies bestuur","gloss":"county"},{"surface":"belast","lemma":"belasten","morphology":"past participle","role":"predicate of passive relative clause","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of belast","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"trachtten","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"strove"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trachtten","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source of verkrygen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative singular, archaic","role":"determiner of Keizer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Keizer","lemma":"keizer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Emperor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verkrygen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verkrygen","lemma":"verkrijgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of trachtten","gloss":"obtain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opvolgen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zoons","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"zoons","lemma":"zoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of opvolgen","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"by-gebreke","lemma":"bij gebreke","morphology":"fixed prepositional expression","role":"parenthetical condition modifying bloedverwanten","gloss":"failing","note":"Bij gebreke daarvan is a formal expression meaning “failing these” or “in their absence.”"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of bij gebreke","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bloedverwanten","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"bloedverwanten","lemma":"bloedverwant","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated subject of opvolgen","gloss":"blood relations"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative plural","role":"direct object of opvolgen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betrekking","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of betrekking","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of opvolgen","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of opvolgen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"opvolgen","lemma":"opvolgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of dat-clause governed by zouden","gloss":"succeed"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h5-s84","source":"Dit geschiedde dan ook gewoonlyk, schoon ik niet geloof dat ooit het recht op deze opvolging organisch is erkend geworden, althans wat deze beambten in de Nederlanden aangaat, by-voorbeeld, de graven van Holland, Zeeland, Henegouwen of Vlaanderen, de hertogen van Brabant, Gelderland, enz.","translation":"This too usually came to pass, though I do not believe that the right to this succession was ever organically acknowledged — at least as regards these officials in the Netherlands, for example, the counts of Holland, Zeeland, Hainaut, or Flanders, the dukes of Brabant, Gelderland, and so on.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schoon ik niet geloof dat ... is erkend geworden","title":"Perfect of the passive: is ... geworden","body":"The perfect of a worden-passive uses zijn + participle + geworden: is erkend geworden = 'has been acknowledged'. schoon is an archaic 'though'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geschiedde","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"geschiedde","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to pass"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschiedde","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschiedde","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschiedde","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, archaic","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"though","note":"Schoon is used archaically as a conjunction meaning “though.”"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates geloof","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"verb of concessive clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erkend is geworden","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive erkend is geworden","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opvolging","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opvolging","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"opvolging","lemma":"opvolging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"succession"},{"surface":"organisch","lemma":"organisch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erkend","gloss":"organically"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of erkend","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"erkend","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb of passive construction","gloss":"acknowledged"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"past participle","role":"passive auxiliary completing is erkend geworden","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangaat","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun in fixed construction","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"as regards"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambten","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of aangaat","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederlanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Nederlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Nederlanden","lemma":"Nederlanden","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of parenthetical wat-clause","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"by-voorbeeld","lemma":"bijvoorbeeld","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"introduces examples of beambten","gloss":"for example"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of graven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"graven","lemma":"graaf","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"first example in apposition to beambten","gloss":"counts"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Holland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Holland","lemma":"Holland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies graven","gloss":"Holland"},{"surface":"Zeeland","lemma":"Zeeland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Holland","gloss":"Zeeland"},{"surface":"Henegouwen","lemma":"Henegouwen","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Holland","gloss":"Hainaut"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Vlaanderen","lemma":"Vlaanderen","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Holland","gloss":"Flanders"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hertogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hertogen","lemma":"hertog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated example in apposition to beambten","gloss":"dukes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Brabant","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Brabant","lemma":"Brabant","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies hertogen","gloss":"Brabant"},{"surface":"Gelderland","lemma":"Gelderland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Brabant","gloss":"Gelderland"},{"surface":"enz","lemma":"enzovoorts","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"closes the list","gloss":"and so on"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h5-s85","source":"Het was in den beginne een gunst, weldra een gewoonte, en ten-slotte een noodzakelykheid, maar nooit werd deze erfelykheid wet.","translation":"In the beginning it was a favour, soon a custom, and at last a necessity, but never did this heritability become law.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"maar nooit werd deze erfelykheid wet","title":"Negation by nooit triggers inversion","body":"Fronting the negative adverb nooit ('never') forces V2 inversion: the verb werd precedes the subject deze erfelykheid. One negative word suffices — no double negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het was in den beginne een gunst, weldra een gewoonte","title":"Fixed phrase in den beginne","body":"in den beginne ('in the beginning') preserves the old dative den, a frozen idiom that outlived general case marking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Het to predicate nouns","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative singular, archaic","role":"determiner of beginne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beginne","lemma":"begin","morphology":"noun, neuter, dative singular, archaic","role":"object of in","gloss":"beginning","note":"In den beginne is an archaic fixed expression meaning “in the beginning.”"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gunst","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gunst","lemma":"gunst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun after was","gloss":"favour"},{"surface":"weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of omitted was","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gewoonte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gewoonte","lemma":"gewoonte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated predicate noun after was","gloss":"custom"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ten-slotte","lemma":"ten slotte","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"temporal modifier of omitted was","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of noodzakelykheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"noodzakelykheid","lemma":"noodzakelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated predicate noun after was","gloss":"necessity"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werd","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copular main verb of second clause","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of erfelykheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"erfelykheid","lemma":"erfelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"heritability"},{"surface":"wet","lemma":"wet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun after werd","gloss":"law"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h5-s86","source":"Nagenoeg op gelyke wyze--wat de keus der personen aangaat, daar hier geen spraak is van gelykheid in werkkring, hoewel ook in dit opzicht zekere overeenstemming in 't oog valt--staat aan het hoofd eener afdeeling op Java, een inlandsch beambte die den hem door het gouvernement gegeven rang met zijn autochthoonen invloed verbindt, om aan den europeschen ambtenaar die 't nederlandsch gezag vertegenwoordigt, het bestuur gemakkelyk te maken.","translation":"In nearly the same manner — as regards the choice of the persons, for here there is no question of equality in the sphere of work, although in this respect too a certain correspondence catches the eye — there stands at the head of a district on Java a native official who combines the rank given him by the government with his autochthonous influence, in order to make the administration easy for the European official who represents the Netherlands authority.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"staat aan het hoofd eener afdeeling op Java, een inlandsch beambte","title":"Heavy fronting with delayed subject","body":"A long adverbial opens the sentence, so the verb staat comes second and the real subject een inlandsch beambte is held back to the end for weight — extreme but grammatical V2."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om aan den europeschen ambtenaar ... het bestuur gemakkelyk te maken","title":"Purpose clause om ... te","body":"om frames a purpose ('in order to'), closing with te maken at the very end: 'to make the administration easy'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"afdeeling","title":"afdeeling — an administrative 'division/district'","body":"In the colonial vocabulary an afdeeling is the administrative district headed by an Assistant-Resident; here the unit over which both he and the native Regent share uneasy authority."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nagenoeg","lemma":"nagenoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies op gelijke wijze","gloss":"Nearly"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gelyke","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies wyze","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op; manner modifier of staat","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun in fixed construction","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"as regards"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keus","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"keus","lemma":"keus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aangaat","gloss":"choice"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural, archaic","role":"determiner of personen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of keus","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of parenthetical wat-clause","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, causal","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of is","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spraak","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"question","note":"Geen spraak zijn van is an older expression meaning “there is no question of.”"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of explanatory clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelykheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gelykheid","lemma":"gelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"equality"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werkkring","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"werkkring","lemma":"werkkring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sphere of work"},{"surface":"hoewel","lemma":"hoewel","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of valt","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in dit opzicht","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opzicht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opzicht","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"opzicht","lemma":"opzicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"zekere","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies overeenstemming","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"overeenstemming","lemma":"overeenstemming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of valt","gloss":"correspondence"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in het oog vallen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom in het oog vallen","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of concessive clause","gloss":"catches","note":"In het oog vallen is an idiom meaning “to catch the eye.”"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative phrase aan het hoofd","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, genitive feminine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of hoofd","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"inlandsch","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies beambte","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"beambte","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of verbindt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, accusative singular, archaic","role":"determiner of rang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative singular","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gouvernement","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"agent of gegeven","gloss":"government"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"past participle","role":"participial clause modifying rang","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verbindt","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces second complement of verbindt","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zijn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of invloed","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"autochthoonen","lemma":"autochtoon","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies invloed","gloss":"autochthonous"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"verbindt","lemma":"verbinden","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"relative clause on beambte","gloss":"combines"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction in purpose infinitive","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks beneficiary of maken","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, dative singular, archaic","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"europeschen","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies ambtenaar","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"beneficiary of maken","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of vertegenwoordigt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of gezag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies gezag","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vertegenwoordigt","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"vertegenwoordigt","lemma":"vertegenwoordigen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on ambtenaar","gloss":"represents"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of bestuur","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h5-s87","source":"Ook hier is de erfelykheid, zonder door een wet vastgesteld te zyn, tot een gewoonte geworden.","translation":"Here too the heritability, without having been established by a law, has become a custom.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is de erfelykheid ... tot een gewoonte geworden","title":"Present perfect with zijn","body":"worden takes zijn in the perfect, so is ... geworden = 'has become'. The intervening clause zonder ... te zyn ('without having been') uses a te-infinitive of zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hier","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geworden","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of erfelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erfelykheid","lemma":"erfelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geworden","gloss":"heritability"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the infinitival clause vastgesteld te zyn","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the agent wet","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wet","lemma":"wet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of vastgesteld","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"vastgesteld","lemma":"vaststellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle governed by zyn","gloss":"established"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of vastgesteld","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the result complement een gewoonte","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gewoonte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gewoonte","lemma":"gewoonte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"result complement of geworden","gloss":"custom"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"become"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h5-s88","source":"Reeds by het leven van den Regent is deze zaak meestal geregeld, en 't geldt als een belooning voor dienstyver en trouw, indien men hem de toezegging geeft dat hy in zijn betrekking door zyn zoon zal worden opgevolgd.","translation":"Even during the Regent's lifetime this matter is usually settled, and it counts as a reward for diligence and loyalty in office if he is given the promise that he shall be succeeded in his post by his son.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Reeds by het leven van den Regent is deze zaak meestal geregeld","title":"Zijn-passive (state passive)","body":"is ... geregeld with zijn names a resulting state ('is settled'), not the act of settling. Fronting the adverbial Reeds... triggers V2."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"indien men hem de toezegging geeft dat hy ... zal worden opgevolgd","title":"Future passive zal worden opgevolgd","body":"zal (future zullen) + the passive infinitive worden opgevolgd = 'will be succeeded', a three-verb cluster at the clause end. indien is a formal 'if'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geregeld","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time phrase het leven","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"lifetime"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor den Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor modifying leven","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking zaak to geregeld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geregeld","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"geregeld","lemma":"geregeld","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links is geregeld and geldt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of geldt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"geldt","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"counts"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement een belooning","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of belooning","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"belooning","lemma":"beloning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of geldt","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the grounds for the reward","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dienstyver","lemma":"dienstijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"diligence"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links dienstyver and trouw","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"trouw","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of voor","gloss":"loyalty"},{"surface":"indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause men ... geeft","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, masculine singular","role":"indirect object of geeft","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toezegging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toezegging","lemma":"toezegging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause modifying toezegging","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, masculine singular","role":"subject of zal worden opgevolgd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the post in which he is succeeded","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zijn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of betrekking","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in, modifying opgevolgd","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the agent zyn zoon","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of zoon","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zoon","lemma":"zoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of opgevolgd","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden opgevolgd","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of opgevolgd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"opgevolgd","lemma":"opvolgen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"succeeded"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h5-s89","source":"Er moeten al zeer gewichtige redenen bestaan, voor er van dezen regel wordt afgeweken, en waar dit het geval wezen mocht, kiest men toch gewoonlyk den opvolger uit de leden van dezelfde familie.","translation":"There must be very weighty reasons indeed before one departs from this rule, and where this should be the case, one still usually chooses the successor from among the members of the same family.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er moeten al zeer gewichtige redenen bestaan","title":"Existential er with a modal","body":"Er ... bestaan ('there exist') plus the modal moeten: 'there must exist'. er introduces an indefinite subject (zeer gewichtige redenen)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar dit het geval wezen mocht","title":"Archaic subjunctive wezen mocht","body":"wezen is the old infinitive of zijn, and mocht here is a past-subjunctive modal ('should it be the case'), giving a tentative, literary tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of bestaan","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds emphasis to zeer gewichtige","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewichtige","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"gewichtige","lemma":"gewichtig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies redenen","gloss":"weighty"},{"surface":"redenen","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of bestaan","gloss":"reasons"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moeten","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause er ... wordt afgeweken","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in impersonal passive","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement dezen regel","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of regel","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"regel","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"rule"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of afgeweken","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"afgeweken","lemma":"afwijken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the conditional-locative clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by mocht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"kiest","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second main clause","gloss":"chooses"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kiest","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kiest","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kiest","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of opvolger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opvolger","lemma":"opvolger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kiest","gloss":"successor"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source group de leden","gloss":"from among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leden","lemma":"lid","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement dezelfde familie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dezelfde","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van, modifying leden","gloss":"family"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h5-s90","source":"De verhouding tusschen europesche ambtenaren, en dusdanige hooggeplaatste javaansche grooten, is van zeer kieschen aard.","translation":"The relation between European officials and such high-placed Javanese grandees is of a very delicate nature.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is van zeer kieschen aard","title":"Adjective inflection kieschen","body":"Even in a predicative-looking phrase, van ... aard governs an inflected adjective: kieschen (the old masculine ending). Modern Dutch writes kiese aard."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"kiesch","title":"kiesch — 'delicate, tactful'","body":"kiesch (modern kies) means 'delicate, requiring tact', not 'choosy'. The whole relation between European and Regent is van kieschen aard — a matter needing careful handling."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the parties to the relation","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies ambtenaren","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"ambtenaren","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links ambtenaren and grooten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dusdanige","lemma":"dusdanig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies grooten","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"hooggeplaatste","lemma":"hooggeplaatst","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies grooten","gloss":"high-placed"},{"surface":"javaansche","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies grooten","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"substantivized adjective, common gender, plural","role":"second object of tusschen","gloss":"grandees"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking verhouding to van zeer kieschen aard","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative phrase zeer kieschen aard","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kieschen","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"kieschen","lemma":"kies","morphology":"adjective, archaic inflected singular","role":"modifies aard","gloss":"delicate"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van and predicative complement of is","gloss":"nature"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h5-s91","source":"De adsistent-resident eener afdeeling is de verantwoordelyke persoon. Hy heeft zyn instruktien, en wordt verondersteld het hoofd der afdeeling te zyn.","translation":"The assistant-resident of a district is the responsible person. He has his instructions, and is supposed to be the head of the district.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wordt verondersteld het hoofd ... te zyn","title":"Passive + te-infinitive","body":"wordt verondersteld ('is supposed') is a worden-passive, completed by the te-infinitive te zyn ('to be the head')."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive feminine singular","role":"determiner of afdeeling in a genitive phrase","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of adsistent-resident","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking adsistent-resident to persoon","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verantwoordelyke","lemma":"verantwoordelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies persoon","gloss":"responsible"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, masculine singular","role":"subject of heeft and wordt verondersteld","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated predicate","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of instruktien","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"instruktien","lemma":"instructie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"instructions"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links heeft and wordt verondersteld","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verondersteld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"verondersteld","lemma":"veronderstellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second coordinated predicate","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive feminine singular","role":"determiner of afdeeling in a genitive phrase","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of hoofd","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the infinitival complement of verondersteld","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h5-s92","source":"Dit belet echter niet dat de Regent, door plaatselyke kennis, door geboorte, door invloed op de bevolking, door geldelyke inkomsten en hiermede overeenstemmende levenswyze, ver boven hem verheven is.","translation":"This does not, however, prevent the Regent — through local knowledge, through birth, through influence over the population, through pecuniary income and the manner of living that goes with it — from being raised far above him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit belet echter niet dat de Regent ... verheven is","title":"dat-clause with verb-final is","body":"belet niet dat ('does not prevent that') opens a subordinate clause; the long string of door-phrases is interrupted, and only at the end does the verb verheven is land."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of belet","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"belet","lemma":"beletten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prevents"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies belet","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates belet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of belet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verheven is","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the first cause of verheven is","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"plaatselyke","lemma":"plaatselijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies kennis","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the second cause of verheven is","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"geboorte","lemma":"geboorte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"birth"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the third cause of verheven is","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of invloed","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op, modifying invloed","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the fourth cause of verheven is","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"geldelyke","lemma":"geldelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies inkomsten","gloss":"pecuniary"},{"surface":"inkomsten","lemma":"inkomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links inkomsten and levenswyze","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hiermede","lemma":"hiermee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of overeenstemmende","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"overeenstemmende","lemma":"overeenstemmen","morphology":"present participle, attributive, singular","role":"modifies levenswyze","gloss":"corresponding"},{"surface":"levenswyze","lemma":"levenswijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of door with inkomsten","gloss":"manner of living"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies boven","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement hem","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, masculine singular","role":"object of boven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"verheven","lemma":"verheven","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Regent to verheven","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h5-s93","source":"Bovendien is de Regent, als vertegenwoordiger van 't javaansch element eener landstreek, en verondersteld wordende te spreken uit naam der honderd- of meer duizend zielen, die zyn regentschap bevolken, ook in de oogen van 't Gouvernement een veel belangryker persoon, dan de eenvoudige europesche beambte, wiens ontevredenheid niet behoeft gevreesd te worden, daar men voor hem vele anderen in de plaats bekomen kan, terwyl de minder goede stemming van een Regent wellicht de kiem zou kunnen worden van beroering of opstand. Uit dit alles vloeit dus de vreemde omstandigheid voort, dat eigenlyk de mindere den meerdere beveelt.","translation":"Moreover the Regent, as representative of the Javanese element of a region, and supposed to speak in the name of the hundred or more thousand souls who people his regency, is also in the eyes of the Government a far more important person than the simple European official, whose discontent need not be feared, since many others can be got to take his place, whereas the less good humour of a Regent might perhaps become the seed of unrest or revolt. From all this, then, flows the strange circumstance that in reality the inferior commands the superior.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wiens ontevredenheid niet behoeft gevreesd te worden","title":"Genitive relative wiens","body":"wiens ('whose') is the genitive masculine relative pronoun; behoeft ... te worden combines the verb behoeven with a passive te-infinitive ('need not be feared')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"terwyl de minder goede stemming ... de kiem zou kunnen worden","title":"Stacked conditional: zou kunnen worden","body":"Three verbs pile up: zou (conditional) + kunnen (modal) + worden ('might become'). terwyl ('whereas') subordinates the clause, sending the whole cluster to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Uit dit alles vloeit dus de vreemde omstandigheid voort, dat ...","title":"Separable verb voortvloeien","body":"voortvloeien ('to flow / follow from') splits: vloeit ... voort, the prefix voort stranded at the end before the dat-clause. The famous line that the inferior commands the superior follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying is","gloss":"Moreover"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking Regent to persoon","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative adjunct vertegenwoordiger","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"vertegenwoordiger","lemma":"vertegenwoordiger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative adjunct to Regent","gloss":"representative"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of vertegenwoordiger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of element","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"javaansch","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical spelling","role":"modifies element","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"element","lemma":"element","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"element"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, feminine genitive singular, archaic","role":"determiner of landstreek","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"landstreek","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of element","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates adjuncts to Regent","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verondersteld","lemma":"veronderstellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"part of passive participial adjunct to Regent","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"wordende","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present participle","role":"passive auxiliary of verondersteld","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verondersteld","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom uit naam van","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of idiom uit naam van","gloss":"the name"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive plural, archaic","role":"determiner of zielen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"honderd","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"numeral","role":"first element of coordinated quantifier of zielen","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates honderd and meer duizend","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"quantifying adverb","role":"modifies duizend","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"duizend","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies zielen","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"zielen","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive complement of naam","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of bevolken","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular, historical spelling","role":"possessor of regentschap","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"regentschap","lemma":"regentschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bevolken","gloss":"regency"},{"surface":"bevolken","lemma":"bevolken","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying zielen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces viewpoint adjunct","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural, historical spelling","role":"object of in in viewpoint phrase","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of oogen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies belangryker","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"belangryker","lemma":"belangrijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative, historical spelling","role":"modifies persoon","gloss":"more important"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative complement of belangryker","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of beambte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eenvoudige","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies beambte","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical spelling","role":"modifies beambte","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"beambte","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"comparative complement of belangryker","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"wiens","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative possessive pronoun, masculine singular","role":"possessor of ontevredenheid","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"ontevredenheid","lemma":"ontevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of behoeft","gloss":"discontent"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb of negation","role":"negates behoeft","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"behoeft","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying beambte","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"gevreesd","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of passive infinitive","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gevreesd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, causal","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of kan bekomen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces replacement complement hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, plural","role":"determines substantivized anderen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"direct object of bekomen","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of phrase in de plaats","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"bekomen","lemma":"bekomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical complement of kan","gloss":"get"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb governing bekomen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"terwyl","lemma":"terwijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, historical spelling","role":"introduces contrastive subordinate clause","gloss":"whereas"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of stemming","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"minder","morphology":"degree adverb, comparative","role":"modifies goede","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies stemming","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"stemming","lemma":"stemming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou kunnen worden","gloss":"humour"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of stemming","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"wellicht","lemma":"wellicht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou kunnen worden","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of kiem","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kiem","lemma":"kiem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"seed"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, third-person singular","role":"finite auxiliary governing kunnen worden","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of zou","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking stemming to kiem","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of kiem","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"beroering","lemma":"beroering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"unrest"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates beroering and opstand","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"opstand","lemma":"opstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated complement of van","gloss":"revolt"},{"surface":"Uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source adjunct of vloeit voort","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of uit","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"vloeit","lemma":"voortvloeien","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite part of separable verb voortvloeien","gloss":"flows"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vloeit voort","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of omstandigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vreemde","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies omstandigheid","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"omstandigheid","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vloeit voort","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of vloeit in voortvloeien","gloss":"forth"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause modifying omstandigheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies beveelt","gloss":"in reality"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of mindere","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mindere","lemma":"mindere","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of beveelt","gloss":"inferior"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine accusative singular, archaic","role":"determiner of meerdere","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meerdere","lemma":"meerdere","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beveelt","gloss":"superior"},{"surface":"beveelt","lemma":"bevelen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of content clause","gloss":"commands"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h5-s94","source":"De adsistent-resident gelast den Regent, hem opgaven te doen. Hy gelast hem, volk te zenden tot het arbeiden aan bruggen en wegen.","translation":"The assistant-resident orders the Regent to make returns to him. He orders him to send out men for the labour on bridges and roads.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De adsistent-resident gelast den Regent, hem opgaven te doen","title":"te-infinitive object after gelasten","body":"gelasten ('to order') takes a person (den Regent, with old accusative den) plus a te-infinitive complement: 'orders the Regent to make returns'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"opgaven doen","title":"opgaven doen — 'to make returns/reports'","body":"An opgave is an official statement or return of figures; opgaven doen is bureaucratic for rendering accounts to a superior."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of gelast","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"gelast","lemma":"gelasten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine accusative singular, archaic","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gelast and understood subject of doen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, object form","role":"indirect object of doen","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of gelast","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of gelast","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"gelast","lemma":"gelasten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of gelast and understood subject of zenden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, collective","role":"direct object of zenden","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zenden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zenden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of gelast","gloss":"send out"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose phrase","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"nominalizes arbeiden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arbeiden","lemma":"arbeiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive used nominally","role":"object of tot","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of arbeiden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"bruggen","lemma":"brug","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"bridges"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates bruggen and wegen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wegen","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated object of aan","gloss":"roads"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h5-s95","source":"Hy gelast hem, belastingen te doen innen. Hy roept hem op, zitting te nemen in den landraad, waarin hy adsistent-resident voorzit.","translation":"He orders him to have taxes collected. He calls upon him to take his seat in the district court, over which he, the assistant-resident, presides.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy gelast hem, belastingen te doen innen","title":"Causative doen + bare infinitive","body":"doen innen = 'to have collected': doen here is causative, taking a bare infinitive innen. Combined with gelast ... te doen, the layering means 'orders him to have taxes collected'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy roept hem op, zitting te nemen","title":"Separable verb oproepen","body":"oproepen ('to call upon') splits: roept ... op. The te-infinitive zitting te nemen ('to take one's seat') follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of gelast","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"gelast","lemma":"gelasten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of gelast and understood subject of doen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"belastingen","lemma":"belasting","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of innen","gloss":"taxes"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of gelast governing innen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"innen","lemma":"innen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical complement of causative doen","gloss":"collected"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of roept op","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"roept","lemma":"oproepen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite part of separable verb oproepen","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of roept op and understood subject of nemen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of roept in oproepen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"zitting","lemma":"zitting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"a seat"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive nemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of roept op","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location of zitting nemen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine dative singular, archaic","role":"determiner of landraad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landraad","lemma":"landraad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"district court"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of voorzit referring to landraad","gloss":"over which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of voorzit","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"apposition to hy","gloss":"the assistant-resident"},{"surface":"voorzit","lemma":"voorzitten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying landraad","gloss":"presides"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h5-s96","source":"Hy berispt hem, waar hy schuldig is aan plichtverzuim. Deze zeer eigenaardige verhouding wordt alleen mogelyk gemaakt door uiterst beleefde vormen, die evenwel noch hartelykheid, noch, waar 't noodig blyken mocht, strengheid behoeven uittesluiten en ik geloof dat de toon die in deze verhouding heerschen moet, vry wel wordt aangegeven in 't officieel voorschrift dienaangaande: de europesche ambtenaar hebbe den inlandschen beambte die hem ter-zyde staat, te behandelen als zyn jonger broeder.","translation":"He reprimands him where he is guilty of dereliction of duty. This very peculiar relation is made workable only by extremely courteous forms, which nonetheless need exclude neither cordiality nor, where it should prove necessary, severity; and I believe that the tone that must prevail in this relation is fairly well indicated in the official prescription bearing upon it: the European official is to treat the native official who stands at his side as his younger brother.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ... noch hartelykheid, noch ... strengheid behoeven uittesluiten","title":"Correlative noch ... noch + te-infinitive","body":"noch ... noch ('neither ... nor') is the literary negative correlative; behoeven governs the te-infinitive uittesluiten (uit-te-sluiten, joined in 1860 spelling)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de europesche ambtenaar hebbe den inlandschen beambte ... te behandelen","title":"Hortative subjunctive hebbe","body":"hebbe is the present subjunctive of hebben, used as a solemn prescription ('let the official treat...'); hebben te + infinitive expresses obligation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of berispt","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"berispt","lemma":"berispen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"reprimands"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, object form","role":"direct object of berispt","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces circumstance in which berispt applies","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"guilty"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking hy to schuldig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of schuldig","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"plichtverzuim","lemma":"plichtverzuim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"dereliction of duty"},{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies eigenaardige","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"eigenaardige","lemma":"eigenaardig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies verhouding","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive wordt gemaakt","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses door uiterst beleefde vormen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative, historical spelling","role":"result complement of gemaakt","gloss":"workable"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive predicate","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means of gemaakt","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"uiterst","lemma":"uiterst","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies beleefde","gloss":"extremely"},{"surface":"beleefde","lemma":"beleefd","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies vormen","gloss":"courteous"},{"surface":"vormen","lemma":"vorm","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"forms"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of behoeven","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behoeven uittesluiten","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"first element of noch ... noch","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"hartelykheid","lemma":"hartelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"first direct object of uittesluiten","gloss":"cordiality"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"coordinates hartelykheid and strengheid","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces parenthetical circumstance modifying strengheid","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, contracted","role":"subject of blyken","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative, historical spelling","role":"subject complement with blyken","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"blyken","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitival complement of mocht","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite modal governing blyken","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"strengheid","lemma":"strengheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second direct object of uittesluiten","gloss":"severity"},{"surface":"behoeven","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause modifying vormen","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"uittesluiten","lemma":"uitsluiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical closed spelling","role":"infinitival complement of behoeven","gloss":"exclude"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates geloof with preceding sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of toon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive wordt aangegeven","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of moet heerschen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces domain of heerschen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"heerschen","lemma":"heersen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"lexical complement of moet","gloss":"prevail"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb governing heerschen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"degree adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies wel","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangegeven with vry","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of aangegeven","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"aangegeven","lemma":"aangeven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive complement clause","gloss":"indicated"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source of indicated tone","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, contracted","role":"determiner of voorschrift","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"officieel","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies voorschrift","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"voorschrift","lemma":"voorschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"prescription"},{"surface":"dienaangaande","lemma":"dienaangaande","morphology":"adverb, formal","role":"modifies voorschrift","gloss":"bearing upon it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical spelling","role":"modifies ambtenaar","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hebbe","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"hebbe","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"finite verb expressing prescription and governing behandelen","gloss":"is to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine accusative singular, archaic","role":"determiner of beambte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inlandschen","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine accusative singular, archaic","role":"modifies beambte","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"beambte","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of behandelen","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, object form","role":"indirect object in ter zijde staan","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ter-zyde","lemma":"terzijde","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling and hyphenation","role":"adverbial complement of staat","gloss":"at the side"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying beambte","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive behandelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"behandelen","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of hebbe","gloss":"treat"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement of behandelen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular, historical spelling","role":"possessor of broeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"jonger","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, comparative, attributive","role":"modifies broeder","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"broeder","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement introduced by als","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h5-s97","source":"Maar hy vergete niet dat deze jonger broeder by de ouders zeer bemind --of gevreesd--is, en dat, by voorkomend geschil, zyn meerdere jaren zouden worden in rekening gebracht als beweegreden om hem euvel te nemen dat hy zyn jonger broeder niet met meer inschikkelykheid of takt behandelde.","translation":"But let him not forget that this younger brother is much beloved — or feared — by the parents, and that, should a dispute arise, his greater years would be reckoned against him as ground for taking it amiss that he had not treated his younger brother with more forbearance or tact.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar hy vergete niet dat ...","title":"Negated subjunctive vergete niet","body":"vergete is the present subjunctive of vergeten ('let him not forget'), an exhortation continuing the elevated register of the official prescription."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn meerdere jaren zouden worden in rekening gebracht","title":"Conditional passive zouden worden ... gebracht","body":"zouden (conditional) + worden + gebracht ('would be reckoned') — a conditional process-passive, with the participle of the separable in rekening brengen split to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vergete","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vergete","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vergete","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let forget"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates vergete","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of broeder","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"jonger","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, comparative, uninflected","role":"modifies broeder","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"broeder","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ouders","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ouders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ouders","lemma":"ouder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of bemind and gevreesd","gloss":"parents"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bemind","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"bemind","lemma":"beminnen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates gevreesd with bemind","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gevreesd","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of is, coordinated with bemind","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bemind and gevreesd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two dat clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gebracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the conditional phrase bij voorkomend geschil","gloss":"in the event of","note":"In bij voorkomend geschil, literally ‘in the event of a dispute.’"},{"surface":"voorkomend","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, present participle, attributive","role":"modifies geschil","gloss":"arising"},{"surface":"geschil","lemma":"geschil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"a dispute"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of jaren","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"meerdere","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive gebracht","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of worden gebracht","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of in rekening brengen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"rekening","lemma":"rekening","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"part of in rekening brengen","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second dat clause","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the capacity of beweegreden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"beweegreden","lemma":"beweegreden","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the infinitive clause of nemen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of nemen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"euvel","lemma":"euvel","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"part of the idiom iemand iets euvel nemen","gloss":"amiss","note":"Iemand iets euvel nemen means ‘to hold something against someone.’"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive nemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of beweegreden","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of nemen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of behandelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of broeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"jonger","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, comparative, uninflected","role":"modifies broeder","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"broeder","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of behandelde","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates behandelde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manner","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying adverb, comparative","role":"modifies inschikkelykheid","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"inschikkelykheid","lemma":"inschikkelijkheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"forbearance","note":"Historical spelling of inschikkelijkheid."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates takt with inschikkelykheid","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"takt","lemma":"tact","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of met, coordinated with inschikkelykheid","gloss":"tact","note":"Historical spelling of tact."},{"surface":"behandelde","lemma":"behandelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"treated"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h5-s98","source":"De aangeboren hoffelykheid van den javaanschen groote--zelfs de geringe Javaan is veel beleefder dan zyn europesche standgenoot--maakt evenwel deze schynbaar moeielyke verhouding dragelyker dan ze anders wezen zou.","translation":"The inborn courtesy of the Javanese grandee — even the lowly Javanese is far more polite than his European counterpart — nonetheless makes this seemingly difficult relation more bearable than it would otherwise be.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is veel beleefder dan zyn europesche standgenoot","title":"Comparative + dan","body":"beleefder ('more polite') is the -er comparative, with dan ('than') introducing the standard of comparison."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"maakt ... deze ... verhouding dragelyker dan ze anders wezen zou","title":"Comparative + conditional clause","body":"dragelyker ('more bearable') is compared with a conditional clause dan ze anders wezen zou ('than it would otherwise be'), where wezen zou is the archaic conditional of zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoffelykheid","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"aangeboren","lemma":"aangeboren","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies hoffelykheid","gloss":"inborn"},{"surface":"hoffelykheid","lemma":"hoffelijkheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"courtesy","note":"Historical spelling of hoffelijkheid."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the possessor groote","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of groote","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"javaanschen","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, inflected","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"substantivized adjective, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"grandee","note":"Substantivized grote here means a high-ranking notable."},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the parenthetical clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geringe","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Javaan","gloss":"lowly"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Javaan to beleefder","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies beleefder","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"beleefder","lemma":"beleefd","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"more polite"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the standard of comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of standgenoot","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies standgenoot","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"standgenoot","lemma":"standgenoot","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"counterpart"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakt","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"schynbaar","lemma":"schijnbaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeielyke","gloss":"seemingly"},{"surface":"moeielyke","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies verhouding","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"dragelyker","lemma":"dragelijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"object complement of verhouding","gloss":"more bearable","note":"Historical spelling of dragelijker."},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen zou","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h5-s99","source":"De Europeaan zy wel-opgevoed en kiesch, hy gedrage zich met vriendelyke waardigheid, en kan dan zeker zyn dat de Regent van zyn kant hem 't bestuur gemakkelyk maken zal.","translation":"Let the European be well-bred and refined, let him conduct himself with friendly dignity, and he may then be sure that the Regent, for his part, will make the administration easy for him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De Europeaan zy wel-opgevoed ... hy gedrage zich met vriendelyke waardigheid","title":"Subjunctive zy / gedrage zich","body":"zy (subjunctive of zijn, 'let the European be') and gedrage zich (reflexive subjunctive, 'let him conduct himself') give a solemn hortative tone; zich is the third-person reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de Regent ... hem 't bestuur gemakkelyk maken zal","title":"Future zal at clause end","body":"Inside the dat-clause the future zullen surfaces as zal, but verb-final order drags it to the very end after the infinitive: maken zal."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of zy, gedrage, and kan","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"copula linking Europeaan to wel-opgevoed and kiesch","gloss":"let be"},{"surface":"wel-opgevoed","lemma":"welopgevoed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zy","gloss":"well-bred"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates kiesch with wel-opgevoed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kiesch","lemma":"kies","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zy","gloss":"refined","note":"Older spelling of kies in the sense ‘discerning, refined.’"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gedrage and kan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gedrage","lemma":"gedragen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the second exhortation","gloss":"let conduct"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, singular","role":"reflexive object of gedrage","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manner","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vriendelyke","lemma":"vriendelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies waardigheid","gloss":"friendly","note":"Historical spelling of vriendelijke."},{"surface":"waardigheid","lemma":"waardigheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"dignity"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates kan with gedrage","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kan","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"sure"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of maken zal","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of maken zal","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase van zijn kant","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of kant","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van in the phrase van zijn kant","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of maken","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective used predicatively","role":"object complement of bestuur","gloss":"easy","note":"Historical spelling of gemakkelijk."},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the dat clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of maken","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h5-s100","source":"Het stuitend bevelen, in verzoekenden vorm geuit, wordt met stiptheid nagekomen. Het verschil in stand, geboorte, rykdom, wordt uitgewischt door den Regent zelf, die den Europeaan, als vertegenwoordiger des Konings van Nederland, tot zich opheft, en ten-slotte is een verhouding die, oppervlakkig beschouwd, botsing moest te weeg brengen, zeer dikwyls de bron van een aangenaam verkeer.","translation":"The grating command, uttered in the form of a request, is complied with to the letter. The difference in standing, birth, and wealth is effaced by the Regent himself, who raises the European, as representative of the King of the Netherlands, up to his own level; and in the end a relation which, viewed superficially, ought to have produced collision becomes very often the source of an agreeable association.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het stuitend bevelen, in verzoekenden vorm geuit, wordt ... nagekomen","title":"Present participles as modifiers","body":"stuitend ('grating') and verzoekenden ('requesting') are present participles (-end) used attributively; the main verb is the worden-passive wordt ... nagekomen ('is complied with')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het verschil ... wordt uitgewischt door den Regent zelf, die ...","title":"Worden-passive with named agent","body":"wordt uitgewischt ('is effaced') is a process-passive; door den Regent zelf names the agent, and the relative die ... opheft adds a verb-final clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevelen","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"stuitend","lemma":"stuitend","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies bevelen","gloss":"grating"},{"surface":"bevelen","lemma":"bevelen","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"subject of wordt nagekomen","gloss":"command"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vorm","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verzoekenden","lemma":"verzoekend","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, inflected","role":"modifies vorm","gloss":"requesting"},{"surface":"vorm","lemma":"vorm","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"geuit","lemma":"uiten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"reduced passive clause modifying bevelen","gloss":"uttered"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of nagekomen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking manner","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"stiptheid","lemma":"stiptheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"precision"},{"surface":"nagekomen","lemma":"nakomen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"complied with"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verschil","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"verschil","lemma":"verschil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wordt uitgewischt","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the respects in which there is verschil","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"stand","lemma":"stand","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"geboorte","lemma":"geboorte","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with stand","gloss":"birth"},{"surface":"rykdom","lemma":"rijkdom","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with stand and geboorte","gloss":"wealth","note":"Historical spelling of rijkdom."},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of uitgewischt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"uitgewischt","lemma":"uitwissen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"effaced"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the agent of uitgewischt","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes Regent","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of opheft; antecedent Regent","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of opheft","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the apposition vertegenwoordiger","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"vertegenwoordiger","lemma":"vertegenwoordiger","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"apposition to Europeaan","gloss":"representative"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of Konings","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Konings","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"possessor of vertegenwoordiger","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van; modifies Konings","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase tot zich opheffen","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, singular","role":"object of tot, referring to Regent","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"opheft","lemma":"opheffen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"raises"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the final clause with the preceding sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ten-slotte","lemma":"ten slotte","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies is","gloss":"in the end"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking verhouding to bron","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of moest brengen; antecedent verhouding","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"oppervlakkig","lemma":"oppervlakkig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beschouwd","gloss":"superficially"},{"surface":"beschouwd","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"reduced passive clause modifying die","gloss":"viewed"},{"surface":"botsing","lemma":"botsing","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"collision"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of brengen","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the fixed expression te weeg brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weeg","lemma":"weeg","morphology":"noun in fixed expression","role":"part of the fixed expression te weeg brengen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moest","gloss":"have produced","note":"Te weeg brengen is the older spelling of teweegbrengen, ‘to bring about.’"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies dikwyls","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bron","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bron","lemma":"bron","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"source"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verkeer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of verkeer","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"aangenaam","lemma":"aangenaam","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies verkeer","gloss":"agreeable"},{"surface":"verkeer","lemma":"verkeer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"association"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h5-s101","source":"Ik zeide dat dusdanige Regenten ook door rykdom den voorrang hadden boven den europeschen ambtenaar, en dit is natuurlyk.","translation":"I said that such Regents also held precedence over the European official by reason of wealth, and this is natural.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zeide dat dusdanige Regenten ... den voorrang hadden","title":"Weak past zeide","body":"zeide is the older weak past of zeggen ('said'), formed with the dental suffix -de, now contracted to zei. The dat-clause that follows puts its verb hadden at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"said","note":"Older past-tense form of zeggen; modern Dutch zei."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hadden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dusdanige","lemma":"dusdanig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Regenten","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"Regenten","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"Regents"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hadden","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the reason for their precedence","gloss":"by reason of"},{"surface":"rykdom","lemma":"rijkdom","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"wealth"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of voorrang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorrang","lemma":"voorrang","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"precedence"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the dat clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison with ambtenaar","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"europeschen","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, inflected","role":"modifies ambtenaar","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of boven","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the final clause with zeide","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to natuurlyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"natural"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h5-s102","source":"De Europeaan, als hy geroepen wordt tot het besturen eener provincie die in oppervlakte met vele duitsche hertogdommen gelyk staat, is gewoonlyk iemand van middelbaren of meer dan middelbaren leeftyd, gehuwd en vader. Hy bekleedt een ambt om den broode.","translation":"The European, when he is called to govern a province whose area equals that of many German duchies, is usually a man of middle age or more than middle age, married and a father. He holds an office for his bread.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als hy geroepen wordt tot het besturen eener provincie die ... gelyk staat","title":"Nominalised infinitive het besturen","body":"het besturen ('the governing') is an infinitive used as a neuter noun; eener provincie carries the old genitive ending, and gelyk staan ('to equal') is a separable verb closing the relative clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een ambt om den broode","title":"om den broode — 'for one's bread'","body":"A fixed idiom om den broode ('for the sake of bread', i.e. to earn a living), preserving the dative den and the old dative -e on brood. The European serves for pay, not for love of empire."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geroepen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of geroepen wordt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate passive clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose complement het besturen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"nominalizes besturen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"besturen","lemma":"besturen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"governing"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, feminine genitive singular","role":"determiner of provincie","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"provincie","lemma":"provincie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of besturen","gloss":"province"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oppervlakte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"oppervlakte","lemma":"oppervlakte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"area"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hertogdommen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite numeral, attributive","role":"quantifies hertogdommen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"duitsche","lemma":"Duits","morphology":"adjective, attributive plural","role":"modifies hertogdommen","gloss":"German"},{"surface":"hertogdommen","lemma":"hertogdom","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"complement of met","gloss":"duchies"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of staat","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying provincie","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula of main clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces age description","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"middelbaren","lemma":"middelbaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies leeftijd","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies middelbaren leeftijd","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with middelbaren leeftijd","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"middelbaren","lemma":"middelbaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies leeftijd","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"leeftyd","lemma":"leeftijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"gehuwd","lemma":"gehuwd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"supplement describing iemand","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"supplement coordinated with gehuwd","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of bekleedt","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"bekleedt","lemma":"bekleden","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambt","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bekleedt","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces reason om den broode","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, neuter dative singular","role":"determiner of broode","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"broode","lemma":"brood","morphology":"noun, neuter, dative singular","role":"complement of om","gloss":"bread","note":"“Om den broode” means “to earn a living.”"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h5-s103","source":"Zyn inkomsten zyn juist voldoende, en zelfs vaak niet voldoende, om aan de zynen het noodige te verschaffen.","translation":"His income is just sufficient, and often not even sufficient, to provide his own people with what is needful.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om aan de zynen het noodige te verschaffen","title":"Substantivised de zynen / het noodige","body":"de zynen ('his own people') and het noodige ('what is needful') are possessive and adjective forms turned into nouns; the purpose clause closes with te verschaffen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of inkomsten","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"inkomsten","lemma":"inkomst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"copula","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voldoende","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"voldoende","lemma":"voldoende","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"sufficient"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses vaak niet voldoende","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet voldoende","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voldoende","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voldoende","lemma":"voldoende","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical complement of zijn","gloss":"sufficient"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive purpose clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces indirect object de zijnen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zynen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zynen","lemma":"de zijne","morphology":"possessive pronoun, plural","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"his own","note":"The substantivized possessive “de zijnen” means one’s family or dependants."},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of noodige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noodige","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective used as noun","role":"direct object of verschaffen","gloss":"necessities"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verschaffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verschaffen","lemma":"verschaffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"provide"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h5-s104","source":"De Regent is: Tommongong, Adhipatti, ja zelfs Pangerang, d.i. javaansch prins. De vraag is voor hem niet dat hy leve, hy moet zóó leven als 't volk gewoon is dit te zien van zyn aristokratie.","translation":"The Regent is: Tommongong, Adhipatti, indeed even Pangerang, that is, a Javanese prince. The question for him is not that he should merely live; he must live as the people are accustomed to seeing his aristocracy live.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De vraag is voor hem niet dat hy leve","title":"Subjunctive leve","body":"leve is the present subjunctive of leven ('that he should merely live'); the same form survives in toasts like 'Lang leve...'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy moet zóó leven als 't volk gewoon is dit te zien","title":"Modal moet + zóó ... als","body":"The modal moet sends leven to the end; zóó ... als ('thus ... as') sets up a manner comparison, and the als-clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Tommongong","lemma":"Tommongong","morphology":"title, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"Tommongong"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"title, singular","role":"predicative title coordinated with Tommongong","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes zelfs Pangerang","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase ja","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Pangerang","lemma":"Pangerang","morphology":"title, singular","role":"predicative title coordinated with Tommongong","gloss":"Pangerang"},{"surface":"d.i","lemma":"dat is","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"introduces explanation javaansch prins","gloss":"that is","note":"Abbreviation of “dat is.”"},{"surface":"javaansch","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies prins","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"prins","lemma":"prins","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"explanation of Pangerang","gloss":"prince"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates clause dat hy leve","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of leve","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of leve","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"leve","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third person singular","role":"verb of content clause","gloss":"live","note":"The subjunctive “leve” here expresses the bare fact of living."},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of moet leven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of leven","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"so","note":"Historical emphatic spelling of modern “zo.”"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moet","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces manner clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of volk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"gewoon","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"accustomed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking volk to gewoon","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of gewoon is","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aristokratie","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of aristokratie","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aristokratie","lemma":"aristocratie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"aristocracy"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h5-s105","source":"Waar de Europeaan een huis bewoont, is dikwyls zyn verblyf een Kratoon, met vele huizen en dorpen daarin.","translation":"Where the European occupies one house, the Regent's dwelling is often a Kratoon, with many houses and villages within it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waar de Europeaan een huis bewoont, is dikwyls zyn verblyf een Kratoon","title":"Concessive Waar ... + inversion","body":"Waar ('where, whereas') opens a subordinate clause (bewoont at the end); the main clause then inverts is ... verblyf because the subordinate clause fills the first slot. The next sentences echo this Waar ... structure as anaphora."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bewoont","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bewoont","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"bewoont","lemma":"bewonen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"occupies"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula of main clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of verblijf","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verblyf","lemma":"verblijf","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"dwelling","note":"Historical spelling of modern “verblijf.”"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Kratoon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Kratoon","lemma":"kraton","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"Kratoon","note":"A kraton is a Javanese royal or regental palace complex."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huizen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite numeral, attributive","role":"quantifies huizen and dorpen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"complement of met","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with huizen","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"locative modifier of huizen and dorpen","gloss":"within it"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h5-s106","source":"Waar de Europeaan ééne vrouw heeft met drie, vier kinderen, onderhoudt hy een tal van vrouwen met wat daarby behoort.","translation":"Where the European has one wife with three or four children, the Regent maintains a number of women along with all that goes with them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"onderhoudt hy een tal van vrouwen met wat daarby behoort","title":"Pronominal adverb daarby","body":"daarby ('therewith, along with that') fuses daar + by, standing in for 'with all that goes with it'. Inversion onderhoudt hy follows the fronted Waar-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"ééne","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral, attributive","role":"quantifies vrouw","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kinderen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies kinderen","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"vier","lemma":"vier","morphology":"numeral","role":"coordinated with drie","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"complement of met","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"onderhoudt","lemma":"onderhouden","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"maintains"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of onderhoudt","gloss":"he","note":"Historical spelling of modern “hij”; here it refers to the Regent."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of onderhoudt","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouwen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces accompanying relative phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of behoort","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of behoort","gloss":"with that","note":"Historical spelling of modern “daarbij.”"},{"surface":"behoort","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"belongs"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h5-s107","source":"Waar de Europeaan uitrydt, gevolgd door eenige beambten, niet meer dan er by zyn inspektiereis noodig zyn tot het geven van inlichtingen onder-weg, wordt de Regent vergezeld door de honderden die tot het gevolg behooren, dat in de oogen des volks onafscheidelyk is van zyn hoogen rang.","translation":"Where the European rides out followed by a few officials — no more than are needed on his tour of inspection to give information along the way — the Regent is attended by the hundreds who belong to the retinue that, in the eyes of the people, is inseparable from his high rank.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wordt de Regent vergezeld door de honderden die ... behooren","title":"Worden-passive with door-agent","body":"wordt ... vergezeld ('is accompanied') is a process-passive; door de honderden marks the agent, and the relative die ... behooren is verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat in de oogen des volks onafscheidelyk is","title":"Genitive des volks","body":"des volks ('of the people') is the frozen genitive after the fixed phrase in de oogen van — 'in the eyes of the people'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"Where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitrydt","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"uitrydt","lemma":"uitrijden","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"rides out","note":"Historical spelling of modern “uitrijdt.”"},{"surface":"gevolgd","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"supplement describing Europeaan","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beambten","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite numeral, attributive","role":"quantifies beambten","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"agent of gevolgd","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meer","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of elliptical phrase referring to beambten","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces relative comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"existential marker with noodig zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces inspektiereis","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of inspektiereis","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"inspektiereis","lemma":"inspectiereis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"inspection tour"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose het geven","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"nominalizes geven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"giving"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inlichtingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"inlichtingen","lemma":"inlichting","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"information"},{"surface":"onder-weg","lemma":"onderweg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"along the way","note":"Older hyphenated spelling of modern “onderweg.”"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vergezeld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vergezeld wordt","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"vergezeld","lemma":"vergezellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive clause","gloss":"attended"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honderden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of honderden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"honderden","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of vergezeld","gloss":"hundreds"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of behooren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevolg","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"retinue"},{"surface":"behooren","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying honderden","gloss":"belong"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive singular","role":"determiner of volks","gloss":"of the","note":"Archaic genitive article; “des volks” means “of the people.”"},{"surface":"volks","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter genitive singular","role":"genitive dependent of oogen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"onafscheidelyk","lemma":"onafscheidelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"inseparable"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula in relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rang","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of rang","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hoogen","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies rang","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"rank"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h5-s108","source":"De Europeaan leeft burgerlyk, de Regent leeft --of wordt verondersteld te leven--als een vorst.","translation":"The European lives as a citizen; the Regent lives — or is supposed to live — as a prince.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de Regent leeft --of wordt verondersteld te leven-- als een vorst","title":"Contrast active vs passive","body":"leeft (active 'lives') is set against wordt verondersteld te leven ('is supposed to live'), the irony hinging on the worden-passive plus te-infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of leeft","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"leeft","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"burgerlyk","lemma":"burgerlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner modifier of leeft","gloss":"as a citizen","note":"Here “burgerlijk” means in the modest manner of an ordinary citizen."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of leeft and wordt verondersteld","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"leeft","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical alternative","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verondersteld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"verondersteld","lemma":"veronderstellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of parenthetical passive","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks leven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of verondersteld","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vorst","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vorst","lemma":"vorst","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"prince"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h5-s109","source":"Doch dit alles moet betaald worden.","translation":"But all this must be paid for.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s109.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links with preceding statement","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of betaald worden","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of betaald worden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"betaald","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive infinitive","gloss":"paid for"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of betaald","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h5-s110","source":"Het nederlandsch bestuur dat zich op den invloed van die Regenten gegrondvest heeft, weet dit, en niets is dus natuurlyker dan dat het hun inkomsten heeft opgevoerd tot een hoogte die den niet-Indier overdreven zou voorkomen, maar inderdaad zelden voldoende is ter bestryding van de uitgaven welke aan de levenswyze van zoodanig inlandsch Hoofd verbonden zyn.","translation":"The Netherlands government, which has founded itself upon the influence of these Regents, knows this, and nothing is therefore more natural than that it has raised their incomes to a height that would seem exaggerated to the non-Indian, but which in truth is seldom sufficient to meet the expenses bound up with the manner of living of such a native Chief.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zich op den invloed ... gegrondvest heeft","title":"Reflexive perfect zich ... gegrondvest heeft","body":"zich grondvesten ('to found itself') is reflexive; in the perfect the reflexive zich and the cluster gegrondvest heeft sit in the verb-final relative clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"tot een hoogte die den niet-Indier overdreven zou voorkomen","title":"Conditional zou voorkomen","body":"zou + voorkomen ('would seem'), with den niet-Indier ('to the non-Indian') as an old dative object. The relative die opens the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bestuur","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"government"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of heeft gegrondvest","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of gegrondvest","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces basis of gegrondvest","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of invloed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regenten","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"Regenten","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"Regents"},{"surface":"gegrondvest","lemma":"grondvesten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegrondvest","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of natuurlyker","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking niets to natuurlyker","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies natuurlyker","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"natuurlyker","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"more natural"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"links natuurlyker to the dat-clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opgevoerd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of heeft opgevoerd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of inkomsten","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"inkomsten","lemma":"inkomst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of opgevoerd","gloss":"incomes"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgevoerd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"opgevoerd","lemma":"opvoeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of dat-clause","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoogte","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoogte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hoogte","lemma":"hoogte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"height"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of zou voorkomen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of niet-Indier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"niet-Indier","lemma":"niet-Indiër","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of voorkomen","gloss":"non-Indian"},{"surface":"overdreven","lemma":"overdreven","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of voorkomen","gloss":"exaggerated"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorkomen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause on hoogte","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated predicates overdreven and voldoende","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voldoende","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"zelden","lemma":"zelden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voldoende","gloss":"seldom"},{"surface":"voldoende","lemma":"voldoende","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"sufficient"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with subject die and complement voldoende","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and determiner","role":"introduces purpose phrase bestryding","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"bestryding","lemma":"bestrijding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of ter","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of bestryding","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitgaven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitgaven","lemma":"uitgave","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"expenses"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of verbonden zyn","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of verbonden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of levenswyze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"levenswyze","lemma":"levenswijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"manner of living"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of levenswyze","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Hoofd","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"inlandsch","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Hoofd","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"verbonden","lemma":"verbonden","morphology":"adjective, participial","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"bound up"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking welke to verbonden","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h5-s111","source":"Het is niet ongewoon, Regenten die twee-ja driemaal honderd duizend gulden 's jaars inkomen hebben, in geldverlegenheid te zien verkeeren.","translation":"It is not unusual to see Regents who have an income of two — yes, three — hundred thousand guilders a year in financial straits.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het is niet ongewoon, Regenten ... in geldverlegenheid te zien verkeeren","title":"Impersonal het + perception infinitive","body":"Het is the dummy subject ('It is not unusual'); zien ('to see') is a perception verb taking the bare infinitive verkeeren, so the object Regenten is 'seen to be in straits'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"'s jaars","title":"'s jaars — 'per year'","body":"'s jaars is a contracted genitive (des jaars), the frozen 's appearing in adverbs of time like 's morgens, 's avonds. Here: 'a year', an income figure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with ongewoon","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to ongewoon","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ongewoon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ongewoon","lemma":"ongewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"unusual"},{"surface":"Regenten","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zien and subject of verkeeren","gloss":"Regents"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"twee-ja","lemma":"twee, ja","morphology":"numeral with interjection","role":"first alternative quantifier of honderd duizend","gloss":"two—yes"},{"surface":"driemaal","lemma":"driemaal","morphology":"numeral adverb","role":"second alternative quantifier of honderd duizend","gloss":"three times"},{"surface":"honderd","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"numeral","role":"part of numeral phrase modifying gulden","gloss":"hundred"},{"surface":"duizend","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"numeral","role":"part of numeral phrase modifying gulden","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"gulden","lemma":"gulden","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"measure phrase modifying inkomen","gloss":"guilders"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"contracted genitive determiner","role":"part of adverbial phrase s jaars","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jaars","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, genitive singular","role":"forms annual-rate phrase with s","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"inkomen","lemma":"inkomen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on Regenten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces state geldverlegenheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"geldverlegenheid","lemma":"geldverlegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"financial straits"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause functioning as subject of ongewoon","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"verkeeren","lemma":"verkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of zien","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h5-s112","source":"Hiertoe draagt veel by de, als 't ware vorstelyke, onverschiligheid waarmee zy hun inkomsten verspillen, hun nalatigheid in 't bewaken hunner ondergeschikten, hun koopziekte, en vooral het misbruik--dat dikwyls van deze hoedanigheden gemaakt wordt door Europeanen.","translation":"Much contributes to this: the all but princely indifference with which they squander their incomes, their negligence in keeping watch over their subordinates, their passion for buying, and above all the abuse — often made of these qualities by Europeans.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s112.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hiertoe draagt veel by de ... onverschiligheid","title":"Separable bijdragen + heavy subject","body":"bijdragen ('to contribute') splits as draagt ... by; the long subject (de onverschiligheid ... het misbruik) is held to the end after the prefix. Hiertoe is a pronominal adverb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"koopziekte","title":"koopziekte — 'mania for buying'","body":"A compound koop ('buying') + ziekte ('sickness'): a 'buying-sickness', i.e. compulsive spending. Dutch readily welds two nouns into one vivid word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hiertoe","lemma":"hiertoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complement of draagt by","gloss":"to this"},{"surface":"draagt","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite part of separable verb draagt by","gloss":"contributes"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies draagt by","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of draagt by","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onverschiligheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical als t ware","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, subjunctive, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical als t ware","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"vorstelyke","lemma":"vorstelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies onverschiligheid","gloss":"princely"},{"surface":"onverschiligheid","lemma":"onverschilligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first subject of draagt by","gloss":"indifference"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"adverbial complement of verspillen","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verspillen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of inkomsten","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"inkomsten","lemma":"inkomst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verspillen","gloss":"incomes"},{"surface":"verspillen","lemma":"verspillen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on onverschiligheid","gloss":"squander"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of nalatigheid","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"nalatigheid","lemma":"nalatigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second subject of draagt by","gloss":"negligence"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of nalatigheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized bewaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bewaken","lemma":"bewaken","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"hunner","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural","role":"possessor of ondergeschikten","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ondergeschikten","lemma":"ondergeschikte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of bewaken","gloss":"subordinates"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of koopziekte","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"koopziekte","lemma":"koopziekte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"third subject of draagt by","gloss":"passion for buying"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses misbruik","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misbruik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"fourth subject of draagt by","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of wordt gemaakt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemaakt","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of misbruik gemaakt","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoedanigheden","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"hoedanigheden","lemma":"hoedanigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"qualities"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on misbruik","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europeanen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Europeanen","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"agent of gemaakt","gloss":"Europeans"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h5-s113","source":"De inkomsten der javaansche Hoofden zou men in vier deelen kunnen splitsen. Vooreerst, het bepaald maandgeld.","translation":"The incomes of the Javanese Chiefs might be divided into four parts. First of all, the fixed monthly salary.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De inkomsten der javaansche Hoofden zou men in vier deelen kunnen splitsen","title":"Conditional zou ... kunnen splitsen","body":"Object-fronting puts De inkomsten first, then zou (conditional) + men + kunnen splitsen ('one could divide'), a two-verb cluster at the end. der Hoofden is the genitive plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inkomsten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inkomsten","lemma":"inkomst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of splitsen","gloss":"incomes"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"javaansche","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Hoofden","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive dependent of inkomsten","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of kunnen splitsen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of splitsen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces result phrase vier deelen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"vier","lemma":"vier","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies deelen","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"deelen","lemma":"deel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of splitsen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"splitsen","lemma":"splitsen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"divide"},{"surface":"Vooreerst","lemma":"vooreerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces first item in enumeration","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maandgeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bepaald","lemma":"bepaald","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies maandgeld","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"maandgeld","lemma":"maandgeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first item in enumeration","gloss":"monthly salary"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h5-s114","source":"Vervolgens, een vaste som als schadeloosstelling voor afgekochte rechten die overgegaan zyn op 't nederlandsch bestuur. Ten-derde, een belooning in evenredigheid met de hoeveelheid der in hun regentschap voortgebrachte produkten, als koffi, suiker, indigo, kaneel, enz.","translation":"Next, a fixed sum as compensation for purchased-out rights that have passed to the Netherlands government. Third, a reward in proportion to the quantity of the produce raised in their regency, such as coffee, sugar, indigo, cinnamon, and so on.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"afgekochte rechten die overgegaan zyn op 't nederlandsch bestuur","title":"Perfect with zijn: overgegaan zyn","body":"overgaan ('to pass over') is a motion verb, so its perfect takes zijn: overgegaan zyn ('have passed'). afgekochte is a past participle used attributively with -e."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"koffi, suiker, indigo, kaneel","title":"Cash crops of the Cultivation System","body":"Coffee (period spelling koffi), sugar, indigo, and cinnamon were the export crops the Javanese were forced to grow under the Cultuurstelsel — the system whose human cost is Multatuli's subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vervolgens","lemma":"vervolgens","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of som","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vaste","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies som","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"som","lemma":"som","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second item in enumeration","gloss":"sum"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks function of som","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"schadeloosstelling","lemma":"schadeloosstelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement introduced by als","gloss":"compensation"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rechten","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"afgekochte","lemma":"afkopen","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies rechten","gloss":"purchased-out"},{"surface":"rechten","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of overgegaan","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"overgegaan","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on rechten","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of overgegaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination of overgegaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bestuur","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"government"},{"surface":"Ten-derde","lemma":"ten derde","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces third item in enumeration","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of belooning","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"belooning","lemma":"beloning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"third item in enumeration","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking evenredigheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"evenredigheid","lemma":"evenredigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"proportion"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoeveelheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoeveelheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoeveelheid","lemma":"hoeveelheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"quantity"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of produkten","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regentschap","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of regentschap","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"regentschap","lemma":"regentschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"regency"},{"surface":"voortgebrachte","lemma":"voortbrengen","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies produkten","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"produkten","lemma":"product","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive dependent of hoeveelheid","gloss":"produce"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces examples of produkten","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first example of produkten","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"suiker","lemma":"suiker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"example coordinated with koffi","gloss":"sugar"},{"surface":"indigo","lemma":"indigo","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"example coordinated with koffi","gloss":"indigo"},{"surface":"kaneel","lemma":"kaneel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"example coordinated with koffi","gloss":"cinnamon"},{"surface":"enz","lemma":"enzovoort","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"closes non-exhaustive list","gloss":"and so on"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h5-s115","source":"En eindelyk, de willekeurige beschikking over den arbeid en de eigendommen hunner onderhoorigen. De beide laatste bronnen van inkomsten vorderen eenige opheldering.","translation":"And lastly, the arbitrary disposal of the labour and the property of their dependents. The two last sources of income call for some explanation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s115.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces final item in enumeration","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces final item in enumeration","gloss":"lastly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschikking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"willekeurige","lemma":"willekeurig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beschikking","gloss":"arbitrary"},{"surface":"beschikking","lemma":"beschikking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"final item in enumeration","gloss":"disposal"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces objects of beschikking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of over","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eigendommen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eigendommen","lemma":"eigendom","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"second object of over","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"hunner","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural","role":"possessor of onderhoorigen","gloss":"of their"},{"surface":"onderhoorigen","lemma":"onderhorige","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive dependent of arbeid and eigendommen","gloss":"dependents"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bronnen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bronnen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laatst","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bronnen","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"bronnen","lemma":"bron","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of vorderen","gloss":"sources"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inkomsten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"inkomsten","lemma":"inkomst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"vorderen","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call for"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies opheldering","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"opheldering","lemma":"opheldering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vorderen","gloss":"explanation"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h5-s116","source":"De Javaan is uit den aard der zaak landbouwer. De grond waarop hy geboren werd, die veel belooft voor weinig arbeids, lokt hem hiertoe uit, en vooral is hy met hart en ziel overgegeven aan het bebouwen zyner rystvelden, waarin hy dan ook zeer bedreven is.","translation":"The Javanese is by the very nature of the case a farmer. The soil on which he was born, which promises much for little labour, draws him to this; and above all he is given over heart and soul to the cultivating of his rice-fields, in which indeed he is very skilled.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is hy met hart en ziel overgegeven aan het bebouwen zyner rystvelden","title":"Genitive possessive zyner","body":"zyner is the inflected genitive of zijn ('his'): zyner rystvelden = 'of his rice-fields'. het bebouwen is a nominalised infinitive ('the cultivating')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"De grond waarop hy geboren werd","title":"Pronominal-adverb relative waarop","body":"waarop ('on which') is waar + op, a pronominal adverb introducing the relative clause; geboren werd is the passive past ('was born')."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Javaan to landbouwer","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom uit den aard der zaak","gloss":"by","note":"The phrase “uit den aard der zaak” means “by the nature of the case.”"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of aard","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of aard","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"landbouwer","lemma":"landbouwer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"farmer"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of lokt","gloss":"soil"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of geboren werd","gloss":"on which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of geboren werd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geboren","lemma":"geboren worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"part of passive verb geboren werd","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geboren","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of belooft and refers to grond","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of belooft","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"belooft","lemma":"beloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying grond","gloss":"promises"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces exchange complement of belooft","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"arbeids","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic genitive","role":"object of voor","gloss":"labour","note":"The final -s is an old genitive form: modern Dutch has “weinig arbeid.”"},{"surface":"lokt","lemma":"uitlokken","morphology":"verb, present, singular, separable","role":"main verb with particle uit","gloss":"draws"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of lokt ... uit","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hiertoe","lemma":"hiertoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of lokt ... uit","gloss":"to this"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of lokt ... uit","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overgegeven","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hij to overgegeven","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of is overgegeven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces idiom met hart en ziel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with hart","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"overgegeven","lemma":"overgegeven","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"given over"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of overgegeven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"nominalizes bebouwen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bebouwen","lemma":"bebouwen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"cultivating"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive singular, archaic form","role":"possessor of rijstvelden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rystvelden","lemma":"rijstveld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of bebouwen","gloss":"rice-fields"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"complement of bedreven and refers to bebouwen","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of emphatic dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of emphatic dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedreven","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"bedreven","lemma":"bedreven","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"skilled"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hij to bedreven","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h5-s117","source":"Hy groeit op te-midden zyner sawah's en gagah's en tipar's vergezelt reeds op zeer jeugdigen leeftyd zyn vader naar 't veld, waar hy hem behulpzaam is in den arbeid met ploeg en spade, aan dammen en aan waterleidingen tot het bevochtigen zyner akkers. Hy telt zyn jaren by oogsten, hy rekent den tyd naar de kleur zyner te veld staande halmen, hy voelt zich te-huis onder de makkers die met hem padie sneden hy zoekt zyn vrouw onder de meisjes der dessah die 's avends onder vroolyk gezang de ryst stampen om ze te ontdoen van den bolster ... het bezit van een paar buffels die zyn ploeg zullen trekken, is 't ideaal dat hem aanlacht ... kortom, de rystbouw is voor den Javaan, wat in de Rynstreken en in het zuiden van Frankryk, de wynoogst is.","translation":"He grows up amid his sawahs and gagahs and tipars, accompanies his father to the field from a very tender age, where he helps him in the labour with plough and spade, at the dams and at the watercourses for the irrigating of his fields. He counts his years by harvests, he reckons time by the colour of the standing stalks in his field, he feels at home among the comrades who cut the rice with him, he seeks his wife among the girls of the dessah who in the evening, to merry song, stamp the rice to free it of its husk ... the possession of a pair of buffaloes to draw his plough is the ideal that beckons to him ... in short, rice-growing is for the Javanese what, in the Rhineland and in the south of France, the vintage is.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die 's avends onder vroolyk gezang de ryst stampen","title":"Time-adverb 's avends in the middle field","body":"'s avends ('in the evening', a frozen genitive) sits first among the middle-field adverbials, ahead of the manner phrase onder vroolyk gezang ('to merry song') — the Time–Manner ordering of Dutch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om ze te ontdoen van den bolster","title":"Purpose om ... te + clitic ze","body":"om ... te ontdoen ('in order to free') is a purpose clause; ze is the unstressed object pronoun for the rice, with the separable ontdoen reunited under te."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of groeit and vergezelt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"groeit","lemma":"groeien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grows"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of groeit op","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"te-midden","lemma":"te midden","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of groeit op","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural, archaic form","role":"possessor of sawahs, gagahs and tipars","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sawah's","lemma":"sawah","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of te-midden","gloss":"irrigated rice fields"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gagah's","lemma":"gaga","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with sawah’s","gloss":"dry rice fields"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tipar's","lemma":"tipar","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with sawah’s","gloss":"upland fields"},{"surface":"vergezelt","lemma":"vergezellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with groeit","gloss":"accompanies"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vergezelt","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces age adjunct","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jeugdigen","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"jeugdigen","lemma":"jeugdig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic masculine singular ending","role":"modifies leeftijd","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"leeftyd","lemma":"leeftijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vergezelt","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veld","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of veld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veld","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vergezelt","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying veld","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, object form","role":"complement of behulpzaam","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"behulpzaam","lemma":"behulpzaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"helpful"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hij to behulpzaam","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of behulpzaam","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces instrumental adjunct","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ploeg","lemma":"ploeg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"plough"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"spade","lemma":"spade","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with ploeg","gloss":"spade"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces work-location adjunct","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"dammen","lemma":"dam","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"dams"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces coordinated work-location adjunct","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"waterleidingen","lemma":"waterleiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"watercourses"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose complement","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"nominalizes bevochtigen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevochtigen","lemma":"bevochtigen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"irrigating"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural, archaic form","role":"possessor of akkers","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"akkers","lemma":"akker","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive complement of bevochtigen","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of telt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"telt","lemma":"tellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"counts"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of jaren","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of telt","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces measure adjunct of telt","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"oogsten","lemma":"oogst","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"harvests"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of rekent","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"rekent","lemma":"rekenen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with telt","gloss":"reckons"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of tijd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of rekent","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces criterion complement of rekent","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleur","lemma":"kleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"colour"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural, archaic form","role":"possessor of halmen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of phrase te veld","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"veld","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"locative complement of staande","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"staande","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present participle, attributive","role":"modifies halmen","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"halmen","lemma":"halm","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive dependent of kleur","gloss":"stalks"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of voelt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voelt","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with telt","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"reflexive object of voelt","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"te-huis","lemma":"thuis","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of voelt zich","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking makkers","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of makkers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"makkers","lemma":"makker","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of sneden and refers to makkers","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comitative adjunct of sneden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, object form","role":"object of met","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"padie","lemma":"padie","morphology":"noun, common gender, mass noun","role":"direct object of sneden","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"sneden","lemma":"snijden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying makkers","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of zoekt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zoekt","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with voelt","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zoekt","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meisjes","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of zoekt","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of dessah","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"dessah","lemma":"desa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of meisjes","gloss":"village","note":"“Dessah” is the colonial-era spelling of Indonesian desa, “village.”"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of stampen and refers to meisjes","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, contracted archaic form","role":"part of adverbial phrase ’s avends","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic adverbial genitive","role":"time adjunct of stampen","gloss":"evening","note":"The historical form “’s avends” corresponds to modern “’s avonds,” “in the evening.”"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces accompaniment adjunct of stampen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vroolyk","lemma":"vrolijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies gezang","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"gezang","lemma":"gezang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"song"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ryst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, mass noun","role":"direct object of stampen","gloss":"rice"},{"surface":"stampen","lemma":"stampen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying meisjes","gloss":"stamp"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause om ... te ontdoen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of ontdoen and refers to rijst","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive ontdoen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontdoen","lemma":"ontdoen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ontdoen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of bolster","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bolster","lemma":"bolster","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"husk"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bezit","lemma":"bezit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"possession"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of bezit","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"collective noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"pair"},{"surface":"buffels","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of paar","gloss":"buffaloes"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zullen trekken and refers to buffels","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of ploeg","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ploeg","lemma":"ploeg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of trekken","gloss":"plough"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, future, plural","role":"auxiliary of trekken","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"trekken","lemma":"trekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of relative clause modifying buffels","gloss":"draw"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking bezit to ideaal","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted form","role":"determiner of ideaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ideaal","lemma":"ideaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"ideal"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of aanlacht and refers to ideaal","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of aanlacht","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"aanlacht","lemma":"aanlachen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying ideaal","gloss":"beckons"},{"surface":"kortom","lemma":"kortom","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"frames the concluding clause","gloss":"in short"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rystbouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rystbouw","lemma":"rijstbouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"rice-growing"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula in comparison","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces beneficiary in comparison","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"predicative comparison complement of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rynstreken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Rynstreken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Rynstreken","lemma":"Rijnstreek","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"Rhineland"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces coordinated location adjunct","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zuiden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zuiden","lemma":"zuiden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"south"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Frankryk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Frankryk","lemma":"Frankrijk","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of zuiden","gloss":"France"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wynoogst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wynoogst","lemma":"wijnoogst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of final is","gloss":"vintage"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wijnoogst to wat","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h5-s118","source":"Doch daar kwamen vreemdelingen uit het Westen, die zich heer maakten van het land.","translation":"But there came strangers from the West, who made themselves masters of the land.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch daar kwamen vreemdelingen uit het Westen, die zich heer maakten","title":"Archaic Doch + reflexive zich heer maken","body":"Doch ('but', literary) opens; daar kwamen inverts after the fronted adverb; zich ... heer maken ('to make oneself master') is the reflexive in the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects contrastively with preceding discourse","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"introduces presentational construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"kwamen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"vreemdelingen","lemma":"vreemdeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of kwamen","gloss":"strangers"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Westen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Westen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Westen","lemma":"westen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"West"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of maakten and refers to vreemdelingen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person plural","role":"direct object of maakten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of zich","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"maakten","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying vreemdelingen","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h5-s119","source":"Ze wenschten voordeel te doen met de vruchtbaarheid van den bodem, en gelastten den bewoner een gedeelte van zyn arbeid en van zyn tyd toetewyden aan het voortbrengen van andere zaken, die meer winst zouden afwerpen op de markten van Europa.","translation":"They wished to profit by the fertility of the soil, and ordered the inhabitant to devote a part of his labour and of his time to the producing of other things that would yield more gain on the markets of Europe.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gelastten den bewoner een gedeelte ... toetewyden","title":"gelasten + te-infinitive (joined spelling)","body":"gelasten governs the te-infinitive toetewyden (toe-te-wijden, 'to devote'), written as one word in 1860. den bewoner keeps the old accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"andere zaken, die meer winst zouden afwerpen","title":"Conditional zouden afwerpen","body":"zouden + afwerpen ('would yield'); afwerpen is separable but stays whole at the end of the relative clause under the conditional."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of wenschten and gelastten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"wenschten","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"voordeel","lemma":"voordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"profit","note":"Voordeel doen met is an older expression meaning “to profit from.”"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wenschten","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source of the profit","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vruchtbaarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vruchtbaarheid","lemma":"vruchtbaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"fertility"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a possessive complement of vruchtbaarheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of bodem","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bodem","lemma":"bodem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"soil"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates wenschten and gelastten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gelastten","lemma":"gelasten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of bewoner","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bewoner","lemma":"bewoner","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gelastten and understood subject of toetewyden","gloss":"inhabitant"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedeelte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gedeelte","lemma":"gedeelte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of toetewyden","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a partitive complement of gedeelte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of arbeid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates van zyn arbeid and van zyn tyd","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the second partitive complement of gedeelte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of tyd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"toetewyden","lemma":"toewijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive with historical fused te","role":"infinitive complement of gelastten","gloss":"to devote"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of toetewyden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"nominalizes voortbrengen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voortbrengen","lemma":"voortbrengen","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"object of aan","gloss":"producing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of voortbrengen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zouden afwerpen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying adjective, comparative","role":"modifies winst","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"winst","lemma":"winst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afwerpen","gloss":"gain"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of afwerpen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"afwerpen","lemma":"afwerpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the relative clause on zaken","gloss":"yield"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking markten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of markten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"markten","lemma":"markt","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"markets"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a possessive complement of markten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Europe"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h5-s120","source":"Om den geringen man hiertoe te bewegen, was niet meer dan een zeer eenvoudige staatkunde noodig.","translation":"To induce the lowly man to do this, no more than a very simple statecraft was needed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Om den geringen man hiertoe te bewegen, was ... staatkunde noodig","title":"Fronted om ... te clause triggers inversion","body":"The purpose clause Om ... te bewegen fills the first position, so the main verb was comes next, before the subject staatkunde. hiertoe is a pronominal adverb ('to this')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geringen","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical inflected form","role":"modifies man","gloss":"lowly"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewegen","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"hiertoe","lemma":"hiertoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of bewegen","gloss":"to this"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of bewegen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewegen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the purpose infinitive clause","gloss":"induce"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking staatkunde to noodig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the restrictive phrase niet meer dan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantitative adverb, comparative","role":"part of the restrictive phrase niet meer dan","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"completes the restrictive phrase niet meer dan","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of staatkunde","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eenvoudige","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"eenvoudige","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies staatkunde","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"staatkunde","lemma":"staatkunde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"statecraft"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"needed"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h5-s121","source":"Hy gehoorzaamt zyn hoofden, men had dus slechts deze hoofden te winnen door hun een gedeelte van de winst toetezeggen, en ... het gelukte volkomen.","translation":"He obeys his chiefs; one had therefore only to win over these chiefs by promising them a share of the profit, and ... it succeeded completely.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"men had dus slechts deze hoofden te winnen door hun ... toetezeggen","title":"hebben te + infinitive (obligation/sufficiency)","body":"had ... te winnen ('had only to win over') expresses what suffices; the means is a door ... + te-infinitive phrase toetezeggen ('by promising'), again joined in period spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gehoorzaamt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gehoorzaamt","lemma":"gehoorzamen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"obeys"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of hoofden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of gehoorzaamt","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing winnen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies winnen","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had te winnen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofden","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of winnen","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of winnen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"winnen","lemma":"winnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of had","gloss":"win over"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the means clause with toetezeggen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of toetezeggen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gedeelte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gedeelte","lemma":"gedeelte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of toetezeggen","gloss":"share"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a partitive complement of gedeelte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of winst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"winst","lemma":"winst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"profit"},{"surface":"toetezeggen","lemma":"toezeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with historical fused te","role":"head of the means clause introduced by door","gloss":"to promise"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the preceding clause with het gelukte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"subject of gelukte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gelukte","lemma":"lukken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the final coordinated clause","gloss":"succeeded"},{"surface":"volkomen","lemma":"volkomen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelukte","gloss":"completely"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h5-s122","source":"Als men let op de ontzettende massa javasche produkten die in Nederland worden te-koop geveild, kan men zich overtuigen van het doeltreffende dezer staatkunde, al vindt men ze niet edel. Want, mocht iemand vragen of de landbouwer zelf eene met deze uitkomst evenredige belooning geniet, dan moet ik hierop een ontkennend antwoord geven.","translation":"Anyone who considers the staggering mass of Javanese produce that is put up for sale in the Netherlands may convince himself of how effective this statecraft is, even if he does not find it noble. For should anyone ask whether the cultivator himself enjoys a reward proportionate to this yield, I must give him a negative answer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als men let op de ontzettende massa ... kan men zich overtuigen","title":"Reflexive zich overtuigen after a conditional als","body":"The als-clause is verb-final (let op ... veild); the main clause inverts kan men, and zich overtuigen ('convince oneself') is reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want, mocht iemand vragen of ... dan moet ik ...","title":"Conditional inversion mocht iemand vragen","body":"Dropping 'if', the clause inverts to mocht iemand vragen ('should anyone ask'); the resumptive dan ('then') opens the main clause. Want is the coordinator 'for'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause with let","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of let","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"let","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"considers"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of let","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of massa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontzettende","lemma":"ontzettend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies massa","gloss":"staggering"},{"surface":"massa","lemma":"massa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"mass"},{"surface":"javasche","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical spelling","role":"modifies produkten","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"produkten","lemma":"product","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural, historical spelling","role":"partitive complement of massa","gloss":"produce"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of worden geveild","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geveild","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"te-koop","lemma":"te koop","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of geveild","gloss":"for sale"},{"surface":"geveild","lemma":"veilen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive relative clause","gloss":"auctioned"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of overtuigen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of overtuigen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of overtuigen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"overtuigen","lemma":"overtuigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the main clause","gloss":"convince"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of overtuigen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"nominalizes doeltreffende","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"doeltreffende","lemma":"doeltreffend","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"effectiveness","note":"Het doeltreffende means “the effectiveness” here."},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, genitive singular, archaic","role":"possessive determiner of staatkunde","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"staatkunde","lemma":"staatkunde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of doeltreffende","gloss":"statecraft"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause with vindt","gloss":"even though"},{"surface":"vindt","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"finds"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vindt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of vindt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies edel","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"edel","lemma":"edel","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vindt","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory sentence","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of vragen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of mocht vragen","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geniet","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landbouwer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landbouwer","lemma":"landbouwer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geniet","gloss":"cultivator"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes landbouwer","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"eene","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, historical inflected form","role":"determiner of belooning","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the standard of proportionality","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitkomst","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"uitkomst","lemma":"uitkomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"yield"},{"surface":"evenredige","lemma":"evenredig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies belooning and takes met deze uitkomst as complement","gloss":"proportionate"},{"surface":"belooning","lemma":"beloning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"direct object of geniet","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"geniet","lemma":"genieten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the embedded question","gloss":"enjoys"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative adverb answering mocht","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geven","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complement of antwoord geven","gloss":"to this"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ontkennend","lemma":"ontkennend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies antwoord","gloss":"negative"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moet","gloss":"give"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h5-s123","source":"De Regeering verplicht hem op zyn grond aantekweeken wat haar behaagt, ze straft hem wanneer hy het aldus voortgebrachte verkoopt aan wien het ook zy buiten háár, en zyzelf bepaalt den prys dien ze hem daarvoor uitbetaalt.","translation":"The Government obliges him to grow on his own ground whatever pleases it; it punishes him if he sells what he has thus produced to anyone but itself; and it alone fixes the price it pays him for it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De Regeering verplicht hem ... aantekweeken wat haar behaagt","title":"verplichten + te-infinitive aantekweeken","body":"verplichten ('to oblige') takes a te-infinitive, here aantekweeken (aan-te-kweken, 'to grow'), joined in 1860 spelling; wat is a free relative ('whatever')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"verkoopt aan wien het ook zy","title":"Free relative wien + subjunctive zy","body":"aan wien ... het ook zy ('to whomever it may be') uses the dative wien and the subjunctive zy of zijn — a stiff, legalistic turn fitting the indictment."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"en zyzelf bepaalt den prys dien ze hem daarvoor uitbetaalt","title":"Accusative relative dien","body":"dien is the old masculine accusative relative agreeing with prys; the emphatic zyzelf ('it itself') and the pronominal adverb daarvoor ('for it') intensify the Government's sole control."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of verplicht","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"verplicht","lemma":"verplichten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"obliges"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verplicht and understood subject of aantekweeken","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of aantekweeken","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of grond","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"aantekweeken","lemma":"aankweken","morphology":"verb, infinitive with historical fused te","role":"infinitive complement of verplicht","gloss":"to grow"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"direct object of aantekweeken and subject of behaagt","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of behaagt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"behaagt","lemma":"behagen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the free relative clause headed by wat","gloss":"pleases"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of straft","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"straft","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"punishes"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of straft","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause with verkoopt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of verkoopt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of nominalized voortgebrachte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aldus","lemma":"aldus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voortgebrachte","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"voortgebrachte","lemma":"voortbrengen","morphology":"nominalized past participle, neuter singular","role":"head of the nominal phrase het aldus voortgebrachte","gloss":"produced"},{"surface":"verkoopt","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"sells"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free-choice relative pronoun, dative, archaic form","role":"object of aan in the free-choice phrase","gloss":"whomever"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular","role":"expletive subject of zy","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the free-choice phrase wien het ook zy","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular, historical spelling","role":"verb of the free-choice phrase","gloss":"may be","note":"Aan wien het ook zy means “to whomever it may be.”"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the excluded recipient","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"háár","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, stressed, singular","role":"object of buiten","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the second and third main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyzelf","lemma":"zijzelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun, nominative, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of bepaalt","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"bepaalt","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the third clause","gloss":"fixes"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of prys","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prys","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"direct object of bepaalt","gloss":"price"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, masculine singular, historical inflected form","role":"direct object of uitbetaalt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of uitbetaalt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of uitbetaalt","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complement of uitbetaalt","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"uitbetaalt","lemma":"uitbetalen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on prys","gloss":"pays"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h5-s124","source":"De kosten op den overvoer naar Europa, door bemiddeling van een bevoorrecht handelslichaam, zyn hoog. De aan de Hoofden toegelegde aanmoedigingsgelden bezwaren daarentegen den inkoopprys, en ... daar toch ten-slotte de geheele zaak winst afwerpen moet, kan deze winst niet anders worden gevonden dan door juist zóóveel aan den javaan uittebetalen, dat hy niet sterve van honger, hetgeen de voortbrengende kracht der natie verminderen zou.","translation":"The costs of shipment to Europe, handled through a privileged trading body, are high. The bounties allotted to the Chiefs, on the other hand, burden the purchase price; and ... since after all the whole business must yield a profit, that profit can be found in no other way than by paying the Javanese just enough that he does not die of hunger, which would diminish the productive strength of the nation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar toch ten-slotte de geheele zaak winst afwerpen moet","title":"Causal daar + modal-final moet","body":"daar ('since, because') subordinates the clause, driving the modal moet to the very end after the separable infinitive afwerpen ('must yield a profit')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"door juist zóóveel ... uittebetalen, dat hy niet sterve van honger","title":"Result dat + subjunctive sterve","body":"uittebetalen (uit-te-betalen, period spelling) is the means; the dat-clause of result uses the chilling subjunctive sterve ('that he not die of hunger')."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kosten","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"kosten","lemma":"kosten","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"costs"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of kosten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of overvoer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"overvoer","lemma":"overvoer","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"oblique complement of kosten","gloss":"shipment"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of naar","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bemiddeling","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"bemiddeling","lemma":"bemiddeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of door","gloss":"mediation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handelslichaam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of handelslichaam","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bevoorrecht","lemma":"bevoorrecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies handelslichaam","gloss":"privileged"},{"surface":"handelslichaam","lemma":"handelslichaam","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"trading body"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking kosten to hoog","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanmoedigingsgelden","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of toegelegde","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"toegelegde","lemma":"toeleggen","morphology":"verb, past participle, attributive","role":"modifies aanmoedigingsgelden","gloss":"allotted"},{"surface":"aanmoedigingsgelden","lemma":"aanmoedigingsgeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of bezwaren","gloss":"bounties"},{"surface":"bezwaren","lemma":"bezwaren","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"burden"},{"surface":"daarentegen","lemma":"daarentegen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezwaren","gloss":"on the other hand"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of inkoopprijs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inkoopprys","lemma":"inkoopprijs","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of bezwaren","gloss":"purchase price"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of afwerpen","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the causal clause","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ten-slotte","lemma":"ten slotte","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afwerpen","gloss":"ultimately"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheele","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaak","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of afwerpen","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"winst","lemma":"winst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afwerpen","gloss":"profit"},{"surface":"afwerpen","lemma":"afwerpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moet","gloss":"yield"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of afwerpen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden gevonden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of winst","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"winst","lemma":"winst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gevonden","gloss":"profit"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevonden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevonden","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive construction","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of niet anders ... dan comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means expressed by uitbetalen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zóóveel","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"zóóveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of uitbetalen","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Javaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"indirect object of uitbetalen","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"uittebetalen","lemma":"uitbetalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical joined spelling","role":"complement of door","gloss":"paying"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sterve","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of sterve","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterve","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sterve","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"honger","lemma":"honger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun referring to preceding situation; subject of verminderen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voortbrengende","lemma":"voortbrengend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kracht","gloss":"productive"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verminderen","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"introduces genitive modifier natie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"natie","lemma":"natie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of kracht","gloss":"nation"},{"surface":"verminderen","lemma":"verminderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"diminish"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verminderen","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h5-s125","source":"Ook aan de europesche beambten wordt een belooning uitbetaald in evenredigheid met de opbrengst.","translation":"To the European officials, too, a reward is paid in proportion to the yield.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s125.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ook aan de europesche beambten wordt een belooning uitbetaald","title":"Worden-passive with fronted dative","body":"Fronting the dative phrase Ook aan de ... beambten triggers V2 (wordt second); the participle uitbetaald (separable uitbetalen) closes the process-passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beambten","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beambten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical spelling","role":"modifies beambten","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of uitbetaald","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of belooning","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"belooning","lemma":"beloning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive uitbetaald","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"uitbetaald","lemma":"uitbetalen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking evenredigheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"evenredigheid","lemma":"evenredigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"proportion"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opbrengst","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opbrengst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opbrengst","lemma":"opbrengst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"yield"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h5-s126","source":"Wel wordt dus de arme Javaan voorgezweept door dubbel gezag, wel wordt hy dikwyls afgetrokken van zyn rystvelden, wel is hongersnood vaak 't gevolg van deze maatregelen, doch ... vroolyk wapperen te Batavia, te Samarang, te Soerabaja, te Passaroean, te Bezoeki, te Probolingo, te Patjitan, te Tjilatjap, de vlaggen aan boord der schepen, die beladen worden met de oogsten die Nederland ryk maken. Hongersnood?","translation":"Thus the poor Javanese is indeed driven on by a double authority; he is indeed often torn away from his rice fields; famine is indeed often the consequence of these measures; and yet ... gaily, at Batavia, at Samarang, at Soerabaja, at Passaroean, at Bezoeki, at Probolingo, at Patjitan, at Tjilatjap, flutter the flags aboard the ships being loaded with the harvests that make the Netherlands rich. Famine?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wel wordt dus de arme Javaan voorgezweept ... wel wordt hy ... afgetrokken","title":"Anaphoric Wel ... + worden-passives","body":"Each clause opens with concessive Wel ('indeed'), forcing inversion wordt ... and stacking process-passives (voorgezweept, afgetrokken) whose separable participles land at the end. The doch ... turns to the bitterly gay flags."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgezweept","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of voorgezweept","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgezweept","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Javaan","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of passive voorgezweept","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"voorgezweept","lemma":"voortzwepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"driven on"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezag","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"dubbel","lemma":"dubbel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gezag","gloss":"double"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"agent complement of door","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgetrokken","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of afgetrokken","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of passive afgetrokken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgetrokken","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"afgetrokken","lemma":"aftrekken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"torn away"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rystvelden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of rijstvelden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rystvelden","lemma":"rijstveld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"rice fields"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hongersnood to gevolg","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hongersnood","lemma":"hongersnood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"famine"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"consequence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maatregelen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maatregelen","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"maatregelen","lemma":"maatregel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"measures"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"vroolyk","lemma":"vrolijk","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies wapperen","gloss":"gaily"},{"surface":"wapperen","lemma":"wapperen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"flutter"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Samarang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Samarang","lemma":"Semarang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Samarang"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Soerabaja","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Soerabaja","lemma":"Surabaya","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Soerabaja"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Passaroean","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Passaroean","lemma":"Pasuruan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Passaroean"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bezoeki","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Bezoeki","lemma":"Besuki","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Bezoeki"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Probolingo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Probolingo","lemma":"Probolinggo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Probolingo"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Patjitan","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Patjitan","lemma":"Pacitan","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Patjitan"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tjilatjap","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Tjilatjap","lemma":"Cilacap","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of te","gloss":"Tjilatjap"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vlaggen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vlaggen","lemma":"vlag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of wapperen","gloss":"flags"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase aan boord","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"boord","lemma":"boord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of fixed phrase aan boord","gloss":"board"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"introduces genitive modifier schepen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"schepen","lemma":"schip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of boord","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun referring to schepen; subject of worden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"beladen","lemma":"beladen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in passive construction","gloss":"loaded"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of beladen","gloss":"are being"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogsten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogsten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogsten","lemma":"oogst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"harvests"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"relative pronoun referring to oogsten; subject of maken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of Nederland","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"Hongersnood","lemma":"hongersnood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical rhetorical question","gloss":"Famine"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h5-s127","source":"Op het ryke vruchtbare gezegende Java, hongersnood? Ja, lezer.","translation":"On rich, fertile, blessed Java, famine? Yes, reader.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s127.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Op het ryke vruchtbare gezegende Java","title":"Stacked attributive adjectives in -e","body":"After het, all three attributive adjectives take -e: ryke, vruchtbare, gezegende. The bare apostrophe to the lezer ('reader') breaks the syntax for rhetorical force."}],"words":[{"surface":"Op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Java","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ryke","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical spelling","role":"modifies Java","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"vruchtbare","lemma":"vruchtbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Java","gloss":"fertile"},{"surface":"gezegende","lemma":"gezegend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Java","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"hongersnood","lemma":"hongersnood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical rhetorical question located by op Java","gloss":"famine"},{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative answer","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"reader"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h5-s128","source":"Voor weinige jaren zyn geheele distrikten uitgestorven van honger. Moeders boden hun kinderen te-koop voor spyze.","translation":"A few years ago whole districts died out from hunger. Mothers offered their children for sale in exchange for food.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s128.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Voor weinige jaren zyn geheele distrikten uitgestorven van honger","title":"Perfect of motion verb with zijn","body":"uitsterven ('to die out') takes zijn in the perfect: zyn ... uitgestorven. Fronting Voor weinige jaren ('a few years ago') gives the V2 inversion zyn ... distrikten."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Moeders boden hun kinderen te-koop voor spyze","title":"Strong past boden","body":"boden is the strong plural past of bieden ('offered'). The blunt simple past suits the documentary horror of the sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite adjective","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of uitgestorven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"geheele","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies distrikten","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"distrikten","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, plural, historical spelling","role":"subject of uitgestorven","gloss":"districts"},{"surface":"uitgestorven","lemma":"uitsterven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died out"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking honger","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"honger","lemma":"honger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"Moeders","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of boden","gloss":"Mothers"},{"surface":"boden","lemma":"bieden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of kinderen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of boden","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"te-koop","lemma":"te koop","morphology":"adverbial phrase, historical hyphenation","role":"predicative complement of kinderen","gloss":"for sale"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spijs","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"spyze","lemma":"spijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"food"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"h5-s129","source":"Moeders hebben hun kinderen gegeten ... Maar toen heeft zich 't moederland met die zaak bemoeid.","translation":"Mothers have eaten their children ... But then the mother country took the matter in hand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Moeders hebben hun kinderen gegeten","title":"Present perfect hebben ... gegeten","body":"hebben + the strong participle gegeten ('have eaten') — the perfect chosen over the simple past to make the act feel present and irrefutable."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen heeft zich 't moederland met die zaak bemoeid","title":"Reflexive zich bemoeien, perfect","body":"zich bemoeien met ('to concern oneself with') is reflexive; in the perfect heeft zich ... bemoeid, fronting toen inverts heeft before the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Moeders","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of gegeten","gloss":"Mothers"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gegeten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun","role":"possessor of kinderen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of gegeten","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"gegeten","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"eaten"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bemoeid","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bemoeid","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of bemoeid","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of bemoeid","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moederland","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moederland","lemma":"moederland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bemoeid","gloss":"mother country"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaak","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bemoeid","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"bemoeid","lemma":"bemoeien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"concerned"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"h5-s130","source":"In de raadzalen der volksvertegenwoordiging is men daarover ontevreden geweest, en de toenmalige Landvoogd heeft bevelen moeten geven, dat men de uitbreiding der dusgenaamde europesche-marktprodukten voortaan niet weder zou voortzetten tot hongersnood toe ...","translation":"In the council chambers of the people's representatives there was discontent over it, and the Governor-General of the time had to issue orders that the expansion of the so-called European-market produce should henceforth no longer be carried so far as to bring on famine ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s130.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heeft ... bevelen moeten geven","title":"Modal in the perfect: moeten geven","body":"When a modal governs an infinitive in the perfect, the modal appears as a bare infinitive too (the 'Infinitivus pro Participio'): heeft ... moeten geven, not 'gemoeten'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men ... niet weder zou voortzetten tot hongersnood toe","title":"Conditional zou voortzetten in a dat-clause","body":"zou + voortzetten ('should no longer carry on'); the separable voortzetten stays whole under the conditional at the clause end. weder is archaic for 'again'."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking raadzalen","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of raadzalen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"raadzalen","lemma":"raadzaal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"council chambers"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"introduces genitive modifier volksvertegenwoordiging","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"volksvertegenwoordiging","lemma":"volksvertegenwoordiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of raadzalen","gloss":"people's representatives"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"daarover","lemma":"daarover","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontevreden","gloss":"about it"},{"surface":"ontevreden","lemma":"ontevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"dissatisfied"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main copular verb of first clause","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Landvoogd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toenmalige","lemma":"toenmalig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Landvoogd","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Landvoogd","lemma":"landvoogd","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary governing moeten geven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"bevelen","lemma":"bevel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal infinitive governing geven","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of the clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voortzetten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voortzetten","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitbreiding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitbreiding","lemma":"uitbreiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voortzetten","gloss":"expansion"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"introduces genitive modifier europesche-marktprodukten","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"dusgenaamde","lemma":"dusgenaamd","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic","role":"modifies europesche-marktprodukten","gloss":"so-called"},{"surface":"europesche-marktprodukten","lemma":"Europees marktproduct","morphology":"noun, plural, historical spelling and hyphenation","role":"genitive modifier of uitbreiding","gloss":"European-market produce"},{"surface":"voortaan","lemma":"voortaan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voortzetten","gloss":"henceforth"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voortzetten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb, archaic form","role":"modifies voortzetten","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voortzetten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"voortzetten","lemma":"voortzetten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of subordinate clause","gloss":"continue"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of circumposition tot ... toe","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hongersnood","lemma":"hongersnood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of circumposition tot ... toe","gloss":"famine"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"second part of circumposition tot ... toe","gloss":"as far as"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"h5-s131","source":"Ik ben daar bitter geworden. Wat zoudt ge denken van iemand die zulke zaken kon neerschryven zonder bitterheid?","translation":"I have grown bitter over this. What would you think of a man who could set down such things without bitterness?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat zoudt ge denken van iemand die ...","title":"Archaic ge + conditional zoudt","body":"ge is the literary second person of 1860, and zoudt its old conditional form ('what would you think'). Multatuli buttonholes his reader in solemn register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ben daar bitter geworden","title":"Perfect with zijn + pronominal daar","body":"worden takes zijn: ben ... geworden ('have grown'); daar is a pronominal adverb ('over that') pointing back to the famine."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geworden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of geworden","gloss":"over this"},{"surface":"bitter","lemma":"bitter","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement with geworden","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of denken","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"zoudt","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of denken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of denken","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement iemand","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neerschryven","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of neerschryven","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of neerschryven","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"neerschryven","lemma":"neerschrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause on iemand","gloss":"write down","note":"Historical spelling of modern neerschrijven."},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement bitterheid","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"bitterheid","lemma":"bitterheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"bitterness"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"h5-s132","source":"My blyft over te spreken van de laatste en voornaamste soort der inkomsten van inlandsche hoofden: het willekeurig beschikken over personen en eigendommen hunner onderhoorigen.","translation":"It remains for me to speak of the last and chief sort of income belonging to the native chiefs: the arbitrary disposal of the persons and property of their subjects.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"My blyft over te spreken van ...","title":"Separable overblijven + dative My","body":"overblijven ('to remain') splits as blyft ... over; My is the old dative ('to me'), fronted: 'It remains for me to speak'. The te-infinitive te spreken completes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"My","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, first-person singular","role":"indirect object of blyft","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"remains"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"particle of blyft","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of blyft","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement soort","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies soort","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates laatste and voornaamste","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voornaamste","lemma":"voornaam","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies soort","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive plural","role":"determiner of inkomsten","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"inkomsten","lemma":"inkomst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of soort","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement hoofden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hoofden","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of nominalized beschikken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"willekeurig","lemma":"willekeurig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies nominalized beschikken","gloss":"arbitrary"},{"surface":"beschikken","lemma":"beschikken","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"apposition explaining soort","gloss":"disposal"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complements personen and eigendommen","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of over","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates personen and eigendommen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eigendommen","lemma":"eigendom","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated complement of over","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"hunner","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural","role":"determiner of onderhoorigen","gloss":"of their"},{"surface":"onderhoorigen","lemma":"onderhorige","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive dependent of personen and eigendommen","gloss":"subjects"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"h5-s133","source":"Volgens het algemeen begrip in byna geheel Azie, behoort de onderdaan met al wat hy bezit, aan den vorst.","translation":"According to the general notion throughout almost the whole of Asia, the subject, with all that he possesses, belongs to the prince.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s133.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"behoort de onderdaan met al wat hy bezit, aan den vorst","title":"Fronted phrase + inversion; dative aan den vorst","body":"Volgens het algemeen begrip ... fronted forces inversion behoort de onderdaan; behoren aan ('to belong to') governs the dative den vorst. wat hy bezit is a free relative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Volgens","lemma":"volgens","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement begrip","gloss":"According to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of begrip","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"algemeen","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies begrip","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"begrip","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of volgens","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement Azië","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geheel","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies Azië","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"Azie","lemma":"Azië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of in","gloss":"Asia","note":"Historical spelling omits the modern diaeresis."},{"surface":"behoort","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"belongs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of onderdaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderdaan","lemma":"onderdaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of behoort","gloss":"subject"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces accompanying phrase al wat hy bezit","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"head of complement of met","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of bezit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of bezit","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bezit","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on al","gloss":"possesses"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement vorst","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, dative masculine singular","role":"determiner of vorst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorst","lemma":"vorst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"prince"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"h5-s134","source":"Dit is ook op Java het geval, en de afstammelingen of verwanten der vroegere vorsten maken gaarne gebruik van de onkunde der bevolking, die niet recht begrypt dat haar Tommongong of Adhipatti of Pangerang thans een bezoldigd ambtenaar is die zyn eigen en hare rechten voor een bepaald inkomen verkocht heeft, en dat dus de schraal beloonde arbeid in koffituin of suikerveld, in de plaats getreden is van de belastingen die vroeger door de heeren des lands van de opgezetenen gevorderd werden.","translation":"This is the case on Java as well, and the descendants or kinsmen of the former princes gladly make use of the ignorance of the population, which does not rightly grasp that its Tommongong or Adhipatti or Pangerang is now a salaried official who has sold his own rights and theirs for a fixed income, and that the scantily paid labor in coffee garden or sugar field has therefore taken the place of the taxes that the lords of the land formerly exacted from the inhabitants.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s134.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die niet recht begrypt dat haar Tommongong ... een ... ambtenaar is","title":"Relative die + embedded dat-clause","body":"die opens the relative clause (verb begrypt), which embeds a dat-clause whose verb is lands at the end — and a further dat-clause with getreden is."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de belastingen die ... gevorderd werden","title":"Worden-passive past gevorderd werden","body":"werden + gevorderd ('were exacted') is the past process-passive; door de heeren des lands names the agent, with the genitive des lands ('of the land')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"koffituin, suikerveld","title":"koffituin / suikerveld — forced-crop compounds","body":"Right-headed compounds: koffi + tuin ('coffee garden') and suiker + veld ('sugar field'). They name the very plantations of the Cultivation System that replaced the old tax in the Javanese peasant's life."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking Dit and geval","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the locative phrase op Java","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of afstammelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afstammelingen","lemma":"afstammeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"descendants"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates afstammelingen and verwanten","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"verwanten","lemma":"verwant","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated subject of maken","gloss":"kinsmen"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive plural","role":"determiner of vorsten","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vroegere","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vorsten","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"vorsten","lemma":"vorst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive dependent of afstammelingen and verwanten","gloss":"princes"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the second main clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement onkunde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of onkunde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onkunde","lemma":"onkunde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"ignorance"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive singular","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of onkunde","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begrypt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates begrypt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrypt","gloss":"rightly"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on bevolking","gloss":"grasps","note":"Historical spelling of modern begrijpt."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces first object clause of begrypt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of coordinated titles","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"Tommongong","lemma":"Tommongong","morphology":"noun, title, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of is","gloss":"Tommongong"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Tommongong and Adhipatti","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"noun, title, singular","role":"coordinated subject of is","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Adhipatti and Pangerang","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Pangerang","lemma":"Pangerang","morphology":"noun, title, singular","role":"coordinated subject of is","gloss":"Pangerang"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of ambtenaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bezoldigd","lemma":"bezoldigd","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies ambtenaar","gloss":"salaried"},{"surface":"ambtenaar","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking titles and ambtenaar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verkocht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of omitted rechten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, substantivized","role":"direct object of verkocht with omitted rechten","gloss":"own rights"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates eigen and rechten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of rechten","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"rechten","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated direct object of verkocht","gloss":"rights"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces price complement inkomen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of inkomen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bepaald","lemma":"bepaald","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies inkomen","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"inkomen","lemma":"inkomen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"verkocht","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on ambtenaar","gloss":"sold"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of verkocht","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates two object clauses of begrypt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second object clause of begrypt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies getreden","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schraal","lemma":"schraal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beloonde","gloss":"scantily"},{"surface":"beloonde","lemma":"belonen","morphology":"adjective, past participial, inflected","role":"modifies arbeid","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is getreden","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces workplace complement","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"koffituin","lemma":"koffietuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"coffee garden","note":"Historical spelling of modern koffietuin."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates koffituin and suikerveld","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"suikerveld","lemma":"suikerveld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated complement of in","gloss":"sugar field"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of fixed phrase in de plaats van","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"getreden","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of second object clause","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of getreden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes fixed phrase in de plaats van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of belastingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belastingen","lemma":"belasting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"taxes"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of passive gevorderd werden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevorderd","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces passive agent heeren","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of heeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heeren","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of door","gloss":"lords"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive singular","role":"determiner of lands","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"lands","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, genitive singular","role":"genitive dependent of heeren","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement opgezetenen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of opgezetenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opgezetenen","lemma":"opgezetene","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"surface":"gevorderd","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on belastingen","gloss":"exacted"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, past, third-person plural","role":"auxiliary of gevorderd","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"h5-s135","source":"Niets is dus gewoner dan dat honderde huisgezinnen van verren afstand worden opgeroepen om zonder betaling velden te bewerken, die den Regent toebehooren.","translation":"Nothing, then, is more common than that hundreds of households are summoned from a great distance to work, without payment, fields that belong to the Regent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s135.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Niets is dus gewoner dan dat honderde huisgezinnen ... worden opgeroepen","title":"Comparative gewoner dan + dat-clause","body":"gewoner ... dan ('more common than') compares against a whole dat-clause; inside it the worden-passive worden opgeroepen ('are summoned') is verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om zonder betaling velden te bewerken, die den Regent toebehooren","title":"Purpose om ... te + dative toebehooren","body":"om ... te bewerken ('to work') is a purpose clause; toebehooren ('to belong to') governs the dative den Regent in the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Nothing"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking Niets and gewoner","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"gewoner","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"more common"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause after dan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"honderde","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"indefinite numeral, plural","role":"quantifies huisgezinnen","gloss":"hundreds of"},{"surface":"huisgezinnen","lemma":"huisgezin","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of passive worden opgeroepen","gloss":"households"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement afstand","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"verren","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies afstand","gloss":"a great"},{"surface":"afstand","lemma":"afstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, present, third-person plural","role":"auxiliary of opgeroepen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"opgeroepen","lemma":"oproepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"summoned"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive bewerken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement betaling","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"betaling","lemma":"betaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"velden","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bewerken","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bewerken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewerken","lemma":"bewerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of opgeroepen","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of toebehooren","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, dative masculine singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of toebehooren","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"toebehooren","lemma":"toebehoren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on velden","gloss":"belong","note":"Historical spelling of modern toebehoren."}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"h5-s136","source":"Niets is gewoner dan het onbetaald verstrekken van levensmiddelen ten-behoeve der hofhouding van den Regent. En wanneer die Regent een gevallig oog mocht slaan op het paard, den buffel, de dochter, de vrouw, van den geringen man, zou men 't ongehoord vinden, als deze den onvoorwaardelyken afstand van het begeerd voorwerp weigerde.","translation":"Nothing is more common than the unpaid supplying of provisions for the upkeep of the Regent's household. And should that Regent cast a covetous eye upon the horse, the buffalo, the daughter, the wife of the humble man, it would be thought unheard-of were the latter to refuse the unconditional surrender of the coveted object.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer die Regent een gevallig oog mocht slaan op ...","title":"wanneer + tentative modal mocht slaan","body":"wanneer ('whenever, should') subordinates; mocht slaan ('should cast') is the past-subjunctive modal giving a hypothetical, with the verb cluster at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou men 't ongehoord vinden, als deze ... weigerde","title":"Conditional zou ... vinden + als-clause","body":"zou ... vinden ('would find it'); als ('if') opens the verb-final condition weigerde ('refused'). The whole sentence enacts an unreal scenario."}],"words":[{"surface":"Niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Nothing"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking Niets and gewoner","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gewoner","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"more common"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison phrase","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of nominalized verstrekken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onbetaald","lemma":"onbetaald","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies nominalized verstrekken","gloss":"unpaid"},{"surface":"verstrekken","lemma":"verstrekken","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"head of comparison phrase","gloss":"supplying"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement levensmiddelen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"levensmiddelen","lemma":"levensmiddel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"provisions"},{"surface":"ten-behoeve","lemma":"ten behoeve","morphology":"compound preposition","role":"introduces complement hofhouding","gloss":"for the benefit","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern ten behoeve."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive singular","role":"determiner of hofhouding","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hofhouding","lemma":"hofhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of ten-behoeve","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, dative masculine singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of mocht slaan","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevallig","lemma":"gevallig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies oog","gloss":"covetous"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of slaan","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of slaan","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"slaan","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces coordinated objects","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of paard","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"paard","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"horse"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, accusative masculine singular","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated complement of op","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of dochter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated complement of op","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated complement of op","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor man","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, dative masculine singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geringen","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies man","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of vinden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vinden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ongehoord","lemma":"ongehoord","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement with vinden","gloss":"unheard-of"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of main clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of weigerde","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, accusative masculine singular","role":"determiner of afstand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onvoorwaardelyken","lemma":"onvoorwaardelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies afstand","gloss":"unconditional","note":"Historical spelling of modern onvoorwaardelijke."},{"surface":"afstand","lemma":"afstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weigerde","gloss":"surrender"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement voorwerp","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of voorwerp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begeerd","lemma":"begeren","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"modifies voorwerp","gloss":"coveted"},{"surface":"voorwerp","lemma":"voorwerp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"object"},{"surface":"weigerde","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of clause introduced by als","gloss":"refused"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"h5-s137","source":"Er zyn Regenten, die van zoodanige willekeurige beschikkingen een matig gebruik maken, en niet meer van den geringen man vorderen, dan tot het ophouden van hun rang volstrekt noodig is.","translation":"There are Regents who make a moderate use of such arbitrary dispositions, and demand no more of the humble man than is strictly necessary to maintain their rank.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er zyn Regenten, die ... een matig gebruik maken","title":"Existential er + relative die","body":"Er zyn Regenten ('There are Regents') introduces an indefinite plural with er, then qualifies them with a verb-final relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb with zyn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"Regenten","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"Regents"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of maken and vorderen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing complement of gebruik","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies beschikkingen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"willekeurige","lemma":"willekeurig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies beschikkingen","gloss":"arbitrary"},{"surface":"beschikkingen","lemma":"beschikking","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"dispositions"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebruik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"matig","lemma":"matig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gebruik","gloss":"moderate"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on Regenten","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates maken and vorderen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet meer, modifying vorderen","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"part of niet meer, object quantity of vorderen","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the person from whom something is demanded","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geringen","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies man","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"vorderen","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated verb with maken","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the comparative limit of niet meer","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose complement of noodig","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"marks ophouden as a nominalized infinitive","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ophouden","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"complement of tot; subject of is","gloss":"maintenance"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of ophouden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural possessor","role":"determiner of rang","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodig","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with noodig","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"h5-s138","source":"Anderen gaan iets verder, en geheel-en-al ontbreekt deze onwettigheid nergens.","translation":"Others go somewhat further, and nowhere is this unlawfulness wholly absent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"geheel-en-al ontbreekt deze onwettigheid nergens","title":"Single negation nergens with inversion","body":"Fronting geheel-en-al inverts ontbreekt deze onwettigheid; nergens ('nowhere') is the lone negative — Dutch allows only one per clause, so 'nowhere is it absent' means it is everywhere."}],"words":[{"surface":"Anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of gaan","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun used adverbially","role":"degree modifier of verder","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies gaan","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geheel-en-al","lemma":"geheel en al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontbreekt","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"ontbreekt","lemma":"ontbreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"is absent"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onwettigheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"onwettigheid","lemma":"onwettigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ontbreekt","gloss":"unlawfulness"},{"surface":"nergens","lemma":"nergens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontbreekt","gloss":"nowhere"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"h5-s139","source":"Het is dan ook moeielyk ja onmogelyk, zoodanig misbruik geheel uitteroeien, daar het diep geworteld is in den aard der bevolking zelf die er onder lydt.","translation":"It is therefore difficult, indeed impossible, to root out such abuse entirely, since it is deeply rooted in the very nature of the population that suffers under it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"moeielyk ja onmogelyk, zoodanig misbruik geheel uitteroeien","title":"Extraposed te-infinitive uitteroeien","body":"uitteroeien (uit-te-roeien, 'to root out', joined 1860 spelling) is an extraposed te-infinitive standing as the real subject of is ... moeielyk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar het diep geworteld is in den aard der bevolking","title":"Causal daar + zijn-passive geworteld is","body":"daar ('since') subordinates; geworteld is is a state-passive ('is rooted'). der bevolking is the genitive ('of the population')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with moeielyk","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with moeielyk and onmogelyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, marking consequence","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, marking consequence","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"intensifies the correction to onmogelyk","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"onmogelyk","lemma":"onmogelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"impossible","note":"Historical spelling of onmogelijk."},{"surface":"zoodanig","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies misbruik","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uitteroeien","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitteroeien","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"uitteroeien","lemma":"uitroeien","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival subject of is moeielyk/onmogelyk","gloss":"to root out","note":"Historical fused spelling of uit te roeien."},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geworteld","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is geworteld","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geworteld","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"geworteld","lemma":"wortelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"rooted"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with geworteld","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of what is rooted","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of aard","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of aard","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes bevolking","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of lydt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of onder, referring to misbruik","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"combines with er as eronder","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"lydt","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on bevolking","gloss":"suffers","note":"Lydt is a historical spelling of lijdt."}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"h5-s140","source":"De Javaan is gul, vooral waar het te doen is om een bewys te geven van gehechtheid aan zyn Hoofd, aan den afstammeling van hen wien zyn vaderen gehoorzaamden.","translation":"The Javanese is openhanded, above all where it is a matter of giving proof of his attachment to his Chief, to the descendant of those whom his fathers obeyed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan den afstammeling van hen wien zyn vaderen gehoorzaamden","title":"Dative relative wien","body":"wien is the dative relative ('to whom'); gehoorzamen ('to obey') governs the dative, so 'those whom his fathers obeyed'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with gul","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gul","lemma":"gul","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"openhanded"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the clause waar het te doen is","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces an adverbial clause modifying gul","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive subject of is te doen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of idiom het is te doen om","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of waar-clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes idiom het is te doen om and introduces geven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewys","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bewys","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"proof","note":"Bewys is a historical spelling of bewijs."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks geven as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of om","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces what the proof demonstrates","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gehechtheid","lemma":"gehechtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"attachment"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of gehechtheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular possessor","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first complement of aan","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces appositional second object of gehechtheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of afstammeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afstammeling","lemma":"afstammeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second complement of aan; apposition to Hoofd","gloss":"descendant"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the ancestors of afstammeling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"personal pronoun, plural","role":"complement of van; antecedent of wien","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, oblique","role":"object of gehoorzaamden","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular possessor","role":"determiner of vaderen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vaderen","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of gehoorzaamden","gloss":"fathers"},{"surface":"gehoorzaamden","lemma":"gehoorzamen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on hen","gloss":"obeyed"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"h5-s141","source":"Ja, hy zou meenen te-kort te doen aan den eerbied dien hy aan zyn erfelyken heer verschuldigd is, wanneer hy zonder geschenken diens kratoon betrad.","translation":"Indeed, he would feel that he fell short of the reverence he owes his hereditary lord were he to set foot in his kraton without gifts.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s141.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy zou meenen te-kort te doen ... wanneer hy ... diens kratoon betrad","title":"Conditional zou meenen + genitive diens","body":"zou meenen ('would feel'); the te-infinitive te-kort te doen ('to fall short'); and the genitive demonstrative diens ('his', i.e. the lord's) in the wanneer-clause betrad ('set foot in')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection introducing the statement","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, singular","role":"subject of zou meenen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of meenen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"meenen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main lexical verb governed by zou","gloss":"feel","note":"Meenen is a historical spelling of menen."},{"surface":"te-kort","lemma":"tekort","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable element of te-kort doen","gloss":"fall short"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of meenen; combines with te-kort","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the respect affected by te-kort doen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of eerbied","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerbied","lemma":"eerbied","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"reverence"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of verschuldigd; refers to eerbied","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is verschuldigd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the person to whom reverence is owed","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular possessor","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"erfelyken","lemma":"erfelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies heer","gloss":"hereditary"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"verschuldigd","lemma":"verschuldigd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"owes"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with verschuldigd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a hypothetical condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, singular","role":"subject of betrad","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geschenken","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"geschenken","lemma":"geschenk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"diens","lemma":"die","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of kratoon","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kratoon","lemma":"kraton","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of betrad","gloss":"kraton","note":"A kraton is a Javanese ruler's palace or court."},{"surface":"betrad","lemma":"betreden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"entered"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"h5-s142","source":"Zulke geschenken zyn dan ook dikwyls van zoo weinig waarde, dat het afwyzen iets vernederends zou in zich sluiten, en vaak is alzoo deze gewoonte eerder te vergelyken met de hulde van een kind dat zyn liefde tot den vader tracht te uiten door 't aanbieden van een klein geschenk, dan optevatten als schatting aan dwingelandsche willekeur.","translation":"Such gifts are then often of so little value that to refuse them would carry something humiliating in itself, and thus this custom is often more to be likened to the homage of a child who seeks to express his love for his father by offering a small present, than to be construed as tribute paid to tyrannical caprice.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat het afwyzen iets vernederends zou in zich sluiten","title":"Nominalised infinitive het afwyzen","body":"het afwyzen ('the refusing') is an infinitive used as the neuter subject noun; iets vernederends ('something humiliating') takes the -s after iets, and zou ... sluiten is conditional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan optevatten als schatting aan dwingelandsche willekeur","title":"Comparison eerder ... dan + te-infinitives","body":"eerder te vergelyken ... dan optevatten ('rather to be likened ... than to be construed') pairs two te-infinitives (optevatten = op-te-vatten) across a dan comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of geschenken","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"geschenken","lemma":"geschenk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula with van ... waarde","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, marking consequence","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, marking consequence","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement waarde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of weinig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifying adjective","role":"modifies waarde","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"waarde","lemma":"waarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"marks afwyzen as a nominalized infinitive","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afwyzen","lemma":"afwijzen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou sluiten","gloss":"refusing","note":"Afwyzen is a historical spelling of afwijzen."},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of sluiten","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"vernederends","lemma":"vernederend","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"humiliating"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of sluiten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of in zich, modifying sluiten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive complement of in","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"sluiten","lemma":"sluiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"carry"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is te vergelyken","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb with infinitival predicates vergelyken and optevatten","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"alzoo","lemma":"alzo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the second main clause","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gewoonte","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"gewoonte","lemma":"gewoonte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"custom"},{"surface":"eerder","lemma":"eerder","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies te vergelyken","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks vergelyken as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vergelyken","lemma":"vergelijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first infinitival predicate governed by is","gloss":"be likened","note":"Vergelyken is a historical spelling of vergelijken."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison complement of vergelyken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hulde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hulde","lemma":"hulde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"homage"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor/source of hulde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of tracht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular possessor","role":"determiner of liefde","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uiten","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of liefde","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"tracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on kind","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks uiten as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"uiten","lemma":"uiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of tracht","gloss":"express"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means of uiten","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"marks aanbieden as a nominalized infinitive","gloss":"the","note":"'t is a contraction of het."},{"surface":"aanbieden","lemma":"aanbieden","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"offering"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of aanbieden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschenk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geschenk","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"geschenk","lemma":"geschenk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces second term of eerder ... dan comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"optevatten","lemma":"opvatten","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"second infinitival predicate governed by is","gloss":"to be construed","note":"Historical fused spelling of op te vatten."},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement of optevatten","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"schatting","lemma":"schatting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of optevatten","gloss":"tribute"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object associated with schatting","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dwingelandsche","lemma":"dwingelands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies willekeur","gloss":"tyrannical"},{"surface":"willekeur","lemma":"willekeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"caprice"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"h5-s143","source":"Maar ... aldus wordt door een lief gebruik, de afschaffing van misbruik belemmerd.","translation":"But ... in this way a dear custom hinders the abolition of abuse.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s143.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aldus wordt door een lief gebruik, de afschaffing van misbruik belemmerd","title":"Worden-passive, fronted adverb","body":"Fronting aldus ('in this way') inverts wordt; the agent door een lief gebruik ('by a dear custom') sits inside, and the participle belemmerd ('hindered') closes the process-passive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting main clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"aldus","lemma":"aldus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies belemmerd","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of belemmerd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of the passive clause","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebruik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lief","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gebruik","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"agent complement of door","gloss":"custom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afschaffing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afschaffing","lemma":"afschaffing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wordt belemmerd","gloss":"abolition"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of afschaffing","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"belemmerd","lemma":"belemmeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"hindered"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"h5-s144","source":"Indien de aloen-aloen voor de woning van den Regent in verwilderden staat lag, zou de nabywonende bevolking hierover beschaamd wezen, en er ware veel gezags noodig om haar te beletten dat plein van onkruid te reinigen, en het te brengen in een staat die met den rang des Regents overeenstemt.","translation":"If the aloen-aloen before the Regent's dwelling lay in a neglected state, the population living nearby would be ashamed of it, and much authority would be needed to keep them from clearing that square of weeds and bringing it into a state befitting the Regent's rank.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s144.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Indien de aloen-aloen ... in verwilderden staat lag","title":"Indien-conditional, verb-final","body":"Indien ('if', formal) opens a verb-final condition (lag at the end); the main clause then carries the conditional zou ... beschaamd wezen ('would be ashamed')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"en er ware veel gezags noodig om haar te beletten ...","title":"Subjunctive ware + genitive veel gezags","body":"ware is the past subjunctive of zijn ('there would be'); veel gezags keeps the old partitive genitive -s ('much authority'). The om ... te-clause states the purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lag","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aloen-aloen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aloen-aloen","lemma":"aloen-aloen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"town square","note":"A Javanese aloen-aloen is the large public square before a regent’s residence."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woning","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor; modifies aloen-aloen","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; possessor of woning","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking staat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verwilderden","lemma":"verwilderd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"neglected"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of lag","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nabywonende","lemma":"nabijwonend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"living nearby"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou wezen","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"hierover","lemma":"hierover","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of beschaamd","gloss":"about this"},{"surface":"beschaamd","lemma":"beschaamd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"ashamed"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking bevolking to beschaamd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses of zou wezen and ware","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"quantifies gezags","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"gezags","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, partitive genitive","role":"head of subject of ware","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement with ware","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive beletten","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of beletten","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks infinitive beletten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beletten","lemma":"beletten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on noodig","gloss":"prevent"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of plein","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"plein","lemma":"plein","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of reinigen","gloss":"square"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking what is removed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onkruid","lemma":"onkruid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van with reinigen","gloss":"weeds"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks infinitive reinigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"reinigen","lemma":"reinigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of beletten","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates reinigen and brengen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with reinigen","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking staat","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of staat","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of brengen","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of overeenstemt; refers to staat","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rang","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of rang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of overeenstemt","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive form","role":"determiner of Regents","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Regents","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"possessor of rang","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"overeenstemt","lemma":"overeenstemmen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying staat","gloss":"accords"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"h5-s145","source":"Hiervoor eenige betaling te geven, zou algemeen als een beleediging worden aangemerkt.","translation":"To give any payment for this would generally be regarded as an insult.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s145.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hiervoor","lemma":"hiervoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of betaling","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"betaling","lemma":"betaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival clause serving as subject of zou worden aangemerkt","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangemerkt","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"algemeen","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangemerkt","gloss":"generally"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the predicative complement beleediging","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beleediging","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"beleediging","lemma":"belediging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of aangemerkt","gloss":"insult"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of aangemerkt","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"aangemerkt","lemma":"aanmerken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"regarded"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"h5-s146","source":"Maar naast dien aloen-aloen, of elders, liggen Sawah's die op den ploeg wachten, of op een leiding die het water daarheen moet voeren, dikwyls van mylen ver ... deze Sawah's behooren den Regent.","translation":"But beside that aloen-aloen, or elsewhere, lie sawahs awaiting the plough, or awaiting a channel to carry water to them, often from miles away ... these sawahs belong to the Regent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s146.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"liggen Sawah's die op den ploeg wachten, of op een leiding die ...","title":"Fronted-adverb inversion + relatives","body":"naast dien aloen-aloen fronted inverts liggen Sawah's; two relative clauses (die ... wachten, die ... voeren) trail, each verb-final. dien is the old accusative of die."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aloen-aloen","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of aloen-aloen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aloen-aloen","lemma":"aloen-aloen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of liggen","gloss":"town square"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated locative complement of liggen","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"Sawah's","lemma":"sawah","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"rice fields","note":"A sawah is an irrigated rice field."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of wachten","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ploeg","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of ploeg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ploeg","lemma":"ploeg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of wachten","gloss":"plough"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying Sawah's","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two complements of wachten","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leiding","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leiding","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"leiding","lemma":"leiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of wachten","gloss":"channel"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of voeren","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of water","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of voeren","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"daarheen","lemma":"daarheen","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of voeren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of voeren","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"voeren","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"relative clause on leiding","gloss":"carry"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moet voeren","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mylen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"mylen","lemma":"mijl","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van in the source-distance phrase","gloss":"miles"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the source-distance phrase modifying voeren","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Sawah's","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"Sawah's","lemma":"sawah","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of behooren","gloss":"rice fields"},{"surface":"behooren","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"belong"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of behooren","gloss":"Regent"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"h5-s147","source":"Hy roept, om zyn velden te bewerken of te besproeien, de bevolking van gansche dorpen op, wier eigen Sawah's evenzeer behoefte hebben aan bearbeiding ... ziedaar het misbruik.","translation":"To work or irrigate his fields, he summons the population of whole villages, whose own sawahs are equally in need of tending ... and there is the abuse.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s147.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om zyn velden te bewerken of te besproeien, ... roept ... de bevolking ... op","title":"Fronted om...te + separable oproepen","body":"The purpose clause om ... te bewerken comes first, inverting roept; the separable oproepen splits widely, the prefix op landing far at the end after the heavy object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wier eigen Sawah's evenzeer behoefte hebben aan bearbeiding","title":"Genitive relative wier","body":"wier ('whose', for de-words/plurals) is the genitive relative pointing back to the villages; the clause is verb-final (hebben at the end)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of roept","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"roept","lemma":"oproepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb; combines with separable particle op","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive bewerken","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of velden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"velden","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bewerken","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks infinitive bewerken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewerken","lemma":"bewerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive modifying roept op","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks infinitive besproeien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"besproeien","lemma":"besproeien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with bewerken","gloss":"irrigate"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of roept op","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dorpen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gansche","lemma":"gans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dorpen","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; modifies bevolking","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of roept ... op","gloss":"summons"},{"surface":"wier","lemma":"wier","morphology":"relative possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of Sawah's","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Sawah's","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"Sawah's","lemma":"sawah","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"rice fields"},{"surface":"evenzeer","lemma":"evenzeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebben behoefte","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in hebben behoefte","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying dorpen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bearbeiding","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bearbeiding","lemma":"bearbeiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan; complement of behoefte","gloss":"tending"},{"surface":"ziedaar","lemma":"ziedaar","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"introduces misbruik","gloss":"there is","note":"Ziedaar is a literary presentative meaning “there you have” or “there is.”"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misbruik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"presented noun phrase after ziedaar","gloss":"abuse"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"h5-s148","source":"Dit is aan de Regeering bekend, en wie de staatsbladen leest, waarin de wetten, instruktien en handleidingen voor de ambtenaren bevat zyn, juicht de menschlievendheid toe, die by het ontwerpen daarvan schynt te hebben voorgezeten.","translation":"This is known to the Government, and whoever reads the official gazettes, which contain the laws, instructions, and guidelines for the officials, applauds the humanity that seems to have presided over their drafting.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s148.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie de staatsbladen leest, ... juicht de menschlievendheid toe","title":"Free relative wie + separable toejuichen","body":"wie ('whoever') without antecedent opens a verb-final clause (leest); the main clause inverts juicht ... toe, the separable toejuichen ('applauds') split around the object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die by het ontwerpen daarvan schynt te hebben voorgezeten","title":"schijnen + perfect te-infinitive","body":"schynt te hebben voorgezeten ('seems to have presided') stacks schijnen with a perfect te-infinitive. daarvan ('thereof') is a pronominal adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dit to bekend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bekend","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses of is and juicht toe","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"subject of leest and juicht toe","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of staatsbladen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"staatsbladen","lemma":"staatsblad","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of leest","gloss":"official gazettes"},{"surface":"leest","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the subject clause introduced by wie","gloss":"reads"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause modifying staatsbladen","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wetten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wetten","lemma":"wet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of bevat zyn","gloss":"laws"},{"surface":"instruktien","lemma":"instructie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with wetten","gloss":"instructions"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"handleidingen","lemma":"handleiding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with wetten","gloss":"guidelines"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambtenaren","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambtenaren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ambtenaren","lemma":"ambtenaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor; modifies the coordinated nouns","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"bevat","lemma":"bevatten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in the passive bevat zyn","gloss":"contained"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of bevat","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"juicht","lemma":"toejuichen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb; combines with separable particle toe","gloss":"applauds"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschlievendheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschlievendheid","lemma":"menslievendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of juicht toe","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of juicht ... toe","gloss":"in approval"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of schynt te hebben voorgezeten; refers to menschlievendheid","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontwerpen","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontwerpen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontwerpen","lemma":"ontwerpen","morphology":"nominalized verb, infinitive","role":"object of bij","gloss":"drafting"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of ontwerpen","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks perfect infinitive hebben voorgezeten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of voorgezeten in the perfect infinitive","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"voorgezeten","lemma":"voorzitten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the perfect infinitive","gloss":"presided"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"h5-s149","source":"Alom wordt den Europeaan, met gezag in de binnenlanden bekleed, als een zyner duurste verplichtingen op 't hart gedrukt, de bevolking te beschermen tegen haar eigen onderworpenheid en de hebzucht der Hoofden. En, als ware het niet genoeg, deze verplichting voorteschryven in 't algemeen, er wordt nog van de adsistent-residenten, by de aanvaarding van 't bestuur eener afdeeling, een afzonderlyke eed gevorderd, dat zy deze vaderlyke zorg voor de bevolking zullen beschouwen als een eersten plicht.","translation":"Everywhere it is impressed upon the European, vested with authority in the interior, as one of his most sacred obligations, to protect the population against its own submissiveness and against the rapacity of the Chiefs. And, as though it were not enough to prescribe this obligation in general terms, a separate oath is further required of the assistant residents, on taking charge of the administration of a division, that they will regard this fatherly care for the population as a first duty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s149.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Alom wordt den Europeaan ... op 't hart gedrukt, de bevolking te beschermen","title":"Worden-passive with dative + extraposed te-infinitive","body":"wordt ... op 't hart gedrukt ('is impressed upon') is a process-passive; den Europeaan is the old dative recipient, and the real content is the extraposed te-infinitive de bevolking te beschermen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ware het niet genoeg, deze verplichting voorteschryven","title":"Concessive subjunctive als ware het","body":"als ware het ('as though it were') is a subjunctive concessive; voorteschryven (voor-te-schrijven, 'to prescribe') is a joined-spelling te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er wordt nog ... een afzonderlyke eed gevorderd, dat zy ... zullen beschouwen","title":"Impersonal er + worden-passive","body":"er wordt ... gevorderd ('a separate oath is required') is an impersonal process-passive introduced by er; the dat-clause's future zullen beschouwen sits at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alom","lemma":"alom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wordt","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gedrukt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of gedrukt","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezag","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bekleed","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnenlanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnenlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnenlanden","lemma":"binnenland","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of bekleed","gloss":"interior regions"},{"surface":"bekleed","lemma":"bekleden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial modifier of Europeaan","gloss":"vested"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement verplichtingen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"cardinal numeral used substantively","role":"head of the complement of als","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural","role":"partitive genitive dependent of een","gloss":"of his","note":"Zyner is the old genitive form of zijn: “of his.”"},{"surface":"duurste","lemma":"duur","morphology":"adjective, superlative, plural","role":"modifies verplichtingen","gloss":"most sacred","note":"Duur here means precious or sacred, not expensive."},{"surface":"verplichtingen","lemma":"verplichting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"partitive genitive dependent of een","gloss":"obligations"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom op het hart drukken","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"gedrukt","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of passive clause","gloss":"impressed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beschermen","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beschermen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschermen","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of gedrukt","gloss":"protect"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderworpenheid","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of onderworpenheid","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies onderworpenheid","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"onderworpenheid","lemma":"onderworpenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of beschermen","gloss":"submissiveness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hebzucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hebzucht","lemma":"hebzucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with onderworpenheid","gloss":"rapacity"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive dependent of hebzucht","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gevorderd","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of genoeg","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, subjunctive, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to genoeg","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of genoeg","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genoeg","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ware","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verplichting","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"verplichting","lemma":"verplichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorteschrijven","gloss":"obligation"},{"surface":"voorteschryven","lemma":"voorschrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject of ware","gloss":"to prescribe","note":"Voorteschryven is the old spelling of voor te schrijven, with te placed inside the separable verb."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking algemeen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of algemeen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"algemeen","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective used substantively","role":"object of in","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, expletive","role":"expletive subject of wordt gevorderd","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gevorderd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevorderd","gloss":"further"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adsistent-residenten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-residenten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-residenten","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"assistant residents"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanvaarding","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanvaarding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanvaarding","lemma":"aanvaarding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"taking charge"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestuur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"dependent of aanvaarding","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, feminine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of afdeling","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"dependent of bestuur","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eed","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"afzonderlyke","lemma":"afzonderlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies eed","gloss":"separate"},{"surface":"eed","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gevorderd","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"gevorderd","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"required"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beschouwen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of beschouwen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zorg","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"vaderlyke","lemma":"vaderlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zorg","gloss":"fatherly"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beschouwen","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevolking","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"dependent of zorg","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of beschouwen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"beschouwen","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement plicht","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eersten","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies plicht","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of beschouwen","gloss":"duty"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"h5-s150","source":"Dit is voorzeker een schoone roeping.","translation":"This is assuredly a noble calling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s150.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dit to roeping","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"voorzeker","lemma":"voorzeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"assuredly"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of roeping","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies roeping","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"roeping","lemma":"roeping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"calling"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"h5-s151","source":"Rechtvaardigheid voortestaan, den geringe te beschermen tegen den machtige, den zwakke te beschutten tegen de overmacht van den sterke, het ooilam van den arme terug te vorderen uit de stallen des vorstelyken roovers ... zie, 't is om 't hart te doen gloeien van genot, by 't denkbeeld dat men geroepen is tot iets zóó schoons! En wie in de javasche binnenlanden soms ontevreden moge zyn met standplaats of belooning, hy sla het oog op den verheven plicht die op hem rust, op 't heerlyk genoegen dat de vervulling van zulk een plicht met zich brengt, en hy zal geen andere belooning begeeren.","translation":"To uphold justice, to protect the humble against the powerful, to shield the weak against the overwhelming force of the strong, to reclaim the poor man's ewe lamb from the stalls of the princely robber ... see, it is enough to set the heart aglow with delight at the thought that one is called to something so fine! And whoever, in the Javanese interior, may sometimes be discontented with his post or his pay, let him cast his eye upon the lofty duty that rests on him, upon the glorious satisfaction that the fulfillment of such a duty brings with it, and he will crave no other reward.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s151.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Rechtvaardigheid voortestaan, den geringe te beschermen ...","title":"Chain of te-infinitives as subject","body":"A series of te-infinitives (voortestaan = voor-te-staan, te beschermen, te beschutten, terug te vorderen) forms the heaped subject of 't is ... — a rhetorical crescendo."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy sla het oog op den verheven plicht ... en hy zal geen ... begeeren","title":"Hortative subjunctive sla","body":"sla is the present subjunctive of slaan ('let him cast his eye'), the high prophetic register; geen ... begeeren uses geen to negate an indefinite object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Rechtvaardigheid","lemma":"rechtvaardigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voortestaan","gloss":"Justice"},{"surface":"voortestaan","lemma":"voorstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first infinitive in subject phrase","gloss":"to uphold","note":"Voortestaan is the old spelling of voor te staan, with te inside the separable verb."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of geringe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geringe","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective used substantively, singular","role":"direct object of beschermen","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beschermen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschermen","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with voortestaan","gloss":"protect"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking machtige","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of machtige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"machtige","lemma":"machtig","morphology":"adjective used substantively, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"powerful"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of zwakke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwakke","lemma":"zwak","morphology":"adjective used substantively, singular","role":"direct object of beschutten","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beschutten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschutten","lemma":"beschutten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with beschermen","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overmacht","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overmacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"overmacht","lemma":"overmacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"overwhelming force"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sterke","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of sterke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sterke","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective used substantively, singular","role":"dependent of overmacht","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ooilam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ooilam","lemma":"ooilam","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of terugvorderen","gloss":"ewe lamb"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arme","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of arme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective used substantively, singular","role":"possessor of ooilam","gloss":"poor man"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of terugvorderen","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive terugvorderen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vorderen","lemma":"terugvorderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with beschutten","gloss":"reclaim"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stallen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stallen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stallen","lemma":"stal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"stalls"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of roover","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vorstelyken","lemma":"vorstelijk","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, genitive","role":"modifies roover","gloss":"princely"},{"surface":"roovers","lemma":"rover","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"possessor of stallen","gloss":"robber"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"discourse imperative","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with infinitive clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of infinitive clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"gloeien","lemma":"gloeien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of doen","gloss":"glow"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genot","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"genot","lemma":"genot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gloeien","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking denkbeeld","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geroepen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geroepen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of passive clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iets","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of tot","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schoons","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"schoons","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective used substantively, partitive","role":"dependent of iets","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ontevreden","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ontevreden","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnenlanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnenlanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"javasche","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies binnenlanden","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"binnenlanden","lemma":"binnenland","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of ontevreden","gloss":"interior"},{"surface":"soms","lemma":"soms","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontevreden","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"ontevreden","lemma":"ontevreden","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"discontented"},{"surface":"moge","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, subjunctive, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking wie to ontevreden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking standplaats","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"standplaats","lemma":"standplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ontevreden","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"belooning","lemma":"beloning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with standplaats","gloss":"pay"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sla","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sla","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, subjunctive, present, singular","role":"main verb of exhortation","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of sla","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom het oog slaan op","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verheven","lemma":"verheven","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies plicht","gloss":"lofty"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of rust","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of op","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rusten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"rests"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genoegen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of genoegen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heerlyk","lemma":"heerlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies genoegen","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second object of op","gloss":"satisfaction"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of brengt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vervulling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vervulling","lemma":"vervulling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of brengt","gloss":"fulfillment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plicht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"dependent of vervulling","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom met zich brengen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"object of met","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"brengt","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"brings"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of begeeren","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of begeeren","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of belooning","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies belooning","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"belooning","lemma":"beloning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of begeeren","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"begeeren","lemma":"begeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with zal","gloss":"crave"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"h5-s152","source":"Maar ... gemakkelyk is deze plicht niet.","translation":"But ... this duty is not easy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s152.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gemakkelyk","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking plicht to gemakkelijk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gemakkelijk","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"h5-s153","source":"Vooreerst hebbe men juist te beoordeelen, waar het gebruik heeft opgehouden om voor misbruik plaats te maken? En ... waar het misbruik bestaat, waar inderdaad roof of willekeur gepleegd is, zyn veelal de slachtoffers zelf hieraan medeplichtig, hetzy uit te ver gedreven onderwerping, hetzy uit vrees, hetzy uit wantrouwen op den wil of de macht der persoon die hen beschermen moet.","translation":"First of all, one must judge precisely where use has left off to make room for abuse. And ... where the abuse exists, where robbery or caprice has indeed been committed, the victims themselves are very often accomplices in it, whether out of submission carried too far, or out of fear, or out of distrust of the will or the power of the person who is supposed to protect them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s153.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vooreerst hebbe men juist te beoordeelen, waar het gebruik heeft opgehouden","title":"Subjunctive hebbe + hebben te + infinitive","body":"hebbe men ('let one') is subjunctive; hebben te beoordeelen expresses duty. The indirect question waar ... is verb-final (heeft opgehouden, perfect of separable ophouden)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hetzy uit ... onderwerping, hetzy uit vrees, hetzy uit wantrouwen","title":"Correlative hetzy ... hetzy","body":"hetzy ... hetzy ('whether ... or') is a literary disjunctive correlative listing the motives of the complicit victims."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vooreerst","lemma":"vooreerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying hebbe","gloss":"first of all"},{"surface":"hebbe","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb expressing obligation","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebbe","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beoordeelen","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beoordeelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beoordeelen","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of hebbe","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces indirect question headed by opgehouden","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebruik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of opgehouden","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgehouden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"opgehouden","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of indirect question","gloss":"left off"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause with maken","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in voor misbruik plaats maken","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of opgehouden","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the new main clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces subordinate clause headed by bestaat","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misbruik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bestaat","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"bestaat","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of subordinate waar-clause","gloss":"exists"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces subordinate clause headed by gepleegd is","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gepleegd","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"roof","lemma":"roof","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gepleegd","gloss":"robbery"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"willekeur","lemma":"willekeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with roof","gloss":"caprice"},{"surface":"gepleegd","lemma":"plegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive waar-clause","gloss":"committed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gepleegd","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking slachtoffers to medeplichtig","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"veelal","lemma":"veelal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies medeplichtig","gloss":"very often"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slachtoffers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slachtoffers","lemma":"slachtoffer","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"victims"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"emphasizes slachtoffers","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"hieraan","lemma":"hieraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of medeplichtig","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"medeplichtig","lemma":"medeplichtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"accomplices"},{"surface":"hetzy","lemma":"hetzij","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces first alternative cause","gloss":"whether","note":"Historical spelling of hetzij, used correlatively: whether ... or."},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderwerping","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of ver","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedreven","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"gedreven","lemma":"drijven","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies onderwerping","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"onderwerping","lemma":"onderwerping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"submission"},{"surface":"hetzy","lemma":"hetzij","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces second alternative cause","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrees","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"hetzy","lemma":"hetzij","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces third alternative cause","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wantrouwen","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"wantrouwen","lemma":"wantrouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"distrust"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of wantrouwen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of wil","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"wil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated complement of op","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates wil and macht","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second coordinated complement of op","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive singular","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of wil and macht","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beschermen moet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of beschermen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"beschermen","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"protect"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of beschermen","gloss":"must"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"h5-s154","source":"Ieder weet dat de europesche beambte elk oogenblik kan geroepen worden tot een andere betrekking, en dat de Regent, de machtige Regent, dáár blyft.","translation":"Everyone knows that the European official may at any moment be called to another post, and that the Regent, the powerful Regent, stays put.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s154.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de europesche beambte elk oogenblik kan geroepen worden","title":"Modal + passive infinitive in a dat-clause","body":"kan + geroepen worden ('can be called') stacks a modal over a passive infinitive, all driven to the end of the dat-clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de Regent ... dáár blyft","title":"dáár blyft — 'stays put'","body":"The accented dáár ('there') stresses the asymmetry: the European is transient, while the Regent permanently remains — the structural reason witnesses dare not testify."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces first object clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies beambte","gloss":"European","note":"Europesche is the nineteenth-century spelling of Europese."},{"surface":"beambte","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kan geroepen worden","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"elk","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"time adverbial modifying geroepen worden","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive verb phrase","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betrekking","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betrekking","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies betrekking","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second object clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blijft","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of machtige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"machtige","lemma":"machtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Regent","gloss":"powerful"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Regent","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of blijft","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of second object clause","gloss":"stays","note":"Historical spelling of blijft."}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"h5-s155","source":"Voorts zyn er zoo véél manieren om zich het eigendom van een arm onnoozel mensch toeteëigenen!","translation":"Then again, there are so very many ways of appropriating the property of a poor, simple soul!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s155.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn er zoo véél manieren om zich het eigendom ... toeteëigenen","title":"Existential er + reflexive om...te","body":"zyn er ... manieren ('there are ... ways') uses existential er; the purpose clause om zich ... toeteëigenen (toe-te-eigenen, 'to appropriate to oneself') is reflexive with zich."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voorts","lemma":"voorts","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying zijn","gloss":"then again"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb with zijn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies véél","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"véél","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"quantifies manieren","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"manieren","lemma":"manier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"ways"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause modifying manieren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"indirect reflexive object of toe-eigenen","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eigendom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eigendom","lemma":"eigendom","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of toeteëigenen","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of eigendom","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"onnoozel","lemma":"onnozel","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"simple","note":"Onnoozel is the historical spelling of onnozel, here meaning simple or guileless."},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"toeteëigenen","lemma":"toe-eigenen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of infinitive clause modifying manieren","gloss":"appropriate","note":"Historical closed spelling of toe-eigenen."}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"h5-s156","source":"Als een mantrie hem zegt dat de Regent zyn paard begeert, met dit gevolg dat het begeerde dier weldra plaats heeft gekregen in de stallen van den Regent, bewyst zulks nog volstrekt niet dat deze niet van voornemen was--o, zeker!--daarvoor een hoogen prys te betalen ... te-eeniger-tyd.","translation":"If a mantrie tells him that the Regent covets his horse, with the result that the coveted animal soon finds a place in the Regent's stables, this still proves by no means that the latter did not intend--oh, certainly!--to pay a high price for it ... at some time or other.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s156.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als een mantrie hem zegt dat de Regent zyn paard begeert, ... bewyst zulks ...","title":"Long als-clause then inversion","body":"The als-condition (with an embedded dat-clause begeert and a relative dat ... gekregen) fills the front field, so the main verb bewyst inverts before its subject zulks ('such a thing')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat deze niet van voornemen was ... daarvoor een hoogen prys te betalen","title":"te-infinitive after van voornemen zyn","body":"van voornemen zyn ('to intend') governs a te-infinitive te betalen; the irony rides on the inserted o, zeker! and the trailing te-eeniger-tyd ('at some time or other')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause headed by zegt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mantrie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mantrie","lemma":"mantrie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"mantrie","note":"Mantrie is a colonial-era title for a Javanese official or attendant."},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zegt","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"tells"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of zegt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of begeert","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of paard","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"paard","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of begeert","gloss":"horse"},{"surface":"begeert","lemma":"begeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of object clause","gloss":"covets","note":"Begeert means covets or desires here, not merely asks for."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevolg","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"result"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begeerde","lemma":"begeren","morphology":"adjective, inflected participial","role":"modifies dier","gloss":"coveted"},{"surface":"dier","lemma":"dier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gekregen","gloss":"animal"},{"surface":"weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekregen","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gekregen","gloss":"a place"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekregen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gekregen","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of result clause","gloss":"gotten"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stallen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stallen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stallen","lemma":"stal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"stables"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"bewyst","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"proves","note":"Historical spelling of bewijst."},{"surface":"zulks","lemma":"zulks","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of bewijst","gloss":"this","note":"Zulks is an archaic formal pronoun meaning this or such a thing."},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewijst","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies niet","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates bewijst","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of bewijst","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates van voornemen was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of predicative phrase van voornemen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van in predicative phrase","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking deze to van voornemen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"o","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical affirmation","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of betalen","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of prys","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hoogen","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies prys","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"prys","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of betalen","gloss":"price"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive betalen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"betalen","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of van voornemen was","gloss":"pay"},{"surface":"te-eeniger-tyd","lemma":"te eniger tijd","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"time adverbial modifying betalen","gloss":"at some time"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"h5-s157","source":"Als honderden arbeiden op de velden van een Hoofd, zonder daarvoor betaling te ontvangen, volgt hieruit geenszins dat hy dit liet geschieden ten zynen behoeve.","translation":"If hundreds labor on a Chief's fields without receiving payment for it, it in no way follows that he let this happen for his own benefit.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s157.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als honderden arbeiden ..., volgt hieruit geenszins dat ...","title":"Single negation geenszins + pronominal hieruit","body":"geenszins ('by no means') is the lone literary negative; hieruit ('from this') is a pronominal adverb. Fronting the als-clause inverts volgt."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy dit liet geschieden ten zynen behoeve","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"liet geschieden ('let happen') is the causative laten with a bare infinitive; ten zynen behoeve ('to his own benefit') keeps the old dative ten ... -e and possessive zynen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause headed by arbeiden","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"honderden","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"indefinite numeral used substantivally","role":"subject of arbeiden","gloss":"hundreds"},{"surface":"arbeiden","lemma":"arbeiden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of velden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"velden","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of op","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitive clause modifying arbeiden","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of ontvangen","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"betaling","lemma":"betaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontvangen","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive ontvangen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zonder","gloss":"receive"},{"surface":"volgt","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"follows"},{"surface":"hieruit","lemma":"hieruit","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"source complement of volgt","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"geenszins","lemma":"geenszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volgt","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of volgt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"understood subject of geschieden and object of liet","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of subject clause","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"geschieden","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of liet","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with article","role":"introduces fixed phrase ten zijnen behoeve","gloss":"for","note":"Ten is the historical contraction of te + den."},{"surface":"zynen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of behoeve","gloss":"his","note":"Zijnen is an old inflected form of zijn."},{"surface":"behoeve","lemma":"behoeve","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of ten in fixed phrase","gloss":"benefit"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"h5-s158","source":"Had niet zyn bedoeling kunnen zyn, hun den oogst overtelaten uit de menschlievende berekening dat zyn grond beter gelegen was, vruchtbaarder dan de hunne, en dus hun arbeid milder beloonen zou?","translation":"Might it not have been his intention to leave them the harvest, out of the humane calculation that his ground lay better, was more fertile than theirs, and would therefore reward their labor more generously?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s158.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Had niet zyn bedoeling kunnen zyn, hun den oogst overtelaten","title":"Rhetorical question, modal in perfect","body":"Fronting the finite verb Had makes a yes/no question; kunnen zyn ('could have been') is a modal stacked under the perfect, completed by the extraposed te-infinitive overtelaten (over-te-laten)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zyn grond beter gelegen was, vruchtbaarder dan de hunne","title":"Comparatives + possessive de hunne","body":"beter and vruchtbaarder are comparatives; de hunne ('theirs') is the substantivised possessive standing for 'their ground'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of kunnen zijn","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kunnen zijn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of bedoeling","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bedoeling","lemma":"bedoeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had kunnen zijn","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal infinitive governed by Had","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kunnen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of overlaten","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of oogst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogst","lemma":"oogst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of overlaten","gloss":"harvest"},{"surface":"overtelaten","lemma":"overlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative infinitive complement of zijn","gloss":"leave","note":"Historical closed spelling of overlaten."},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking berekening","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of berekening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschlievende","lemma":"menslievend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies berekening","gloss":"humane"},{"surface":"berekening","lemma":"berekening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"calculation"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause explaining berekening","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gelegen","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"adverbial complement of gelegen","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"gelegen","lemma":"gelegen","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"first predicative complement of was","gloss":"situated"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of first two predicates","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vruchtbaarder","lemma":"vruchtbaar","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"second predicative complement of was","gloss":"more fertile"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with vruchtbaarder","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"article of substantivized possessive hunne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hunne","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun, independent","role":"comparison complement of dan","gloss":"theirs","note":"De hunne is an older form meaning theirs."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the final predicate with the preceding predicates","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beloonen","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beloonen","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"milder","lemma":"mild","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies beloonen","gloss":"more generously"},{"surface":"beloonen","lemma":"belonen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"reward","note":"Beloonen is the historical spelling of belonen."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of beloonen","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"h5-s159","source":"Bovendien, vanwaar haalt de europesche beambte de getuigen die den moed hebben een verklaring te doen tegen hun heer, den gevreesden Regent?","translation":"Besides, where is the European official to find the witnesses who would have the courage to make a deposition against their lord, the dreaded Regent?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s159.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vanwaar haalt de europesche beambte de getuigen die den moed hebben ...","title":"Question word vanwaar + inversion","body":"vanwaar ('whence, from where') fronts the question, inverting haalt ... beambte; the relative die ... hebben is verb-final, completed by a te-infinitive te doen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"vanwaar","lemma":"vanwaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative adverb modifying haalt","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"haalt","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"is to find"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies beambte","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"beambte","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of haalt","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of getuigen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of haalt","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of moed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moed","lemma":"moed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying getuigen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verklaring","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verklaring","lemma":"verklaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"deposition"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moed hebben","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking heer","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of heer","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevreesden","lemma":"gevreesd","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"modifies Regent","gloss":"dreaded"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to heer","gloss":"Regent"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"h5-s160","source":"En, waagde hy een beschuldiging, zonder die te kunnen bewyzen, waar blyft dan de verhouding van ouder broeder, die in zulk geval zyn jongeren broeder zonder grond zou hebben gekrenkt in zyn eer?","translation":"And, were he to venture an accusation without being able to prove it, what then becomes of the relation of elder brother, who in such a case would have wounded his younger brother's honor without cause?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s160.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waagde hy een beschuldiging, ... waar blyft dan de verhouding","title":"Conditional inversion waagde hy","body":"Dropping 'if', the clause inverts to waagde hy ('were he to venture'); dan resumes the main clause. die ... zou ... gekrenkt ('who would have wounded') carries a conditional perfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waagde","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"waagde","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of inverted conditional clause","gloss":"were to venture"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of waagde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschuldiging","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"beschuldiging","lemma":"beschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of waagde","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitive clause","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of bewijzen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive kunnen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of bewijzen","gloss":"be able"},{"surface":"bewyzen","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kunnen","gloss":"prove"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative adverb in waar blijft","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blijft","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blijft","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking broeder","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ouder","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies broeder","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"broeder","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of zou hebben gekrenkt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geval","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of broeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"jongeren","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, comparative, attributive, archaic inflection","role":"modifies broeder","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"broeder","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gekrenkt","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grond","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gekrenkt","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gekrenkt","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gekrenkt","lemma":"krenken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause modifying broeder","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of eer","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"honor"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"h5-s161","source":"Waar blyft de gunst van de Regeering, die hem brood geeft voor dienst, maar hem dat brood opzegt, hem ontslaan zou als onbekwaam, wanneer hy een zoo hooggeplaatst persoon als een Tommongong, Adhipatti of Pangerang had verdacht of aangeklaagd met ligtvaardigheid?","translation":"What becomes of the favor of the Government, which gives him bread for service, but withdraws that bread from him, would dismiss him as incompetent, were he to have suspected or accused with frivolity so high-placed a person as a Tommongong, Adhipatti, or Pangerang?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s161.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waar blyft de gunst ..., die hem brood geeft ..., maar hem dat brood opzegt","title":"Coordinated relatives with separable opzegt","body":"Within the relative clause, geeft and opzegt are coordinated by maar; opzeggen ('to withdraw') is separable, here with the prefix already prefixed in finite position. brood ('bread') stands metonymically for livelihood."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer hy ... had verdacht of aangeklaagd met ligtvaardigheid","title":"Pluperfect under wanneer","body":"wanneer subordinates; had verdacht of aangeklaagd ('had suspected or accused') is the pluperfect, verb-final in the conditional clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative adverb in waar blijft","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"becomes"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gunst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gunst","lemma":"gunst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blyft","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"indirect object of geeft","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"brood","lemma":"brood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on gunst","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dienst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"indirect object of opzegt","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brood","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"brood","lemma":"brood","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of opzegt","gloss":"bread"},{"surface":"opzegt","lemma":"opzeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with geeft","gloss":"withdraws"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"direct object of ontslaan","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ontslaan","lemma":"ontslaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"dismiss"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of ontslaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement onbekwaam","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"onbekwaam","lemma":"onbekwaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ontslaan","gloss":"incompetent"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of had verdacht and aangeklaagd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hooggeplaatst","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"hooggeplaatst","lemma":"hooggeplaatst","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies persoon","gloss":"high-placed"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verdacht and aangeklaagd","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with persoon","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Tommongong","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Tommongong","lemma":"Tommongong","morphology":"noun, title, singular","role":"object of comparative als","gloss":"Tommongong"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"noun, title, singular","role":"coordinated with Tommongong","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Pangerang","lemma":"Pangerang","morphology":"noun, title, singular","role":"coordinated with Tommongong","gloss":"Pangerang"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verdacht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verdacht","lemma":"verdenken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"aangeklaagd","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with verdacht","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ligtvaardigheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ligtvaardigheid","lemma":"lichtvaardigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"frivolity"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"h5-s162","source":"Neen, neen, gemakkelyk is die plicht niet!","translation":"No, no, that duty is not easy!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s162.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Neen, neen, gemakkelyk is die plicht niet!","title":"Fronted predicate + niet","body":"Fronting the adjective gemakkelyk inverts is die plicht, and niet negates the predicate at the end — an emphatic 'easy, that duty is not!'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated discourse interjection","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking plicht and gemakkelijk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gemakkelijk","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"h5-s163","source":"Dit blykt reeds hieruit, dat de neiging der inlandsche Hoofden om de grens van 't geoorloofd beschikken over arbeid en eigendom hunner onderhoorigen te overschryden, overal volmondig erkend wordt ... dat alle adsistent-residenten den eed doen die misdadige hebbelykheid te-keer te gaan, en ... dat toch slechts zeer zelden een Regent wordt aangeklaagd wegens willekeur of misbruik van gezag.","translation":"This is plain already from the fact that the inclination of the native Chiefs to overstep the bounds of permissible disposal over the labor and property of their subjects is everywhere unreservedly acknowledged ... that all assistant residents take the oath to combat this culpable habit ... and ... that yet only very rarely is a Regent accused of caprice or abuse of authority.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s163.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de neiging ... om de grens ... te overschryden, overal volmondig erkend wordt","title":"Worden-passive with embedded om...te","body":"The subject carries an om ... te overschryden clause ('to overstep'); the main predicate is the verb-final worden-passive erkend wordt ('is acknowledged')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat alle adsistent-residenten den eed doen die misdadige hebbelykheid te-keer te gaan","title":"te-infinitive te-keer te gaan","body":"den eed doen om/te ('take the oath to') governs te-keer te gaan ('to combat'), an archaic idiom (from 'keer' = turn/check) meaning 'to combat, check, oppose', distinct from 'tegengaan'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of blijkt","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"blykt","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is plain"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blykt","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"hieruit","lemma":"hieruit","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complement of blijkt","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces first content clause dependent on hieruit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of neiging","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"neiging","lemma":"neiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wordt erkend","gloss":"inclination"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Hoofden","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive modifier of neiging","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive complementizer","role":"introduces infinitive complement overschrijden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grens","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of overschrijden","gloss":"bounds"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of grens","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"nominalizes beschikken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geoorloofd","lemma":"geoorloofd","morphology":"adjective, adverbial","role":"modifies nominalized beschikken","gloss":"permissible"},{"surface":"beschikken","lemma":"beschikken","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"disposal"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arbeid","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eigendom","lemma":"eigendom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with arbeid","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"hunner","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural, archaic","role":"possessor of onderhoorigen","gloss":"of their"},{"surface":"onderhoorigen","lemma":"onderhorige","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural, archaic spelling","role":"genitive modifier of arbeid and eigendom","gloss":"subjects"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive overschrijden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"overschryden","lemma":"overschrijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of neiging","gloss":"overstep"},{"surface":"overal","lemma":"overal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erkend","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"volmondig","lemma":"volmondig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies erkend","gloss":"unreservedly"},{"surface":"erkend","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by wordt","gloss":"acknowledged"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of erkend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces second content clause dependent on hieruit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-residenten","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"adsistent-residenten","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"assistant residents"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of eed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eed","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of second content clause","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hebbelykheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"misdadige","lemma":"misdadig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hebbelykheid","gloss":"culpable"},{"surface":"hebbelykheid","lemma":"hebbelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of te-keer gaan","gloss":"habit"},{"surface":"te-keer","lemma":"tekeer","morphology":"separable particle, archaic spelling","role":"particle of te-keer gaan","gloss":"combat"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive gaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of eed doen","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces third content clause dependent on hieruit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangeklaagd","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zelden","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zelden","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"zelden","lemma":"zelden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangeklaagd","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wordt aangeklaagd","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of aangeklaagd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"aangeklaagd","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by wordt","gloss":"accused"},{"surface":"wegens","lemma":"wegens","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking willekeur","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"willekeur","lemma":"willekeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of wegens","gloss":"caprice"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with willekeur","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"authority"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"h5-s164","source":"Er schynt dus wel een byna-onoverkomelyke moeielykheid te bestaan, om gevolg te geven aan den eed: \"de inlandsche bevolking te beschermen tegen uitzuiging, en knevelary.\"","translation":"There seems, then, to be an almost insurmountable difficulty in giving effect to the oath: \"to protect the native population against extortion and oppression.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h5-s164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er schynt dus wel een byna-onoverkomelyke moeielykheid te bestaan","title":"Existential er + schijnen te + infinitive","body":"Er ... te bestaan with schijnen ('there seems to exist'); er introduces the indefinite subject, and schijnen governs the te-infinitive te bestaan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential construction","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"raising verb governing bestaan","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestaan","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestaan","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeielykheid","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"byna-onoverkomelyke","lemma":"bijna-onoverkomelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies moeilijkheid","gloss":"almost insurmountable"},{"surface":"moeielykheid","lemma":"moeilijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schijnt te bestaan","gloss":"difficulty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bestaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of schijnt","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive complementizer","role":"introduces infinitive clause modifying moeilijkheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive clause modifying moeilijkheid","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eed","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of eed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eed","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beschermen","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beschermen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschermen","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive expressing content of eed","gloss":"protect"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitzuiging","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"uitzuiging","lemma":"uitzuiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"extortion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"knevelary","lemma":"knevelarij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with uitzuiging","gloss":"oppression"}]}]}