{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-6","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 6","translated":"Chapter 6"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-6","lines":182},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-5","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-7","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h6-s1","source":"ZESDE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"CHAPTER SIX","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ZESDE","lemma":"zesde","morphology":"ordinal numeral","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"SIXTH"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of chapter heading","gloss":"CHAPTER"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h6-s2","source":"De kontroleur Verbrugge was een goed mensch.","translation":"The controller Verbrugge was a good man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De kontroleur Verbrugge was een goed mensch","title":"Weak past was; uninflected goed","body":"was is the simple past of zijn. After the indefinite een, the neuter het-word mensch leaves goed uninflected — the one case where an attributive adjective drops the -e."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to kontroleur","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking kontroleur and mensch","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h6-s3","source":"Als men hem daar zag zitten in zyn blauw-lakenschen frak, met geborduurde eiken- en oranjetakken op kraag en mouw-opslagen, was 't moeielyk in hem den type te miskennen die voorheerscht onder de Hollanders in Indie ... een menschensoort, in 't voorbygaan gezegd, die zeer onderscheiden is van de Hollanders in Holland.","translation":"Seeing him sit there in his blue broadcloth dress-coat, with embroidered oak and orange sprigs on collar and cuffs, it was hard not to recognize in him the type that prevails among the Dutchmen in the Indies — a breed of men, be it said in passing, very different from the Dutchmen in Holland.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als men hem daar zag zitten ..., was 't moeielyk ... te miskennen","title":"Perception zien + bare infinitive zitten","body":"zag zitten ('saw [him] sit') is a perception verb with a bare infinitive; the long als-clause fronted forces inversion was 't, and the extraposed te-infinitive te miskennen completes it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den type die voorheerscht onder de Hollanders in Indie","title":"Relative die + present-tense voorheerscht","body":"die opens a relative clause with the simple-present voorheerscht ('prevails'); den type keeps the old accusative den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of zag","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of zag and understood subject of zitten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adjunct of zitten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past tense, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"zitten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zag","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking frak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of frak","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"blauw-lakenschen","lemma":"blauwlakens","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected, archaic spelling","role":"modifies frak","gloss":"blue broadcloth"},{"surface":"frak","lemma":"frak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"dress-coat"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eiken-","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"geborduurde","lemma":"borduren","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally, inflected","role":"modifies eiken and oranjetakken","gloss":"embroidered"},{"surface":"eiken","lemma":"eikentak","morphology":"noun, plural, first element of split coordination","role":"first object of met; shares -takken with oranjetakken","gloss":"oak","note":"In the split compound “eiken- en oranjetakken,” the omitted element -takken is supplied by the second noun."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"oranjetakken","lemma":"oranjetak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"orange sprigs"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kraag","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"kraag","lemma":"kraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of op","gloss":"collar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mouw-opslagen","lemma":"mouwopslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated object of op","gloss":"cuffs"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past tense, third person singular","role":"copula linking het to moeilijk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, reduced form","role":"formal subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative, archaic spelling","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"object of in","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of type","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"type","lemma":"type","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of miskennen","gloss":"type"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive miskennen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"miskennen","lemma":"miskennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moeilijk","gloss":"fail to recognize"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of voorheerst; antecedent type","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voorheerscht","lemma":"voorheersen","morphology":"verb, present tense, third person singular, archaic spelling","role":"finite verb of relative clause on type","gloss":"prevails"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hollanders","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hollanders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hollanders","lemma":"Hollander","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"Dutchmen"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in; modifies Hollanders","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of menschensoort","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"menschensoort","lemma":"mensensoort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic spelling","role":"apposition explaining type","gloss":"breed of men"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorbygaan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, reduced form","role":"determiner of voorbijgaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorbygaan","lemma":"voorbijgaan","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular, archaic spelling","role":"object of in","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"past participle","role":"parenthetical participle modifying the preceding statement","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of is; antecedent mensensoort","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderscheiden","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"onderscheiden","lemma":"onderscheiden","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present tense, third person singular","role":"copula linking die to onderscheiden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hollanders","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hollanders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hollanders","lemma":"Hollander","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"Dutchmen"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Holland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Holland","lemma":"Holland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in; modifies Hollanders","gloss":"Holland"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h6-s4","source":"Traag zoolang er niets te doen viel, en ver van de beredderingzucht die in Europa voor yver geldt, maar yverig waar bezigheid noodig was ... eenvoudig maar hartelyk voor wie tot zyn omgeving behoorden ... mededeelzaam, hulpvaardig en gastvry ... welgemanierd zonder styfheid ... vatbaar voor goede indrukken ... eerlyk en oprecht, zonder evenwel lust te voelen de martelaar van deze hoedanigheden te worden ... in 't kort, hy was een man die, zooals men 't noemt, overal op zyn plaats zou wezen, zonder dat men echter op 't denkbeeld komen zou de eeuw naar hem te noemen, wat hy dan ook niet begeerde.","translation":"Sluggish so long as there was nothing to do, and far from the meddlesome fussiness that passes for zeal in Europe, yet diligent wherever work was needed; plain but warm-hearted toward those of his own circle; open-handed, obliging, and hospitable; well-mannered without stiffness; receptive to good impressions; honest and sincere, though without feeling any urge to become a martyr to these qualities — in short, he was a man who, as the saying goes, would be in his right place anywhere, without anyone's ever taking it into his head to name the age after him, which he himself did not in fact desire.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Traag zoolang er niets te doen viel ... maar yverig waar bezigheid noodig was","title":"zoolang / waar subordinators + er ... te doen","body":"zoolang ('as long as') and waar ('wherever') open verb-final clauses (viel, was); er niets te doen ('nothing to do') combines existential er with a te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zonder dat men echter op 't denkbeeld komen zou de eeuw naar hem te noemen","title":"zonder dat + conditional komen zou","body":"zonder dat ('without [it being the case] that') subordinates; komen zou is the conditional ('would come to'), and the te-infinitive de eeuw ... te noemen completes the thought."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"beredderingzucht","title":"beredderingzucht — 'bustling fussiness'","body":"A coined compound: beredderen ('to bustle about, set in order') + zucht ('a craving, mania'). Multatuli mocks the busy officiousness that passes for diligence in Europe, praising Verbrugge's calmer worth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Traag","lemma":"traag","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative description of hij","gloss":"sluggish"},{"surface":"zoolang","lemma":"zolang","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, archaic spelling","role":"introduces the temporal clause of viel","gloss":"so long as"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement in te doen","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past tense, third person singular","role":"finite modal verb governing te doen","gloss":"was","note":"Vallen te followed by an infinitive expresses what can or is to be done; here er viel niets te doen means there was nothing to do."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated predicative description of hij","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beredderingzucht","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beredderingzucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beredderingzucht","lemma":"beredderingszucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"object of van","gloss":"meddlesome fussiness"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of geldt; antecedent beredderingszucht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking yver","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"yver","lemma":"ijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic spelling","role":"object complement introduced by voor","gloss":"zeal"},{"surface":"geldt","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, present tense, third person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on beredderingszucht","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"yverig","lemma":"ijverig","morphology":"adjective, predicative, archaic spelling","role":"contrasting predicative description of hij","gloss":"diligent"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"bezigheid","lemma":"bezigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative, archaic spelling","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past tense, third person singular","role":"copula linking bezigheid to nodig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative description of hij","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hartelyk","lemma":"hartelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative, archaic spelling","role":"coordinated with eenvoudig","gloss":"warm-hearted"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural sense","role":"object of voor and subject of behoorden","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omgeving","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular, archaic spelling","role":"determiner of omgeving","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"omgeving","lemma":"omgeving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"behoorden","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past tense, third person plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause governed by voor","gloss":"belonged"},{"surface":"mededeelzaam","lemma":"mededeelzaam","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative description of hij","gloss":"communicative"},{"surface":"hulpvaardig","lemma":"hulpvaardig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated with mededeelzaam","gloss":"obliging"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gastvry","lemma":"gastvrij","morphology":"adjective, predicative, archaic spelling","role":"coordinated with mededeelzaam","gloss":"hospitable"},{"surface":"welgemanierd","lemma":"welgemanierd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative description of hij","gloss":"well-mannered"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking styfheid","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"styfheid","lemma":"stijfheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic spelling","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"stiffness"},{"surface":"vatbaar","lemma":"vatbaar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative description of hij","gloss":"receptive"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking indrukken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies indrukken","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"indrukken","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"eerlyk","lemma":"eerlijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative, archaic spelling","role":"predicative description of hij","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"oprecht","lemma":"oprecht","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated with eerlijk","gloss":"sincere"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating preposition","role":"introduces infinitival adjunct voelen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voelen","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"lust","lemma":"lust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voelen","gloss":"urge"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive voelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voelen","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of martelaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"martelaar","lemma":"martelaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"martyr"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoedanigheden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoedanigheden","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"hoedanigheden","lemma":"hoedanigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"qualities"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of lust","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of parenthetical idiom in het kort","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, reduced form","role":"part of parenthetical idiom in het kort","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective used substantively","role":"object of in in idiom in het kort","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative, archaic spelling","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past tense, third person singular","role":"copula linking hij to man","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of zou wezen; antecedent man","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, archaic spelling","role":"introduces parenthetical clause of noemt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, reduced form","role":"direct object of noemt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"noemt","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present tense, third person singular","role":"finite verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"overal","lemma":"overal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular, archaic spelling","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past tense, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause on man","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating preposition","role":"introduces subordinate clause with dat","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of komen zou","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom op het denkbeeld komen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past tense, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of komen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eeuw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eeuw","lemma":"eeuw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"object of naar","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive noemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement expressing the idea","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun referring to a preceding clause","role":"direct object of begeerde; refers to preceding proposition","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative, archaic spelling","role":"subject of begeerde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begeerde","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begeerde","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begeerde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"begeerde","lemma":"begeren","morphology":"verb, past tense, third person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause introduced by wat","gloss":"desired"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h6-s5","source":"Hy zat in 't midden van de pendoppo by de tafel die met een wit kleed bedekt, en met spyzen beladen was.","translation":"He sat in the middle of the pendoppo, at the table that was covered with a white cloth and laden with food.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"by de tafel die met een wit kleed bedekt, en met spyzen beladen was","title":"Zijn-passive (state): bedekt ... beladen was","body":"Two participles share one zijn-auxiliary at the end — bedekt ... en ... beladen was ('was covered ... and laden') — describing a resulting state, not an action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative, archaic spelling","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past tense, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking midden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of midden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"midden","lemma":"midden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pendoppo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendopo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical loanword spelling","role":"object of van","gloss":"pendopo","note":"A pendopo is an open-sided Javanese pavilion."},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, archaic spelling","role":"preposition marking tafel","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tafel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tafel","lemma":"tafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of was; antecedent tafel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kleed","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kleed","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wit","lemma":"wit","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kleed","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"kleed","lemma":"kleed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"cloth"},{"surface":"bedekt","lemma":"bedekken","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"first predicative complement of was","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spyzen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"spyzen","lemma":"spijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural, archaic spelling","role":"object of met","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"beladen","lemma":"beladen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"laden"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past tense, third person singular","role":"copula linking die to bedekt and beladen","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h6-s6","source":"Wel eenigszins ongeduldig vroeg hy van-tyd tot-tyd, met de woorden der zuster van mevrouw Blauwbaard, aan den mandoor-oppasser, dat is het hoofd van de policie- en bureaudienaren der adsistent-residentie, of er niets in aantocht was?","translation":"From time to time, somewhat impatiently, he asked — in the words of Bluebeard's wife's sister — of the mandoor-oppasser, that is, the head of the police and the office-servants of the assistant-residency, whether nothing was on its way yet.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vroeg hy van-tyd tot-tyd ... aan den mandoor-oppasser ... of er niets in aantocht was","title":"Indirect yes/no question with of","body":"of ('whether') opens an indirect question, sending its verb was to the end; er ... in aantocht ('on its way') uses existential er for the awaited food."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"qualifies eenigszins","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb, archaic spelling","role":"modifies ongeduldig","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"ongeduldig","lemma":"ongeduldig","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"modifies vroeg","gloss":"impatiently"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past tense, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative, archaic spelling","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"van-tyd","lemma":"van tijd","morphology":"adverbial phrase, first half, archaic spelling","role":"first half of van tijd tot tijd","gloss":"from time"},{"surface":"tot-tyd","lemma":"tot tijd","morphology":"adverbial phrase, second half, archaic spelling","role":"second half of van tijd tot tijd","gloss":"to time"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woorden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, feminine singular, archaic genitive form","role":"determiner of zuster","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zuster","lemma":"zuster","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of woorden","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mevrouw","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun used as title, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Blauwbaard","lemma":"Blauwbaard","morphology":"proper noun","role":"title complement identifying mevrouw","gloss":"Bluebeard"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the person addressed by vroeg","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of mandoor-oppasser","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mandoor-oppasser","lemma":"mandoor-oppasser","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"mandoor-attendant","note":"In the colonial administration, this compound denotes the supervising police attendant described by the following apposition."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is; begins appositional explanation","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present tense, third person singular","role":"copula linking dat to hoofd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking policie-","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of policie-","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"policie","lemma":"politiedienaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural, archaic first element of split coordination","role":"first coordinated genitive complement of hoofd; shares -dienaren with bureaudienaren","gloss":"police","note":"In “policie- en bureaudienaren,” the omitted element -dienaren is supplied by the second noun."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bureaudienaren","lemma":"bureaudienaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated genitive complement of hoofd","gloss":"office servants"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, feminine singular, archaic genitive form","role":"determiner of adsistent-residentie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"adsistent-residentie","lemma":"assistent-residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"genitive modifier of policie and bureaudienaren","gloss":"assistant-residency"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces indirect question governed by vroeg","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"part of the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aantocht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"aantocht","lemma":"aantocht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was in idiom in aantocht","gloss":"its way"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past tense, third person singular","role":"finite copula of indirect question","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h6-s7","source":"Dan stond hy eens op, beproefde vergeefs zyn sporen te doen kletteren op den gestampten kleivloer van de pendoppo, stak voor de twintigste maal zyn sigaar aan, en ging, als te-leurgesteld, weer zitten.","translation":"Now and then he stood up, tried in vain to make his spurs clatter on the stamped clay floor of the pendoppo, lit his cigar for the twentieth time, and, as if disappointed, sat back down again.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan stond hy eens op, beproefde ... stak ... zyn sigaar aan ... en ging ... weer zitten","title":"Separable verbs in narrative past","body":"A chain of separable verbs splits in the simple past: stond ... op (opstaan), stak ... aan (aansteken), ging ... zitten (gaan zitten) — the prefixes stranded at each clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"beproefde vergeefs zyn sporen te doen kletteren","title":"Causative doen + bare infinitive kletteren","body":"doen kletteren ('to make clatter') is causative doen with a bare infinitive; beproefde ... te doen embeds it under a te-infinitive governed by beproeven ('to try')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of adverbial phrase dan eens","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb; combines with op","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of stond, beproefde, stak, and ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of adverbial phrase dan eens","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of stond ... op","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"beproefde","lemma":"beproeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with stond","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"vergeefs","lemma":"vergeefs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beproefde","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of sporen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sporen","lemma":"spoor","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of kletteren and object of causative doen","gloss":"spurs"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of beproefde; causative auxiliary of kletteren","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"kletteren","lemma":"kletteren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of causative doen","gloss":"clatter"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location on kleivloer","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of kleivloer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gestampten","lemma":"gestampt","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic masculine singular","role":"modifies kleivloer","gloss":"stamped"},{"surface":"kleivloer","lemma":"kleivloer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"clay floor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of kleivloer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendoppo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"open pavilion"},{"surface":"stak","lemma":"aansteken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with stond; combines with aan","gloss":"lit"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces frequency phrase","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"twintigste","lemma":"twintigste","morphology":"ordinal numeral, inflected","role":"modifies maal","gloss":"twentieth"},{"surface":"maal","lemma":"maal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of sigaar","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"sigaar","lemma":"sigaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of stak ... aan","gloss":"cigar"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of stak ... aan","gloss":"alight"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links stak and ging","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with stond; auxiliary-like verb governing zitten","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical comparison als te-leurgesteld","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"te-leurgesteld","lemma":"teleurgesteld","morphology":"adjective, predicative, historical hyphenation","role":"predicative complement in elliptical als-clause","gloss":"disappointed"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging zitten","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"zitten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of ging","gloss":"sit down"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h6-s8","source":"Hy sprak weinig. En toch had hy kùnnen spreken, want hy was niet alleen.","translation":"He said little. And yet he could have spoken, for he was not alone.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En toch had hy kùnnen spreken","title":"Modal in the perfect: had kunnen spreken","body":"had ... kùnnen spreken ('could have spoken') uses the bare-infinitive modal in the perfect (IPP). The accent on kùnnen marks the stressed contrast with his actual silence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want hy was niet alleen","title":"Coordinator want (no inversion)","body":"want ('for, because') is a coordinating conjunction: it gives a reason but, unlike omdat, does NOT send the verb to the end — hy was stays in normal order."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects second sentence to first","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had kunnen spreken","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen spreken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had kunnen spreken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kùnnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive, emphatically accented","role":"modal complement of had and governor of spreken","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kunnen","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to alleen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates alleen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h6-s9","source":"Ik bedoel hiermee nu juist niet dat hy vergezeld was van de twintig of dertig Javanen, bedienden, mantries en oppassers die op den grond gehurkt in en buiten de pendoppo zaten, noch van de velen die aanhoudend uit-en inliepen, noch van 't groot aantal inlanders van verschillenden rang, dat daar buiten de paarden vasthield, of te-paard rondreed ... neen, de Regent zelf van Lebak, Radhen Adhipatti Karta Natta Nagara, zat tegenover hem.","translation":"By this I do not mean precisely that he was accompanied by the twenty or thirty Javanese — servants, mantries, and oppassers — who sat crouched on the ground inside and outside the pendoppo, nor by the many who kept running in and out, nor by the great number of natives of various rank who held the horses out there or rode about on horseback — no, the Regent of Lebak himself, Radhen Adhipatti Karta Natta Nagara, sat facing him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"noch van de velen ..., noch van 't groot aantal ...","title":"Correlative noch ... noch","body":"The literary noch ... noch ('neither ... nor') strings the list of those whose company is dismissed, before the emphatic neen turns to the Regent himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of bedoel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bedoel","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"hiermee","lemma":"hiermee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of bedoel","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes juist niet","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes niet","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates bedoel","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of bedoel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of was vergezeld","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vergezeld","lemma":"vergezellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verbal complement of passive auxiliary was","gloss":"accompanied"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vergezeld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent-like complement of vergezeld","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Javanen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"twintig","lemma":"twintig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies Javanen","gloss":"twenty"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links twintig and dertig","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"dertig","lemma":"dertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies Javanen","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"Javanen","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"bedienden","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition to Javanen","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"mantries","lemma":"mantrie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition to Javanen","gloss":"native officials"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links mantries and oppassers","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"oppassers","lemma":"oppasser","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"apposition to Javanen","gloss":"attendants"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zaten; antecedent Javanen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location on grond","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"gehurkt","lemma":"hurken","morphology":"verb, past participle used adverbially","role":"depictive modifier of die with zaten","gloss":"crouched"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"first element of coordinated location phrase","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links in and buiten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"preposition","role":"second element of coordinated location phrase","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pendoppo; shared by in and buiten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendoppo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object shared by in and buiten","gloss":"open pavilion"},{"surface":"zaten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying Javanen","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated complements of vergezeld","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces second complement of vergezeld","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of velen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"velen","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"object of van and antecedent of die","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of inliepen; antecedent velen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"aanhoudend","lemma":"aanhoudend","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inliepen","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"uit-en","lemma":"uit en","morphology":"separable verb particle plus conjunction, historical hyphenation","role":"represents elliptical uitliepen and coordinates it with inliepen","gloss":"ran out and"},{"surface":"inliepen","lemma":"inlopen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying velen","gloss":"ran in"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated complements of vergezeld","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces third complement of vergezeld","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of aantal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies aantal","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"aantal","lemma":"aantal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van and antecedent of dat","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"inlanders","lemma":"inlander","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"postnominal complement of aantal","gloss":"natives"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of inlanders","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verschillenden","lemma":"verschillend","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic masculine singular","role":"modifies rang","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of vasthield and rondreed; antecedent aantal","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies buiten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vasthield","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paarden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"paarden","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vasthield","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"vasthield","lemma":"vasthouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb of relative clause modifying aantal","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links vasthield and rondreed","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"te-paard","lemma":"te paard","morphology":"adverbial phrase, historical hyphenation","role":"modifies rondreed","gloss":"on horseback"},{"surface":"rondreed","lemma":"rondrijden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with vasthield","gloss":"rode about"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"rejects preceding interpretation","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"emphasizes Regent","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"Radhen","lemma":"Radhen","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"first element of appositive name of Regent","gloss":"Radhen"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"second element of appositive name of Regent","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"Karta","lemma":"Karta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of appositive name of Regent","gloss":"Karta"},{"surface":"Natta","lemma":"Natta","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of appositive name of Regent","gloss":"Natta"},{"surface":"Nagara","lemma":"Nagara","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of appositive name of Regent","gloss":"Nagara"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of concluding clause","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"tegenover","lemma":"tegenover","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of zat","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third-person singular","role":"object of tegenover","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h6-s10","source":"Wachten is altyd vervelend. Een kwartier duurt een uur, een uur een halven dag, en zoo voort.","translation":"Waiting is always tedious. A quarter of an hour drags on like an hour, an hour like half a day, and so on.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een kwartier duurt een uur, een uur een halven dag","title":"Gnomic present + accusative een halven dag","body":"The simple present states a general truth ('a quarter of an hour lasts like an hour'); een halven dag keeps the old masculine accusative -en on the adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive used nominally","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Waiting"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Wachten to vervelend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies is vervelend","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"vervelend","lemma":"vervelend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"tedious"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kwartier","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"kwartier","lemma":"kwartier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of duurt","gloss":"quarter-hour"},{"surface":"duurt","lemma":"duren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb; understood in following elliptical clause","gloss":"lasts"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uur","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative duration complement of duurt","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uur","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of elliptical duurt","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"halven","lemma":"half","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic masculine singular","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative duration complement of elliptical duurt","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces concluding phrase en zoo voort","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"part of fixed phrase en zoo voort","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of fixed phrase en zoo voort","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h6-s11","source":"Verbrugge had wel wat spraakzamer mogen zyn.","translation":"Verbrugge might well have been a little more talkative.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Verbrugge had wel wat spraakzamer mogen zyn","title":"Modal in perfect + comparative","body":"had ... mogen zyn ('might well have been') uses the bare-infinitive modal in the perfect; spraakzamer is the comparative ('more talkative'), softened by wel wat ('a little')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of had mogen zijn","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of mogen zijn","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes modal judgment","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies spraakzamer","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"spraakzamer","lemma":"spraakzaam","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"more talkative"},{"surface":"mogen","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of had; governs zijn","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"copula linking Verbrugge to spraakzamer","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h6-s12","source":"De Regent van Lebak was een beschaafd oud man, die over veel wist te spreken met verstand en oordeel. Men had hem slechts aantezien om overtuigd te wezen dat het meerendeel der Europeanen die met hem in aanraking kwamen, meer van hem, dan hy van hen te leeren had.","translation":"The Regent of Lebak was a cultivated old man who could speak about a great many things with sense and judgment. One had only to look at him to be convinced that the majority of the Europeans who came into contact with him had more to learn from him than he from them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die over veel wist te spreken met verstand en oordeel","title":"weten te + infinitive","body":"weten te ('to know how to') governs te spreken ('to speak'); the relative die opens the verb-final clause. wist is the past of weten."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men had hem slechts aantezien om ... overtuigd te wezen","title":"hebben ... te + infinitive + om...te","body":"had ... aantezien (aan-te-zien, 'had only to look at') expresses sufficiency; the om ... te wezen clause states the result ('to be convinced'). dan ... te leeren is a comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Regent to man","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"beschaafd","lemma":"beschaafd","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies man","gloss":"cultivated"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies man","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was and antecedent of die","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of wist; antecedent man","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces topic complement of spreken","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of over","gloss":"many things"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause; modal-like governor of spreken","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wist","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"verstand","lemma":"verstand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links verstand and oordeel","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"oordeel","lemma":"oordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had aan te zien","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb in construction had ... aan te zien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third-person singular","role":"direct object of aan te zien","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of aan te zien","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"aantezien","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical solid spelling","role":"infinitival complement of had","gloss":"to look at"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose/result infinitive overtuigd te wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"overtuigd","lemma":"overtuigd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"convinced"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of om and copula of overtuigd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of overtuigd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meerendeel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meerendeel","lemma":"merendeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of had","gloss":"majority"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"determiner of Europeanen in genitive complement","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Europeanen","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of meerendeel","gloss":"Europeans"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of kwamen; antecedent Europeanen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of in aanraking kwamen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third-person singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase in aanraking komen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"aanraking","lemma":"aanraking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of fixed phrase in aanraking komen","gloss":"contact"},{"surface":"kwamen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying Europeanen","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"direct object of te leeren; contrasted with elliptical object after dan","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement of leeren","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third-person singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of elliptical te leeren had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement in elliptical clause","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third-person plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces leeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitival complement of had","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing te leeren","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h6-s13","source":"Zyn levendige donkere oogen weerspraken door hun vuur de vermoeidheid der trekken van zyn gelaat en de grysheid zyner haren.","translation":"His lively dark eyes belied, by their fire, the weariness of the features of his face and the grayness of his hair.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"weerspraken door hun vuur de vermoeidheid ... en de grysheid zyner haren","title":"Strong past weerspraken + genitive zyner","body":"weerspraken is the strong plural past of weerspreken ('belied'); zyner haren is the inflected genitive of zijn ('of his hair')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"levendige","lemma":"levendig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies oogen","gloss":"lively"},{"surface":"donkere","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies oogen","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural, historical spelling","role":"subject of weerspraken","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"weerspraken","lemma":"weerspreken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb","gloss":"belied"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means phrase","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person plural","role":"determiner of vuur","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vermoeidheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vermoeidheid","lemma":"vermoeidheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first direct object of weerspraken","gloss":"weariness"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"determiner of trekken in genitive complement","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"trekken","lemma":"trek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of vermoeidheid","gloss":"features"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of trekken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of gelaat","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links vermoeidheid and grysheid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grysheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grysheid","lemma":"grijsheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"second direct object of weerspraken","gloss":"grayness"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"determiner of haren in genitive complement","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural, archaic genitive form","role":"genitive complement of grysheid","gloss":"hair"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h6-s14","source":"Wat hy zeide, was gewoonlyk lang overdacht--een eigenaardigheid trouwens die by den beschaafden Oosterling algemeen is--en wanneer men met hem in gesprek was, gevoelde men dat men zyn woorden te beschouwen had als brieven, waarvan hy de minuut in zyn archief had, om zoo noodig daarop te verwyzen.","translation":"What he said had usually been long considered — a peculiarity, by the way, that is general among cultivated Orientals — and when one was in conversation with him, one felt that one had to regard his words as letters of which he kept the draft in his files, so as to refer back to them if need be.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat hy zeide, was gewoonlyk lang overdacht","title":"Free relative Wat + zijn-passive overdacht","body":"Wat ('what[ever]') without antecedent opens a verb-final clause (zeide); was ... overdacht is a state-passive ('had been considered')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer men met hem in gesprek was, gevoelde men dat ...","title":"wanneer-clause then inversion","body":"wanneer ('when') opens a verb-final clause (was); the main clause inverts gevoelde men because the subordinate clause occupies the first position."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"de minuut in zyn archief","title":"minuut — 'the file copy/draft'","body":"Here minuut is not 'minute' of time but the bureaucratic minuut: the retained draft of a letter. The simile casts the Regent's deliberate speech as official correspondence kept on file."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of zeide","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the subject clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of overdacht","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overdacht","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overdacht","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"overdacht","lemma":"overdenken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eigenaardigheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eigenaardigheid","lemma":"eigenaardigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to the first clause","gloss":"peculiarity"},{"surface":"trouwens","lemma":"trouwens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eigenaardigheid","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Oosterling","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Oosterling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschaafden","lemma":"beschaafd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Oosterling","gloss":"cultivated"},{"surface":"Oosterling","lemma":"oosterling","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"Oriental"},{"surface":"algemeen","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking die to algemeen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gesprek","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gevoelde","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevoelde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of gevoelde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beschouwen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of woorden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of beschouwen","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beschouwen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschouwen","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by had","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"modal verb governing beschouwen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative complement brieven","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of beschouwen","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"complement of minuut","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of minuut","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minuut","lemma":"minuut","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"draft","note":"Here minuut means the retained draft or copy of a letter."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking archief","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of archief","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"archief","lemma":"archief","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"files"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on brieven","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of zo nodig","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"part of zo nodig","gloss":"necessary","note":"Zo nodig is an idiom meaning “if necessary” or “if need be.”"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of verwijzen","gloss":"back to them"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verwijzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verwyzen","lemma":"verwijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"refer"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h6-s15","source":"Dit nu moge onaangenaam schynen voor wie niet gewoon is aan den omgang met javaansche grooten, 't is niet moeielyk alle onderwerpen van gesprek die aanstoot geven kunnen, te vermyden, vooral daar zy van hùn kant nooit op bruske wyze aan den loop van 't onderhoud een andere richting geven zullen, omdat dit naar oostersche begrippen in-stryd wezen zou met den goeden toon.","translation":"Now this may seem disagreeable to anyone unaccustomed to dealing with Javanese grandees; yet it is not hard to avoid all subjects of conversation that might give offense, all the more so because they, for their part, will never abruptly steer the course of the exchange in another direction, since by Eastern notions this would be at odds with good manners.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit nu moge onaangenaam schynen voor wie niet gewoon is","title":"Subjunctive moge + free relative voor wie","body":"moge is the present subjunctive of mogen ('this may seem'); voor wie ('for whoever') is a free relative opening a verb-final clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat dit naar oostersche begrippen in-stryd wezen zou met den goeden toon","title":"Causal omdat + conditional wezen zou","body":"omdat ('because') subordinates, sending the conditional wezen zou ('would be') to the end. den goeden toon keeps the old accusative den + adjectival -en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of schynen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schynen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"moge","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, subjunctive present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of schijnen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"onaangenaam","lemma":"onaangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of schijnen","gloss":"disagreeable"},{"surface":"schynen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"oblique complement of voor and subject of is","gloss":"anyone who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewoon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gewoon","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"accustomed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to gewoon","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omgang","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of omgang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omgang","lemma":"omgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gewoon","gloss":"dealing"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grooten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"javaansche","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies grooten","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"grandees","note":"Grooten is a nominalized adjective here: high-ranking native dignitaries or grandees."},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to moeielyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeielyk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderwerpen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"onderwerpen","lemma":"onderwerp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vermijden","gloss":"subjects"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gesprek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aanstoot","lemma":"aanstoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"offense"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb governed by kunnen","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of geven","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vermijden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vermyden","lemma":"vermijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive subject complement of is","gloss":"avoid"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies daar","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kant","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hùn","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kant","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geven","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wijze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"bruske","lemma":"bruusk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wijze","gloss":"abrupt"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loop","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of loop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loop","lemma":"loop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderhoud","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderhoud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderhoud","lemma":"onderhoud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"exchange"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of richting","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies richting","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"richting","lemma":"richting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"future auxiliary of geven","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begrippen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"oostersche","lemma":"oosters","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies begrippen","gloss":"Eastern"},{"surface":"begrippen","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of wezen","gloss":"notions"},{"surface":"in-stryd","lemma":"in strijd","morphology":"prepositional phrase","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"at odds","note":"In strijd zijn met means to be contrary to or at odds with something."},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toon","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of toon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goeden","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies toon","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"manners"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h6-s16","source":"Wie dus oorzaak heeft het aanroeren van een bepaald punt te vermyden, behoeft slechts over onbeduidende zaken te spreken, en hy kan verzekerd zyn dat een javaansch hoofd hem niet, door een onbegeerde wending in 't gesprek, zal voeren op een terrein dat hy liever niet betrad.","translation":"Whoever, then, has reason to avoid broaching a particular point need only speak of trivial matters, and he can be assured that a Javanese chief will not, by some unwished-for turn in the conversation, lead him onto ground he would rather not tread.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie dus oorzaak heeft ... te vermyden, behoeft slechts ... te spreken","title":"Free relative Wie + behoeven te + infinitive","body":"Wie ('whoever') opens a verb-final clause; behoeft slechts ... te spreken ('need only speak') expresses minimal sufficiency with behoeven te + infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een terrein dat hy liever niet betrad","title":"Relative dat for a het-word","body":"Because terrein is a neuter het-word, the relative pronoun is dat (not die); the clause is verb-final (betrad, past of betreden)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the subject clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"nominalizes aanroeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanroeren","lemma":"aanroeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"direct object of vermijden","gloss":"broaching"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking punt","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of punt","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bepaald","lemma":"bepaald","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies punt","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"punt","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vermijden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vermyden","lemma":"vermijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of oorzaak","gloss":"avoid"},{"surface":"behoeft","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behoeft te spreken","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onbeduidende","lemma":"onbeduidend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"trivial"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of spreken","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of behoeft","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verzekerd","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"verzekerd","lemma":"verzekerd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"assured"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of verzekerd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"javaansch","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hoofd","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of voeren","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of voeren","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates voeren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wending","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wending","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"onbegeerde","lemma":"onbegeerd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wending","gloss":"unwished-for"},{"surface":"wending","lemma":"wending","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of door","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gesprek","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gesprek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of voeren","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"voeren","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"lead"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking terrein","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of terrein","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"terrein","lemma":"terrein","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of betrad","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of betrad","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"liever","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betrad","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betrad","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"betrad","lemma":"betreden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on terrein","gloss":"tread"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h6-s17","source":"Over de beste wijze van omgang met die hoofden, bestaan overigens verschillende meeningen.","translation":"On the best manner of dealing with these chiefs, opinions, moreover, differ.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Over de beste wijze van omgang ..., bestaan overigens verschillende meeningen","title":"Fronted PP triggers inversion","body":"The prepositional phrase Over de beste wijze... fronts, so the verb bestaan precedes its subject verschillende meeningen — V2 with a non-subject first."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wijze","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wijze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beste","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies wijze","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"wijze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of over","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omgang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"omgang","lemma":"omgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"dealing"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofden","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"overigens","lemma":"overigens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestaan","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"verschillende","lemma":"verschillend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies meeningen","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"meeningen","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of bestaan","gloss":"opinions"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h6-s18","source":"Het komt my voor dat eenvoudige oprechtheid, zonder streven naar diplomatische voorzichtigheid, de voorkeur verdient.","translation":"It seems to me that plain sincerity, without any striving after diplomatic caution, deserves the preference.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het komt my voor dat eenvoudige oprechtheid ... de voorkeur verdient","title":"Impersonal het + separable voorkomen","body":"Het komt my voor ('it seems to me') uses dummy het with the separable voorkomen split as komt ... voor and an old dative my; the dat-clause's verb verdient is final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with komt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"indirect object of komt","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of komt ... voor","gloss":"appears","note":"Mij komt voor is a fixed expression meaning “it seems to me.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of komt voor","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eenvoudige","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oprechtheid","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"oprechtheid","lemma":"oprechtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verdient","gloss":"sincerity"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking streven","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"streven","lemma":"streven","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"oblique complement of zonder","gloss":"striving"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorzichtigheid","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"diplomatische","lemma":"diplomatisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voorzichtigheid","gloss":"diplomatic"},{"surface":"voorzichtigheid","lemma":"voorzichtigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of naar","gloss":"caution"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorkeur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorkeur","lemma":"voorkeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verdient","gloss":"preference"},{"surface":"verdient","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"deserves"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h6-s19","source":"Hoe dit zy, Verbrugge begon met een banale opmerking over 't weêr en den regen.","translation":"However that may be, Verbrugge began with a banal remark about the weather and the rain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe dit zy, Verbrugge begon met een banale opmerking","title":"Concessive subjunctive Hoe dit zy","body":"Hoe dit zy ('however that may be') is a fixed concessive using the subjunctive zy of zijn. weêr (weer) shows the period circumflex for the dropped consonant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the concessive formula","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zij","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, subjunctive present, singular","role":"verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"may be","note":"Hoe dit zij is a set phrase meaning “however that may be.”"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opmerking","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opmerking","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"banale","lemma":"banaal","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies opmerking","gloss":"banal"},{"surface":"opmerking","lemma":"opmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of begon","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weêr","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weêr","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weêr","lemma":"weer","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"oblique complement of over","gloss":"weather"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of regen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regen","lemma":"regen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated complement of over","gloss":"rain"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h6-s20","source":"--Ja, mynheer de kontroleur, het is westmoesson.","translation":"\"Yes, mijnheer the controller, it is the west monsoon.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"het is westmoesson","title":"westmoesson — the west monsoon","body":"moesson (from Malay/Portuguese) is the monsoon; the westmoesson is the rainy season on Java, roughly November to March. The Regent states the obvious — it is January — to fill the silence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"sir","note":"Mijnheer is a formal address equivalent to “sir.”"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to mijnheer","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to westmoesson","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"westmoesson","lemma":"westmoesson","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"west monsoon"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h6-s21","source":"Dit nu wist Verbrugge wel: men was in Januari.","translation":"Now this Verbrugge knew well enough: it was January.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit nu wist Verbrugge wel: men was in Januari","title":"Object-fronting Dit + inversion","body":"Fronting the object Dit ('this') inverts wist Verbrugge ('Verbrugge knew this well'); the impersonal men ('one, they') serves as a vague subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"well enough"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parallel clause to wist","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Januari","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Januari","lemma":"januari","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"January"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h6-s22","source":"Maar wat hy over den regen gezegd had, wist de Regent ook.","translation":"But what he had said about the rain, the Regent knew too.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar wat hy over den regen gezegd had, wist de Regent ook","title":"Fronted free-relative object + inversion","body":"The free relative wat hy ... gezegd had ('what he had said', a verb-final pluperfect) fills the first slot, so the main verb wist inverts before de Regent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the sentence with the preceding discourse","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezegd","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of regen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regen","lemma":"regen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"rain"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb; takes the wat-clause as object","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h6-s23","source":"Hierop volgde weder eenig zwygen.","translation":"To this there followed once again a certain silence.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s23.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hierop volgde weder eenig zwygen","title":"Fronted phrase, verb second","body":"The clause opens with the pronominal adverb 'hierop' (on this / to this), which fills the first slot, so the finite verb 'volgde' must come second, before the subject 'eenig zwygen'. This inversion is the V2 rule, the backbone of Dutch main-clause word order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"weder","title":"weder = 'again'","body":"An archaic, literary form of modern 'weer' (again). Throughout this passage Multatuli favours the fuller older spelling. Note 'zwygen' (with y for ij) is the infinitive used as a neuter noun: 'a silence'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of volgde","gloss":"To this"},{"surface":"volgde","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volgde","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"eenig","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of zwijgen","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"zwygen","lemma":"zwijgen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of volgde","gloss":"silence","note":"Historical ‘y’ spelling; the infinitive is used here as a noun meaning silence."}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h6-s24","source":"De Regent wenkte met een nauw zichtbare beweging van 't hoofd, een der bedienden die neergehurkt zaten aan den ingang der pendoppo. Een kleine jongen, allerliefst gevat in een blauw-fluweelen buis, witten pantalon, met gouden lyfband die zyn kostbaren sarong, vasthield om de lenden, en op 't hoofd den behagelyken kain kapala, waaronder zyn zwarte oogen zoo ondeugend te-voorschyn kwamen, kroop hurkende tot aan de voeten des Regents, zette de gouden doos neder, die de tabak, de kalk, de sirie, de pinang, en de gambier bevatte, maakte den slamat, door beide handen saamgevoegd opteheffen tot aan het diep neergebogen voorhoofd, en bood daarop zyn heer de kostbare doos aan.","translation":"With a barely perceptible movement of his head, the Regent beckoned one of the servants who sat crouched at the entrance of the pendoppo. A small boy, charmingly attired in a blue velvet jacket, white trousers, with a golden waistband that held his costly sarong fast about his loins, and on his head the becoming kain kapala, from beneath which his black eyes peeped out so mischievously, crept crouching up to the Regent's feet, set down the golden box that held the tobacco, the lime, the sirie, the pinang, and the gambier, made the slamat by raising both joined hands to his deeply bowed forehead, and thereupon offered his master the precious box.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s24.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een der bedienden","title":"Genitive plural 'der'","body":"'een der bedienden' = 'one of the servants', using the frozen genitive article 'der' instead of modern 'van de'. The same construction recurs as 'den ingang der pendoppo' (the entrance of the pendoppo). These case-remnants are everywhere in 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"des Regents","title":"Masculine genitive 'des … -s'","body":"'tot aan de voeten des Regents' ('up to the Regent's feet') is the old genitive singular: the article 'des' plus an -s on the noun, the Dutch parallel to German 'des Regenten'. By 1860 this survives only in solemn or set phrases."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"neergehurkt zaten … die de tabak … bevatte","title":"Verb-final relative clauses","body":"The relative pronouns 'die' ('die … zaten', who sat) and 'die' ('die … bevatte', which held) each open a subordinate clause whose finite verb is pushed to the very end. 'die' is the relative form for de-words and plurals."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zette … neder … bood … aan","title":"Separable verbs split apart","body":"'neerzetten' (to set down) and 'aanbieden' (to offer) are separable verbs; in this main clause the stems stand early ('zette', 'bood') while the prefixes 'neder' and 'aan' are flung to the clause-end. 'opteheffen' (= op te heffen, to raise up) shows the same prefix written into the te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een kleine jongen … kroop … zette … maakte … bood","title":"Diminutive and a chain of past tenses","body":"'jongetje' would be the diminutive; here the noun is plain 'jongen' (boy). The narrative runs in the simple past (imperfect): strong 'kroop' (from kruipen) and strong 'bood' (from bieden) versus weak 'zette' (zetten) and 'maakte' (maken). The imperfect is Dutch's storytelling tense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"myn / zyn / lyfband","title":"Period spelling: y for ij","body":"Throughout, 'y' stands for modern 'ij': 'zyn' = zijn (his), 'lyfband' = lijfband (waistband). This Siegenbeek-era convention is one of the surest marks of an 1860 Dutch page."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wenkte","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"wenkte","lemma":"wenken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"beckoned"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beweging","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beweging","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nauw","lemma":"nauw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zichtbare","gloss":"barely"},{"surface":"zichtbare","lemma":"zichtbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies beweging","gloss":"perceptible"},{"surface":"beweging","lemma":"beweging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met; manner adjunct of wenkte","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies beweging","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of wenkte","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of bedienden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bedienden","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive complement of een","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zaten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"neergehurkt","lemma":"neerhurken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial complement of zaten","gloss":"crouched"},{"surface":"zaten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying bedienden","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pendoppo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of ingang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ingang","lemma":"ingang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendopo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of ingang","gloss":"pavilion"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jongen","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies jongen","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kroop, zette, maakte, and bood","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"allerliefst","lemma":"allerliefst","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies gevat","gloss":"most charmingly"},{"surface":"gevat","lemma":"vatten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of jongen","gloss":"attired"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"blauw-fluweelen","lemma":"blauwfluwelen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies buis","gloss":"blue velvet","note":"Historical spelling of modern ‘blauw-fluwelen’."},{"surface":"buis","lemma":"buis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"jacket"},{"surface":"witten","lemma":"wit","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies pantalon","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"pantalon","lemma":"pantalon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second garment in the description of jongen","gloss":"trousers"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lyfband","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gouden","lemma":"gouden","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies lijfband","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"lyfband","lemma":"lijfband","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"waistband","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch ‘lijfband’."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vasthield","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of sarong","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kostbaren","lemma":"kostbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies sarong","gloss":"costly"},{"surface":"sarong","lemma":"sarong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vasthield","gloss":"sarong"},{"surface":"vasthield","lemma":"vasthouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying lijfband","gloss":"held fast"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lenden","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lenden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lenden","lemma":"lende","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of om","gloss":"loins"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clothing descriptions","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of kain kapala","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"behagelyken","lemma":"behaaglijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kain kapala","gloss":"becoming","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch ‘behaaglijk’."},{"surface":"kain","lemma":"kain","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"head of the compound kain kapala","gloss":"cloth","note":"Malay kain kepala: a headcloth or turban."},{"surface":"kapala","lemma":"kepala","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"second element of kain kapala","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"waaronder","lemma":"waaronder","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of kwamen; refers to kain kapala","gloss":"beneath which"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of oogen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zwarte","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oogen","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of kwamen","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ondeugend","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ondeugend","lemma":"ondeugend","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te voorschijn kwamen","gloss":"mischievously"},{"surface":"te-voorschyn","lemma":"tevoorschijn","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle phrase with kwamen","gloss":"out","note":"Historical hyphenated spelling of ‘tevoorschijn’."},{"surface":"kwamen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying kain kapala","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"kroop","lemma":"kruipen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"crept"},{"surface":"hurkende","lemma":"hurken","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"manner adjunct of kroop","gloss":"crouching"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"first element of the compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"second element of the compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voeten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voeten","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tot aan","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of Regents","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Regents","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of voeten","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"zette","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with kroop","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gouden","lemma":"gouden","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies doos","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"doos","lemma":"doos","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zette","gloss":"box"},{"surface":"neder","lemma":"neder","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of zette ... neder","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bevatte; refers to doos","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tabak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tabak","lemma":"tabak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bevatte","gloss":"tobacco"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kalk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kalk","lemma":"kalk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of bevatte","gloss":"lime"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sirie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sirie","lemma":"sirih","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of bevatte","gloss":"betel leaves"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pinang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pinang","lemma":"pinang","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of bevatte","gloss":"areca nut"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gambier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gambier","lemma":"gambier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of bevatte","gloss":"gambier"},{"surface":"bevatte","lemma":"bevatten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying doos","gloss":"contained"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with zette","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of slamat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slamat","lemma":"selamat","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"salutation","note":"Here ‘slamat’ denotes a formal Javanese gesture of respect."},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means clause with op te heffen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of handen","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"handen","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of op te heffen","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"saamgevoegd","lemma":"samenvoegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of handen","gloss":"joined","note":"‘Saamgevoegd’ is an older form of modern ‘samengevoegd’."},{"surface":"opteheffen","lemma":"opheffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of door","gloss":"to raise","note":"Older fused spelling of ‘op te heffen’."},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"first element of the compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"second element of the compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorhoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies neergebogen","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"neergebogen","lemma":"neerbuigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"modifies voorhoofd","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"voorhoofd","lemma":"voorhoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot aan","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bood","lemma":"bieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with maakte","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bood","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of heer","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of bood","gloss":"master"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of doos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kostbare","lemma":"kostbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies doos","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"doos","lemma":"doos","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bood","gloss":"box"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable particle","role":"separable particle of bood ... aan","gloss":"up"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h6-s25","source":"--De weg zal moeielyk zyn na zooveel regen, zei de Regent, als om 't lang wachten verklaarbaar te maken, terwyl hy een betelblad met kalk bestreek.","translation":"\"The road will be difficult after so much rain,\" said the Regent, as if to account for the long wait, while he spread lime on a betel leaf.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De weg zal moeielyk zyn","title":"Future with 'zullen'","body":"'zal … zyn' is the explicit future: the auxiliary 'zullen' is conjugated in second position ('zal') and the main verb 'zyn' (to be) drops to the clause-end as a bare infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als om 't lang wachten verklaarbaar te maken","title":"om … te (purpose)","body":"'(als) om … te maken' frames a purpose clause, 'as if to make … explicable'. 'om' opens it and the te-infinitive 'te maken' closes it, with the object 'het lang wachten' sitting in between."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"terwyl hy een betelblad met kalk bestreek","title":"Subordinator 'terwyl' sends verb to end","body":"'terwyl' (while) is a subordinating conjunction, so its clause is verb-final: the object 'een betelblad met kalk' precedes the finite verb 'bestreek' (smeared), the strong past of 'bestrijken'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of zijn","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of regen","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"regen","lemma":"regen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"rain"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"combines with om to introduce a comparative-purpose clause","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitival clause ending in maken","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wachten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies nominal infinitive wachten","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"verklaarbaar","lemma":"verklaarbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of wachten","gloss":"explicable"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the om ... te purpose clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"terwyl","lemma":"terwijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bestreek","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of bestreek","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betelblad","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"betelblad","lemma":"betelblad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bestreek","gloss":"betel leaf"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kalk","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"kalk","lemma":"kalk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"lime"},{"surface":"bestreek","lemma":"bestrijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the terwijl-clause","gloss":"coated"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h6-s26","source":"--In 't Pandeglangsche is de weg zoo slecht niet, antwoordde Verbrugge die, als hy ten-minste niets stuitends wilde aanroeren, dit antwoord wel wat ondoordacht gaf. Want hy had moeten bedenken dat een Regent van Lebak niet gaarne de wegen van Pandeglang hoort roemen, al zyn die dan ook werkelyk beter dan in 't Lebaksche.","translation":"\"In the Pandeglang district the road is not so bad,\" answered Verbrugge, who — if at least he meant to broach nothing jarring — gave this reply rather thoughtlessly. For he ought to have considered that a Regent of Lebak does not gladly hear the roads of Pandeglang praised, even if they really are better than those in the Lebak district.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is de weg zoo slecht niet","title":"'niet' negating an adjective","body":"Because the predicate is the adjective 'slecht' (bad), negation uses 'niet', not 'geen' (geen only negates indefinite nouns). The trailing 'niet' here lands after the degree phrase 'zoo slecht', a common period word order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Want hy had moeten bedenken","title":"'want' coordinates; pluperfect modal","body":"'want' (for/because) is a coordinating conjunction, so it does NOT send the verb to the end. The clause then stacks 'had moeten bedenken' (ought to have considered): pluperfect 'had' + the modal infinitive 'moeten' + main infinitive 'bedenken'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al zyn die dan ook werkelyk beter","title":"Concessive 'al' with inversion","body":"'al … (dan ook)' means 'even if / although', and triggers inversion: the verb 'zyn' comes before the subject 'die'. 'beter' is the comparative of 'goed' (good)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gaarne","title":"gaarne = 'gladly'","body":"A literary adverb, 'gladly / willingly' (modern colloquial 'graag'). 'niet gaarne … hoort roemen' = 'does not gladly hear praised'."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Pandeglangsche","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Pandeglangsche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Pandeglangsche","lemma":"Pandeglangs","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Pandeglang district","note":"Substantivized regional adjective: ‘the Pandeglang district’."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking weg to slecht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slecht","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates slecht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gaf; refers to Verbrugge","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ten-minste","lemma":"ten minste","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde","gloss":"at least","note":"Older hyphenated spelling of ‘ten minste’."},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of aanroeren","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"stuitends","lemma":"stuitend","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"partitive modifier of niets","gloss":"jarring"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"aanroeren","lemma":"aanroeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"to broach"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the degree expressed by wat","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ondoordacht","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"ondoordacht","lemma":"ondoordacht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaf","gloss":"thoughtlessly"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying Verbrugge","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory main clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of had moeten bedenken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary in had moeten bedenken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal infinitive governing bedenken","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"bedenken","lemma":"bedenken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moeten","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hoort","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hoort","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gaarne hoort","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoort","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wegen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wegen","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of roemen","gloss":"roads"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Pandeglang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Pandeglang","lemma":"Pandeglang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Pandeglang"},{"surface":"hoort","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"roemen","lemma":"roemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of hoort","gloss":"praised"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"combines with zijn to introduce a concessive clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula in the concessive clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zijn; refers to wegen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative particle in al ... dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative particle in al ... dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beter","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"subject complement of zijn","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with beter","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebaksche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lebaksche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in; ellipsis for the roads in the Lebak district","gloss":"Lebak district","note":"Substantivized regional adjective: ‘the Lebak district’."}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h6-s27","source":"De Adhipatti beging de fout van een te snel antwoord niet.","translation":"The Adhipatti did not commit the fault of too quick a reply.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De Adhipatti beging de fout … niet","title":"Sentence negation with 'niet'","body":"Here 'niet' negates the whole verb phrase ('did not commit the fault'), and stands at the very end after the full object 'de fout van een te snel antwoord'. End-position 'niet' closing a clause is typical Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"adipati","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of beging","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"beging","lemma":"begaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"committed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fout","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fout","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beging","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking antwoord","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies snel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"snel","lemma":"snel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies antwoord","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies fout","gloss":"reply"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beging","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h6-s28","source":"De kleine maas was reeds al hurkend achterwaarts teruggekropen tot aan den ingang der pendoppo, waar hy onder zyn makkers plaats nam ... de Regent had reeds zyn lippen en weinige tanden bruinrood geverwd met het speeksel zyner sirie, voor hy zeide:","translation":"The little fellow had already crept backwards, still crouching, to the entrance of the pendoppo, where he took his place among his comrades — the Regent had already stained his lips and few teeth brownish-red with the juice of his sirie, before he said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was reeds … teruggekropen","title":"Pluperfect with 'zyn'","body":"'was … teruggekropen' is the pluperfect (past-behind-the-past): imperfect 'was' + the past participle of motion verb 'terugkruipen'. Verbs of movement take 'zijn', not 'hebben', as their auxiliary."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met het speeksel zyner sirie","title":"Feminine genitive 'zyner'","body":"'zyner' is the inflected genitive of the possessive 'zyn' (his), agreeing with 'sirie' as a feminine/old genitive: 'with the saliva of his sirie'. The possessive carries an old case ending, much as German 'seiner'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar hy onder zyn makkers plaats nam","title":"Relative adverb 'waar' + verb-final","body":"'waar' (where) opens a relative clause that is verb-final: the separable verb 'plaats nemen' (to take a seat) closes it as 'plaats nam'. Note the prefix-like noun 'plaats' clings to the end with the finite verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"maas","title":"'maas' = the page-boy","body":"A Malay-derived word for the little serving boy of the earlier scene, here called 'de kleine maas' (the little fellow). The English renders it 'the little fellow'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maas","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies maas","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"maas","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was teruggekropen","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of teruggekropen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies teruggekropen","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hurkend","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"hurkend","lemma":"hurken","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"adverbial participle modifying teruggekropen","gloss":"crouching"},{"surface":"achterwaarts","lemma":"achterwaarts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies teruggekropen","gloss":"backwards"},{"surface":"teruggekropen","lemma":"terugkruipen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with was","gloss":"crept back"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of ingang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ingang","lemma":"ingang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot aan","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, archaic","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendoppo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of ingang","gloss":"pendoppo"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying ingang","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking makkers","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of makkers","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"makkers","lemma":"makker","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had geverwd","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geverwd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of lippen and tanden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"lippen","lemma":"lip","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of geverwd","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies tanden","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"tanden","lemma":"tand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with lippen","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"bruinrood","lemma":"bruinrood","morphology":"adjective used predicatively","role":"result complement of geverwd","gloss":"brownish-red"},{"surface":"geverwd","lemma":"verven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"stained"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks instrument of geverwd","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of speeksel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"speeksel","lemma":"speeksel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"saliva"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive singular, archaic","role":"possessor of sirie","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"sirie","lemma":"sirie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of speeksel","gloss":"betel","note":"Sirie is betel quid, whose juice stains the mouth red."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of zeide","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular, archaic form","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h6-s29","source":"--Ja, er is veel volk in Pandeglang.","translation":"\"Yes, there are many people in Pandeglang.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s29.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of volk","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"collective noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Pandeglang","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Pandeglang","lemma":"Pandeglang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Pandeglang"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h6-s30","source":"Voor wien den Regent en den kontroleur kende, voor wien de toestand van Lebak geen geheim was, had het duidelyk kunnen blyken dat het gesprek reeds een stryd was geworden.","translation":"To anyone who knew the Regent and the controller, to anyone for whom the state of Lebak was no secret, it might plainly have appeared that the conversation had already become a contest.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Voor wien … voor wien …","title":"Relative 'wien' without antecedent","body":"'wien' is the (dative/oblique) relative pronoun 'whom', used here without an antecedent: 'to anyone who knew …'. The repeated 'voor wien' structure is a stately period formula; modern Dutch would prefer 'voor wie'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had het duidelyk kunnen blyken","title":"Pluperfect modal: 'had kunnen blyken'","body":"A stacked verb cluster: pluperfect 'had' + modal infinitive 'kunnen' (could) + main infinitive 'blyken' (appear), = 'it could plainly have appeared'. After fronting, 'had' sits second and the infinitives pile up at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het gesprek … een stryd was geworden","title":"Perfect of 'worden' (had become)","body":"'was geworden' is the perfect/pluperfect of 'worden' (to become): 'had become a contest'. 'worden' forms its perfect with 'zijn', giving 'was geworden'. This is distinct from the worden-passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor wien de toestand … geen geheim was","title":"'geen' negating a noun","body":"'geen geheim' = 'no secret': 'geen' is used because it negates an indefinite predicate noun. Contrast with 'niet', which would be wrong here."}],"words":[{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wien","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, archaic form","role":"subject of kende; case attracted to voor","gloss":"anyone who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kende","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates Regent and kontroleur","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of kende","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"kende","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying wien","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wien","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, dative, archaic form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toestand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toestand","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geheim","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"geheim","lemma":"geheim","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to geheim","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary governing kunnen blyken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of had kunnen blyken","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyken","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by had","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"blyken","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kunnen","gloss":"appear"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geworden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gesprek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was geworden","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geworden","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stryd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stryd","lemma":"strijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of geworden","gloss":"contest"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with was","gloss":"become"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h6-s31","source":"Een toespeling namelyk op den beteren staat der wegen in een naburige afdeeling, scheen het vervolg te wezen op vergeefsche pogingen om ook in Lebak dusdanige betere wegen te doen aanleggen, of de bestaande beter te onderhouden.","translation":"An allusion, namely, to the better condition of the roads in a neighboring division seemed to be the sequel to fruitless efforts to have such better roads laid out in Lebak too, or to have the existing ones better maintained.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"scheen het vervolg te wezen","title":"schijnen + te-infinitive","body":"'scheen … te wezen' = 'seemed to be': the verb 'schijnen' governs a te-infinitive ('te wezen', an archaic 'te zijn'). The te-infinitive closes the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om … betere wegen te doen aanleggen","title":"om … te with causative 'doen'","body":"The purpose clause 'om … te doen aanleggen' = 'in order to have better roads laid out'. 'doen' + infinitive 'aanleggen' is the causative ('to have/cause something done'), parallel to causative 'laten'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den beteren staat der wegen","title":"Dative 'den' + genitive 'der'","body":"'op den beteren staat der wegen' packs two case-remnants: 'den' is the old dative/accusative masculine article (after the preposition 'op'), and 'der' is the genitive plural ('of the roads'). 'beteren' carries the matching -en adjective ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toespeling","gloss":"An"},{"surface":"toespeling","lemma":"toespeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"allusion"},{"surface":"namelyk","lemma":"namelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifier of toespeling","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of toespeling","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of staat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beteren","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural, archaic","role":"determiner of wegen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"wegen","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive complement of staat","gloss":"roads"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afdeeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"naburige","lemma":"naburig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies afdeeling","gloss":"neighboring"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vervolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vervolg","lemma":"vervolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"sequel"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of scheen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pogingen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vergeefsche","lemma":"vergeefs","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic spelling","role":"modifies pogingen","gloss":"fruitless"},{"surface":"pogingen","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of wezen","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of doen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in Lebak","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"dusdanige","lemma":"dusdanig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wegen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"betere","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies wegen","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"wegen","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of aanleggen","gloss":"roads"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"part of om ... te construction","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"governs aanleggen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"aanleggen","lemma":"aanleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doen","gloss":"laid out"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner used substantivally","role":"determiner of omitted wegen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestaande","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"adjective, substantivized present participle","role":"head of noun phrase de bestaande","gloss":"existing ones"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies onderhouden","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive onderhouden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"onderhouden","lemma":"onderhouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with doen aanleggen","gloss":"maintain"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h6-s32","source":"Doch hierin had de Regent gelyk, dat Pandeglang dichter bevolkt was, vooral in verhouding tot de veel kleinere oppervlakte, en dat dus dáár de arbeid aan de groote wegen, door vereende krachten ligter viel dan in 't Lebaksche, een afdeeling die op honderde palen oppervlakte, slechts zeventigduizend inwoners telde.","translation":"Yet in this the Regent was right: that Pandeglang was more densely populated, especially in proportion to its far smaller area, and that there, accordingly, the labor on the high roads, done by combined forces, came easier than in the Lebak district — a division that, over hundreds of square miles of territory, counted only seventy thousand inhabitants.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch hierin had de Regent gelyk, dat …","title":"Archaic 'doch' + fronted 'hierin'","body":"'doch' is a literary 'but/yet' (register-marked, like English 'yet'). The fronted pronominal adverb 'hierin' (in this) forces V2 inversion: verb 'had' before subject 'de Regent'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat Pandeglang dichter bevolkt was … dat … de arbeid … ligter viel","title":"'dat'-clauses run verb-final","body":"Both noun clauses opened by 'dat' (that) are subordinate and verb-final: 'bevolkt was' and 'ligter viel' close their clauses. 'dichter' and 'ligter' are comparatives ('more densely', 'easier')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een afdeeling die … slechts zeventigduizend inwoners telde","title":"Relative 'die' for a de-word","body":"'afdeeling' is a de-word, so the relative pronoun is 'die', opening a verb-final clause ('… telde', counted). 'zeventigduizend' shows Dutch numbers written as one closed compound word."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects sentence adversatively","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"hierin","lemma":"hierin","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb in idiom gelyk hebben","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"gelyk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"noun in fixed expression","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"right","note":"Gelijk hebben means “to be right.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of gelyk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Pandeglang","lemma":"Pandeglang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Pandeglang"},{"surface":"dichter","lemma":"dicht","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies bevolkt","gloss":"more densely"},{"surface":"bevolkt","lemma":"bevolken","morphology":"adjective, past participle","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"populated"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links Pandeglang to bevolkt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verhouding","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verhouding","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bevolkt","gloss":"proportion"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oppervlakte","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oppervlakte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kleinere","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"kleinere","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies oppervlakte","gloss":"smaller"},{"surface":"oppervlakte","lemma":"oppervlakte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"area"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"accordingly"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wegen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wegen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic spelling","role":"modifies wegen","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"wegen","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"roads"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking krachten","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"vereende","lemma":"verenigen","morphology":"adjective, past participle, archaic spelling","role":"modifies krachten","gloss":"combined"},{"surface":"krachten","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"forces"},{"surface":"ligter","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adverb, comparative, archaic spelling","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"more easily","note":"Ligter is the older spelling of lichter, here meaning “more easily.”"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated content clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase in 't Lebaksche","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebaksche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lebaksche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Lebak district"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to het Lebaksche","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of telde","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking palen","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"honderde","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies palen","gloss":"hundreds of"},{"surface":"palen","lemma":"paal","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"square miles","note":"A paal is a historical Dutch East Indies measure of distance."},{"surface":"oppervlakte","lemma":"oppervlakte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"measure complement of palen","gloss":"area"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies inwoners","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"zeventigduizend","lemma":"zeventigduizend","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies inwoners","gloss":"seventy thousand"},{"surface":"inwoners","lemma":"inwoner","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of telde","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"surface":"telde","lemma":"tellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on afdeeling","gloss":"counted"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h6-s33","source":"--Dat is waar, zei Verbrugge, we hebben weinig volk hier, maar ...","translation":"\"That is true,\" said Verbrugge, \"we have few people here, but ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s33.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of volk","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"collective noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebben","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces unfinished contrasting clause","gloss":"but"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h6-s34","source":"De Adhipatti zag hem aan, als wachtte hy een aanval af.","translation":"The Adhipatti looked at him, as though awaiting an attack.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De Adhipatti zag hem aan","title":"Separable 'aanzien'","body":"'aanzien' (to look at) is separable: the stem 'zag' (strong past of 'zien') stands in second position and the prefix 'aan' lands at the clause-end, with the object 'hem' in between."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als wachtte hy een aanval af","title":"Inverted 'als' = 'as if'","body":"'als wachtte hy …' is an elliptical conditional/comparative ('as though he were awaiting …') marked by inversion: verb 'wachtte' before subject 'hy', with the separable prefix 'af' (from 'afwachten') dropping to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"title, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular, split form","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"direct object of zag aan","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zag ... aan","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces hypothetical comparative clause","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"afwachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular, split form","role":"main verb of comparative clause","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of wachtte af","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanval","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"aanval","lemma":"aanval","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wachtte af","gloss":"attack"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of wachtte ... af","gloss":"for"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h6-s35","source":"Hy wist dat er na dat \"maar\" iets volgen kon, dat onaangenaam zou te hooren zyn voor hem, die sedert dertig jaren Regent van Lebak geweest was.","translation":"He knew that after that \"but\" something might follow that would be unpleasant to hear for him, who had been Regent of Lebak for thirty years.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er na dat \"maar\" iets volgen kon","title":"Existential 'er' + modal at end","body":"'er … iets volgen kon' uses the dummy particle 'er' to introduce an indefinite subject ('iets', something), with the modal 'kon' (could) sending 'volgen' to the end of the verb-final 'dat'-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat onaangenaam zou te hooren zyn","title":"Conditional 'zou'","body":"'zou … zyn' is the conditional ('would be'): 'zou' + infinitive expresses what would happen. Here it nests a te-infinitive 'te hooren' ('unpleasant to hear')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor hem, die sedert dertig jaren Regent … geweest was","title":"Pluperfect of 'zijn'","body":"'geweest was' is the pluperfect of 'zijn' (to be): 'had been'. The relative clause introduced by 'die' is verb-final, ending in the participle-plus-auxiliary cluster."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of volgen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverbial pronoun","role":"provisional adverb in subordinate clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dat","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of quoted maar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"substantivized conjunction","role":"object of na","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of volgen kon","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"volgen","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with kon","gloss":"follow"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of volgen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou zyn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"onaangenaam","lemma":"onaangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hooren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic spelling","role":"infinitival complement of onaangenaam","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic spelling","role":"main infinitive with zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of was geweest","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dertig","lemma":"dertig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"thirty"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of sedert","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with was","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h6-s36","source":"Het scheen dat Verbrugge op dit oogenblik geen lust had den stryd voorttezetten.","translation":"It seemed that at this moment Verbrugge had no wish to carry on the contest.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het scheen dat …","title":"Impersonal 'het scheen'","body":"'Het scheen dat …' = 'It seemed that …', with dummy 'het' as a placeholder subject pointing at nobody, a classic impersonal construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"geen lust had den stryd voorttezetten","title":"'geen' + te-infinitive","body":"'geen lust had … voorttezetten' = 'had no wish to carry on'. 'geen' negates the indefinite noun 'lust' (desire), and 'voorttezetten' (= voort te zetten) is the te-infinitive of separable 'voortzetten', written joined in period style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"expletive subject of scheen","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of scheen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of lust","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"lust","lemma":"lust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of stryd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stryd","lemma":"strijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorttezetten","gloss":"contest"},{"surface":"voorttezetten","lemma":"voortzetten","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of lust","gloss":"to carry on"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h6-s37","source":"Althans hy brak 't gesprek af, en vroeg weder aan den mandoor-oppasser of hy niets komen zag?","translation":"At any rate he broke off the conversation, and asked the mandoor-oppasser again whether he saw nothing coming.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy brak 't gesprek af","title":"Separable 'afbreken'","body":"'afbreken' (to break off) splits: strong past 'brak' second, prefix 'af' at the clause-end, object ''t gesprek' between them."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of hy niets komen zag","title":"Indirect question with 'of'","body":"'of' (whether) opens an embedded yes/no question, which is verb-final: 'komen zag' ('saw coming') closes it. 'niets' is the negative pronoun 'nothing'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"modifies the first clause","gloss":"At any rate"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of brak and vroeg","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"brak","lemma":"afbreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb with particle af","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of gesprek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of brak","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of brak ... af","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links brak and vroeg","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with brak","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vroeg","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the person addressed by vroeg","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of mandoor-oppasser","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mandoor-oppasser","lemma":"mandoer-oppasser","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"mandoor-oppasser"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of zag and understood subject of komen","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zag","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the indirect question","gloss":"saw"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h6-s38","source":"--Ik zie nog niets van den kant van Pandeglang, mynheer de kontroleur, maar daar-ginds aan de andere zyde rydt iemand te-paard ... het is de toewan kommendaan.","translation":"\"I still see nothing from the direction of Pandeglang, mijnheer the controller, but over yonder, on the other side, someone is riding on horseback ... it is the toewan commandant.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zie nog niets","title":"Negative pronoun 'niets'","body":"'niets' = 'nothing'; with the adverb 'nog' ('still'), 'nog niets' = 'nothing yet'. Dutch allows only one negative per clause, so 'niets' alone carries the negation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar-ginds … rydt iemand te-paard","title":"Fronted adverb forces inversion","body":"The fronted place adverb 'daar-ginds aan de andere zyde' (over yonder) takes the first slot, so the verb 'rydt' precedes the subject 'iemand'. V2 again, here with a long adverbial in front."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zie","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of zie","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the direction phrase","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of kant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of kant","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Pandeglang","lemma":"Pandeglang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Pandeglang"},{"surface":"mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to mynheer","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"daar-ginds","lemma":"daarginds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rydt","gloss":"over yonder"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a location phrase","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies zyde","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"zyde","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"rydt","lemma":"rijden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the contrasting clause","gloss":"is riding"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of rydt","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"te-paard","lemma":"te paard","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"manner complement of rydt","gloss":"on horseback","note":"The fixed expression ‘te paard’ means ‘on horseback.’"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to toewan kommendaan","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toewan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toewan","lemma":"tuan","morphology":"Malay honorific noun, singular","role":"head of the predicate noun phrase","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"kommendaan","lemma":"commandant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title in apposition to toewan","gloss":"commandant"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h6-s39","source":"--Welzeker, Dongso, zei Verbrugge naar buiten starende, dat is de kommandant! Hy jaagt in deze buurt, en is vanmorgen vroeg reeds uitgegaan.","translation":"\"Why, of course, Dongso,\" said Verbrugge, staring outside, \"that is the commandant! He is hunting in these parts, and went out early this morning.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is vanmorgen vroeg reeds uitgegaan","title":"Perfect of motion verb 'uitgaan'","body":"'is … uitgegaan' is the present perfect of the separable motion verb 'uitgaan' (to go out), formed with 'zijn'. The participle 'uitgegaan' closes the clause; the time adverbials 'vanmorgen vroeg reeds' sit in the middle field."}],"words":[{"surface":"Welzeker","lemma":"welzeker","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"Why of course"},{"surface":"Dongso","lemma":"Dongso","morphology":"proper noun","role":"term of address","gloss":"Dongso"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the direction of starende","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"starende","lemma":"staren","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial adjunct modifying Verbrugge","gloss":"staring"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat to kommandant","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kommandant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kommandant","lemma":"commandant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun after is","gloss":"commandant"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of jaagt and is uitgegaan","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"jaagt","lemma":"jagen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is hunting"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buurt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of buurt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"buurt","lemma":"buurt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"area"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links jaagt and is uitgegaan","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgegaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"vanmorgen","lemma":"vanmorgen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitgegaan","gloss":"this morning"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitgegaan","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitgegaan","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"uitgegaan","lemma":"uitgaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated predicate with jaagt","gloss":"gone out"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h6-s40","source":"Hé, Duclari ... Duclari!","translation":"Hey, Duclari ... Duclari!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s40.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hé","lemma":"hé","morphology":"interjection","role":"attention-getting interjection","gloss":"Hey"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"term of address","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"repeated term of address","gloss":"Duclari"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h6-s41","source":"--Hy hoort u al, mynheer, hy komt hierheen.","translation":"\"He hears you already, mijnheer, he is coming this way.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy hoort u al","title":"Polite pronoun 'u'","body":"'u' is the polite/formal 'you' (object here), as the servant addresses the officer respectfully. It contrasts with the familiar 'je/jy' the officers use among themselves elsewhere in the scene."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy komt hierheen","title":"Directional adverb 'hierheen'","body":"'hierheen' = 'this way / hither', a directional adverb that closes the clause after the verb 'komt'. Dutch distinguishes 'hier' (here, location) from 'hierheen' (motion towards here)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of hoort","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"hoort","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, second person","role":"direct object of hoort","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoort","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"term of address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"is coming"},{"surface":"hierheen","lemma":"hierheen","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of komt","gloss":"this way"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h6-s42","source":"Zyn jongen rydt achter hem, met een kidang achter zich over 't paard.","translation":"His boy is riding behind him, with a kidang slung behind him across the horse.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyn jongen rydt achter hem","title":"Present tense, V2","body":"A plain present-tense main clause: subject 'Zyn jongen' first, finite verb 'rydt' second. 'rydt' = modern 'rijdt' (rides), with period y-spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of jongen","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of rydt","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"rydt","lemma":"rijden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is riding"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, oblique, third person singular","role":"object of achter","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the accompanying-object phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kidang","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kidang","lemma":"kidang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"kidang deer","note":"A kidang is a small Javanese muntjac deer."},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"object of achter","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking paard","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of paard","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"paard","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"horse"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h6-s43","source":"--Pegang koedahnja toewan kommendaan gebood Verbrugge aan een der bedienden die buiten zaten. Bonjour, Duclari!","translation":"\"Pegang koedahnja toewan kommendaan,\" Verbrugge ordered one of the servants sitting outside. \"Bonjour, Duclari!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s43.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Pegang","lemma":"pegang","morphology":"Malay verb, imperative","role":"verb of the quoted command","gloss":"Hold","note":"This command is Malay, represented in nineteenth-century Dutch spelling."},{"surface":"koedahnja","lemma":"kuda-nya","morphology":"Malay noun with possessive suffix","role":"direct object of Pegang","gloss":"his horse"},{"surface":"toewan","lemma":"tuan","morphology":"Malay honorific noun, singular","role":"possessor of koedahnja","gloss":"the master"},{"surface":"kommendaan","lemma":"commandant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title in apposition to toewan","gloss":"commandant"},{"surface":"gebood","lemma":"gebieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main reporting verb","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of gebood","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the recipient of the command","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"object of aan and head of the partitive phrase","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of bedienden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bedienden","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"partitive complement of een","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zaten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zaten","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"zaten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying bedienden","gloss":"were sitting"},{"surface":"Bonjour","lemma":"bonjour","morphology":"French interjection","role":"greeting","gloss":"Hello"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"term of address","gloss":"Duclari"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h6-s44","source":"Ben je nat? Wat heb je geschoten?","translation":"Are you wet? What did you shoot?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ben je nat? Wat heb je geschoten?","title":"Familiar 'je' and a perfect question","body":"Among equals the officers use familiar 'je' (you). 'Wat heb je geschoten?' is a present-perfect question: auxiliary 'heb' inverts to the front, participle 'geschoten' (strong, from 'schieten') ends the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking je to nat","gloss":"Are"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of Ben","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nat","lemma":"nat","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Ben","gloss":"wet"},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of geschoten","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschoten","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of geschoten","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"geschoten","lemma":"schieten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second question","gloss":"shoot"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h6-s45","source":"Kom binnen!","translation":"Come in!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Kom binnen!","title":"Imperative + separable verb","body":"'Kom binnen!' = 'Come in!': the bare stem 'kom' is the imperative, and 'binnenkomen' is separable, so the prefix 'binnen' follows as a command. The bare-stem imperative is the standard Dutch command form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"Come"},{"surface":"binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of Kom","gloss":"in"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h6-s46","source":"Een krachtig man van dertigjarigen leeftyd en flinke militaire houding, hoewel van uniform geen spoor was, trad de pendoppo in. Het was de eerste-luitenant Duclari, kommandant van 't kleine garnizoen te Rangkas-Betoeng.","translation":"A vigorous man of some thirty years, of soldierly bearing, though there was not a trace of uniform about him, stepped into the pendoppo. It was First Lieutenant Duclari, commandant of the small garrison at Rangkas-Betoeng.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoewel van uniform geen spoor was","title":"Concessive 'hoewel' + 'geen'","body":"'hoewel' (although) is subordinating, so its clause is verb-final ('… was'). 'geen spoor' ('no trace') uses 'geen' to negate the indefinite noun. The fronted 'van uniform' inverts within the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"trad de pendoppo in","title":"Separable 'intreden'","body":"'intreden / de pendoppo intreden' (to step in/into): strong past 'trad' second, object 'de pendoppo', and the prefix 'in' at the very end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een man van dertigjarigen leeftyd","title":"Adjective -en after old dative","body":"'van dertigjarigen leeftyd' = 'of thirty years of age'. The compound adjective 'dertigjarig' takes the old masculine -en ending after preposition 'van', a case-driven adjective form normal in 1860."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"krachtig","lemma":"krachtig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies man","gloss":"vigorous"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of trad","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces an attributive phrase modifying man","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dertigjarigen","lemma":"dertigjarig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies leeftyd","gloss":"thirty-year"},{"surface":"leeftyd","lemma":"leeftijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two van-phrases modifying man","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"flinke","lemma":"flink","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies houding","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"militaire","lemma":"militair","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies houding","gloss":"soldierly"},{"surface":"houding","lemma":"houding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of an understood second van","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"hoewel","lemma":"hoewel","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of spoor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uniform","lemma":"uniform","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"uniform"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of spoor","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"spoor","lemma":"spoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"trace"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"trad","lemma":"intreden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb with particle in","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendopo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of trad ... in","gloss":"pendoppo"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of trad ... in","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Het to eerste-luitenant Duclari","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eerste-luitenant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste-luitenant","lemma":"eerste-luitenant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun after was","gloss":"First Lieutenant"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to eerste-luitenant","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"kommandant","lemma":"commandant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to Duclari","gloss":"commandant"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of kommandant","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of garnizoen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies garnizoen","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"garnizoen","lemma":"garnizoen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"garrison"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of garnizoen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h6-s47","source":"Verbrugge en hy waren bevriend, en hun gemeenzaamheid was te grooter, daar Duclari sedert eenigen tyd de woning van Verbrugge betrokken had in afwachting der voltooiing van een nieuw fort.","translation":"He and Verbrugge were friends, and their intimacy was the greater since Duclari had for some time been living in Verbrugge's house while awaiting the completion of a new fort.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hun gemeenzaamheid was te grooter, daar Duclari …","title":"Causal 'daar' + pluperfect","body":"'daar' here is the literary subordinator 'since/because', sending its clause verb-final to the cluster 'betrokken had' (had moved into), a pluperfect. 'te grooter' = 'the greater'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in afwachting der voltooiing","title":"Genitive 'der'","body":"'in afwachting der voltooiing van een nieuw fort' = 'awaiting the completion of a new fort': the genitive article 'der' marks 'voltooiing' (completion) as the thing awaited."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first conjunct of the subject of waren","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Verbrugge and hy","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"second conjunct of the subject of waren","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking the subject to bevriend","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"bevriend","lemma":"bevriend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"determiner of gemeenzaamheid","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"gemeenzaamheid","lemma":"gemeenzaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"intimacy"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking gemeenzaamheid to grooter","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"forms the correlative te grooter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of had betrokken","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of sedert","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of betrokken","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of woning","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"betrokken","lemma":"betrekken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"been living in"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of betrokken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afwachting","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"afwachting","lemma":"afwachting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"anticipation"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of voltooiing","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"voltooiing","lemma":"voltooiing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of afwachting","gloss":"completion"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of voltooiing","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fort","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nieuw","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies fort","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"fort","lemma":"fort","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"fort"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h6-s48","source":"Hy drukte dezen de hand, groette den Regent beleefd, en ging zitten onder de vraag: \"wel, wat heb je al zoo hier?\"","translation":"He shook the latter's hand, greeted the Regent politely, and sat down with the question: \"Well, what have you got here, then?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy drukte dezen de hand","title":"Demonstrative 'dezen' as dative","body":"'dezen' is the demonstrative 'deze' (this one / the latter) carrying an old dative -n: 'shook the latter's hand' (literally 'pressed to this one the hand'). The bare dative object without a preposition is an archaic touch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"groette den Regent … en ging zitten","title":"Imperfect chain + bare infinitive","body":"Three simple-past main verbs in a row ('drukte', 'groette', 'ging'). 'ging zitten' ('sat down') pairs the motion verb 'gaan' with the bare infinitive 'zitten', no 'te' required."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of drukte, groette, and ging","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"drukte","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first main verb","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular, oblique","role":"indirect object of drukte","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of drukte","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"groette","lemma":"groeten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"second coordinated main verb","gloss":"greeted"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of groette","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"beleefd","lemma":"beleefd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groette","gloss":"politely"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links groette and ging","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"third coordinated main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"zitten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of ging","gloss":"to sit down"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the accompanying question","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the indefinite expression al zoo","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the indefinite expression al zoo","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of heb","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h6-s49","source":"--Wil je thee, Duclari?","translation":"\"Will you have tea, Duclari?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wil je thee?","title":"Modal 'willen' in a question","body":"'Wil je thee?' = 'Will you (have) tea?': the modal 'willen' (to want) inverts to the front in a yes/no question, with familiar 'je'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"Would like"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of Wil","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"thee","lemma":"thee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of Wil","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"term of address","gloss":"Duclari"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h6-s50","source":"--Wel neen, ik ben warm genoeg!","translation":"\"No indeed, I'm warm enough as it is!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s50.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"intensifies neen","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to warm","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"warm","lemma":"warm","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies warm","gloss":"enough"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h6-s51","source":"Heb je geen klapperwater? Dat is frisscher.","translation":"Have you any coconut water? That's more refreshing.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of Heb","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klapperwater","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"klapperwater","lemma":"klapperwater","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of Heb","gloss":"coconut water"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking Dat to frisscher","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"frisscher","lemma":"fris","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"more refreshing","note":"Frisscher is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern frisser."}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h6-s52","source":"--Dat laat ik je niet geven.","translation":"\"I won't have any given to you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat laat ik je niet geven","title":"Causative 'laten' + fronted object","body":"'laten' + infinitive ('laat … geven', 'have given') is the causative: 'I won't have any given to you'. The object 'Dat' is fronted for emphasis, forcing inversion 'laat ik', and 'niet' negates the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, dative, second-person singular","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates laat geven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laat","gloss":"given"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h6-s53","source":"Als men warm is, houd ik klapperwater voor heel nadeelig. Je wordt er styf en jichtig van.","translation":"When one is warm, I hold coconut water to be very harmful. It makes you stiff and gouty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als men warm is, houd ik …","title":"Conditional 'als' + main-clause inversion","body":"The fronted subordinate clause 'Als men warm is' (when one is warm) is verb-final ('… is'); because it fills the first slot of the whole sentence, the main clause must invert: 'houd ik' (verb before subject)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Je wordt er styf en jichtig van","title":"Split pronominal adverb 'er … van'","body":"'er … van' is a split pronominal adverb meaning 'from it / of it': 'You get stiff and gouty from it (the coconut water)'. The 'er' sits early and the preposition 'van' lands at the clause-end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"houd ik klapperwater voor heel nadeelig","title":"iets ergens voor houden","body":"'iets voor … houden' = 'to hold/consider something to be …': 'I consider coconut water very harmful'. The fixed preposition 'voor' is governed by the verb 'houden', not by English logic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of warm","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"warm","lemma":"warm","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking to warm","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"klapperwater","lemma":"klapperwater","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of houd","gloss":"coconut water"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement nadeelig","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nadeelig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"nadeelig","lemma":"nadelig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of houd","gloss":"harmful","note":"Nadeelig is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern nadelig."},{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wordt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement completed by van","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"styf","lemma":"stijf","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of wordt","gloss":"stiff","note":"Styf is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern stijf."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"jichtig","lemma":"jichtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with styf","gloss":"gouty"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes the pronominal expression er ... van","gloss":"from"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h6-s54","source":"Zie eens de koelies die zware vrachten over de bergen dragen: zy houden zich vlug en lenig door heet water te drinken, of koppi dahoen. Maar gemberthee is nog beter ...","translation":"Just look at the coolies who carry heavy loads over the mountains: they keep themselves nimble and supple by drinking hot water, or koppi dahoen. But ginger tea is better still ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zie eens de koelies die …","title":"Imperative softened by 'eens'","body":"'Zie eens' = 'Just look': the bare-stem imperative 'zie' softened by the particle 'eens'. The relative 'die' (for the de-word plural 'koelies') opens a verb-final clause ('… dragen')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zy houden zich vlug en lenig door … te drinken","title":"Reflexive 'zich' + 'door … te'","body":"'houden zich' is reflexive (zich = 3rd-person reflexive, 'keep themselves'). The means is given by 'door … te drinken' ('by drinking …'), where 'door' + te-infinitive expresses 'by means of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Zie","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koelies","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koelies","lemma":"koelie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of Zie","gloss":"coolies"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of dragen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zware","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vrachten","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"vrachten","lemma":"vracht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of dragen","gloss":"loads"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bergen","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bergen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bergen","lemma":"berg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"dragen","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying koelies","gloss":"carry"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person plural","role":"subject of houden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"vlug","lemma":"vlug","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of zich","gloss":"nimble"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"lenig","lemma":"lenig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated object complement with vlug","gloss":"supple"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means adjunct drinken","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"heet","lemma":"heet","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter singular","role":"modifies water","gloss":"hot"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of drinken","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive drinken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"drinken","lemma":"drinken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of door","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"koppi","lemma":"kopi","morphology":"noun, Malay, singular","role":"first element of the Malay phrase koppi dahoen","gloss":"coffee","note":"Koppi dahoen is Malay kopi daun, literally “leaf coffee”: coffee-leaf tea."},{"surface":"dahoen","lemma":"daun","morphology":"noun, Malay, singular","role":"second element of the Malay phrase koppi dahoen","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beter","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"gemberthee","lemma":"gemberthee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"ginger tea"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking to beter","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beter","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h6-s55","source":"--Wat? Koppi dahoen, thee van koffibladen?","translation":"\"What? Koppi dahoen, tea made from coffee leaves?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"thee van koffibladen","title":"Compound 'koffibladen'","body":"'koffibladen' = 'koffi' (period spelling of coffee) + 'bladen' (leaves), a single closed compound noun, 'coffee-leaves'. Dutch glues nouns together right-headed: the last element ('bladen') gives the gender and number."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat heb ik nog nooit gezien","title":"Perfect + negative 'nooit'","body":"Fronted object 'Dat' forces inversion 'heb ik'; the negative adverb 'nog nooit' ('never yet') carries the clause's single negation, and the participle 'gezien' closes the present perfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"elliptical question","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"Koppi","lemma":"kopi","morphology":"noun, Malay, singular","role":"first element of koppi dahoen","gloss":"coffee","note":"Koppi dahoen is Malay kopi daun, literally “leaf coffee”: coffee-leaf tea."},{"surface":"dahoen","lemma":"daun","morphology":"noun, Malay, singular","role":"second element of koppi dahoen","gloss":"leaves"},{"surface":"thee","lemma":"thee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition explaining koppi dahoen","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffibladen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"koffibladen","lemma":"koffieblad","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"coffee leaves"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h6-s56","source":"Dat heb ik nog nooit gezien.","translation":"I've never seen that before.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s56.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"with nooit, means “never before”","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h6-s57","source":"--Omdat je niet op Sumatra gediend hebt. Daar is 't de gewoonte.","translation":"\"That's because you haven't served in Sumatra. There it's the custom.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Omdat je niet op Sumatra gediend hebt","title":"'omdat' verb-final perfect","body":"'omdat' (because) is subordinating, so the clause is verb-final and the perfect cluster 'gediend hebt' lands at the end. 'niet' negates the verb. Modern Dutch would write 'hebt gediend'; the period order can swap them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gediend","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gediend","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gediend","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sumatra","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Sumatra","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of gediend","gloss":"Sumatra"},{"surface":"gediend","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gediend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking gewoonte to the subject","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it","note":"'t is an elided form of het."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gewoonte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewoonte","lemma":"gewoonte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"custom"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h6-s58","source":"--Laat me dan maar thee geven ... maar niet van koffibladen, en ook niet van gember. Ja, je bent op Sumatra geweest ... en de nieuwe adsistent-resident ook, niet waar?","translation":"\"Then just let me have tea ... but not made of coffee leaves, and not of ginger either. Yes, you've been to Sumatra ... and the new assistant-resident too, haven't you?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Laat me dan maar thee geven","title":"Causative imperative 'Laat … geven'","body":"'Laat me … geven' = 'Let me be given / let them give me': imperative 'laat' (from 'laten') + bare infinitive 'geven' is causative. The particles 'dan maar' soften it to 'then just'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"je bent op Sumatra geweest","title":"Perfect of 'zijn' with 'zijn'","body":"'bent … geweest' is the present perfect of 'zijn' (to be / to have been somewhere). 'zijn' takes itself ('zijn') as its perfect auxiliary, giving 'is/bent geweest'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative, first-person singular","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Laat geven","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"softens the imperative","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"thee","lemma":"thee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of Laat","gloss":"be given"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrastive phrase","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the understood tea phrase","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffibladen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"koffibladen","lemma":"koffieblad","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"coffee leaves"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the second understood tea phrase","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gember","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"gember","lemma":"gember","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"ginger"},{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the statement","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sumatra","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Sumatra","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Sumatra"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical coordinated clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"elliptical subject of is geweest","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elliptical clause","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates waar in the tag question","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate of the tag question","gloss":"true","note":"Niet waar? is the idiom “isn’t that so?” or “right?”"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h6-s59","source":"Dit gesprek werd in 't hollandsch gevoerd, een taal die de Regent niet verstond.","translation":"This conversation was carried on in Dutch, a language the Regent did not understand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit gesprek werd in 't hollandsch gevoerd","title":"Process passive with 'worden'","body":"'werd … gevoerd' is the worden-passive in the past: 'worden' (here past 'werd') + past participle 'gevoerd' (conducted). The subject 'Dit gesprek' undergoes the action: 'was carried on'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een taal die de Regent niet verstond","title":"Relative 'die' for de-word","body":"'taal' is a de-word, so the relative is 'die', opening a verb-final clause that ends in 'verstond' (understood), the strong past of 'verstaan'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gesprek","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive gevoerd","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gevoerd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the language in which the conversation occurred","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of hollandsch","gloss":"the","note":"'t is an elided form of het."},{"surface":"hollandsch","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"adjective used substantivally, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"gevoerd","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"conducted"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of taal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to hollandsch","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of verstond","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verstond","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verstond","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying taal","gloss":"understood"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h6-s60","source":"Hetzy Duclari gevoelde dat er iets onbeleefds in lag, hem hierdoor van 't onderhoud uittesluiten, hetzyd-i hiermee een andere bedoeling had, op-eenmaal ging hy, zich tot den Regent wendende, in 't maleisch voort:","translation":"Whether Duclari felt that there was something impolite in thereby shutting the Regent out of the talk, or whether he had some other purpose by it, all at once he turned to the Regent and went on in Malay:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hetzy … hetzyd-i …","title":"Correlative 'hetzy … hetzy' (whether … or)","body":"'Hetzy … hetzy …' is the literary correlative 'whether … or'. 'hetzyd-i' is a contraction of 'hetzy hy' (whether he), with an inserted -d- for euphony, an archaic written form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er iets onbeleefds in lag","title":"'er' + partitive genitive '-s'","body":"'iets onbeleefds' = 'something impolite': after 'iets', the adjective takes a partitive -s ('onbeleefd-s'). The dummy 'er' provides the existential subject ('there lay something impolite in it')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zich tot den Regent wendende, ging hy … voort","title":"Present participle '-ende' + reflexive","body":"'wendende' is the present participle ('-end(e)', turning), used adverbially. The verb is reflexive ('zich … wendende', turning himself), and the main clause uses separable 'voortgaan' ('ging … voort')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"in 't maleisch","title":"Malay as the lingua franca","body":"'maleisch' = Malay, the trade language by which Dutch officials and Javanese chiefs communicated. The text foregrounds language choice as a social act: switching to Malay re-includes the Regent in the conversation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hetzy","lemma":"hetzij","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first alternative clause","gloss":"whether","note":"Hetzy is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern hetzij."},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of gevoelde","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"gevoelde","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"anticipatory locative element with in","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"head of the subject phrase iets onbeleefds","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"onbeleefds","lemma":"onbeleefd","morphology":"adjective, substantivized, partitive genitive","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"impolite"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes er ... in and introduces the infinitive clause","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of gevoelde","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of uittesluiten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hierdoor","lemma":"hierdoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"means adjunct of uittesluiten","gloss":"thereby"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderhoud","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderhoud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderhoud","lemma":"onderhoud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"uittesluiten","lemma":"uitsluiten","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"infinitive clause explaining what was onbeleefds","gloss":"to exclude","note":"Uittesluiten is the older closed spelling of uit te sluiten."},{"surface":"hetzyd-i","lemma":"hetzij","morphology":"coordinating conjunction with contracted subject","role":"introduces the alternative clause with had as its verb","gloss":"or whether he","note":"Hetzyd-i contracts hetzij dat hij: “or whether he.”"},{"surface":"hiermee","lemma":"hiermee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"means adjunct of had","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bedoeling","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bedoeling","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"bedoeling","lemma":"bedoeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the second alternative clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"opeenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of wendende","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"wendende","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial adjunct modifying hy","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the language used","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of maleisch","gloss":"the","note":"'t is an elided form of het."},{"surface":"maleisch","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"adjective used substantivally, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of voortgaan","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h6-s61","source":"--Weet mynheer de Adhipatti, dat m'nheer de kontroleur den nieuwen adsistent-resident kent?","translation":"\"Does mijnheer the Adhipatti know that mijnheer the controller is acquainted with the new assistant-resident?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Weet mynheer de Adhipatti, dat …","title":"Yes/no question by inversion","body":"'Weet mynheer …?' inverts the verb to the front for a yes/no question. The embedded 'dat'-clause is verb-final, ending in 'kent' (knows)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den nieuwen adsistent-resident","title":"Old accusative 'den' + adjective -en","body":"'den nieuwen adsistent-resident' shows the masculine accusative article 'den' with the matching -en adjective ending on 'nieuw'. By 1860 this -n is a written convention more than a spoken case."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the subject phrase","gloss":"Mr.","note":"Mynheer is the nineteenth-century spelling of mijnheer."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to mynheer","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of Weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the subject phrase of kent","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to m'nheer","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, accusative","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kent","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"kent","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the object clause","gloss":"knows"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h6-s62","source":"--Wel neen, dát heb niet gezegd, ik heb hem nooit gezien. Hy diende eenige jaren vóór my op Sumatra.","translation":"\"Why, no, I didn't say that, I've never seen him. He served some years before me in Sumatra.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dát heb niet gezegd","title":"Fronted 'dat' + perfect","body":"Emphatic fronted 'dát' ('that') fills the first slot; the perfect auxiliary 'heb' follows (subject 'ik' elided in speech), with participle 'gezegd' at the end. 'niet' negates the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy diende eenige jaren vóór my op Sumatra","title":"Imperfect 'diende'","body":"'diende' is the weak simple past of 'dienen' (to serve), formed by adding -de to the stem. The preposition 'vóór' (before) here is temporal: 'some years before me'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative answer","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"dát","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of diende","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"diende","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite adjective, plural","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"adverbial of duration modifying diende","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison my","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, first-person singular","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sumatra","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Sumatra","lemma":"Sumatra","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of diende","gloss":"Sumatra"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h6-s63","source":"Ik heb je maar gezegd dat ik daar veel over hem heb hooren spreken, anders niet! --Nu, dit komt op 'tzelfde neer.","translation":"I only told you that I'd heard a great deal said about him there, nothing more!\" — \"Well, that comes to the same thing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik daar veel over hem heb hooren spreken","title":"Perception verb + double infinitive","body":"'heb hooren spreken' = 'have heard speak': the perception verb 'hooren' takes a bare infinitive 'spreken', and in the perfect it appears as an infinitive itself (the 'infinitivus-pro-participio'), not a participle. The whole cluster ends a verb-final 'dat'-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit komt op 'tzelfde neer","title":"Separable 'neerkomen op'","body":"'neerkomen op' = 'to come down to / amount to': the separable verb splits as 'komt … neer', and 'op ''tzelfde' = 'to the same (thing)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, dative, second-person singular","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hooren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hooren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adjunct of spreken","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial of degree modifying spreken","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of over","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive replacing a past participle","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"heard","note":"After heb, hooren is a replacement infinitive because it governs the infinitive spreken."},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hooren","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the elliptical phrase anders niet","gloss":"anything else"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates anders","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in the expression op hetzelfde neerkomen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"tzelfde","lemma":"hetzelfde","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"the same thing","note":"'tzelfde is a contracted form of hetzelfde."},{"surface":"neer","lemma":"neer","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of neerkomen","gloss":"amounts","note":"Op hetzelfde neerkomen means “to amount to the same thing.”"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h6-s64","source":"Men behoeft iemand juist niet te zien om hem te kennen. Hoe denkt m'nheer de Adhipatti hierover?","translation":"One needn't see a person in order to know him. What does mijnheer the Adhipatti think of this?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men behoeft iemand juist niet te zien om hem te kennen","title":"behoeven + te / om … te","body":"'behoeven … te zien' = 'need to see', with 'behoeven' governing a te-infinitive. The purpose tail 'om hem te kennen' ('in order to know him') uses 'om … te'. 'Men' is the impersonal 'one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of behoeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"behoeft","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet te zien","gloss":"necessarily"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of behoeft","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause om ... te kennen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of kennen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive kennen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause modifying zien","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative complement of denkt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"denkt","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"does think"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"head of subject of denkt","gloss":"mister","note":"Contracted form of mijnheer, ‘mister’ or ‘sir’."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to m'nheer","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"hierover","lemma":"hierover","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complement of denkt","gloss":"about this"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h6-s65","source":"De Adhipatti had juist noodig een bediende te roepen.","translation":"The Adhipatti happened just then to need to call a servant.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had juist noodig een bediende te roepen","title":"nodig hebben + te-infinitive","body":"'noodig hebben … te roepen' = 'to need to call': the predicate 'noodig hebben' (to have need of) governs a te-infinitive 'te roepen'. 'juist' here means 'just then / precisely'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of had","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb in had ... noodig","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had ... noodig","gloss":"just then"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement in had ... noodig","gloss":"need","note":"Older spelling of nodig; had ... nodig means ‘needed’."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bediende","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bediende","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of roepen","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive roepen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of had ... noodig","gloss":"call"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h6-s66","source":"Er verliep dus wat tyd voor hy zeggen kon: \"dat hy met den heer kommandant instemde, maar dat het toch dikwyls noodig was iemand te zien voor men hem beoordeelen kon.\"","translation":"Some time therefore went by before he could say: \"that he agreed with the commandant, but that it was nevertheless often necessary to see a person before one could judge him.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er verliep dus wat tyd voor hy zeggen kon","title":"'Er' + impersonal time-passing","body":"'Er verliep … wat tyd' = 'some time passed': dummy 'er' opens the clause with an indefinite subject 'wat tyd'. 'voor hy zeggen kon' is a verb-final 'voor' (before)-clause with the modal at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy met den heer kommandant instemde","title":"Reported speech, verb-final + 'den'","body":"The reported clause is verb-final: separable 'instemmen' (to agree) ends as '… instemde'. 'den heer kommandant' carries the old accusative/dative 'den'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive introducing subject wat tyd","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"verliep","lemma":"verlopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went by"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verliep","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verliep","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause voor ... kon","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"head of temporal clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of instemde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of instemde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement den heer kommandant","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine oblique","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title modifying kommandant","gloss":"mister"},{"surface":"kommandant","lemma":"commandant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"commandant"},{"surface":"instemde","lemma":"instemmen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of reported subordinate clause","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated reported clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"expletive subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodig was","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodig was","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to noodig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed infinitive clause licensed by noodig","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause voor ... kon","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beoordeelen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of beoordeelen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"beoordeelen","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"head of temporal clause","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h6-s67","source":"--Over 't geheel genomen is dit misschien waar, ging nu Duclari in 't hollandsch voort--hetzy omdat deze taal hem gemeenzamer was en hy meende genoeg gedaan te hebben voor de beleefdheid, hetzy omdat hy alleen door Verbrugge verstaan wilde worden--dit moge in 't algemeen waar zyn, maar omtrent Havelaar heeft men waarachtig geen persoonlyke kennismaking noodig ... hy is een gek!","translation":"\"On the whole this is perhaps true,\" Duclari now went on in Dutch — whether because this language was more familiar to him and he thought he had done enough for courtesy's sake, or because he wished to be understood by Verbrugge alone — \"this may be true in general, but as for Havelaar, one truly needs no personal acquaintance ... he is a madman!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ging nu Duclari in 't hollandsch voort","title":"Separable 'voortgaan' + V2","body":"Fronted 'Over 't geheel genomen' pushes the verb 'ging' into second place before the subject 'Duclari'; the separable prefix 'voort' goes to the end ('ging … voort')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit moge in 't algemeen waar zyn","title":"Subjunctive 'moge'","body":"'moge … zyn' = 'may be': 'moge' is the present subjunctive of 'mogen', a concessive, formal flourish ('this may be true in general, but …'). Such subjunctives survive only in archaic/literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hetzy … hetzy … hy alleen door Verbrugge verstaan wilde worden","title":"Passive infinitive 'verstaan worden'","body":"'verstaan worden' is a passive infinitive ('to be understood'): participle 'verstaan' + 'worden'. Governed by 'wilde' (wanted), the whole cluster closes the verb-final 'hetzy'-clause: 'wished to be understood by Verbrugge alone'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces fixed phrase over 't geheel genomen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geheel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial modifier in fixed adverbial phrase","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waar","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb with particle voort","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces language complement 't hollandsch","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hollandsch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hollandsch","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ging ... voort","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"hetzy","lemma":"hetzij","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces first alternative reason","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gemeenzamer","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of taal","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"dative complement of gemeenzamer","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"gemeenzamer","lemma":"gemeenzaam","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"more familiar"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking taal to gemeenzamer","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with was","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participle in perfect infinitive gedaan te hebben","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beleefdheid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beleefdheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beleefdheid","lemma":"beleefdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"courtesy"},{"surface":"hetzy","lemma":"hetzij","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"introduces second alternative reason","gloss":"or whether"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilde","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses door Verbrugge","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Verbrugge","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"agent of passive verstaan worden","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"verstaan","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of passive verstaan worden","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of subordinate clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of verstaan","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moge","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"moge","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"modal governing zyn","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking algemeen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of algemeen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"algemeen","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moge","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces topic Havelaar","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of omtrent","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb in heeft ... noodig","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"waarachtig","lemma":"waarachtig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft ... noodig","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kennismaking","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"persoonlyke","lemma":"persoonlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kennismaking","gloss":"personal"},{"surface":"kennismaking","lemma":"kennismaking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement in heeft ... noodig","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hy to gek","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"madman"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h6-s68","source":"--Dat heb ik niet gezegd, Duclari!","translation":"\"That I didn't say, Duclari!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s68.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"fronted direct object of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Duclari"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h6-s69","source":"--Neen, jy hebt dat niet gezegd, maar ik zeg het na al wat je my van hem verteld hebt.","translation":"\"No, you didn't say it, but I say it after all you've told me about him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"jy hebt dat niet gezegd","title":"Emphatic 'jy'","body":"'jy' (modern 'jij') is the stressed/emphatic form of familiar 'you', as opposed to the unstressed clitic 'je'. The contrast 'jy hebt … maar ik zeg' sets the two speakers against each other."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"na al wat je my van hem verteld hebt","title":"Relative 'wat' without antecedent","body":"'al wat …' = 'all that …': 'wat' is the relative for an indefinite/neuter antecedent ('all'). The clause is verb-final, ending in the perfect cluster 'verteld hebt'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"jy","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezegd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeg","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces basis al wat ... verteld hebt","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies wat","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of verteld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verteld hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of verteld","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of verteld","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"verteld","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of relative clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verteld","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h6-s70","source":"Ik noem iemand die in 't water springt om een hond te redden van de haaien, een gek.","translation":"I call a man who jumps into the water to save a dog from the sharks a madman.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik noem iemand die … springt om een hond te redden, een gek","title":"Embedded relative + om … te","body":"The relative clause 'die in 't water springt' (who jumps into the water) is verb-final, and within it sits the purpose tail 'om een hond te redden' ('to save a dog'). The frame 'Ik noem … een gek' = 'I call … a madman'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noem","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"noem","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of noem","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of springt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces directional complement 't water","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of water","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of springt","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"springt","lemma":"springen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on iemand","gloss":"jumps"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause om ... te redden","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hond","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hond","lemma":"hond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of redden","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive redden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"redden","lemma":"redden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on springt","gloss":"save"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source/threat de haaien","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of haaien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"haaien","lemma":"haai","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"sharks"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of iemand","gloss":"madman"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h6-s71","source":"--Nu ja, verstandig is 't zeker niet.","translation":"\"Well, yes, it's certainly not sensible.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verstandig is 't zeker niet","title":"Fronted predicate adjective","body":"The predicate adjective 'verstandig' (sensible) is fronted for emphasis, forcing inversion ('is 't' = is het). 'niet' negates: 'it is certainly not sensible'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of discourse marker nu ja","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of discourse marker nu ja","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"verstandig","lemma":"verstandig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"sensible"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking 't to verstandig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet verstandig","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstandig","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h6-s72","source":"Maar ... --En, hoor eens, dat versje tegen den generaal Vandamme ... 't kwam niet te-pas!","translation":"But ...\" — \"And, look here, that little verse against General Vandamme ... it was out of place!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"marks interrupted contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces new utterance","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoor","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative discourse marker","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"softens imperative hoor","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of versje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"versje","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"dislocated topic resumed by 't","gloss":"little verse"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces target den generaal Vandamme","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine oblique","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"Vandamme","lemma":"Vandamme","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to generaal","gloss":"Vandamme"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of idiom kwam niet te pas","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te-pas","lemma":"te pas","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"fixed complement of kwam","gloss":"appropriate","note":"Niet te pas komen means ‘to be inappropriate or out of place’."}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h6-s73","source":"--'t Was geestig ...","translation":"\"It was witty ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s73.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to geestig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geestig","lemma":"geestig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Was","gloss":"witty"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h6-s74","source":"--Tot je dienst! Maar een jong mensch mag niet geestig zyn tegen een generaal.","translation":"\"Granted, for all I care! But a young man oughtn't to be witty at a general's expense.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s74.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een jong mensch mag niet geestig zyn","title":"Modal 'mogen' (permission)","body":"'mag … zyn' = 'may/ought to be': the modal 'mogen' (here permission/propriety) sends 'zyn' to the end. With 'niet', 'mag niet' = 'may not / oughtn't'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces idiom tot je dienst","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of dienst","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of Tot","gloss":"service","note":"Tot je dienst is literally ‘at your service’; here it is a dismissive concession."},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of mag","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal governing zyn","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geestig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geestig","lemma":"geestig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"witty"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of mag","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces target een generaal","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"general"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h6-s75","source":"--Je moet in 't oog houden dat hy nog zeer jong was ... het is veertien jaar geleden. Hy was toen maar twee-en-twintig jaar oud.","translation":"\"You must bear in mind that he was still very young ... it's fourteen years ago. He was then only twenty-two years old.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Je moet in 't oog houden dat …","title":"Modal 'moeten' + idiom","body":"'moet … houden' = 'must keep/bear': the modal 'moeten' (must) sends 'houden' to the end. 'in 't oog houden' is the idiom 'to bear in mind'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het is veertien jaar geleden","title":"Impersonal 'het' for time","body":"'het is veertien jaar geleden' = 'it is fourteen years ago': dummy 'het' as the subject for a time expression, pointing at nobody, the impersonal-het construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of houden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in het oog houden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the","note":"'t is an elided form of het."},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object within idiom in het oog houden","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by moet","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of houden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jong","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jong","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hij to jong","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with geleden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"veertien","lemma":"veertien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural (unchanged form)","role":"measure complement of geleden","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"geleden","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal complement of is","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hij to oud","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oud","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oud","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"twee-en-twintig","lemma":"tweeëntwintig","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"twenty-two","note":"The hyphenated spelling is historical; modern Dutch writes tweeëntwintig."},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural (unchanged form)","role":"measure complement of oud","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"old"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h6-s76","source":"--En dan de kalkoen dien hy stal!","translation":"\"And then the turkey he stole!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de kalkoen dien hy stal","title":"Old accusative relative 'dien'","body":"'dien' is the masculine accusative form of the relative 'die' ('which/that he stole'), an inflected relative now lost in modern Dutch. The verb-final clause ends in 'stal', the strong past of 'stelen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical exclamation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks the next remembered example","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kalkoen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kalkoen","lemma":"kalkoen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of exclamatory noun phrase","gloss":"turkey"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative, archaic","role":"direct object of stal","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stal","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"stal","lemma":"stelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying kalkoen","gloss":"stole"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h6-s77","source":"--Dat deed hy om den generaal te plagen.","translation":"\"He did that to vex the general.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat deed hy om den generaal te plagen","title":"Fronted 'Dat' + om … te","body":"Fronted object 'Dat' inverts the verb ('deed hy'). The purpose clause 'om den generaal te plagen' ('to vex the general') uses 'om … te', with old accusative 'den generaal'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces purpose infinitive plagen","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of plagen","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks infinitive plagen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"plagen","lemma":"plagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of deed","gloss":"vex"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h6-s78","source":"--Juist!","translation":"\"Exactly!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s78.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb, interjectional","role":"standalone affirmation","gloss":"exactly"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h6-s79","source":"Een jong mensch mag geen generaal plagen, die bovendien, als civiel gouverneur, zyn chef was. Dat andere versje vind ik aardig, maar ... dat eeuwige duelleeren!","translation":"A young man oughtn't to vex a general who, on top of that, as civil governor, was his superior. That other verse I find rather good, but ... that everlasting dueling!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een jong mensch mag geen generaal plagen, die … zyn chef was","title":"Modal + 'geen' + relative","body":"'mag … plagen' is the modal 'mogen' sending 'plagen' to the end; 'geen generaal' uses 'geen' to negate the indefinite object. The relative 'die … zyn chef was' is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of mag","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of plagen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of generaal","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"generaal","lemma":"generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of plagen","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"plagen","lemma":"plagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by mag","gloss":"vex"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies chef","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks role expressed by gouverneur","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"civiel","lemma":"civiel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gouverneur","gloss":"civil"},{"surface":"gouverneur","lemma":"gouverneur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative role phrase modifying die","gloss":"governor"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of chef","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"chef","lemma":"chef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"superior"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die to chef","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of versje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies versje","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"versje","lemma":"vers","morphology":"diminutive noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"verse"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of second sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vind","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"aardig","lemma":"aardig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of versje","gloss":"rather good"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting exclamation","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of duelleren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eeuwige","lemma":"eeuwig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies duelleeren","gloss":"everlasting"},{"surface":"duelleeren","lemma":"duelleren","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of exclamatory noun phrase","gloss":"dueling","note":"Duelleeren is the historical spelling of duelleren, here used as a noun."}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h6-s80","source":"--Hy deed het gewoonlyk voor een ander. Hy trok altyd party voor den zwakste.","translation":"\"He usually did it on another's behalf. He always took the part of the weaker.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy deed het gewoonlyk voor een ander","title":"Middle field: manner adverb placement","body":"The frequency adverb 'gewoonlyk' (usually) sits in the middle field between the verb 'deed' and the rest, before the place/benefactive phrase 'voor een ander'. This ordering follows the Time–Manner–Place tendency."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"party voor den zwakste","title":"Superlative 'de zwakste'","body":"'den zwakste' is the superlative of 'zwak' (weak) with the -ste ending: 'the weakest one'. 'party trekken voor' is the idiom 'to take the part of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deed","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ander","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trok","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"trok","lemma":"trekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trok","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"party","lemma":"partij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in partij trekken","gloss":"side","note":"Party is the nineteenth-century spelling of partij."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks beneficiary of partij trekken","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of zwakste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwakste","lemma":"zwak","morphology":"substantivized adjective, superlative, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"weakest"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h6-s81","source":"--Wel laat ieder voor zichzelf duelleeren, als men het dan volstrekt doen wil!","translation":"\"Well, let everyone duel for himself, if duel he absolutely must!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wel laat ieder voor zichzelf duelleeren","title":"Causative/jussive 'laten' + reflexive","body":"'laat ieder … duelleeren' = 'let everyone duel': 'laten' + bare infinitive as a hortative/causative ('let'). 'voor zichzelf' uses the reflexive 'zich(zelf)' ('for himself')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als men het dan volstrekt doen wil","title":"'als'-clause, modal at end","body":"'als' (if) opens a verb-final conditional clause; the modal 'wil' (wants) closes it after the main infinitive 'doen' ('if one absolutely wants to do it'). 'men' = impersonal 'one'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"introduces emphatic proposal","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of imperative","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"object of laat and understood subject of duelleren","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zichzelf","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zichzelf","lemma":"zichzelf","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of duelleeren","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"duelleeren","lemma":"duelleren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laat","gloss":"duel"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of conditional clause","gloss":"wants"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h6-s82","source":"Ik voor my geloof dat een duel zelden noodig is. Waar 't onvermydelyk was, zou ook ik een uitdaging aannemen, en in zekere gevallen zelf uitdagen, maar om daarvan dagelyksch werk te maken ... dank je!","translation":"\"For my own part, I believe a duel is seldom necessary. Where it was unavoidable, I too would accept a challenge, and in certain cases issue one myself, but to make a daily business of it ... no thank you!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waar 't onvermydelyk was, zou ook ik een uitdaging aannemen","title":"Conditional 'zou' + fronted clause","body":"The fronted 'Waar 't onvermydelyk was' ('where it was unavoidable') makes the main clause invert: 'zou ook ik … aannemen'. 'zou … aannemen' is the conditional, with separable 'aannemen' (accept) closing it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om daarvan dagelyksch werk te maken","title":"om … te + 'daarvan'","body":"Purpose tail 'om … te maken' ('to make … of it'), with the pronominal adverb 'daarvan' = 'of that / of it' standing in for 'van dat (duelleeren)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of parenthetical voor mij","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of noodig","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of duel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"duel","lemma":"duel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of noodig","gloss":"duel"},{"surface":"zelden","lemma":"zelden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodig","gloss":"seldom"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking duel to nodig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces circumstance clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it","note":"'t is an elided form of het."},{"surface":"onvermydelyk","lemma":"onvermijdelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"unavoidable","note":"Onvermydelyk is the nineteenth-century spelling of onvermijdelijk."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to onvermijdelijk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of aannemen and uitdagen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aannemen","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aannemen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitdaging","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"uitdaging","lemma":"uitdaging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aannemen","gloss":"challenge"},{"surface":"aannemen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"accept"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates aannemen and uitdagen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevallen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zekere","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gevallen","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in; circumstance adjunct","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes subject ik","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"uitdagen","lemma":"uitdagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"challenge"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces rejected contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces infinitive clause maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of werk maken","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"dagelyksch","lemma":"dagelijks","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies werk","gloss":"daily","note":"Dagelyksch is the historical spelling of dagelijks."},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of rejected infinitive clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"dank","lemma":"danken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb in idiomatic refusal dank je","gloss":"thank"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"object of dank","gloss":"you","note":"Dank je is an idiomatic refusal here: 'no thank you.'"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h6-s83","source":"Het is te hopen dat hy veranderd is op dit punt.","translation":"It's to be hoped that he has changed on this point.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het is te hopen dat hy veranderd is","title":"Impersonal 'het is te + inf.'","body":"'Het is te hopen' = 'it is to be hoped': dummy 'het' + 'te' + infinitive expresses a passive-like necessity/possibility. The 'dat'-clause is verb-final ('veranderd is')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with hopen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb in passive-like construction","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive particle","role":"marks infinitive hopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hopen","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative infinitive with is","gloss":"be hoped"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of hopen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of veranderd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"veranderd","lemma":"veranderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of veranderd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking punt","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of punt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"punt","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of veranderd","gloss":"point"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h6-s84","source":"--Wel zeker, daar is geen twyfel aan!","translation":"\"Why, surely, there's no doubt of it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s84.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"introduces emphatic agreement","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb, interjectional","role":"emphatic affirmation","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement completed by aan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of twyfel","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"twyfel","lemma":"twijfel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"postposition","role":"completes pronominal expression daar ... aan","gloss":"about"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h6-s85","source":"Hy is nu zooveel ouder, daarby sedert langen tyd getrouwd, en adsistent-resident.","translation":"He is so much older now, married besides for a long while, and an assistant-resident.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy is nu zooveel ouder, daarby sedert langen tyd getrouwd","title":"Comparative 'ouder' + dative 'langen tyd'","body":"'ouder' is the comparative of 'oud' (old): 'so much older'. 'sedert langen tyd' ('for a long while') carries the old dative -n on the adjective after the preposition 'sedert'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hij to coordinated predicates","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ouder","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies ouder","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"ouder","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"older"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds the predicate getrouwd","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"langen","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"modifies tijd","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of sedert","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"getrouwd","lemma":"trouwen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement coordinated with getrouwd","gloss":"assistant-resident"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h6-s86","source":"Bovendien, ik heb altyd gehoord dat zyn hart goed was, en dat hy een warm gevoel had voor recht.","translation":"Moreover, I've always heard that his heart was good, and that he had a warm feeling for justice.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb altyd gehoord dat zyn hart goed was","title":"Perfect + verb-final 'dat'-clause","body":"'heb … gehoord' is the present perfect (auxiliary 'heb', participle 'gehoord' at the end). The reported 'dat'-clause is verb-final ('… goed was')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehoord","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gehoord","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehoord","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of goed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of hart","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of goed","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hart to goed","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates two dat-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevoel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"warm","lemma":"warm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gevoel","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of second dat-clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking recht","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"justice"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h6-s87","source":"--Nu, dat zal hem te-pas komen in Lebak! Daar is me juist iets voorgekomen, dat ... zou de Regent ons verstaan?","translation":"\"Well, that will stand him in good stead in Lebak! Something has just come to my notice here that ... would the Regent understand us?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar is me juist iets voorgekomen","title":"'Daar' + dative 'me' + 'voorkomen'","body":"'Daar … iets voorgekomen' = 'something has come up': the separable 'voorkomen' here means 'to occur/come to notice', in the perfect 'is voorgekomen'. The ethical dative 'me' ('to me') adds a colloquial flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou de Regent ons verstaan?","title":"Conditional question 'zou'","body":"'zou … verstaan?' = 'would (the Regent) understand?': the conditional 'zou' inverted for a question, softening it into speculation ('would the Regent understand us?')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"introduces new point","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of komen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"indirect object of te pas komen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te-pas","lemma":"te pas","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"part of idiom te pas komen","gloss":"in good stead","note":"Te-pas komen means to be useful or stand someone in good stead."},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of komen","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of voorgekomen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorgekomen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, indirect object","role":"experiencer of voorgekomen","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgekomen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of voorgekomen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"voorgekomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary is","gloss":"occurred"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"introduces interrupted relative clause modifying iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verstaan in question","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verstaan","gloss":"Regent","note":"Here Regent is the title of an indigenous regional ruler in the Dutch East Indies."},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verstaan","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"verstaan","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h6-s88","source":"--Ik geloof 't niet. Maar toon my iets uit je weitasch, dan denkt hy dat we dáárover spreken.","translation":"\"I don't think so. But show me something out of your game-bag, then he'll think we're talking about that.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toon my iets uit je weitasch","title":"Imperative 'toon' + dative","body":"'toon my iets' = 'show me something': bare-stem imperative 'toon' with the dative object 'my'. 'dan denkt hy …' then inverts after the fronted 'dan'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan denkt hy dat we dáárover spreken","title":"Pronominal adverb 'dáárover'","body":"'dáárover' = 'about that': the pronominal adverb 'daar' + 'over' fused into one word, standing for 'over dat'. The 'dat'-clause is verb-final ('… spreken')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of geloof","gloss":"it","note":"'t is an elided form of het."},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of toon","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of imperative","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, indirect object","role":"indirect object of toon","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of toon","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weitasch","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of weitas","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"weitasch","lemma":"weitas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"game-bag","note":"Weitasch is the historical spelling of weitas, a hunter's game-bag."},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies denkt","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"denkt","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denkt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of spreken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of spreken","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"dáárover","lemma":"daarover","morphology":"pronominal adverb, emphatic","role":"prepositional complement of spreken","gloss":"about that"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of dat-clause","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h6-s89","source":"Duclari nam zyn weitasch, haalde daaruit een paar boschduiven, en die vogels betastende als sprak hy over de jacht, deelde hy Verbrugge mede dat hy zoo-even in 't veld was nageloopen door een Javaan, die hem gevraagd had of hy niet iets doen kon tot verligting van den druk waaronder de bevolking zuchtte? --En, ging hy voort, dit is zeer sterk, Verbrugge!","translation":"Duclari took up his game-bag, drew out a couple of wood pigeons, and, fingering the birds as though he were speaking of the hunt, told Verbrugge that he had just now been chased across the field by a Javanese who had asked him whether he could not do something to relieve the oppression under which the population groaned. — \"And,\" he went on, \"this is very telling, Verbrugge!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die vogels betastende als sprak hy over de jacht","title":"Present participle '-ende' + 'als' inversion","body":"'betastende' is a present participle ('fingering', used adverbially). 'als sprak hy' is an inverted comparative clause ('as if he spoke'), with the verb 'sprak' before the subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"deelde hy Verbrugge mede dat hy … was nageloopen door een Javaan","title":"Separable 'mededelen' + passive 'nalopen'","body":"Main verb separable 'mededelen' ('deelde … mede', told). The reported clause holds a worden/zijn-style passive 'was nageloopen door' ('had been chased by'), with agent marked by 'door'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of hy niet iets doen kon tot verligting","title":"Indirect question 'of' + modal","body":"'of hy … doen kon' = 'whether he could do …': 'of' opens a verb-final indirect question with the modal 'kon' (could) at the end. 'tot verligting van den druk' = 'to relieve the oppression'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of weitasch","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"weitasch","lemma":"weitas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"game-bag"},{"surface":"haalde","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with nam","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"daaruit","lemma":"daaruit","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of haalde","gloss":"out of it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"quantifier noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantity head governing boschduiven","gloss":"couple of"},{"surface":"boschduiven","lemma":"bosduif","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of haalde","gloss":"wood pigeons"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links haalde and deelde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of vogels","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vogels","lemma":"vogel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of betastende","gloss":"birds"},{"surface":"betastende","lemma":"betasten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial adjunct modifying hy","gloss":"fingering"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause with sprak","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of comparative clause","gloss":"were speaking"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing jacht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of jacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jacht","lemma":"jacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional object of over","gloss":"hunt"},{"surface":"deelde","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of deelde mede","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of deelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"indirect object of deelde mede","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"mede","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of deelde mede","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of deelde mede","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of was nageloopen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was nageloopen","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing veld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of veld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veld","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional object of in","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of nageloopen","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"nageloopen","lemma":"nalopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of passive object clause","gloss":"chased"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks agent of nageloopen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of nageloopen","gloss":"Javanese man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of had gevraagd","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"indirect object of gevraagd","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gevraagd","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause on Javaan","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevraagd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces indirect question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of kon doen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kon doen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing doen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing verligting","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"verligting","lemma":"verlichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional object of tot","gloss":"relief"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing druk","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of druk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"druk","lemma":"druk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional object of van","gloss":"oppression"},{"surface":"waaronder","lemma":"waaronder","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on druk","gloss":"under which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zuchtte","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"zuchtte","lemma":"zuchten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on druk","gloss":"groaned"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links quoted continuation to prior speech","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of ging voort","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of ging voort","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voortgaan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ging voort","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links dit to sterk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterk","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"telling","note":"Here sterk means striking or significant, not physically strong."},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h6-s90","source":"Niet dat ik me verwonder over de zaak zelf. Ik ben lang genoeg in 't Bantamsche om te weten wat hier voorvalt, maar dat de geringe Javaan, gewoonlyk zoo omzichtig en terughoudend waar 't zyn hoofden geldt, zoo-iets vraagt aan iemand die er niets mee te maken heeft, dit bevreemdt my!","translation":"Not that I wonder at the matter itself. I've been long enough in the Bantam district to know what goes on here, but that the lowly Javanese, usually so wary and reticent where his chiefs are concerned, should ask such a thing of someone who has nothing to do with it — that puzzles me!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Niet dat ik me verwonder over de zaak zelf","title":"Reflexive 'zich verwonderen'","body":"'me verwonder over' = 'wonder/be surprised at': 'zich verwonderen over' is an obligatorily reflexive verb taking the fixed preposition 'over'. Here the 1st-person reflexive is 'me'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de geringe Javaan … zoo-iets vraagt … dit bevreemdt my","title":"Heavy subject clause resumed by 'dit'","body":"The long verb-final 'dat'-clause is the logical subject, then resumed by 'dit' ('this puzzles me'). Within it, 'waar 't zyn hoofden geldt' is a verb-final 'waar'-clause ('where it concerns his chiefs')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verwonder","gloss":"Not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical subordinate clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of verwonder","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first person singular","role":"reflexive object of verwonder","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"verwonder","lemma":"verwonderen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing zaak","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional object of over","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"postmodifier of zaak","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb with durational complement","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing Bantamsche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of Bantamsche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bantamsche","lemma":"Bantams","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"prepositional object of in","gloss":"Bantam district"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating infinitive marker","role":"introduces infinitive complement of genoeg","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive weten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of genoeg","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of voorvalt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorvalt","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"voorvalt","lemma":"voorvallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of embedded question","gloss":"goes on"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of bevreemdt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of Javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geringe","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies Javaan","gloss":"lowly"},{"surface":"Javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vraagt","gloss":"Javanese man"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omzichtig and terughoudend","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies omzichtig and terughoudend","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"omzichtig","lemma":"omzichtig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"supplementary modifier of Javaan","gloss":"wary"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links omzichtig and terughoudend","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"terughoudend","lemma":"terughoudend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated with omzichtig","gloss":"reticent"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces clause with geldt","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun, contracted","role":"formal subject of geldt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hoofden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of geldt","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"geldt","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"concerns","note":"Waar 't ... geldt means ‘where ... are concerned.’"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of vraagt","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"vraagt","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of subject clause","gloss":"should ask"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing iemand","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"prepositional object of aan","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement paired with mee","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object in niets mee te maken hebben","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"mee","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes pronominal phrase er ... mee","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in te maken heeft","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"resumptive subject of bevreemdt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bevreemdt","lemma":"bevreemden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"puzzles"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, first person singular","role":"direct object of bevreemdt","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h6-s91","source":"--En wat heb je geantwoord, Duclari?","translation":"\"And what did you answer, Duclari?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s91.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links question to preceding speech","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of geantwoord","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second person singular","role":"auxiliary of geantwoord","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"jij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of geantwoord","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"geantwoord","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Duclari"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h6-s92","source":"--Wèl, dat het me niet aanging! Dat hy tot u moest gaan, of tot den nieuwen adsistent-resident, als die zou aangekomen zyn te Rangkas-Betoeng, en dáár zyn klachten uiten.","translation":"\"Why, that it was no business of mine! That he should go to you, or to the new assistant-resident, once he had arrived at Rangkas-Betoeng, and air his complaints there.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat het me niet aanging","title":"Separable 'aangaan' (concern)","body":"'aangaan' = 'to concern': here impersonal 'het … me niet aanging' = 'it was no business of mine'. Verb-final clause; the prefix-bearing 'aanging' closes it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat hy tot u moest gaan … en dáár zyn klachten uiten","title":"Modal 'moeten' over two infinitives","body":"'moest gaan … (en) uiten' = 'should go … and air': one modal 'moest' (had to) governs two coordinated bare infinitives, 'gaan' and 'uiten'. 'als die zou aangekomen zyn' is a future-perfect conditional ('once he had arrived')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"introduces answer emphatically","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces reported answer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of aanging","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, first person singular","role":"direct object of aanging","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates aanging","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aanging","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of reported answer","gloss":"concerned","note":"Iets gaat mij aan means that something concerns me or is my business."},{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces further reported answer","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of moest gaan and uiten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing u","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, second person singular","role":"prepositional object of tot","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing gaan and uiten","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links alternative destinations","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing adsistent-resident","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional object of tot","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of zou aangekomen zijn","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary marking future-in-the-past","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"aangekomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of temporal clause","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of aangekomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun, place name","role":"prepositional object of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links gaan and uiten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"modifies uiten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of klachten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"klachten","lemma":"klacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of uiten","gloss":"complaints"},{"surface":"uiten","lemma":"uiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"air"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h6-s93","source":"--Ienie apa toewan-toewan datang! riep op-eenmaal de oppasser Dongso. Ik zie een mantrie die met zyn toedoeng wuift.","translation":"\"Ienie apa toewan-toewan datang!\" the oppasser Dongso suddenly cried. \"I see a mantrie waving with his toedoeng.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een mantrie die met zyn toedoeng wuift","title":"Relative 'die' + present tense","body":"'die … wuift' is a verb-final relative clause in the present tense ('who waves with his toedoeng'). 'zyn' is the possessive 'his' in period y-spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ienie","lemma":"ini","morphology":"Malay demonstrative pronoun","role":"part of quoted Malay utterance","gloss":"this","note":"Malay ini (‘this’) is written in Dutch colonial spelling."},{"surface":"apa","lemma":"apa","morphology":"Malay interrogative pronoun","role":"part of quoted Malay utterance","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"toewan-toewan","lemma":"tuan","morphology":"Malay noun, reduplicated plural","role":"subject of datang","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"datang","lemma":"datang","morphology":"Malay verb","role":"predicate of quoted Malay utterance","gloss":"are coming"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"op eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies riep","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of oppasser","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oppasser","lemma":"oppasser","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"attendant"},{"surface":"Dongso","lemma":"Dongso","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"apposition to oppasser","gloss":"Dongso"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of direct speech","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of mantrie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mantrie","lemma":"mantri","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zie","gloss":"native official","note":"Mantri is a colonial-era title for a Javanese official."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of wuift","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing toedoeng","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of toedoeng","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"toedoeng","lemma":"tudung","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional object of met","gloss":"sun hat","note":"Toedoeng is Dutch colonial spelling of Malay tudung, here a broad sun hat."},{"surface":"wuift","lemma":"wuiven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on mantrie","gloss":"is waving"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h6-s94","source":"Allen stonden op.","translation":"They all stood up.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Allen stonden op","title":"Separable 'opstaan'","body":"'opstaan' (to stand up) splits: strong past 'stonden' second, prefix 'op' at the end. 'Allen' = 'all of them', the substantivised plural with -en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Allen","lemma":"allen","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of stonden op","gloss":"They all"},{"surface":"stonden","lemma":"opstaan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite part of stonden op","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"opstaan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of stonden op","gloss":"up"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h6-s95","source":"Duclari, die niet door zyn tegenwoordigheid in de pendoppo den schyn wilde aannemen als ware ook hy aan de grenzen ter verwelkoming van den adsistent-resident, die wel zyn meerdere doch niet zyn chef, en bovendien een gek was, steeg te-paard, en reed door zyn bediende gevolgd, heen.","translation":"Duclari, who did not wish, by his presence in the pendoppo, to give the appearance that he too had come to the frontier to welcome the assistant-resident — who was indeed his superior, but not his chief, and was a madman besides — mounted his horse and rode off, followed by his servant.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die niet … den schyn wilde aannemen als ware ook hy …","title":"Subjunctive 'ware' after 'als'","body":"'als ware ook hy' = 'as though he too were': 'ware' is the past subjunctive of 'zijn', an archaic counterfactual, with inversion ('ware … hy'). The frame uses modal 'wilde aannemen' (wished to assume)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"steeg te-paard, en reed … heen","title":"Imperfect chain + separable 'heenrijden'","body":"'steeg' (mounted, strong past of 'stijgen') and 'reed … heen' (rode off): the separable 'heen' lands at the end. The participial phrase 'door zyn bediende gevolgd' = 'followed by his servant' (passive, agent with 'door')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die wel zyn meerdere doch niet zyn chef … was","title":"Archaic 'doch' contrast","body":"'wel … doch niet …' = 'indeed … but not …': the literary 'doch' (yet/but) sets superior rank ('meerdere') against direct authority ('chef'). The distinction matters: a superior in grade need not be one's commanding chief."}],"words":[{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of steeg and reed","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of wilde aannemen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wilde aannemen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing tegenwoordigheid","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of tegenwoordigheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"tegenwoordigheid","lemma":"tegenwoordigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional object of door","gloss":"presence"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing pendoppo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendopo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional object of in","gloss":"reception pavilion","note":"A pendopo is an open-sided Javanese audience or reception pavilion."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of schyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schyn","lemma":"schijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aannemen","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing aannemen","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"aannemen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by wilde","gloss":"assume"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause with ware","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of comparative clause","gloss":"were","note":"Ware is the literary past subjunctive of zijn, used here after als as if."},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses hy","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing grenzen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of grenzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grenzen","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"prepositional object of aan","gloss":"frontier"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and determiner","role":"introduces purpose phrase with verwelkoming","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"verwelkoming","lemma":"verwelkoming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional object of ter","gloss":"welcome"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing adsistent-resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional object of van","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"concessive adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of meerdere","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"meerdere","lemma":"meerdere","morphology":"substantivized adjective, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of understood was","gloss":"superior"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links contrasting complements meerdere and chef","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates understood was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of chef","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"chef","lemma":"chef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of understood was","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links final predicate was","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of gek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"madman"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on adsistent-resident","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"steeg","lemma":"stijgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with reed","gloss":"mounted"},{"surface":"te-paard","lemma":"te paard","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"complement of steeg","gloss":"on horseback"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links steeg and reed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"reed","lemma":"rijden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with steeg","gloss":"rode"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks agent of gevolgd","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of bediende","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bediende","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of gevolgd","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"gevolgd","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"supplementary passive participle modifying Duclari","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes reed heen","gloss":"off"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h6-s96","source":"De Adhipatti en Verbrugge stelden zich aan den ingang van de pendoppo, en zagen een door vier paarden getrokken reiswagen naderen, die weldra vry bemodderd by 't bamboezen gebouwtje stilhield.","translation":"The Adhipatti and Verbrugge stationed themselves at the entrance of the pendoppo, and saw a traveling carriage drawn by four horses approach, which presently, fairly bemired, came to a halt by the little bamboo building.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stelden zich aan den ingang","title":"Reflexive 'zich stellen'","body":"'stelden zich' = 'stationed themselves': reflexive 'zich' for the 3rd-person plural subject. 'aan den ingang' carries the old dative 'den'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een door vier paarden getrokken reiswagen","title":"Past participle as attributive adjective","body":"'een door vier paarden getrokken reiswagen' = 'a carriage drawn by four horses': the past participle 'getrokken' is used attributively (a reduced passive), with the agent phrase 'door vier paarden' embedded before it."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"head of coordinated subject of stelden and zagen","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Adhipatti and Verbrugge","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated subject with Adhipatti","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"stelden","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb coordinated with zagen","gloss":"stationed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, plural","role":"reflexive direct object of stelden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location at ingang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historically inflected","role":"determiner of ingang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ingang","lemma":"ingang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of ingang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendoppo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"pendoppo"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links stelden and zagen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zagen","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb coordinated with stelden","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of reiswagen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent of getrokken","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"vier","lemma":"vier","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies paarden","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"paarden","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"getrokken","lemma":"trekken","morphology":"past participle","role":"participial modifier of reiswagen","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"reiswagen","lemma":"reiswagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zagen and subject of naderen","gloss":"traveling carriage"},{"surface":"naderen","lemma":"naderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zagen","gloss":"approach"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stilhield; refers to reiswagen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stilhield","gloss":"presently"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of bemodderd","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"bemodderd","lemma":"bemodderen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"supplementary predicate modifying die","gloss":"bemired"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location of stilhield","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner of gebouwtje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bamboezen","lemma":"bamboezen","morphology":"adjective, indeclinable material adjective","role":"modifies gebouwtje","gloss":"bamboo"},{"surface":"gebouwtje","lemma":"gebouwtje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"object of bij","gloss":"little building"},{"surface":"stilhield","lemma":"stilhouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on reiswagen","gloss":"came to a halt"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h6-s97","source":"Het zou moeielyk geweest zyn te raden wat er zich al zoo in dien wagen bevond, voor Dongso, geholpen door de loopers en een tal van bedienden die tot het gevolg van den Regent behoorden, al de riemen en knoopsels hadden losgemaakt, die het voertuig hielden ingesloten met een zwart lederen foedraal dat aan de diskretie herinnerde, waarmee in vroeger jaren leeuwen en tygers de stad inkwamen, toen de zoölogische tuinen nog reizende dierenspellen waren.","translation":"It would have been hard to guess what all might be inside that carriage, before Dongso, helped by the runners and a number of servants belonging to the Regent's suite, had loosened all the straps and fastenings that held the vehicle shut in with a black leather casing — a thing recalling the discretion with which, in earlier years, lions and tigers came into the town, back when zoological gardens were still traveling menageries.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het zou moeielyk geweest zyn te raden","title":"Conditional perfect 'zou … geweest zyn'","body":"'zou … geweest zyn' = 'would have been': the conditional perfect (zou + past participle + zyn). It governs the te-infinitive 'te raden' ('to guess'). Dummy 'Het' is the impersonal subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor Dongso … al de riemen en knoopsels hadden losgemaakt","title":"'voor' (before) + pluperfect, verb-final","body":"'voor … hadden losgemaakt' = 'before … had loosened': 'voor' as a temporal subordinator sends the verb to the end. 'losmaken' (to undo) is separable; in the perfect cluster the participle 'losgemaakt' precedes 'hadden' here in period order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een tal van bedienden die tot het gevolg … behoorden","title":"Relative 'die' + 'behoren tot'","body":"'die … behoorden' is a verb-final relative clause ('who belonged to'); 'behoren tot' takes the fixed preposition 'tot'. 'het gevolg' = the (Regent's) retinue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"dummy subject of zou geweest zijn","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geweest zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of geweest zijn","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"past participle","role":"perfect participle governed by zijn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary governing geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive raden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"raden","lemma":"raden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moeilijk","gloss":"guess"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of bevond","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"locative element with bevond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, singular","role":"reflexive object of bevond","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite adverb","role":"with zoo, broadens wat to what all","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom al zoo","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location of bevond","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, historically inflected","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"bevond","lemma":"bevinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of interrogative subordinate clause","gloss":"was inside"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of losgemaakt","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Dongso","lemma":"Dongso","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of hadden losgemaakt","gloss":"Dongso"},{"surface":"geholpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"past participle","role":"supplementary participle modifying Dongso","gloss":"helped"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agents of geholpen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of loopers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loopers","lemma":"loper","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"first object of door","gloss":"runners"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links loopers and tal","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of tal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tal","lemma":"tal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second object of door, coordinated with loopers","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of tal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bedienden","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of behoorden; refers to bedienden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"selected complement of behoorden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"suite"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessive complement of gevolg","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historically inflected","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"behoorden","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause on bedienden","gloss":"belonged"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of riemen and knoopsels","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of riemen and knoopsels","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"riemen","lemma":"riem","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"first direct object of losgemaakt","gloss":"straps"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links riemen and knoopsels","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"knoopsels","lemma":"knoopsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object coordinated with riemen","gloss":"fastenings"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of losgemaakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"losgemaakt","lemma":"losmaken","morphology":"past participle","role":"main lexical verb of temporal clause","gloss":"loosened"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hielden; refers to riemen and knoopsels","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of voertuig","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voertuig","lemma":"voertuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hielden","gloss":"vehicle"},{"surface":"hielden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"ingesloten","lemma":"insluiten","morphology":"past participle","role":"object complement of voertuig after hielden","gloss":"shut in"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces instrument of ingesloten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of foedraal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zwart","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies foedraal","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"lederen","lemma":"lederen","morphology":"adjective, indeclinable material adjective","role":"modifies foedraal","gloss":"leather"},{"surface":"foedraal","lemma":"foedraal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"casing"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of herinnerde; refers to foedraal","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"selected complement of herinnerde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of diskretie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diskretie","lemma":"discretie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"discretion","note":"Diskretie is an older spelling of modern discretie."},{"surface":"herinnerde","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on foedraal","gloss":"reminded"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"manner adjunct of inkwamen; refers to diskretie","gloss":"with which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time adjunct of inkwamen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adjective, comparative, archaic uninflected attributive","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"leeuwen","lemma":"leeuw","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"first subject of inkwamen","gloss":"lions"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links leeuwen and tygers","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tygers","lemma":"tijger","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject coordinated with leeuwen","gloss":"tigers","note":"Tygers is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern tijgers."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of stad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stad","lemma":"stad","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"directional complement of inkwamen","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"inkwamen","lemma":"inkomen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause introduced by waarmee","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of waren","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of tuinen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoölogische","lemma":"zoölogisch","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies tuinen","gloss":"zoological"},{"surface":"tuinen","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"gardens"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"reizende","lemma":"reizend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dierenspellen","gloss":"traveling"},{"surface":"dierenspellen","lemma":"dierenspel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"menageries"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of temporal clause","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h6-s98","source":"Leeuwen of tygers nu waren er in den wagen niet. Men had alles maar zoo zorgvuldig gesloten omdat het westmoesson was, en men dus op regen moest bedacht zyn.","translation":"Now, lions or tigers there were none in the carriage. Everything had merely been so carefully closed up because it was the west monsoon, and one had therefore to reckon on rain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Leeuwen of tygers nu waren er in den wagen niet","title":"Fronted object + 'er' + 'niet'","body":"Marked word order: the fronted 'Leeuwen of tygers' tops the clause, with existential 'er' and clause-final 'niet' ('there were no lions or tigers in the carriage'). The negation falls on the whole existential."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"men dus op regen moest bedacht zyn","title":"Modal 'moeten' + fixed 'op … bedacht zyn'","body":"'moest … bedacht zyn' = 'had to be prepared': modal 'moeten' over the predicate 'bedacht zyn op' ('to be mindful of'), which governs the fixed preposition 'op'. Verb-final in the 'omdat … en'-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Leeuwen","lemma":"leeuw","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"first subject of waren","gloss":"lions"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links leeuwen and tygers","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"tygers","lemma":"tijger","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject coordinated with leeuwen","gloss":"tigers"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"frames the first sentence","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential element with waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location of waren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historically inflected","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negative adverb","role":"negates waren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of had gesloten","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gesloten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gesloten","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"modifies the reason for gesloten","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies zorgvuldig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"zorgvuldig","lemma":"zorgvuldig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesloten","gloss":"carefully"},{"surface":"gesloten","lemma":"sluiten","morphology":"past participle","role":"main lexical verb of second sentence","gloss":"closed"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clauses","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"westmoesson","lemma":"westmoesson","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"west monsoon"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of first causal clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two causal clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of moest zijn","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moest zijn","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"selected complement of bedacht","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"regen","lemma":"regen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"rain"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"bedacht","lemma":"bedacht","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h6-s99","source":"Nu is 't uitstappen uit een reiswagen waarin men lang over den weg gehotst heeft, niet zoo gemakkelyk als iemand die nooit of weinig gereisd heeft, zich verbeelden zou.","translation":"Now, getting out of a traveling carriage in which one has long been jolted along the road is not so easy as someone who has never, or seldom, traveled would imagine.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is 't uitstappen … niet zoo gemakkelyk als …","title":"Nominalised infinitive + comparison","body":"''t uitstappen' is the infinitive 'uitstappen' (to get out) used as a neuter noun ('the getting out'). The comparison 'niet zoo … als' = 'not as … as'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand die nooit of weinig gereisd heeft, zich verbeelden zou","title":"Reflexive 'zich verbeelden' + conditional","body":"'zich verbeelden' (to imagine) is reflexive; 'verbeelden zou' = 'would imagine' (conditional 'zou'). The relative 'die … gereisd heeft' is a verb-final perfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"frames the sentence","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links subject uitstappen to gemakkelyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"nominalizes uitstappen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitstappen","lemma":"uitstappen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"getting out"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement of uitstappen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of reiswagen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"reiswagen","lemma":"reiswagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"traveling carriage"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"location adjunct of gehotst; refers to reiswagen","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of heeft gehotst","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"duration adjunct of gehotst","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces path adjunct of gehotst","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historically inflected","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"gehotst","lemma":"hotsen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main lexical verb of relative clause","gloss":"been jolted"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gehotst","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negative adverb","role":"negates gemakkelyk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"first element of zo ... als comparison","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of zou verbeelden","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of heeft gereisd; refers to iemand","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gereisd","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links nooit and weinig","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gereisd, coordinated with nooit","gloss":"seldom"},{"surface":"gereisd","lemma":"reizen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main lexical verb of relative clause on iemand","gloss":"traveled"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gereisd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, singular","role":"reflexive object of verbeelden","gloss":"themself"},{"surface":"verbeelden","lemma":"verbeelden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, singular","role":"finite modal of comparative clause","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h6-s100","source":"Nagenoeg als de arme Sauriers uit de voorwereld, die door lang wachten ten-laatste een integreerend deel uitmaken van de klei, waarin ze aanvankelyk niet gekomen waren met het plan om er te blyven, heeft er ook by reizigers die wat nauw op-één gedrukt en in gedwongen houding, te lang in een reiswagen gezeten hebben, iets plaats, wat ik u voorstel assimilatie te noemen.","translation":"Much as with the poor Saurians of the primeval world, which by long waiting at last become an integral part of the clay into which they had not originally come with any plan of staying — so too, with travelers who have sat too long in a traveling carriage, somewhat tightly packed together and in a constrained posture, something takes place that I propose to you we call assimilation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heeft er ook by reizigers … iets plaats, wat ik u voorstel … te noemen","title":"'plaats hebben' + relative 'wat'","body":"'heeft … iets plaats' is the idiom 'plaats hebben' = 'to take place', split here with 'er' and the long adverbial in between. The relative 'wat' (referring to the whole 'iets') opens 'wat ik u voorstel … te noemen' ('which I propose we call')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die … ten-laatste een integreerend deel uitmaken van de klei","title":"Relative + separable 'uitmaken'","body":"'uitmaken' ('to constitute/form') is separable: 'uitmaken van' = 'to make up part of'. The relative clause is verb-final, and 'waarin ze … niet gekomen waren' is a further verb-final pluperfect ('into which they had not come')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nagenoeg","lemma":"nagenoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the comparative construction introduced by als","gloss":"Much"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Sauriers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Sauriers","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"Sauriers","lemma":"sauriër","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"complement of als","gloss":"Saurians"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces prepositional modifier of Sauriers","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorwereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorwereld","lemma":"voorwereld","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"primeval world"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of uitmaken","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces causal means phrase","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies wachten","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"object of door","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"ten-laatste","lemma":"ten laatste","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies uitmaken","gloss":"at last","note":"Historical hyphenated form of modern ten slotte or ten laatste."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of deel","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"integreerend","lemma":"integrerend","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies deel","gloss":"integral"},{"surface":"deel","lemma":"deel","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of uitmaken","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"uitmaken","lemma":"uitmaken","morphology":"verb, present plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause on Sauriers","gloss":"make up"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of deel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klei","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klei","lemma":"klei","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"clay"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of gekomen","gloss":"into which"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of waren gekomen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"aanvankelyk","lemma":"aanvankelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren gekomen","gloss":"originally"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates waren gekomen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary waren","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past plural","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner phrase with plan","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plan","lemma":"plan","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces infinitival clause modifying plan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of blyven, referring to the clay","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive blyven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of plan","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present singular","role":"finite verb of main clause in heeft plaats","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"introduces existential subject iets","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft plaats","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces affected group reizigers","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"reizigers","lemma":"reiziger","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"object of by","gloss":"travelers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of gezeten hebben","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of nauw","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"nauw","lemma":"nauw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies op-één gedrukt","gloss":"tightly"},{"surface":"op-één","lemma":"opeen","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle-like modifier of gedrukt","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"gedrukt","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of reizigers","gloss":"packed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates participial posture phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces posture phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gedwongen","lemma":"gedwongen","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies houding","gloss":"constrained"},{"surface":"houding","lemma":"houding","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"posture"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezeten hebben","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of gezeten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of reiswagen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"reiswagen","lemma":"reiswagen","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"traveling carriage"},{"surface":"gezeten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary hebben","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present plural","role":"auxiliary of gezeten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of heeft plaats","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"fixed verbal complement in heeft plaats","gloss":"place","note":"Heeft plaats is the fixed expression ‘takes place.’"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular nominative","role":"subject of voorstel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person formal object","role":"indirect object of voorstel","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"voorstel","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, present first person singular","role":"finite verb governing noemen","gloss":"propose"},{"surface":"assimilatie","lemma":"assimilatie","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object complement of wat with noemen","gloss":"assimilation"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive noemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of voorstel","gloss":"call"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h6-s101","source":"Men weet eindelyk niet juist meer waar 't lederen kussen van den wagen ophoudt, en waar de ikheid aanvangt, ja, het denkbeeld is me niet vreemd dat men in zulk een wagen kiespyn of kramp hebben kan, die men voor mot in 't laken aanziet, of omgekeerd.","translation":"In the end one no longer knows exactly where the carriage's leather cushion leaves off and where the I-ness begins; indeed, the notion is not strange to me that in such a carriage one might have a toothache or a cramp that one takes for a moth in the upholstery, or the other way round.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar 't lederen kussen … ophoudt, en waar de ikheid aanvangt","title":"Indirect 'waar'-clauses, verb-final","body":"Two parallel indirect questions opened by 'waar' (where), both verb-final: separable 'ophouden' ('… ophoudt', leaves off) and 'aanvangen' ('… aanvangt', begins). 'de ikheid' = 'the I-ness', a coinage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die men voor mot in 't laken aanziet","title":"Separable 'aanzien voor' (mistake for)","body":"'aanzien voor' = 'to take/mistake for': separable, with the relative 'die' fronted as object and the prefix-bearing finite verb 'aanziet' closing the verb-final clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present singular","role":"finite verb of first main clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"in the end"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with niet to mean no longer","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"locative complement of ophoudt","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of kussen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lederen","lemma":"lederen","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies kussen","gloss":"leather"},{"surface":"kussen","lemma":"kussen","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ophoudt","gloss":"cushion"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessive modifier of kussen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular dative","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"ophoudt","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"verb, present singular","role":"finite verb of first embedded question","gloss":"leaves off"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates embedded questions","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"locative complement of aanvangt","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ikheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ikheid","lemma":"ikheid","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"subject of aanvangt","gloss":"I-ness"},{"surface":"aanvangt","lemma":"aanvangen","morphology":"verb, present singular","role":"finite verb of second embedded question","gloss":"begins"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"emphatically introduces second main clause","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present singular","role":"links denkbeeld to vreemd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular object","role":"experiencer complement of vreemd","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates vreemd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"subject complement of denkbeeld","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause modifying denkbeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan hebben","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"premodifier of een wagen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"kiespyn","lemma":"kiespijn","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"toothache"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates kiespyn and kramp","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"kramp","lemma":"kramp","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"coordinated direct object of hebben","gloss":"a cramp"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present singular","role":"finite modal governing hebben","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of aanziet; refers collectively to the ailment","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aanziet","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement of aanziet","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"mot","lemma":"mot","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"predicative complement in voor ... aanziet","gloss":"a moth"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative modifier of mot","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of laken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laken","lemma":"laken","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"upholstery","note":"Literally cloth; here it means the carriage's fabric upholstery."},{"surface":"aanziet","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, present singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause; combines with voor","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces alternative omgekeerd","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"omgekeerd","lemma":"omgekeerd","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical alternative to the preceding confusion","gloss":"the reverse"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h6-s102","source":"Er zyn weinig omstandigheden in de stoffelyke wereld, die den denkenden mensch geen aanleiding geven tot het maken van opmerkingen op verstandelyk gebied, en zoo heb ik myzelf dikwyls afgevraagd of niet veel dwalingen die onder ons kracht van wet hebben, veel \"scheefheden\" die wy voor \"recht\" houden, hieruit voortvloeien, dat men te lang met hetzelfde gezelschap in denzelfden reiswagen heeft gezeten?","translation":"There are few circumstances in the material world that do not give the thinking man occasion to make observations in the realm of the intellect, and so I have often asked myself whether many of the errors that have, among us, the force of law, many of the \"crookednesses\" that we hold to be \"straight,\" do not arise from this: that one has sat too long in the same traveling carriage with the same company.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"weinig omstandigheden … die den denkenden mensch geen aanleiding geven","title":"Present participle 'denkenden' as adjective","body":"'denkenden' is the present participle 'denkend' (thinking) used attributively, with the old accusative -en: 'the thinking man'. 'geen aanleiding geven' uses 'geen' to negate the indefinite object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb ik myzelf dikwyls afgevraagd of …","title":"Reflexive 'zich afvragen' + perfect","body":"'zich afvragen' (to ask oneself / wonder) is reflexive and separable; in the perfect 'heb ik myzelf … afgevraagd'. It governs an indirect 'of'-question that is verb-final ('… voortvloeien')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in denzelfden reiswagen","title":"Dative 'denzelfden'","body":"'in denzelfden reiswagen' = 'in the same carriage': 'denzelfden' is the masculine dative of 'dezelfde' (the same), inflected after the preposition 'in', a heavy case-remnant typical of solemn period prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present plural","role":"finite verb of existential clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of omstandigheden","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, feminine plural","role":"notional subject of zyn","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative modifier of omstandigheden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stoffelyke","lemma":"stoffelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wereld","gloss":"material"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular dative","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkenden","lemma":"denkend","morphology":"present participial adjective, inflected","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of aanleiding","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"aanleiding","lemma":"aanleiding","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause on omstandigheden","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of aanleiding","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner nominalizing maken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"object of tot","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object complement of maken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"opmerkingen","lemma":"opmerking","morphology":"noun, feminine plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"observations"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces domain modifier of opmerkingen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verstandelyk","lemma":"verstandelijk","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies gebied","gloss":"intellectual"},{"surface":"gebied","lemma":"gebied","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"realm"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"connective modifying heb afgevraagd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present first person singular","role":"auxiliary of afgevraagd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular nominative","role":"subject of heb afgevraagd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"myzelf","lemma":"mijzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first person singular","role":"indirect reflexive object of afgevraagd","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb afgevraagd","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"afgevraagd","lemma":"afvragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary heb","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces indirect yes-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates voortvloeien","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of dwalingen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"dwalingen","lemma":"dwaling","morphology":"noun, feminine plural","role":"first coordinated subject of voortvloeien","gloss":"errors"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces setting modifier of hebben","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person plural object","role":"object of onder","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of kracht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wet","lemma":"wet","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"law"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause on dwalingen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of scheefheden","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"scheefheden","lemma":"scheefheid","morphology":"noun, feminine plural","role":"second coordinated subject of voortvloeien","gloss":"crookednesses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person plural nominative","role":"subject of houden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement of houden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"predicative complement in voor recht houden","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause on scheefheden","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"hieruit","lemma":"hieruit","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"source complement of voortvloeien","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"voortvloeien","lemma":"voortvloeien","morphology":"verb, present plural","role":"finite verb of indirect question","gloss":"arise"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces appositive content clause explaining hieruit","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft gezeten","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft gezeten","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comitative complement of gezeten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hetzelfde","lemma":"hetzelfde","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of gezelschap","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"gezelschap","lemma":"gezelschap","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of gezeten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"denzelfden","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular dative","role":"determiner of reiswagen","gloss":"the same","note":"Denzelfden is an older inflected spelling of dezelfde."},{"surface":"reiswagen","lemma":"reiswagen","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"traveling carriage"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present singular","role":"auxiliary of gezeten","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gezeten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary heeft","gloss":"sat"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h6-s103","source":"Het been dat ge daar links uitsteken moest, tusschen de hoededoos en 't mandje met kersen ... de knie die ge tegen 't portier gedrukt hield, om de dame tegenover u niet te doen denken dat ge een aanval in den zin hadt op krinoline of deugd ... de gelikdoornde voet die zoo bang was voor de hakken van den commis-voyageur naast u ... de hals dien ge zoo lang links moest wenden, omdat het drupt aan de rechterzyde.. zie, dat worden zoo alle ten-laatste halzen, en knieën, en voeten, die iets verdraaids bekomen.","translation":"The leg you had to stick out there to the left, between the hatbox and the little basket of cherries ... the knee you held pressed against the door, so as not to make the lady opposite you think you had designs upon crinoline or virtue ... the corn-ridden foot that was so afraid of the heels of the commercial traveler beside you ... the neck you had to twist so long to the left, because it was dripping on the right ... look, all these in the end become necks, and knees, and feet that take on something twisted.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het been dat ge daar links uitsteken moest","title":"Archaic 'ge' + relative 'dat'","body":"'ge' is the literary/archaic 'you' of 1860 prose (with verb 'moest'). 'been' is a het-word, so the relative pronoun is 'dat'; the clause is verb-final, ending in 'uitsteken moest' ('you had to stick out')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om de dame … niet te doen denken dat …","title":"om … te + causative 'doen denken'","body":"Purpose clause 'om … niet te doen denken' = 'so as not to make … think'. 'doen denken' is causative ('doen' + infinitive). 'de knie die ge … gedrukt hield' is another verb-final relative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de hals dien ge zoo lang links moest wenden","title":"Accusative relative 'dien'","body":"'dien' is again the masculine accusative relative ('which/that'), referring to 'de hals' (the neck). 'omdat het drupt aan de rechterzyde' is a verb-final causal clause with impersonal 'het' ('because it is dripping')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of been","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"been","lemma":"been","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of uitsteken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of uitsteken","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of uitsteken","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"links","lemma":"links","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of uitsteken","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"uitsteken","lemma":"uitsteken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"relative clause on been","gloss":"stick out"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitsteken","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoededoos","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoededoos","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoededoos","lemma":"hoededoos","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tussen","gloss":"hatbox"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mandje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mandje","lemma":"mandje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with hoededoos","gloss":"little basket"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kersen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"kersen","lemma":"kers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"cherries"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of knie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"knie","lemma":"knie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"knee"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common singular","role":"direct object of hield","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking portier","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of portier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"portier","lemma":"portier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"carriage door"},{"surface":"gedrukt","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"complement of hield","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on knie","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dame","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dame","lemma":"dame","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"tegenover","lemma":"tegenover","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing u","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of tegenover","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates doen denken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of doen","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of denken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hadt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanval","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"aanval","lemma":"aanval","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hadt","gloss":"design"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in den zin hebben","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of zin","gloss":"the","note":"Den is the old masculine oblique form of de."},{"surface":"zin","lemma":"zin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"hadt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, second-person singular","role":"finite verb of complement clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition complementing aanval","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"krinoline","lemma":"krinoline","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"crinoline"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"deugd","lemma":"deugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with krinoline","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelikdoornde","lemma":"gelikdoornd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies voet","gloss":"corn-ridden","note":"Gelikdoornd means afflicted with corns."},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of parallel noun phrase","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bang","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"bang","lemma":"bang","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of bang","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hakken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hakken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hakken","lemma":"hak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of bang","gloss":"heels"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking commis-voyageur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of commis-voyageur","gloss":"the","note":"Den is the old masculine oblique form of de."},{"surface":"commis-voyageur","lemma":"commis-voyageur","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"commercial traveler"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of naast","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hals","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hals","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of parallel noun phrase","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of wenden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wenden","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"links","lemma":"links","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional modifier of wenden","gloss":"leftward"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wenden","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"wenden","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moest","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of drupt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of drupt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"drupt","lemma":"druppen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"drips"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rechterzyde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rechterzyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rechterzyde","lemma":"rechterzijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"right side"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of worden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking subject to halzen, knieën en voeten","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of worden","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"emphatic modifier of dat","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ten-laatste","lemma":"ten laatste","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of worden","gloss":"in the end"},{"surface":"halzen","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"necks"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"knieën","lemma":"knie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with halzen","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voeten","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with halzen","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bekomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"determiner-like head modified by verdraaids","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"verdraaids","lemma":"verdraaid","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"partitive modifier of iets","gloss":"twisted"},{"surface":"bekomen","lemma":"bekomen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"acquire","note":"Bekomen here means “acquire” or “take on,” not “recover.”"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h6-s104","source":"Ik houd het voor goed, van tyd tot-tyd eens te wisselen van wagens, zitplaats en medereizigers.","translation":"I hold it good, from time to time, to change carriages, seat, and fellow-travelers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik houd het voor goed … eens te wisselen van wagens","title":"iets voor goed houden + te-infinitive","body":"'houd het voor goed … te wisselen' = 'hold it good to change': the idiom 'iets voor goed houden' (to think something good) with anticipatory 'het' resolved by the te-infinitive 'te wisselen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of houd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom voor goed houden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of houd","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"first preposition in van tijd tot tijd","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"tot-tyd","lemma":"tot tijd","morphology":"preposition plus noun phrase","role":"completes van tijd tot tijd","gloss":"to time","note":"Van tyd tot-tyd is the older spelling of van tijd tot tijd, “from time to time.”"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal modifier of wisselen","gloss":"occasionally"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive wisselen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wisselen","lemma":"wisselen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed clause represented by het","gloss":"change"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition complementing wisselen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wagens","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"carriages"},{"surface":"zitplaats","lemma":"zitplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with wagens","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"medereizigers","lemma":"medereiziger","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with wagens","gloss":"fellow travelers"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h6-s105","source":"Men kan dan zyn hals eens anders wenden, men beweegt nu-en-dan zyn knie, en misschien zit er eens een juffrouw naast ons met dansschoenen, of een jongetje wiens beentjes den grond niet raken.","translation":"Then one can turn one's neck a different way, one shifts one's knee now and then, and perhaps there sits beside one, for once, a young lady in dancing shoes, or a little boy whose legs don't reach the floor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men kan dan zyn hals eens anders wenden","title":"Modal 'kunnen' + 'men'","body":"'Men kan … wenden' = 'one can turn': modal 'kunnen' sends 'wenden' to the end. 'Men' is the impersonal 'one', and the fronted 'dan' inverts 'kan men'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een jongetje wiens beentjes den grond niet raken","title":"Diminutives + genitive relative 'wiens'","body":"'jongetje' and 'beentjes' are diminutives (-je / -tjes), making the boy and his legs small and dear; both are neuter. 'wiens' is the masculine genitive relative ('whose'). The clause is verb-final ('… raken')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wenden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of wenden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wenden","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hals","gloss":"one's"},{"surface":"hals","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wenden","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal modifier of wenden","gloss":"for once"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of wenden","gloss":"differently"},{"surface":"wenden","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beweegt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"beweegt","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parallel clause to wenden","gloss":"moves"},{"surface":"nu-en-dan","lemma":"nu en dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beweegt","gloss":"now and then"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of knie","gloss":"one's"},{"surface":"knie","lemma":"knie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beweegt","gloss":"knee"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zit","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"zit","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"sits"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive of zit","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal modifier of zit","gloss":"for once"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of juffrouw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"juffrouw","lemma":"juffrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zit","gloss":"young lady"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of naast","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dansschoenen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dansschoenen","lemma":"dansschoen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met; modifies juffrouw","gloss":"dancing shoes"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jongetje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jongetje","lemma":"jongetje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated subject with juffrouw","gloss":"little boy"},{"surface":"wiens","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative possessive determiner","role":"determiner of beentjes","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"beentjes","lemma":"beentje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of raken","gloss":"little legs"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the","note":"Den is the old masculine accusative form of de."},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of raken","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies raken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"raken","lemma":"raken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"reach"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h6-s106","source":"Men heeft dan meer kans om recht te zien en recht te loopen, zoodra men weer vasten grond onder de voeten krygt.","translation":"One then has a better chance of seeing straight and walking straight, as soon as one gets firm ground under one's feet again.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men heeft dan meer kans … zoodra men weer vasten grond … krygt","title":"'zoodra' subordinator + 'vasten' dative","body":"'zoodra' (as soon as) is subordinating, sending its verb to the end ('… krygt'). 'vasten grond' carries the old accusative -en on the adjective. 'recht te zien en recht te loopen' pairs two te-infinitives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heeft","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"modifies kans","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"kans","lemma":"kans","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"chance"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clause modifying kans","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies loopen","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive loopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"loopen","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with zien","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of krygt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies krygt","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"vasten","lemma":"vast","morphology":"adjective, inflected masculine singular","role":"modifies grond","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of krygt","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voeten","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voeten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voeten","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"krygt","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"gets"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h6-s107","source":"Of er ook in den wagen, die nu voor de pendoppo stilhield, zich iets verzette tegen de \"oplossing der continuiteit\" weet ik niet, maar zeker is 't dat het lang duurde voor er iets te voorschyn kwam.","translation":"Whether in the carriage that now halted before the pendoppo there was also something that resisted the \"resolution of the continuity\" I do not know, but certain it is that a long time passed before anything came into view.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Of er ook in den wagen … zich iets verzette","title":"Indirect 'of' + reflexive 'zich verzetten'","body":"'Of … iets verzette' is a fronted indirect question ('whether something resisted'), verb-final. 'zich verzetten tegen' (to resist) is reflexive and governs 'tegen'. Dummy 'er' supports the indefinite subject 'iets'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor er iets te voorschyn kwam","title":"'voor' (before) + separable 'te voorschyn komen'","body":"'voor er iets te voorschyn kwam' = 'before anything came into view': temporal 'voor' sends the verb to the end; 'te voorschyn komen' is the fixed expression 'to appear', with 'er' as the existential particle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verzette","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive of verzette","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzette","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wagen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"the","note":"Den is the old masculine oblique form of de."},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of stilhield","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stilhield","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pendoppo","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendoppo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"pendoppo","note":"A pendoppo is an open-sided Javanese audience pavilion."},{"surface":"stilhield","lemma":"stilhouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on wagen","gloss":"halted"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of verzette","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verzette","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"verzette","lemma":"verzetten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"resisted"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oplossing","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oplossing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oplossing","lemma":"oplossing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verzette","gloss":"resolution"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive feminine singular","role":"determiner of continuiteit","gloss":"of the","note":"Der is an old genitive form meaning “of the.”"},{"surface":"continuiteit","lemma":"continuïteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of oplossing","gloss":"continuity"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking zeker to subject clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of duurde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of duurde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duurde","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"duurde","lemma":"duren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of subject clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive of kwam","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase te voorschijn","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"voorschyn","lemma":"voorschijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of fixed phrase te voorschijn","gloss":"view","note":"Te voorschyn is the old spelling of te voorschijn, “into view.”"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h6-s108","source":"Er scheen een stryd van hoffelykheid gevoerd te worden. Men vernam de woorden: \"als 't u belieft, mevrouw!\" en \"resident!\" Hoe dit zy, eindelyk stapte er een heer uit, die in houding en voorkomen wel iets vertoonde dat denken deed aan de Sauriers waarvan ik zoo-even gesproken heb.","translation":"There seemed to be a contest of courtesy going on. One caught the words: \"if you please, mevrouw!\" and \"resident!\" However that may be, at last a gentleman stepped out who, in bearing and appearance, did indeed show something that called to mind the Saurians I spoke of just now.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er scheen een stryd … gevoerd te worden","title":"Passive infinitive 'gevoerd te worden'","body":"'gevoerd te worden' = 'to be conducted': a passive infinitive (participle 'gevoerd' + 'worden') governed by 'scheen' (seemed) via 'te'. 'Er' opens the impersonal/existential frame."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"eindelyk stapte er een heer uit, die … iets vertoonde","title":"Separable 'uitstappen' + 'er' + relative","body":"'stapte er een heer uit' = 'a gentleman stepped out', with separable 'uit' at the end and presentative 'er'. The relative 'die … iets vertoonde' is verb-final ('showed something')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Hoe dit zy","title":"'Hoe dit zy' = 'however that may be'","body":"A frozen archaic phrase using the subjunctive 'zy' (= 'zij', be): 'however that may be / be that as it may'. The subjunctive survives only in such set literary tags."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive introducing the subject stryd","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb with infinitival complement gevoerd te worden","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of stryd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stryd","lemma":"strijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"contest"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of stryd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hoffelykheid","lemma":"hoffelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying stryd","gloss":"courtesy"},{"surface":"gevoerd","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of passive infinitive gevoerd te worden","gloss":"conducted"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gevoerd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vernam","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"vernam","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of vernam","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the fixed politeness clause als 't u belieft","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of belieft","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, second person","role":"indirect object of belieft","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"belieft","lemma":"believen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the politeness formula als 't u belieft","gloss":"pleases"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative in the quoted speech","gloss":"madam"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two quoted expressions","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second quoted expression and title of address","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative manner adverb in Hoe dit zij","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of zy","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"verb of concessive formula Hoe dit zij","gloss":"may be"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stapte","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"stapte","lemma":"stappen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb with separable particle uit","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive introducing the indefinite subject een heer","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stapte","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of stapte ... uit","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vertoonde; antecedent heer","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces houding en voorkomen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"houding","lemma":"houding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates houding and voorkomen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated complement of in","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes vertoonde","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of vertoonde","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"vertoonde","lemma":"vertonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of deed; antecedent iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of deed","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"causative verb governing denken","gloss":"made one"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement selected by denken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Sauriers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sauriers","lemma":"Sauriër","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"Saurians"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of gesproken; antecedent Sauriers","gloss":"of whom"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of gesproken heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken heb","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of gesproken heb","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h6-s109","source":"Daar wy hem later zullen weerzien, wil ik u maar terstond zeggen dat zyn onbewegelykheid niet uitsluitend moest geweten worden aan de assimilatie met den reiswagen, want dat hy, ook als er op mylen afstands geen voertuig in de buurt was, een kalmte, een langzaamheid en een voorzichtigheid aan den dag leî, die menigen Saurier jaloersch maken zou, en die in de oogen van velen de kenmerken zyn van deftigheid, bezadigdheid en wysheid.","translation":"Since we shall see him again later, I will tell you straight away that his immobility was not to be ascribed solely to the assimilation with the traveling carriage, for even when there was no vehicle for miles around, he displayed a calm, a slowness, and a caution that would make many a Saurian jealous, and that in the eyes of many are the marks of dignity, sedateness, and wisdom.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar wy hem later zullen weerzien, wil ik …","title":"Causal 'Daar' + future, then inversion","body":"Fronted causal 'Daar wy … zullen weerzien' ('Since we shall see him again') is verb-final with future 'zullen weerzien'; the main clause then inverts ('wil ik')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn onbewegelykheid niet … moest geweten worden aan de assimilatie","title":"Modal + passive infinitive 'geweten worden'","body":"'moest geweten worden aan' = 'was to be ascribed to': modal 'moest' over a passive infinitive ('geweten worden', be attributed), with the fixed 'aan'. ('geweten' here is the participle of 'wijten', to blame.)"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een kalmte … aan den dag leî, die menigen Saurier jaloersch maken zou","title":"Conditional 'zou' in relative clause","body":"'aan den dag leggen' (to display) appears as 'aan den dag leî' (archaic past of 'leggen'). The relative 'die … jaloersch maken zou' is verb-final with conditional 'zou' ('that would make many a Saurian jealous')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of weerzien","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person plural","role":"subject of zullen weerzien","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, third-person singular","role":"direct object of weerzien","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies weerzien","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person plural","role":"future auxiliary of weerzien","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"weerzien","lemma":"weerzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical verb governed by zullen","gloss":"see again"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb governing zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, second person","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"modal particle","role":"softens wil zeggen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"straight away"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of onbewegelykheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"onbewegelykheid","lemma":"onbeweeglijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of moest geweten worden","gloss":"immobility"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates uitsluitend moest geweten worden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"uitsluitend","lemma":"uitsluitend","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweten worden","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geweten worden","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"geweten","lemma":"wijten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb in passive moest geweten worden","gloss":"ascribed"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of geweten","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the cause to which something is ascribed","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of assimilatie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"assimilatie","lemma":"assimilatie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"assimilation"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of assimilatie","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of reiswagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reiswagen","lemma":"reiswagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"traveling carriage"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"resumes the object clause governed by zeggen after want","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of leî","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the subordinate circumstance introduced by als","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal-circumstantial clause of was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive introducing geen voertuig","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces distance expression mylen afstands","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"mylen","lemma":"mijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"measure modifier of afstands","gloss":"miles"},{"surface":"afstands","lemma":"afstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic genitive","role":"complement of op in a distance expression","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of voertuig","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"voertuig","lemma":"voertuig","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"vehicle"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of was","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of buurt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buurt","lemma":"buurt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"vicinity"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the existential subordinate clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of kalmte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kalmte","lemma":"kalmte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first direct object of leî aan den dag","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of langzaamheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"langzaamheid","lemma":"langzaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of leî, coordinated with kalmte","gloss":"slowness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates langzaamheid and voorzichtigheid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of voorzichtigheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"voorzichtigheid","lemma":"voorzichtigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of leî, coordinated with kalmte","gloss":"caution"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition, fixed expression","role":"part of aan den dag leggen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of dag in aan den dag leggen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of aan den dag leggen","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"leî","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb in the idiom aan den dag leggen","gloss":"displayed","note":"Leî is an old contracted past-tense form of leggen in the idiom aan den dag leggen, ‘to display.’"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of maken zou; antecedent is the three qualities","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"menigen","lemma":"menig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected singular","role":"determiner of Saurier","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"Saurier","lemma":"Sauriër","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"Saurian"},{"surface":"jaloersch","lemma":"jaloers","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of Saurier with maken","gloss":"jealous"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical verb governed by zou","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of maken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two relative clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zyn; antecedent is the three qualities","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces viewpoint phrase in de oogen van velen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of oogen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"substantivized quantifier, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"many people"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of kenmerken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kenmerken","lemma":"kenmerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"marks"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"copula linking die to kenmerken","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of kenmerken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"deftigheid","lemma":"deftigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first complement of van","gloss":"dignity"},{"surface":"bezadigdheid","lemma":"bezadigdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with deftigheid","gloss":"sedateness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates bezadigdheid and wysheid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wysheid","lemma":"wijsheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with deftigheid","gloss":"wisdom"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h6-s110","source":"Hy was, zooals de meeste Europeanen in Indie, zeer bleek, hetgeen echter in die streken geenszins voor een blyk van minder goede gezondheid wordt gehouden, en hy had fyne trekken die wel getuigden van verstandelyke ontwikkeling.","translation":"He was, like most Europeans in the Indies, very pale, which in those regions, however, is by no means taken as a sign of poorer health, and he had fine features that bespoke a measure of intellectual cultivation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hetgeen … geenszins voor een blyk … wordt gehouden","title":"worden-passive + relative 'hetgeen'","body":"'wordt gehouden voor' = 'is held/taken for': a present worden-passive. 'hetgeen' is the formal neuter relative ('which', referring to the whole preceding fact). 'geenszins' = 'by no means' (a negative adverb)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"fyne trekken die wel getuigden van verstandelyke ontwikkeling","title":"Relative 'die' + 'getuigen van'","body":"'die … getuigden van' = 'that bespoke / testified to': verb-final relative, with 'getuigen' governing the fixed preposition 'van'. 'trekken' (features) is a de-word plural, hence 'die'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Hy to bleek","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase de meeste Europeanen","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Europeanen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meeste","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies Europeanen","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"Europeanen","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"head of comparative phrase introduced by zooals","gloss":"Europeans"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative modifier of Europeanen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of bleek","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"bleek","lemma":"bleek","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"hetgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wordt gehouden; antecedent is his pallor","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of wordt gehouden","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative adjunct of wordt gehouden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of streken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"geenszins","lemma":"geenszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wordt gehouden","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement of gehouden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of blyk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"blyk","lemma":"blijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of blyk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"minder","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"degree modifier of goede","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies gezondheid","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"gezondheid","lemma":"gezondheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"health"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gehouden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb in passive wordt gehouden","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates was and had","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"fyne","lemma":"fijn","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies trekken","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"trekken","lemma":"trek","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"features"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of getuigden; antecedent trekken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes getuigden","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"getuigden","lemma":"getuigen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"bespoke"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of getuigden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verstandelyke","lemma":"verstandelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies ontwikkeling","gloss":"intellectual"},{"surface":"ontwikkeling","lemma":"ontwikkeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"cultivation"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h6-s111","source":"Alleen was er iets kouds in zyn blik, iets wat u denken deed aan een logarithmentafel, en hoewel zyn voorkomen over 't geheel niet onbehagelyk of terugstootend was, kon men zich toch niet onthouden van de verdenking dat zyn vry groote magere neus zich op dat gelaat verveelde, omdat er zoo weinig op voorviel.","translation":"Only there was something cold in his gaze, something that made you think of a table of logarithms, and although his appearance on the whole was not disagreeable or repellent, one could not help suspecting that his rather large, lean nose was bored on that face, because so little happened upon it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"iets wat u denken deed aan een logarithmentafel","title":"Relative 'wat' + causative 'doen denken aan'","body":"'wat … denken deed aan' = 'that made you think of': relative 'wat' (after 'iets'), with causative 'doen denken' and the fixed preposition 'aan'. The literary 'u' is the object 'you'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"kon men zich toch niet onthouden van de verdenking","title":"Reflexive 'zich onthouden van'","body":"'zich onthouden van' = 'to refrain from': reflexive verb with fixed 'van'. The fronted concessive 'hoewel'-clause forces inversion ('kon men'); 'niet' negates."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een logarithmentafel / zyn vry groote magere neus","title":"Noun compound 'logarithmentafel'","body":"'logarithmentafel' = 'logarithmen' + 'tafel' = 'table of logarithms', a right-headed compound. The cold image (a face like a log table) is Multatuli's deadpan portrait of the bloodless Resident."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"adversative sentence adverb modifying the first clause","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive introducing iets kouds","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of subject phrase iets kouds","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"kouds","lemma":"koud","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter, partitive -s","role":"postmodifier of iets","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of was","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of blik","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"gaze"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"apposition to iets kouds and antecedent of wat","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of deed; antecedent iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, second person","role":"object of causative deed and understood subject of denken","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of deed","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"causative verb governing u denken","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement selected by denken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of logarithmentafel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"logarithmentafel","lemma":"logaritmetafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"table of logarithms"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the preceding description to the main clause kon men","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoewel","lemma":"hoewel","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause ending in was","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of voorkomen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of adverbial phrase over 't geheel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of geheel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of over in over 't geheel","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the coordinated predicates","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"onbehagelyk","lemma":"onbehaaglijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"disagreeable"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates onbehagelyk and terugstootend under negation","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"terugstootend","lemma":"terugstotend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"repellent"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking voorkomen to its predicates","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of onthouden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon onthouden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of onthouden","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of kon onthouden","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kon onthouden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"onthouden","lemma":"onthouden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical verb governed by kon","gloss":"refrain"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of zich onthouden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of verdenking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verdenking","lemma":"verdenking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"suspicion"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause complementing verdenking","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of neus","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of groote","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies neus","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"magere","lemma":"mager","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies neus","gloss":"lean"},{"surface":"neus","lemma":"neus","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verveelde","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of verveelde","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative complement of verveelde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of gelaat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"verveelde","lemma":"vervelen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"was bored"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of voorviel","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal component of er ... op referring to gelaat","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of weinig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of voorviel","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"component of er ... op, the locative complement of voorviel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"voorviel","lemma":"voorvallen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause; er ... op is its locative complement","gloss":"happened"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h6-s112","source":"Met beleefdheid bood hy zyn hand aan een dame, om haar by het uitstygen behulpzaam te zyn, en nadat deze van een heer die nog in den wagen zat, een kind had aangenomen, een klein blond jongetje van een jaar of drie, traden zy de pendoppo in. Daarop volgde die heer zelf, en wien op Java bekend was, zou het als een byzonderheid in 't oog gevallen zyn, dat hy by 't portier wachtte om 't uitstygen gemakkelyk te maken aan een oude javaansche baboe.","translation":"With courtesy he offered his hand to a lady, to help her in alighting, and after she had taken from a gentleman still sitting in the carriage a child — a small fair-haired boy of about three — they entered the pendoppo. Thereupon that gentleman himself followed, and to anyone familiar with Java it would have struck the eye as a peculiarity that he waited at the door to make the alighting easy for an old Javanese baboe.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s112.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om haar by het uitstygen behulpzaam te zyn","title":"om … te + nominalised infinitive","body":"Purpose clause 'om … behulpzaam te zyn' ('to help her'). 'het uitstygen' is the infinitive 'uitstijgen' used as a neuter noun ('the alighting'); 'behulpzaam zyn' takes the fixed preposition 'by'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"nadat deze … een kind had aangenomen, traden zy de pendoppo in","title":"'nadat' + pluperfect, then inversion","body":"'nadat … had aangenomen' ('after she had taken') is a verb-final pluperfect with separable 'aannemen'. As a fronted subordinate clause it inverts the main clause: 'traden zy … in'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wien op Java bekend was, zou het … in 't oog gevallen zyn","title":"Relative 'wien' + conditional perfect","body":"'wien … bekend was' = 'to anyone to whom Java was known'. The main clause is a conditional perfect 'zou … gevallen zyn' ('would have struck'), with the idiom 'in 't oog vallen' (to catch the eye)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beleefdheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"beleefdheid","lemma":"beleefdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bood","gloss":"courtesy"},{"surface":"bood","lemma":"bieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of bood","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of hand","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bood","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dame","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of dame","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dame","lemma":"dame","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of bood","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause om ... te zijn","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, object, third person singular","role":"person helped by the subject of zijn","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the occasion het uitstijgen","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of uitstijgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitstygen","lemma":"uitstijgen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"alighting"},{"surface":"behulpzaam","lemma":"behulpzaam","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"helpful"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"head of the purpose clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the first clause to the clause of traden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nadat","lemma":"nadat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of aangenomen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of had aangenomen; refers to dame","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the source heer","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zat","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zat","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wagen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, archaic masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of the relative clause on heer","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had aangenomen","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangenomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aangenomen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of jongetje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies jongetje","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"blond","lemma":"blond","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies jongetje","gloss":"fair-haired"},{"surface":"jongetje","lemma":"jongetje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"apposition to kind","gloss":"little boy"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the age phrase van een jaar of drie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of jaar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction used for approximation","role":"links jaar to the approximate numeral drie","gloss":"or about"},{"surface":"drie","lemma":"drie","morphology":"numeral","role":"approximate age complement after of","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"traden","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause; modified by the directional phrase de pendoppo in","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person plural","role":"subject of traden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendoppo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of the directional postposition in","gloss":"pendoppo","note":"A pendoppo is an open-sided Javanese audience pavilion."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"postposition","role":"marks the directional goal pendoppo","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volgde","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"volgde","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of volgde","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"emphasizes die heer","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clause of volgde to the clause of zou","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, archaic dative singular","role":"dative experiencer of zou ... in het oog gevallen zijn","gloss":"to anyone who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"familiar"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative free-choice clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of gevallen zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, third person singular","role":"subject of zou gevallen zijn; anticipates dat-clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative complement bijzonderheid","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of bijzonderheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"byzonderheid","lemma":"bijzonderheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement introduced by als","gloss":"peculiarity"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in het oog vallen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner, elided","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom in het oog vallen","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of zou ... gevallen zijn","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gevallen under zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the extraposed subject clause of zou ... gevallen zijn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking portier","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner, elided","role":"determiner of portier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"portier","lemma":"portier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"door","note":"Here portier means a carriage door, not a doorman."},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause om ... te maken","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner, elided","role":"determiner of uitstijgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitstygen","lemma":"uitstijgen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"alighting"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of uitstijgen with maken","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the purpose clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beneficiary baboe","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of baboe","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies baboe","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"javaansche","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies baboe","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"baboe","lemma":"baboe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"baboe","note":"Baboe is a colonial-era term for an Indonesian nursemaid or female domestic servant."}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h6-s113","source":"Een drietal bedienden hadden zichzelf verlost uit het wasleêren kastje, dat achter den wagen was vastgeplakt als een jonge oester op den rug van zyn mama.","translation":"Three servants had freed themselves from the oilcloth chest that was stuck on behind the carriage like a young oyster on its mother's back.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hadden zichzelf verlost uit het wasleêren kastje","title":"Reflexive 'zich verlossen' + diminutive","body":"'hadden zichzelf verlost' = 'had freed themselves': reflexive 'zich(zelf)' in the pluperfect. 'kastje' is the diminutive of 'kast' (chest/cupboard), small and neuter. 'wasleêren' = 'wax-leather / oilcloth' (period spelling with circumflex)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat … was vastgeplakt als een jonge oester op den rug van zyn mama","title":"zijn-passive 'was vastgeplakt'","body":"'was vastgeplakt' = 'was stuck fast': a zijn-passive expressing the resulting state (participle 'vastgeplakt' + 'was'). The comic simile of the oyster on its mother's back is pure Multatuli."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of drietal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"drietal","lemma":"drietal","morphology":"collective noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of subject phrase Een drietal bedienden","gloss":"group of three"},{"surface":"bedienden","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"partitive complement of drietal","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of verlost","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zichzelf","lemma":"zichzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person plural","role":"direct object of verlost","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"verlost","lemma":"verlossen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"freed"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kastje","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of kastje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wasleêren","lemma":"wasleren","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies kastje","gloss":"oilcloth"},{"surface":"kastje","lemma":"kastje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, diminutive","role":"oblique complement of uit","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was vastgeplakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wagen","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, archaic masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of achter","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dat to vastgeplakt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vastgeplakt","lemma":"vastplakken","morphology":"adjective, predicative, participial","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"stuck on"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative phrase","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of oester","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies oester","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"oester","lemma":"oester","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of comparative phrase introduced by als","gloss":"oyster"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rug","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, archaic masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of rug","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rug","lemma":"rug","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking possessor mama","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of mama","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"mama","lemma":"mama","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h6-s114","source":"De heer die het eerst was uitgestegen, had den Regent en den kontroleur Verbrugge de hand geboden, die zy met eerbied aannamen, en in hun geheele houding was te bespeuren dat zy gevoelden zich in de tegenwoordigheid te bevinden van een gewicht persoon.","translation":"The gentleman who had stepped out first had offered his hand to the Regent and the controller Verbrugge, who took it with respect, and in their whole bearing it could be perceived that they felt themselves to be in the presence of a personage of weight.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had den Regent … de hand geboden, die zy met eerbied aannamen","title":"Pluperfect + relative 'die'","body":"'had … de hand geboden' is a pluperfect (auxiliary 'had', participle 'geboden' from strong 'bieden'). The relative 'die' refers back to 'de hand'; 'zy … aannamen' is the verb-final relative clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in hun geheele houding was te bespeuren dat …","title":"'te + infinitive' as passive possibility","body":"'was te bespeuren' = 'could be perceived / was to be perceived': the 'zijn + te + infinitive' construction expresses a passive possibility. The fronted phrase inverts ('was te bespeuren'), and the 'dat'-clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had geboden","gloss":"gentleman"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was uitgestegen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"part of adverbial phrase het eerst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies uitgestegen","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of uitgestegen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"uitgestegen","lemma":"uitstijgen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate of the relative clause on heer","gloss":"stepped out"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geboden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, archaic masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of had geboden","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Regent and kontroleur Verbrugge","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, archaic masculine oblique singular","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of had geboden, coordinated with Regent","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to kontroleur","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had geboden and antecedent of die","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"geboden","lemma":"bieden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, common singular","role":"direct object of aannamen; refers to hand","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person plural","role":"subject of aannamen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eerbied","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"eerbied","lemma":"eerbied","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"aannamen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"predicate of the relative clause on hand","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clause of had geboden to the clause of was te bespeuren","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking houding","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessor of houding","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"geheele","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies houding","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"houding","lemma":"houding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive-modal construction with te bespeuren","gloss":"could be"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bespeuren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bespeuren","lemma":"bespeuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main predicate of the coordinated clause","gloss":"perceived"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of bespeuren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person plural","role":"subject of gevoelden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"gevoelden","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person plural","role":"reflexive object of bevinden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegenwoordigheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of tegenwoordigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tegenwoordigheid","lemma":"tegenwoordigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"presence"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bevinden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bevinden","lemma":"bevinden","morphology":"reflexive verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of gevoelden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking persoon","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gewicht","lemma":"gewicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, attributive use","role":"modifies persoon in the phrase een gewicht persoon","gloss":"of weight","note":"Gewicht is used attributively here in the older phrase een gewicht persoon, ‘a personage of weight’."},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"personage"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h6-s115","source":"Het was de resident van Bantam, de groote landstreek waarvan Lebak een afdeeling, een regentschap, of, zooals men officieel zegt, een adsistent-residentie is.","translation":"It was the resident of Bantam, the great region of which Lebak is a division, a regency, or, as one officially says, an assistant-residency.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de groote landstreek waarvan Lebak een afdeeling … is","title":"Relative adverb 'waarvan'","body":"'waarvan' = 'of which': a relative pronominal adverb (waar + van) standing for 'van welke', opening a verb-final clause ('… is'). It links Lebak to the larger region of Bantam."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"links Het to resident","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner","role":"determiner of landstreek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies landstreek","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"landstreek","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Bantam","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause and marks relation of afdeeling to landstreek","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first predicative complement of is","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of regentschap","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"regentschap","lemma":"regentschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is, in apposition to afdeeling","gloss":"regency"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links regentschap and adsistent-residentie","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause men officieel zegt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"officieel","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zegt","gloss":"officially"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"predicate of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-residentie","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"adsistent-residentie","lemma":"assistent-residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"final predicative complement of is","gloss":"assistant-residency","note":"Adsistent-residentie is the historical spelling of assistent-residentie, a colonial administrative division."},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links subject Lebak to its coordinated complements","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h6-s116","source":"By 't lezen van verdichte verhalen, heb ik my meermalen geërgerd over den weinigen eerbied der schryvers voor den smaak van 't publiek, en vooral was dit het geval, waar zy blyk gaven iets te willen voortbrengen dat koddig of burlesk heeten moest, om nu niet van humor te spreken, een eigenaardigheid die byna doorgaande allerjammerlykst wordt verward met het komieke. Men voert een persoon sprekende in, die de taal niet verstaat of slecht uitspreekt, men laat een franschman zeggen: \"ka kauw na de krote krak\" of \"krietje kooit keen kare kroente kraak wek.\" By-gebrek aan een franschman, neemt men iemand die stamelt, of men \"schept\" een persoon die zyn stokpaardje maakt van een paar telkens wederkeerende woorden.","translation":"In reading works of fiction, I have more than once been vexed at the writers' scant respect for the taste of the public, and this was especially the case where they showed they meant to produce something that was supposed to pass for droll or burlesque — to say nothing of humor, a quality that is almost always most lamentably confused with the comic. One brings on a character who does not understand the language or speaks it badly, one makes a Frenchman say: \"ka kauw na de krote krak\" or \"krietje kooit keen kare kroente kraak wek.\" For want of a Frenchman, one takes someone who stammers, or one \"creates\" a character who makes his hobbyhorse out of a couple of recurring catchwords.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb ik my … geërgerd over den weinigen eerbied","title":"Reflexive 'zich ergeren over'","body":"'zich ergeren over' = 'to be vexed/annoyed at': reflexive verb with fixed 'over', in the perfect 'heb ik my … geërgerd'. 'den weinigen eerbied' carries the old accusative 'den' + adjective -en."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men voert een persoon sprekende in","title":"Separable 'invoeren' + participle 'sprekende'","body":"'invoeren' (to bring on/introduce) splits: 'voert … in'. 'sprekende' is a present participle ('speaking') used adverbially. 'Men' is the impersonal 'one'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"men laat een franschman zeggen","title":"Causative 'laten zeggen'","body":"'laat … zeggen' = 'makes/has (a Frenchman) say': causative 'laten' + bare infinitive 'zeggen'. The mangled mock-French that follows is Multatuli's example of the cheap comic device he is mocking."}],"words":[{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the adverbial phrase bij het lezen","gloss":"In"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of lezen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verhalen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verdichte","lemma":"verdicht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verhalen","gloss":"fictional"},{"surface":"verhalen","lemma":"verhaal","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"stories"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of geërgerd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb geërgerd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first-person singular","role":"reflexive object of geërgerd","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geërgerd","gloss":"more than once"},{"surface":"geërgerd","lemma":"ergeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with heb","gloss":"been vexed"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of geërgerd","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of eerbied","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weinigen","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, inflected, archaic oblique form","role":"modifies eerbied","gloss":"scant"},{"surface":"eerbied","lemma":"eerbied","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural, archaic genitive form","role":"determiner of schryvers","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"schryvers","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"genitive dependent of eerbied","gloss":"writers"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of eerbied","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of smaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"smaak","lemma":"smaak","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"taste"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking publiek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of publiek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"publiek","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was het geval","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking dit to het geval","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on geval","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person plural, nominative","role":"subject of gaven","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"blyk","lemma":"blijk","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of gaven","gloss":"evidence"},{"surface":"gaven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"finite verb in the relative clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of voortbrengen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks willen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of blijk gaven","gloss":"meant to"},{"surface":"voortbrengen","lemma":"voortbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"produce"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of heeten moest","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"koddig","lemma":"koddig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of heeten","gloss":"droll"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"burlesk","lemma":"burlesk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated with koddig","gloss":"burlesque"},{"surface":"heeten","lemma":"heten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"relative-clause verb modifying iets","gloss":"be called"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of heeten","gloss":"was supposed to"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of om ... te introducing spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking humor","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"humor","lemma":"humor","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of spreken","gloss":"humor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"part of om ... te introducing spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the parenthetical adverbial clause","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eigenaardigheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eigenaardigheid","lemma":"eigenaardigheid","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"apposition explaining humor","gloss":"quality"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of wordt verward","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doorgaande","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"doorgaande","lemma":"doorgaande","morphology":"adverb, archaic form","role":"modifies wordt verward","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"allerjammerlykst","lemma":"jammerlijk","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies wordt verward","gloss":"most lamentably"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of verward","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"verward","lemma":"verwarren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause","gloss":"confused"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking komieke","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of komieke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"komieke","lemma":"komiek","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"comic"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voert","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"voert","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite part of voert ... in","gloss":"brings"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of voert ... in","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"sprekende","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"present participle","role":"predicative modifier of persoon","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of voert ... in","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of verstaat and uitspreekt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of taal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verstaat","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verstaat","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verstaat","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"understands"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitspreekt","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"uitspreekt","lemma":"uitspreken","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"coordinated with verstaat","gloss":"pronounces"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laat","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the second main clause","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of franschman","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"franschman","lemma":"Fransman","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of laat and subject of zeggen","gloss":"Frenchman"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of laat","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"ka","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, imperative singular","role":"imperative verb in the parodied quotation","gloss":"go","note":"The quotation imitates a French speaker replacing Dutch g sounds with k sounds."},{"surface":"kauw","lemma":"gauw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ga","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces de grote gracht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of krak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"krote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies gracht","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"krak","lemma":"gracht","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"canal"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"krietje","lemma":"Grietje","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of gooit","gloss":"Grietje","note":"This second quotation continues the same comic replacement of Dutch g sounds with k sounds."},{"surface":"kooit","lemma":"gooien","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the parodied sentence","gloss":"throws"},{"surface":"keen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of groente","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"kare","lemma":"gaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies groente","gloss":"cooked"},{"surface":"kroente","lemma":"groente","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of gooit","gloss":"vegetables"},{"surface":"kraak","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gooit","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"wek","lemma":"weg","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of gooit ... weg","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"By-gebrek","lemma":"bij gebrek","morphology":"fixed prepositional phrase","role":"adverbial phrase modifying neemt","gloss":"For want"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking franschman","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of franschman","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"franschman","lemma":"Fransman","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"Frenchman"},{"surface":"neemt","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the main clause","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of neemt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of neemt","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of stamelt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"stamelt","lemma":"stamelen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"stammers"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the alternatives neemt and schept","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schept","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"schept","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb coordinated with neemt","gloss":"creates"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of schept","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of stokpaardje","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"stokpaardje","lemma":"stokpaardje","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"hobbyhorse"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on persoon","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source complement of maakt","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"couple"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wederkeerende","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"wederkeerende","lemma":"wederkeren","morphology":"present participle, inflected","role":"modifies woorden","gloss":"recurring"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"dependent of een paar","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h6-s117","source":"Ik heb een allerzotste vaudeville zien \"réusseeren\" omdat daarin iemand voorkwam, die gedurig zeide: \"myn naam is Meyer.\" My komen zulke geestigheden wat goedkoop voor, en, om de waarheid te zeggen, ik ben boos op u als ge zoo-iets grappig vindt.","translation":"I have seen a thoroughly silly vaudeville \"succeed\" because a character appeared in it who kept saying: \"my name is Meyer.\" To me such pleasantries seem rather cheap, and, to tell the truth, I am annoyed with you if you find such a thing funny.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb een allerzotste vaudeville zien \"réusseeren\"","title":"Perception 'zien' + double infinitive","body":"'heb … zien réusseeren' = 'have seen succeed': perception verb 'zien' with a bare infinitive, appearing itself as an infinitive in the perfect (infinitivus-pro-participio). 'allerzotste' is a superlative intensified by 'aller-' ('most utterly silly')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik ben boos op u als ge zoo-iets grappig vindt","title":"Archaic 'ge' + 'als'-clause","body":"'ge' is the literary 'you'; the conditional 'als'-clause is verb-final ('… vindt'). Note the playful narrator addressing the reader directly as 'u/ge', a hallmark of Multatuli's voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vaudeville","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"allerzotste","lemma":"zot","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies vaudeville","gloss":"thoroughly silly"},{"surface":"vaudeville","lemma":"vaudeville","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of zien and subject of réusseeren","gloss":"vaudeville"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as substitute infinitive","role":"main verb with heb","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"réusseeren","lemma":"reüsseren","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic loanword","role":"complement of zien","gloss":"succeed","note":"A jocular Dutch spelling of French réussir, “to succeed.”"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorkwam","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of voorkwam","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of voorkwam","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"voorkwam","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the omdat-clause","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeide","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular, archaic form","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking naam to Meyer","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Meyer","lemma":"Meyer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"Meyer"},{"surface":"My","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, oblique","role":"experiencer complement of komen ... voor","gloss":"To me"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"finite part of komen ... voor","gloss":"seem"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geestigheden","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"geestigheden","lemma":"geestigheid","morphology":"noun, feminine plural","role":"subject of komen ... voor","gloss":"pleasantries"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies goedkoop","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"goedkoop","lemma":"goedkoop","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of komen ... voor","gloss":"cheap"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of komen ... voor","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of om ... te introducing zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"part of om ... te introducing zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the parenthetical adverbial clause","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking ik to boos","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"boos","lemma":"boos","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"annoyed"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, oblique","role":"object of op","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vindt","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vindt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of vindt","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"grappig","lemma":"grappig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of zoo-iets","gloss":"funny"},{"surface":"vindt","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"finite verb of the als-clause","gloss":"find"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h6-s118","source":"Maar nu heb ikzelf u iets dergelyks voortestellen.","translation":"But now I have something of the same kind to put before you myself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar nu heb ikzelf u iets dergelyks voortestellen","title":"te-infinitive 'voortestellen'","body":"'voortestellen' = 'voor te stellen' (to put before/propose), the te-infinitive of separable 'voorstellen', written joined in period style. The construction 'heb … voor te stellen' = 'have … to put before (you)'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this sentence contrastively to the preceding one","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voortestellen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite verb governing voortestellen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ikzelf","lemma":"ikzelf","morphology":"emphatic personal pronoun, first-person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second-person singular, oblique","role":"indirect object of voortestellen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of voortestellen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"dergelyks","lemma":"dergelijk","morphology":"pronominal adjective, partitive form","role":"partitive modifier of iets","gloss":"similar"},{"surface":"voortestellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of heb","gloss":"to present","note":"The historical spelling joins modern voor te stellen into one word."}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h6-s119","source":"Ik moet van-tyd tot-tyd iemand ten-tooneele voeren--ik zal 't zoo weinig mogelyk doen--die inderdaad een manier van spreken had, welke my doet vreezen verdacht te worden van een mislukte poging om u te doen lachen, en hierom moet ik u uitdrukkelyk verzekeren dat het niet myn schuld is, als de hoogstdeftige resident van Bantam, van wien hier de rede is, iets zóó eigenaardigs vertoonde in zyn wyze van spreken, dat het me moeielyk valt dat weertegeven, zonder den schyn op me te laden dat ik effekt van geestigheid zoek in een tic.","translation":"From time to time I must bring someone on stage — I shall do it as little as possible — who in fact had a manner of speaking that makes me fear being suspected of a botched attempt to make you laugh, and for this reason I must assure you expressly that it is not my fault if the most dignified resident of Bantam, of whom there is question here, displayed something so very peculiar in his way of speaking that I find it hard to reproduce it, without bringing upon myself the appearance of seeking the effect of wit in a tic.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik moet … iemand ten-tooneele voeren … welke my doet vreezen verdacht te worden","title":"Formal relative 'welke' + passive infinitive","body":"'welke' is the formal/heavy relative ('which'), opening a verb-final clause. 'verdacht te worden van' is a passive infinitive ('to be suspected of'), and 'doet vreezen' is causative ('makes me fear')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"van wien hier de rede is","title":"Idiom 'de rede zyn van'","body":"'van wien hier de rede is' = 'of whom there is question here / who is being discussed': the set phrase 'de rede zijn van' (to be the subject of discussion), with the oblique relative 'wien'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iets zóó eigenaardigs … dat het me moeielyk valt","title":"Result clause 'zóó … dat'","body":"'zóó … dat' = 'so … that': the intensifier 'zóó' sets up a result clause 'dat het me moeielyk valt' ('that I find it hard'), which is verb-final. 'iets eigenaardigs' shows the partitive -s after 'iets'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voeren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of voeren","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"van-tyd","lemma":"van tijd","morphology":"prepositional phrase","role":"part of adverbial phrase van tijd tot tijd","gloss":"from time"},{"surface":"tot-tyd","lemma":"tot tijd","morphology":"prepositional phrase","role":"part of adverbial phrase van tijd tot tijd","gloss":"to time"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of voeren","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ten-tooneele","lemma":"ten tonele","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"complement of voeren","gloss":"on stage"},{"surface":"voeren","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"completes zo weinig mogelijk","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had; refers to iemand","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of manier","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"manier","lemma":"manier","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spreken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"complement of van modifying manier","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause introduced by die","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doet; refers to manier","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of doet","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause introduced by welke","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"vreezen","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doet","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"verdacht","lemma":"verdenken","morphology":"past participle","role":"passive predicate with worden","gloss":"suspected"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of verdacht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of verdacht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of poging","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mislukte","lemma":"mislukken","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies poging","gloss":"botched"},{"surface":"poging","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"attempt"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"heads clause modifying poging","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"lachen","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of causative doen","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hierom","lemma":"hierom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moet verzekeren","gloss":"for this reason"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of verzekeren","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzekeren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of verzekeren","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"uitdrukkelyk","lemma":"uitdrukkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzekeren","gloss":"expressly"},{"surface":"verzekeren","lemma":"verzekeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"assure"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of verzekeren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schuld","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of schuld","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement after is","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogstdeftige","lemma":"hoogstdeftig","morphology":"adjective, superlative force, inflected","role":"modifies resident","gloss":"most dignified"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vertoonde","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van modifying resident","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wien","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, dative","role":"object of van; refers to resident","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rede","lemma":"rede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vertoonde","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eigenaardigs","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"eigenaardigs","lemma":"eigenaardig","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"partitive complement of iets","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"vertoonde","lemma":"vertonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of conditional clause","gloss":"displayed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wyze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of wijze","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spreken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"complement of van modifying wijze","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun, nominative","role":"formal subject of valt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of valt","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of valt","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of result clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of weer te geven; refers to manner","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"weertegeven","lemma":"weergeven","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"extraposed infinitival subject of valt","gloss":"to reproduce"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces adverbial phrase modifying weer te geven","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of schijn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schyn","lemma":"schijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of laden","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking me","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"object of op","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks laden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laden","lemma":"laden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicate of clause introduced by zonder","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause modifying schijn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zoek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"effekt","lemma":"effect","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zoek","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geestigheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"geestigheid","lemma":"geestigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van modifying effect","gloss":"wit"},{"surface":"zoek","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tic","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tic","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tic","lemma":"tic","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"tic"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h6-s120","source":"Hy sprak namelyk op een toon, alsof achter elk woord een punt stond, of zelfs een lang rustteeken, en ik kan de ruimte tusschen zyn woorden niet beter vergelyken dan by de stilte die er volgt op het \"amen\" na een lang gebed in de kerk, hetwelk zooals ieder weet, een sein is dat men den tyd heeft tot verzitten, hoesten of neussnuiten.","translation":"He spoke, that is, in a tone as if behind each word there stood a full stop, or even a long rest, and I cannot compare the spaces between his words better than to the silence that follows the \"amen\" after a long prayer in church, which, as everyone knows, is a signal that one has time to shift in one's seat, cough, or blow one's nose.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"alsof achter elk woord een punt stond","title":"'alsof' (as if) + verb-final","body":"'alsof' = 'as if', a subordinating conjunction sending the verb to the end ('… stond'). The fronted 'achter elk woord' inverts within the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik kan de ruimte … niet beter vergelyken dan by de stilte","title":"Comparative 'beter … dan'","body":"'niet beter … dan' = 'no better than': comparative 'beter' with 'dan' for 'than'. The fixed verb 'vergelyken by/met' (to compare to) takes 'by' here."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hetwelk … een sein is dat men den tyd heeft","title":"Formal relative 'hetwelk'","body":"'hetwelk' is the heavy neuter formal relative ('which'), referring to the 'amen'. The embedded 'dat men den tyd heeft' is a verb-final content clause ('that one has time')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"namelyk","lemma":"namelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"that is"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toon","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stond","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woord","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"elk","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of achter","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of punt","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"punt","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"full stop"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of clause introduced by alsof","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rustteeken","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rustteeken","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies rustteeken","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"rustteeken","lemma":"rustteken","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated subject with punt; stond is understood","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vergelyken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vergelyken","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ruimte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ruimte","lemma":"ruimte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vergelijken","gloss":"space"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement modifying ruimte","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of woorden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tussen; phrase modifies ruimte","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beter","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies vergelijken","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"vergelyken","lemma":"vergelijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"compare"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces comparative complement","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison object stilte","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stilte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stilte","lemma":"stilte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of volgt; refers to stilte","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying volgt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"volgt","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause","gloss":"follows"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing complement of volgt","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of amen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amen","lemma":"amen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"amen"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebed","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebed","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gebed","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"gebed","lemma":"gebed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kerk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kerk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kerk","lemma":"kerk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"church"},{"surface":"hetwelk","lemma":"hetwelk","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is; refers to amen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of parenthetical clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sein","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sein","lemma":"sein","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement after is","gloss":"signal"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause introduced by hetwelk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause modifying sein","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of tijd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of tijd","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"verzitten","lemma":"verzitten","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of tot and coordinated with hoesten","gloss":"shift position"},{"surface":"hoesten","lemma":"hoesten","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"coordinated with verzitten","gloss":"coughing"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"neussnuiten","lemma":"neus snuiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"coordinated with verzitten and hoesten","gloss":"nose-blowing"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h6-s121","source":"Wat hy zeide, was gewoonlyk goed overdacht, en wanneer hy zich die ontydige rustpunten had kunnen afwennen, zouden zyn zinsneden, uit een redekunstig oogpunt althans, meestal een gezond aanzien gehad hebben. Maar al dat afbrokkelen, dat stooterige en hobbelige, maakte het aanhooren lastig.","translation":"What he said was usually well considered, and had he been able to break himself of those ill-timed pauses, his sentences would, from a rhetorical point of view at least, have mostly looked sound. But all that crumbling apart, that jolting and lurching, made him tiresome to listen to.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer hy zich die … rustpunten had kunnen afwennen, zouden zyn zinsneden … een gezond aanzien gehad hebben","title":"Counterfactual: pluperfect + conditional perfect","body":"A full counterfactual conditional: the 'wanneer'-clause is a verb-final pluperfect with reflexive 'zich … afwennen' ('had he been able to break himself of …'); the main clause is the conditional perfect 'zouden … gehad hebben' ('would have had')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had kunnen afwennen","title":"Verb cluster with reflexive","body":"'had kunnen afwennen' stacks pluperfect 'had' + modal infinitive 'kunnen' + separable infinitive 'afwennen' (to break a habit), all at the clause-end. The reflexive 'zich' is the object ('break himself of')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of zeide; heads subject clause of was","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"main predicate of first clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overdacht","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overdacht","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"overdacht","lemma":"overdenken","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"subject complement after was","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had kunnen afwennen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, dative","role":"indirect reflexive object of afwennen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rustpunten","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"ontydige","lemma":"ontijdig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies rustpunten","gloss":"ill-timed"},{"surface":"rustpunten","lemma":"rustpunt","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of afwennen","gloss":"pauses"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen afwennen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of afwennen","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"afwennen","lemma":"afwennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive in conditional clause","gloss":"break the habit"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gehad hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of zinsneden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zinsneden","lemma":"zinsnede","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zouden gehad hebben","gloss":"sentences"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogpunt","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogpunt","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"redekunstig","lemma":"redekunstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oogpunt","gloss":"rhetorical"},{"surface":"oogpunt","lemma":"oogpunt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"point of view"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the viewpoint phrase","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"meestal","lemma":"meestal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehad","gloss":"mostly"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanzien","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gezond","lemma":"gezond","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies aanzien","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"aanzien","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical participle in gehad hebben","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"perfect auxiliary, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"predeterminer","role":"modifies dat afbrokkelen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afbrokkelen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"afbrokkelen","lemma":"afbrokkelen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"part of compound subject of maakte","gloss":"crumbling apart"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nominalized adjectives","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"stooterige","lemma":"stoterig","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"part of compound subject of maakte","gloss":"jolting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hobbelige","lemma":"hobbelig","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"coordinated with stooterige","gloss":"lurching"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main predicate of second sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanhooren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanhooren","lemma":"aanhoren","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"lastig","lemma":"lastig","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of aanhooren","gloss":"tiresome"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h6-s122","source":"Men viel er dan ook dikwyls over. Want gewoonlyk, als men begonnen was te antwoorden in de goedige meening dat de zin uit was, en dat hy de aanvulling van 't ontbrekende aan de scherpzinnigheid van zyn toehoorder overliet, kwamen de nog ontbrekende woorden als trainards van een geslagen leger achteraan, en deden u gevoelen dat ge hem in de rede waart gevallen, wat altyd onaangenaam is.","translation":"And so one was forever tripping over it. For usually, when one had begun to answer in the kindly belief that the sentence was finished, and that he had left the filling-in of what was missing to the shrewdness of his listener, the still-missing words came straggling up behind like the stragglers of a beaten army, and made you feel that you had cut him off in mid-speech, which is always unpleasant.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men viel er dan ook dikwyls over","title":"Split 'er … over'","body":"'er … over' is a split pronominal adverb ('over it'): 'erover vallen' = 'to trip over it'. The 'er' sits early, the preposition 'over' at the end; 'dan ook' and 'dikwyls' fill the middle field."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"deden u gevoelen dat ge hem in de rede waart gevallen","title":"Causative 'doen gevoelen' + pluperfect 'waart gevallen'","body":"'deden u gevoelen' = 'made you feel': causative 'doen' + infinitive. 'in de rede vallen' (to interrupt) appears as a pluperfect with the archaic 2nd-person 'waart' (= was, with 'ge'): 'that you had cut him off'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tripped"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of over","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom dan ook","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing er in split er ... over","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory sentence","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwamen","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of begonnen was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begonnen was","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"begonnen","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"begun"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of begonnen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks antwoorden as infinitive complement","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"antwoorden","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of begonnen","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces prepositional complement meening","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goedige","lemma":"goedig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies meening","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"belief"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of meening","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of zin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zin","lemma":"zin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"sentence"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"finished","note":"In de zin is uit, uit means ‘finished’."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking zin to uit","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two dat clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated content clause of meening","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of overliet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of aanvulling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanvulling","lemma":"aanvulling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of overliet","gloss":"filling-in"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of aanvulling","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of ontbrekende","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontbrekende","lemma":"ontbreken","morphology":"substantivized present participle, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"missing"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces indirect object of overliet","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of scherpzinnigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"scherpzinnigheid","lemma":"scherpzinnigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"shrewdness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessive complement of scherpzinnigheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of toehoorder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"toehoorder","lemma":"toehoorder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"listener"},{"surface":"overliet","lemma":"overlaten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated content clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"kwamen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the explanatory sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontbrekende","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ontbrekende","lemma":"ontbreken","morphology":"present participle, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies woorden","gloss":"missing"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of kwamen and deden","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces comparative complement trainards","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"trainards","lemma":"traînard","morphology":"noun, masculine plural, French loanword","role":"comparative complement of kwamen","gloss":"stragglers","note":"French traînards means soldiers lagging behind an army."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of trainards","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of leger","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geslagen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"past participle, attributive","role":"modifies leger","gloss":"beaten"},{"surface":"leger","lemma":"leger","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"achteraan","lemma":"achteraan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwamen","gloss":"up behind"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates kwamen and deden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"deden","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated main verb with kwamen","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, second person","role":"object of deden and understood subject of gevoelen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gevoelen","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of deden","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of gevoelen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of waart gevallen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"object in the idiom iemand in de rede vallen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom iemand in de rede vallen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of rede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rede","lemma":"rede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the idiom iemand in de rede vallen","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"waart","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second person singular","role":"auxiliary of gevallen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gevallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"cut off","note":"Iemand in de rede vallen means ‘to interrupt someone’."},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is; refers to the preceding situation","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"onaangenaam","lemma":"onaangenaam","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking wat to onaangenaam","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h6-s123","source":"Het publiek der hoofdplaats Serang, voor-zoo-ver men niet in dienst stond van 't gouvernement--een verhouding die den meesten iets omzichtigs geeft--noemde zyn gesprekken \"slymerig.\" Ik vind dit woord niet zeer smaakvol, doch moet erkennen dat het de hoofdeigenschap van des residents welsprekendheid vry juist uitdrukte.","translation":"The public of the chief town, Serang, in so far as they were not in the service of the government—a relation that lends most people a certain wariness—called his manner of speaking \"slimy.\" I do not find the word very tasteful, yet I must admit that it expressed the chief quality of the Resident's eloquence rather precisely.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor-zoo-ver men niet in dienst stond van 't gouvernement","title":"'voorzoover' + impersonal 'men'","body":"'voor-zoo-ver' (in so far as) is a subordinating conjunction, sending the verb to the end ('… stond'). 'men' is impersonal 'one/they'; 'in dienst staan van' = 'to be in the service of'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"des residents welsprekendheid","title":"Pre-posed genitive 'des residents'","body":"'des residents welsprekendheid' = 'the Resident's eloquence': an archaic pre-posed genitive (des + noun + -s), placed before the possessed noun like German. Modern Dutch would say 'de welsprekendheid van de resident'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of publiek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"publiek","lemma":"publiek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of noemde","gloss":"public"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive, feminine singular","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of publiek","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to hoofdplaats","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"voor-zoo-ver","lemma":"voor zover","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, historical spelling","role":"introduces the limiting clause of stond","gloss":"in so far"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates stond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the expression in dienst staan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of limiting clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of dienst","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"government"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"antecedent and appositive comment on government service","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, dative plural","role":"determiner of meesten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meesten","lemma":"meest","morphology":"substantivized adjective, dative plural","role":"indirect object of geeft","gloss":"most people"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of direct object iets omzichtigs","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"omzichtigs","lemma":"omzichtig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, partitive genitive","role":"partitive complement of iets","gloss":"wariness"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"lends"},{"surface":"noemde","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of gesprekken","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gesprekken","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of noemde","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"slymerig","lemma":"slijmerig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of gesprekken","gloss":"slimy"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of vind and moet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vind","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vind","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zeer smaakvol","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies smaakvol","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"smaakvol","lemma":"smaakvol","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of woord","gloss":"tasteful"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates vind and moet erkennen","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of erkennen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of erkennen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of uitdrukte; refers to woord","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of hoofdeigenschap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdeigenschap","lemma":"hoofdeigenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitdrukte","gloss":"chief quality"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessive complement of hoofdeigenschap","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive, masculine singular","role":"determiner of residents","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"residents","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, masculine, genitive singular","role":"genitive possessor of welsprekendheid","gloss":"Resident's"},{"surface":"welsprekendheid","lemma":"welsprekendheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"eloquence"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies juist","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitdrukte","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"uitdrukte","lemma":"uitdrukken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"expressed"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h6-s124","source":"Ik heb van Max Havelaar en zyn vrouw--want dit waren de beide personen die na den resident met hun kind en de baboe uit den wagen gekomen waren--nog niets gezegd, en misschien ware het voldoende, de kenschetsing van hun voorkomen en karakter aan den loop der gebeurtenissen en des lezers eigen verbeelding overtelaten.","translation":"Of Max Havelaar and his wife—for these were the two persons who, after the Resident, had stepped from the carriage with their child and the baboe—I have as yet said nothing, and perhaps it would suffice to leave the sketching of their appearance and character to the course of events and to the reader's own imagination.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"misschien ware het voldoende … overtelaten","title":"Subjunctive 'ware' + te-infinitive","body":"'ware het voldoende … over te laten' = 'it would be enough to leave …': 'ware' is the past subjunctive of 'zijn' (counterfactual 'were/would be'). 'overtelaten' = 'over te laten' (to leave to), separable te-infinitive joined in period style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"des lezers eigen verbeelding","title":"Genitive 'des lezers'","body":"'des lezers eigen verbeelding' = 'the reader's own imagination': another pre-posed genitive (des + lezer + -s). Multatuli leans on these solemn old genitives even in his conversational asides."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of heb gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of gezegd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of name Max Havelaar","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van with Max","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Max Havelaar and vrouw","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical explanation","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural reference","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking dit to personen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of personen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"quantifying adjective, attributive","role":"modifies personen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject complement of waren","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of gekomen waren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal complement of gekomen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces accompaniment complement of gekomen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates kind and baboe","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of baboe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"baboe","lemma":"baboe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"nursemaid","note":"A baboe was a female Indonesian nursemaid or domestic servant."},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement of gekomen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"with niets, modifies gezegd","gloss":"as yet"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gezegd","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb governed by heb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates heb gezegd and ware","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ware","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"copula linking het to voldoende","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"impersonal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"voldoende","lemma":"voldoende","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of ware","gloss":"sufficient"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of kenschetsing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kenschetsing","lemma":"kenschetsing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of overtelaten","gloss":"sketching"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of kenschetsing","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessor of voorkomen and karakter","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates voorkomen and karakter","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"karakter","lemma":"karakter","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces indirect object of overtelaten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of loop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loop","lemma":"loop","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive plural","role":"determiner of gebeurtenissen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gebeurtenissen","lemma":"gebeurtenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive modifier of loop","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates loop and verbeelding","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive, masculine singular","role":"determiner of lezers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezers","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, masculine, genitive singular","role":"genitive possessor of verbeelding","gloss":"reader's"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies verbeelding","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"verbeelding","lemma":"verbeelding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of aan","gloss":"imagination"},{"surface":"overtelaten","lemma":"overlaten","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive, historical solid spelling","role":"infinitive complement licensed by voldoende","gloss":"to leave"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h6-s125","source":"Daar ik evenwel nu eenmaal aan 't beschryven ben, wil ik u zeggen dat mevrouw Havelaar niet schoon was, dat zy echter in blik en spraak iets zeer lieftalligs bezat, en door de gemakkelyke ongedwongenheid van haar manieren het onmiskenbaar teeken gaf, dat zy in de wereld was geweest, en in de hoogere klassen der maatschappy te-huis behoorde.","translation":"Since, however, I am now once embarked on describing, I will tell you that Mevrouw Havelaar was not beautiful, that she nonetheless had something very winning in her glance and her speech, and that by the easy unconstraint of her manners she gave the unmistakable sign that she had seen the world and belonged at home in the higher classes of society.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s125.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar ik … nu eenmaal aan 't beschryven ben","title":"Causal 'Daar' + 'aan 't' progressive","body":"Causal 'Daar' (since) sends its verb to the end. 'aan 't beschryven zyn' = 'to be (in the act of) describing', the 'aan het + infinitive' progressive construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het onmiskenbaar teeken gaf, dat zy in de wereld was geweest","title":"Reported pluperfect 'was geweest'","body":"The 'dat'-clause is verb-final and ends in the pluperfect 'was geweest' ('had been (in the world)'). 'in de wereld geweest zyn' is the idiom for having moved in society."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of ben","gloss":"Since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of nu eenmaal","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of nu eenmaal","gloss":"once","note":"Nu eenmaal means that a situation has already been entered into and is now a given."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of aan het beschrijven zijn","gloss":"engaged in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of beschryven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschryven","lemma":"beschrijven","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"complement of aan in aan het beschrijven zijn","gloss":"describing"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite verb of causal subordinate clause","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person, object form","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the name Mevrouw Havelaar","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates schoon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"subject complement after was","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking mevrouw Havelaar and schoon","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the coordinated object clause of bezat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular feminine, nominative","role":"subject of bezat","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezat","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the domain phrase in blik en spraak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates blik and spraak","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"coordinated object of in with blik","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of bezat","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lieftalligs","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"lieftalligs","lemma":"lieftallig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"postmodifier of iets","gloss":"winning"},{"surface":"bezat","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of coordinated object clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses of bezat and gaf","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means adjunct of gaf","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of ongedwongenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gemakkelyke","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"attributive adjective, inflected","role":"modifies ongedwongenheid","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"ongedwongenheid","lemma":"ongedwongenheid","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"unconstraint"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a complement of ongedwongenheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular feminine","role":"determiner of manieren","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"manieren","lemma":"manier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"manners"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of teeken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onmiskenbaar","lemma":"onmiskenbaar","morphology":"attributive adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies teeken","gloss":"unmistakable"},{"surface":"teeken","lemma":"teken","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb coordinated with bezat","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause complementing teeken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular feminine, nominative","role":"subject of was geweest and behoorde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement of was geweest","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"past participle","role":"verbal head of was geweest","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates was geweest and behoorde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement of behoorde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of klassen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogere","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"attributive adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies klassen","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"klassen","lemma":"klasse","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"classes"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive feminine singular","role":"determiner of maatschappy","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"maatschappy","lemma":"maatschappij","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"genitive modifier of klassen","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"te-huis","lemma":"thuis","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of behoorde","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"behoorde","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb coordinated with was geweest","gloss":"belonged"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h6-s126","source":"Zy had niet dat styve en onbehagelyke van 't burgerlyk fatsoen dat, om voor \"gedistingeerd\" doortegaan, zich en anderen meent te moeten plagen met gêne, en ze hechtte dan ook niet aan veel uiterlyks wat voor sommige andere vrouwen waarde schynt te hebben.","translation":"She had nothing of that stiff, uncomfortable air of bourgeois propriety which, in order to pass for \"distinguished,\" thinks it must torment itself and others with awkward constraint, and so she set little store either by the outward trappings that seem to hold value for certain other women.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat … zich en anderen meent te moeten plagen met gêne","title":"Reflexive + stacked te-infinitive","body":"'meent te moeten plagen' = 'thinks it must torment': 'menen' governs 'te moeten plagen' (te + modal infinitive + main infinitive). The objects 'zich en anderen' include the reflexive 'zich' ('itself and others')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om voor \"gedistingeerd\" doortegaan","title":"om … te + separable 'doorgaan voor'","body":"'om … doortegaan' = 'om door te gaan' (in order to pass for); separable 'doorgaan voor' = 'to pass for'. The te-infinitive is written joined: 'doortegaan'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular feminine, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates had","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of styve and onbehagelyke","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"styve","lemma":"stijf","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular, inflected","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"stiff air"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates styve and onbehagelyke","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onbehagelyke","lemma":"onbehaaglijk","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular, inflected","role":"coordinated direct object of had","gloss":"uncomfortable air"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a complement of styve and onbehagelyke","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of fatsoen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"burgerlyk","lemma":"burgerlijk","morphology":"attributive adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies fatsoen","gloss":"bourgeois"},{"surface":"fatsoen","lemma":"fatsoen","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"propriety"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of meent; antecedent fatsoen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive doortegaan","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement gedistingeerd","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"gedistingeerd","lemma":"gedistingeerd","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"complement of voor with doortegaan","gloss":"distinguished"},{"surface":"doortegaan","lemma":"doorgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive with incorporated te","role":"purpose complement introduced by om","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"direct object of plagen","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zich and anderen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural, inflected","role":"coordinated direct object of plagen","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"meent","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause modifying fatsoen","gloss":"thinks"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"introduces moeten plagen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"complement of meent and auxiliary of plagen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"plagen","lemma":"plagen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moeten","gloss":"torment"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means complement of plagen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gêne","lemma":"gêne","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"awkward constraint","note":"Here gêne means constrained self-consciousness or social awkwardness, not merely embarrassment."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses of had and hechtte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular feminine, nominative","role":"subject of hechtte","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"hechtte","lemma":"hechten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"set store"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates hechtte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"selected complement of hechtte","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies uiterlyks","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"uiterlyks","lemma":"uiterlijk","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"outward trappings"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of schynt; antecedent uiterlyks","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the experiencer complement of waarde","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of vrouwen","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"attributive adjective, plural, inflected","role":"modifies vrouwen","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"waarde","lemma":"waarde","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"value"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause; governs te hebben","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"introduces hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of schynt","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h6-s127","source":"Ook in haar kleeding was zy een voorbeeld van eenvoudigheid.","translation":"In her dress, too, she was a model of simplicity.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s127.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the prepositional phrase in haar kleeding","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a domain adjunct of was","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular feminine","role":"determiner of kleeding","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kleeding","lemma":"kleding","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"dress"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking zy and voorbeeld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular feminine, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of voorbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"voorbeeld","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject complement after was","gloss":"model"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a complement of voorbeeld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eenvoudigheid","lemma":"eenvoudigheid","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"simplicity"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h6-s128","source":"Een wit baadjoe van moesselien, met blauwe cordelière--ik geloof dat men in Europa zulk een kleedingstuk peignoir noemen zou--was haar reiskleed.","translation":"A white baadjoe of muslin, with a blue cordelière—I believe that in Europe such a garment would be called a peignoir—was her traveling-dress.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s128.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik geloof dat men in Europa zulk een kleedingstuk peignoir noemen zou","title":"Archaic 'zulk' + conditional in 'dat'-clause","body":"'zulk een' = 'such a' (archaic/literary, modern 'zo'n'). The 'dat'-clause is verb-final and ends in the conditional cluster 'noemen zou' ('would call')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"baadjoe / cordelière / peignoir","title":"Indies-and-Europe wardrobe","body":"A 'baadjoe' (baju) is a loose Malay jacket/blouse; the 'cordelière' is a French waist-cord; 'peignoir' the French dressing-gown the narrator reaches for as a European equivalent. The blend mirrors Mevrouw Havelaar's unaffected, between-worlds simplicity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of baadjoe","gloss":"A"},{"surface":"wit","lemma":"wit","morphology":"attributive adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies baadjoe","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"baadjoe","lemma":"badjoe","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"loose jacket","note":"A baadjoe is a loose Southeast Asian jacket or blouse."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a material complement of baadjoe","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"moesselien","lemma":"mousseline","morphology":"noun, common gender singular, mass noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"muslin"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces an adjunct modifying baadjoe","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"blauwe","lemma":"blauw","morphology":"attributive adjective, inflected","role":"modifies cordelière","gloss":"blue"},{"surface":"cordelière","lemma":"cordelière","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"cordelière","note":"A cordelière is a decorative braided cord or girdle."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a locative adjunct of noemen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"predeterminer of een kleedingstuk","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of kleedingstuk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kleedingstuk","lemma":"kledingstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"garment"},{"surface":"peignoir","lemma":"peignoir","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object complement of kleedingstuk after noemen","gloss":"peignoir"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"call"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of noemen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb linking baadjoe and reiskleed","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular feminine","role":"determiner of reiskleed","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"reiskleed","lemma":"reiskleed","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"subject complement after was","gloss":"traveling-dress"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"h6-s129","source":"Om den hals had zy een dun zyden koordje, waaraan twee kleine medaljons, die ge echter niet te zien kreegt, daar ze verscholen waren in de plooien voor hare borst.","translation":"About her neck she wore a thin silk cord, from which hung two small lockets that you would not, however, have caught sight of, since they lay hidden in the folds at her breast.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waaraan twee kleine medaljons, die ge … niet te zien kreegt","title":"Relative 'waaraan' + 'te zien krijgen'","body":"'waaraan' = 'on which / from which': relative pronominal adverb. 'te zien krygen' = 'to get to see / catch sight of'; with 'niet' and archaic 'ge', 'die ge niet te zien kreegt' = 'which you did not get to see'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar ze verscholen waren in de plooien voor hare borst","title":"Causal 'daar' + possessive 'hare'","body":"'daar … verscholen waren' = 'since they lay hidden': causal 'daar', verb-final. 'hare borst' uses the inflected feminine possessive 'hare' (her), an old/literary form of plain 'haar'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a locative complement of had","gloss":"About"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of hals","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hals","lemma":"hals","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wore"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular feminine, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of koordje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dun","lemma":"dun","morphology":"attributive adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies koordje","gloss":"thin"},{"surface":"zyden","lemma":"zijden","morphology":"attributive adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies koordje","gloss":"silk"},{"surface":"koordje","lemma":"koord","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, diminutive","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"cord"},{"surface":"waaraan","lemma":"waaraan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of an elided hingen; antecedent koordje","gloss":"from which"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies medaljons","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"attributive adjective, plural, inflected","role":"modifies medaljons","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"medaljons","lemma":"medaljon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of an elided hingen","gloss":"lockets","note":"The verb meaning “hung” is understood after waaraan."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural, accusative","role":"direct object of te zien kreeg; antecedent medaljons","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kreegt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te zien kreegt","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates te zien kreegt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"introduces zien in te zien krijgen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kreegt in te zien krijgen","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"kreegt","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, past, second person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause modifying medaljons","gloss":"got"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of waren","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural, nominative","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"verscholen","lemma":"verscholen","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"subject complement after waren","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third person plural","role":"finite verb of causal clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a locative complement of verscholen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of plooien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plooien","lemma":"plooi","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"folds"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a locative modifier of plooien","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular feminine, inflected","role":"determiner of borst","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"borst","lemma":"borst","morphology":"noun, feminine singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"breast"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"h6-s130","source":"Overigens, de haren à la chinoise, en een kransje melatti in den kondeh ... ziedaar al haar toilet.","translation":"For the rest, the hair à la chinoise, and a little wreath of melatti in the kondeh ... and there you have her whole toilette.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s130.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"melatti / kondeh / à la chinoise","title":"Hair and jasmine","body":"'melatti' (melati) is the fragrant Javanese jasmine; the 'kondeh' (kondé) is the coiled hair-bun worn by women in the Indies, into which the little wreath is tucked. 'à la chinoise' is the French fashion term for the smooth, Chinese-style coiffure."}],"words":[{"surface":"Overigens","lemma":"overigens","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"frames the verbless inventory","gloss":"For the rest"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of haren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"first item presented by ziedaar","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"à","lemma":"à","morphology":"preposition, French","role":"part of the phrase à la chinoise modifying haren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"la","lemma":"le","morphology":"definite article, feminine singular, French","role":"part of the phrase à la chinoise","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"chinoise","lemma":"chinois","morphology":"substantivized adjective, feminine singular, French","role":"part of the phrase à la chinoise modifying haren","gloss":"Chinese style"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates haren and kransje","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of kransje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kransje","lemma":"krans","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, diminutive","role":"second item presented by ziedaar","gloss":"little wreath"},{"surface":"melatti","lemma":"melati","morphology":"noun, mass noun","role":"material complement of kransje","gloss":"jasmine","note":"Melatti, modern Indonesian melati, is jasmine."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a locative modifier of kransje","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of kondeh","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kondeh","lemma":"kondeh","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"hair bun","note":"A kondeh is a traditional Indonesian hair bun."},{"surface":"ziedaar","lemma":"ziedaar","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"presents the preceding items as haar toilet","gloss":"there you have"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"quantifies haar toilet","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular feminine","role":"determiner of toilet","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"toilet","lemma":"toilet","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"predicative summary after ziedaar","gloss":"toilette"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"h6-s131","source":"Ik zeide dat ze niet schoon was, en toch wilde ik niet gaarne dat ge haar voor het tegendeel hieldt.","translation":"I said that she was not beautiful, and yet I would not willingly have you take her for the opposite.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toch wilde ik niet gaarne dat ge haar voor het tegendeel hieldt","title":"Modal 'willen' + 'voor … houden'","body":"Fronted 'toch' inverts ('wilde ik'). The 'dat'-clause is verb-final: 'ge … hieldt' (you held), with the idiom 'iemand voor … houden' ('to take someone for …'). 'hieldt' is the archaic 2nd-person past with 'ge'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of zeide","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular feminine, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates schoon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"subject complement after was","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking ze and schoon","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses of zeide and wilde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks contrast with the preceding clause","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wilde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"graag","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde","gloss":"willingly"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of wilde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of hieldt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular feminine, object form","role":"direct object of hieldt","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object complement of hieldt","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of tegendeel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tegendeel","lemma":"tegendeel","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of voor in voor het tegendeel houden","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"hieldt","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, second person singular","role":"finite verb of object clause complementing wilde","gloss":"take"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"h6-s132","source":"Ik hoop dat ge haar schoon vinden zult, zoodra ik gelegenheid zal hebben haar voortestellen, gloeiend van verontwaardiging over wat zy de \"miskenning van 't genie\" noemde, als haar aangebeden Max in 't spel was, of wanneer haar een denkbeeld bezielde, dat in-verband stond met het welzyn van haar kind.","translation":"I hope that you will find her beautiful as soon as I have occasion to present her to you, glowing with indignation at what she called the \"misjudgment of genius\" whenever her adored Max was at stake, or when some idea seized her that was bound up with the welfare of her child.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoodra ik gelegenheid zal hebben haar voortestellen","title":"'zoodra' + future, verb-final","body":"'zoodra' (as soon as) is subordinating, so the future cluster goes to the end: 'zal hebben … voortestellen' ('shall have occasion to present her'). 'voortestellen' = 'voor te stellen' (to present), joined te-infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als haar aangebeden Max in 't spel was","title":"Past participle 'aangebeden' as adjective","body":"'aangebeden' is the past participle of 'aanbidden' (to adore) used attributively: 'her adored Max'. 'in 't spel zyn' is the idiom 'to be at stake / involved'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoop","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vinden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vinden","gloss":"you","note":"Ge is the unstressed form of the now-formal pronoun gij."},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vinden","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"zult","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vinden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hebben","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the zodra-clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of voorstellen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"voortestellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with incorporated te","role":"infinitival complement of gelegenheid","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"gloeiend","lemma":"gloeien","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying haar","gloss":"glowing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the cause of gloeiend","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"verontwaardiging","lemma":"verontwaardiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the object of verontwaardiging","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of noemde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of miskenning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"miskenning","lemma":"miskenning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object complement of wat after noemde","gloss":"misjudgment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of genie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"genie","lemma":"genie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies miskenning","gloss":"genius"},{"surface":"noemde","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the free relative clause wat zij ... noemde","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of was","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessive determiner of Max","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"aangebeden","lemma":"aanbidden","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"adored"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the predicate idiom in het spel zijn","gloss":"at","note":"In het spel zijn means to be involved or at stake."},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"spel","lemma":"spel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in in the predicate in het spel","gloss":"stake"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the als-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of bezielde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bezielde","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bezielde","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"bezielde","lemma":"bezielen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the wanneer-clause","gloss":"inspired"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stond; refers to denkbeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in-verband","lemma":"in verband","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicate complement of stond","gloss":"bound up"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying denkbeeld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking welzyn","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of welzyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"welzyn","lemma":"welzijn","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"welfare"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kind","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies welzijn","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"h6-s133","source":"Te dikwyls reeds is er gezegd dat het gelaat de spiegel der ziel is, om nog prys te stellen op de portretwaarde van een onbewegelyk gezicht, dat niets heeft aftespiegelen omdat er geen ziel in weerschynt.","translation":"It has already been said too often that the face is the mirror of the soul, for one still to set any value on the portrait-worth of a motionless countenance that has nothing to mirror because no soul shines through it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s133.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Te dikwyls reeds is er gezegd … om nog prys te stellen op …","title":"'te … om te' (too … to)","body":"'Te dikwyls … om … te stellen' = 'too often … to still set value on': the 'te + adjective/adverb … om te + infinitive' frame ('too X to Y'). 'is er gezegd' is an impersonal worden/zijn-passive ('it has been said')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een onbewegelyk gezicht, dat niets heeft aftespiegelen","title":"Relative 'dat' + 'te'-infinitive 'aftespiegelen'","body":"'gezicht' is a het-word, so the relative is 'dat'. 'aftespiegelen' = 'af te spiegelen' (to mirror/reflect), the separable te-infinitive joined; 'niets heeft af te spiegelen' = 'has nothing to mirror'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies dikwijls","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modified by te; modifies gezegd","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive pronoun","role":"expletive subject of the passive construction","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive construction","gloss":"been said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of spiegel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelaat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spiegel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"spiegel","lemma":"spiegel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun linked to gelaat","gloss":"mirror"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of ziel","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of spiegel","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking gelaat to spiegel","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitival result clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stellen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"prys","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of stellen in prijs stellen op","gloss":"value","note":"Prijs stellen op is an idiom meaning to value or attach importance to something."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive stellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stellen","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the om-clause","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"particle of the idiom prijs stellen op","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of portretwaarde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"portretwaarde","lemma":"portretwaarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"portrait-worth"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezicht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezicht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"onbewegelyk","lemma":"onbeweeglijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gezicht","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"gezicht","lemma":"gezicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies portretwaarde","gloss":"countenance"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft; refers to gezicht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of aftespiegelen","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause; governs aftespiegelen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"aftespiegelen","lemma":"afspiegelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with incorporated te","role":"infinitival complement of heeft","gloss":"to mirror","note":"Aftespiegelen is the older closed spelling of af te spiegelen, ‘to reflect or mirror.’"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weerschynt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"locative pronoun","role":"pronominal part of erin, referring to gezicht","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of weerschijnt","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"prepositional part of erin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"weerschynt","lemma":"weerschijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the omdat-clause","gloss":"is reflected"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"h6-s134","source":"Welnu, zy had een schoone ziel, en wel moest men blind zyn, om niet ook haar gelaat voor schoon te houden als die ziel daarop te lezen stond.","translation":"Well then, she had a beautiful soul, and one would have had to be blind not to hold her face, too, for beautiful when that soul lay legible upon it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s134.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wel moest men blind zyn, om niet … haar gelaat voor schoon te houden","title":"Modal + 'om … te' purpose/result","body":"Fronted 'wel' inverts ('moest men'); modal 'moeten' sends 'zyn' to the end. The tail 'om niet … te houden' ('so as not to hold … as beautiful') is an 'om … te' clause; 'voor schoon houden' = 'to consider beautiful'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als die ziel daarop te lezen stond","title":"'te lezen staan' + 'daarop'","body":"'te lezen staan' = 'to be legible / to stand written': the 'staan te + infinitive' idiom. 'daarop' = 'on it' (pronominal adverb, on the face). The 'als'-clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the sentence","gloss":"well then"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ziel","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the necessity expressed by moest","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"main modal verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"blind","lemma":"blind","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective linked by zijn","gloss":"blind"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest; copula for blind","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitival consequence clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies houden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies houden","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessive determiner of gelaat","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicate complement schoon","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of gelaat","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive houden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the om-clause","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of stond","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lezen","gloss":"upon it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of stond","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the als-clause","gloss":"lay","note":"Te lezen staan means to be visible or legible somewhere."}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"h6-s135","source":"Havelaar was een man van vyf-en-dertig jaren.","translation":"Havelaar was a man of thirty-five.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s135.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar was een man van vyf-en-dertig jaren","title":"Compound numeral + imperfect 'was'","body":"'vyf-en-dertig' = 'five-and-thirty' (35): Dutch counts the unit before the ten, joined into one word. 'was' is the simple past of 'zijn', the narrative tense."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Havelaar to man","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun linked to Havelaar","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the expression of age","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vyf-en-dertig","lemma":"vijfendertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"thirty-five"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; expresses Havelaar's age","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"h6-s136","source":"Hy was slank, en vlug in zyn bewegingen. Buiten zyn korte en bewegelyke bovenlip, en zyn groote flauw-blauwe oogen die, als hy in kalme stemming was, iets droomerigs hadden, maar vuur schoten als een groot denkbeeld hem beheerschte, viel er in zyn voorkomen niets byzonders optemerken.","translation":"He was slender, and quick in his movements. Apart from his short, mobile upper lip and his large, pale-blue eyes—which, when he was in a calm mood, had something dreamy about them, but shot fire when some great idea took hold of him—there was nothing particular to remark in his appearance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als hy in kalme stemming was, iets droomerigs hadden","title":"Partitive 'iets droomerigs'","body":"'iets droomerigs' = 'something dreamy': after 'iets', the adjective 'droomerig' takes the partitive genitive -s. The fronted 'als'-clause inverts nothing here as it is embedded in the relative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"viel er in zyn voorkomen niets byzonders optemerken","title":"'er … niets … op te merken'","body":"'viel er … niets byzonders optemerken' = 'there was nothing particular to remark': existential 'er', negative 'niets byzonders' (partitive -s), and 'optemerken' = 'op te merken' (to remark), the joined separable te-infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hij to slank and vlug","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"slank","lemma":"slank","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective linked by was","gloss":"slender"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vlug","lemma":"vlug","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective coordinated with slank","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the domain of vlug","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of bewegingen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bewegingen","lemma":"beweging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"movements"},{"surface":"Buiten","lemma":"buiten","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bovenlip","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of bovenlip","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"korte","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bovenlip","gloss":"short"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bewegelyke","lemma":"beweeglijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bovenlip","gloss":"mobile"},{"surface":"bovenlip","lemma":"bovenlip","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of buiten","gloss":"upper lip"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of oogen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oogen","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"flauw-blauwe","lemma":"flauwblauw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oogen","gloss":"pale-blue"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated object of buiten","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hadden and schoten; refers to oogen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicate phrase in kalme stemming","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"kalme","lemma":"kalm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies stemming","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"stemming","lemma":"stemming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"mood"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the als-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"droomerigs","lemma":"dromerig","morphology":"adjective, partitive -s form","role":"complement of iets","gloss":"dreamy"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause modifying oogen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schoten","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"schoten","lemma":"schieten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated verb with hadden","gloss":"shot"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of beheerschte","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies denkbeeld","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of beheerschte","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of beheerschte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"beheerschte","lemma":"beheersen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the als-clause","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the impersonal construction","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in the construction er viel ... op te merken","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the setting of the observation","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of voorkomen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"byzonders","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adjective, partitive -s form","role":"partitive complement of niets","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"optemerken","lemma":"opmerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive with incorporated te","role":"infinitival complement of viel","gloss":"to remark"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"h6-s137","source":"Zyn blonde haren hingen sluik langs de slapen, en ik begryp zeer goed dat weinigen, hem voor 't eerst ziende, op het denkbeeld komen zouden iemand voor zich te hebben, die wat hoofd en hart beide aangaat tot de zeldzaamheden behoorde.","translation":"His fair hair hung straight along his temples, and I understand very well that few, seeing him for the first time, would arrive at the notion that they had before them someone who, as to both head and heart, belonged among the rarities.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hem voor 't eerst ziende","title":"Present participle 'ziende'","body":"'ziende' is the present participle of 'zien' (seeing), used adverbially: 'seeing him for the first time'. 'voor 't eerst' = 'for the first time'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand voor zich te hebben, die … tot de zeldzaamheden behoorde","title":"Reflexive 'voor zich' + relative","body":"'voor zich te hebben' = 'to have before oneself': the reflexive 'zich' after the preposition 'voor'. The relative 'die … behoorde tot' ('who belonged among') is verb-final with fixed 'tot'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of haren","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"blonde","lemma":"blond","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies haren","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hingen","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"hingen","lemma":"hangen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"sluik","lemma":"sluik","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative modifier of haren","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"langs","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slapen","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slapen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slapen","lemma":"slaap","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of langs","gloss":"temples"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begryp","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"begryp","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modified by zeer; modifies begryp","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of komen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"weinigen","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ziende","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the adverbial phrase voor het eerst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner within voor het eerst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"ordinal adjective used adverbially","role":"part of the phrase voor het eerst","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ziende","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying weinigen","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom op het denkbeeld komen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"arrive"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of komen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the adverbial phrase voor zich","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"object of voor","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of denkbeeld","gloss":"have","note":"Iemand voor zich hebben means to have someone before one or in one's presence."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of behoorde; refers to iemand","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of aangaat in the parenthetical phrase","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated subject of aangaat","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies hoofd en hart","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical phrase wat ... aangaat","gloss":"concerns","note":"Wat … aangaat means ‘as far as … is concerned.’"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the class to which iemand belonged","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zeldzaamheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zeldzaamheden","lemma":"zeldzaamheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tot","gloss":"rarities"},{"surface":"behoorde","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause introduced by die","gloss":"belonged"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"h6-s138","source":"Hy was een \"vat vol tegenstrydigheids.\" Scherp als een vlym, en zacht als een meisje, voelde hyzelf altyd het eerst de wonde die zyn bittere woorden geslagen hadden, en hy leed daaronder meer dan de gekwetste.","translation":"He was a \"vessel full of contradiction.\" Sharp as a lancet and soft as a girl, he himself always felt first the wound that his bitter words had dealt, and he suffered under it more than the one he had wounded.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een \"vat vol tegenstrydigheids\"","title":"Old genitive '-s' in 'tegenstrydigheids'","body":"'vat vol tegenstrydigheids' = 'vessel full of contradiction': 'tegenstrydigheid' carries the old genitive -s after 'vol' (full of), a deliberately archaic, almost biblical turn of phrase."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voelde hyzelf altyd het eerst de wonde die zyn bittere woorden geslagen hadden","title":"Imperfect + relative pluperfect","body":"Main verb 'voelde' (felt, imperfect). The relative 'die … geslagen hadden' is a verb-final pluperfect ('that his bitter words had dealt'), with strong participle 'geslagen' (from 'slaan')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Scherp als een vlym, en zacht als een meisje","title":"Comparison 'als' (as … as)","body":"'Scherp als …, zacht als …' = 'sharp as …, soft as …': equative comparison with 'als' ('as'). Note 'meisje' is a diminutive and thus neuter, the model lexicalised diminutive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking subject to vat","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of vat","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vat","lemma":"vat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"vessel"},{"surface":"vol","lemma":"vol","morphology":"adjective","role":"postpositive modifier of vat","gloss":"full of"},{"surface":"tegenstrydigheids","lemma":"tegenstrijdigheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular, genitive form","role":"complement of vol","gloss":"contradiction","note":"Historical y spelling; the final -s is an old genitive form after vol."},{"surface":"Scherp","lemma":"scherp","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative adjunct modifying voelde","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with vlym","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of vlym","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vlym","lemma":"vlijm","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"standard of comparison after als","gloss":"lancet","note":"Historical y spelling of vlijm, a very sharp surgical knife."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links scherp and zacht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zacht","lemma":"zacht","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative adjunct with scherp","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with meisje","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"standard of comparison after als","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, personal, emphatic, third person singular","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voelde","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"part of adverbial superlative het eerst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies voelde","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of wonde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wonde","lemma":"wond","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of voelde","gloss":"wound","note":"Wonde is an older form of modern wond."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of geslagen hadden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of woorden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bittere","lemma":"bitter","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies woorden","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of geslagen hadden","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"geslagen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on wonde","gloss":"dealt"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geslagen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links voelde and leed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of leed","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"leed","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with voelde","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"daaronder","lemma":"daaronder","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of leed","gloss":"under it"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"degree modifier of leed","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces standard of comparison","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of gekwetste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gekwetste","lemma":"gekwetst","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"wounded one"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"h6-s139","source":"Hy was vlug van begrip, vatte terstond het hoogste, het ingewikkeldste, speelde gaarne met de oplossing van moeielyke vragen, had daarvoor alle moeite, alle studie, alle inspanning veil ... en dikwyls toch begreep hy de eenvoudigste zaak niet, die een kind hem had kunnen uitleggen.","translation":"He was quick of grasp, seized at once on the highest, the most intricate matter, liked to play with the solving of difficult questions, would spare for it any trouble, any study, any exertion ... and yet often failed to understand the simplest thing that a child could have explained to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dikwyls toch begreep hy de eenvoudigste zaak niet","title":"Superlative 'eenvoudigste' + 'niet'","body":"Fronted 'dikwyls toch' inverts ('begreep hy'). 'de eenvoudigste zaak' is the superlative ('the simplest thing'); clause-final 'niet' negates the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die een kind hem had kunnen uitleggen","title":"Relative + 'had kunnen uitleggen'","body":"Verb-final relative clause with a conditional-perfect modal cluster: 'had kunnen uitleggen' ('could have explained'), pluperfect 'had' + modal 'kunnen' + separable infinitive 'uitleggen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of was and following coordinated verbs","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking subject to vlug","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"vlug","lemma":"vlug","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of vlug","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"begrip","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"vatte","lemma":"vatten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with was","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vatte","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of substantivized hoogste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogste","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"substantivized adjective, superlative","role":"direct object of vatte","gloss":"highest matter"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of substantivized ingewikkeldste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ingewikkeldste","lemma":"ingewikkeld","morphology":"substantivized adjective, superlative","role":"direct object coordinated with hoogste","gloss":"most intricate matter"},{"surface":"speelde","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with vatte","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies speelde","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of speelde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of oplossing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oplossing","lemma":"oplossing","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"solving"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of oplossing","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"moeielyke","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vragen","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb in idiom iets veil hebben","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"benefactive complement of had","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"first direct object of had","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of studie","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"studie","lemma":"studie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object coordinated with moeite","gloss":"study"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inspanning","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"inspanning","lemma":"inspanning","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object coordinated with moeite","gloss":"exertion"},{"surface":"veil","lemma":"veil","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of direct objects with had","gloss":"available to sacrifice","note":"Iets veil hebben means to be willing to sacrifice or expend it."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links preceding clauses with begreep","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of begreep","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with preceding verbs","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eenvoudigste","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies zaak","gloss":"simplest"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of begreep","gloss":"thing"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates begreep","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of uitleggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of had kunnen uitleggen","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of uitleggen","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of kunnen uitleggen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of uitleggen","gloss":"been able to"},{"surface":"uitleggen","lemma":"uitleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause on zaak","gloss":"explain"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"h6-s140","source":"Vol liefde voor waarheid en recht, verwaarloosde hy menigmaal zyn eenvoudigste naastbyliggende verplichtingen, om een onrecht te herstellen dat hooger of verder of dieper lag, en dat door de vermoedelyk grootere inspanning van den stryd hem meer aanlokte.","translation":"Full of love for truth and justice, he many a time neglected his simplest, nearest-lying obligations in order to set right some wrong that lay higher or farther off or deeper, and that, by the presumably greater effort of the struggle, drew him on the more.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verwaarloosde hy menigmaal zyn … verplichtingen, om een onrecht te herstellen","title":"Imperfect + om … te","body":"Fronted descriptive phrase 'Vol liefde …' inverts ('verwaarloosde hy'). The purpose tail 'om een onrecht te herstellen' = 'in order to set right a wrong' is an 'om … te' clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een onrecht … dat … hem meer aanlokte","title":"Relative 'dat' for het-word","body":"'onrecht' is a het-word, so the relative is 'dat'. The verb-final clause ends in 'aanlokte' (allured), past of separable 'aanlokken'. 'hooger of verder of dieper' are comparatives ('higher, farther, deeper')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vol","lemma":"vol","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative adjunct modifying hy","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of vol","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of liefde","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links waarheid and recht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement coordinated with waarheid","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"verwaarloosde","lemma":"verwaarlozen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"neglected"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of verwaarloosde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"menigmaal","lemma":"menigmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwaarloosde","gloss":"many a time"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of verplichtingen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eenvoudigste","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies verplichtingen","gloss":"simplest"},{"surface":"naastbyliggende","lemma":"naastbijliggend","morphology":"adjective, present participial, inflected","role":"modifies verplichtingen","gloss":"nearest-lying"},{"surface":"verplichtingen","lemma":"verplichting","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of verwaarloosde","gloss":"obligations"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive with te","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of onrecht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of herstellen","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive herstellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"herstellen","lemma":"herstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying verwaarloosde","gloss":"set right"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hooger","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"predicative location complement of lag","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links hooger and verder","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"location complement coordinated with hooger","gloss":"farther off"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links verder and dieper","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"dieper","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"location complement coordinated with verder","gloss":"deeper"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on onrecht","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links two relative clauses on onrecht","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of aanlokte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces causal complement of aanlokte","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of inspanning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vermoedelyk","lemma":"vermoedelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies grootere","gloss":"presumably"},{"surface":"grootere","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies inspanning","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"inspanning","lemma":"inspanning","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessive complement of inspanning","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, oblique form","role":"determiner of stryd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stryd","lemma":"strijd","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"struggle"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of aanlokte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"degree modifier of aanlokte","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"aanlokte","lemma":"aanlokken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of second relative clause on onrecht","gloss":"drew on"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"h6-s141","source":"Hy was ridderlyk en moedig, maar verspilde, als die andere Don Quichot, zyn dapperheid dikwyls op een windmolen.","translation":"He was chivalrous and brave, but, like that other Don Quixote, he often squandered his valor upon a windmill.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s141.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verspilde, als die andere Don Quichot, zyn dapperheid","title":"Imperfect 'verspilde' + comparative 'als'","body":"'verspilde' is the weak simple past of 'verspillen' (to squander). 'als die andere Don Quichot' = 'like that other Don Quixote', an equative comparison with 'als'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of was and verspilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking subject to ridderlyk and moedig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ridderlyk","lemma":"ridderlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"chivalrous"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links ridderlyk and moedig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"moedig","lemma":"moedig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement coordinated with ridderlyk","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links was and verspilde contrastively","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"verspilde","lemma":"verspillen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with was","gloss":"squandered"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with Don Quichot","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Don Quichot","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Don Quichot","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"Don","lemma":"Don","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"first part of name Don Quichot","gloss":"Don"},{"surface":"Quichot","lemma":"Quichot","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of name Don Quichot","gloss":"Quixote"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of dapperheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dapperheid","lemma":"dapperheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of verspilde","gloss":"valor"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verspilde","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces target complement of verspilde","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of windmolen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"windmolen","lemma":"windmolen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"windmill"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"h6-s142","source":"Hy gloeide van onverzadelyke eerzucht die hem alle gewone onderscheiding in 't maatschappelyk leven, als nietig deed voorkomen, en toch stelde hy zyn grootst geluk in een kalm huiselyk vergeten leven.","translation":"He glowed with an insatiable ambition that made all ordinary distinction in social life seem to him a trifle, and yet he placed his greatest happiness in a quiet, domestic, forgotten life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy gloeide van onverzadelyke eerzucht die hem ... deed voorkomen","title":"Relative die for a de-word","body":"The clause opens with the relative pronoun die, which picks up the de-word eerzucht (ambition). Inside the relative clause the finite verb deed is pushed to the end, after the object hem and the rest of the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"stelde hy zyn grootst geluk in","title":"Inversion after en toch","body":"Because the adverbial en toch (and yet) fronts the clause, the subject hy must follow the finite verb stelde — the verb still holds second position even though it is not first."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"huiselyk","title":"Period spelling: huiselyk","body":"Modern Dutch huiselijk (domestic), here with the 1860 -lyk for -lijk. The same y-for-ij swap runs through maatschappelyk and onverzadelyk in this sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of gloeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gloeide","lemma":"gloeien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"glowed"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of gloeide","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"onverzadelyke","lemma":"onverzadelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies eerzucht","gloss":"insatiable"},{"surface":"eerzucht","lemma":"eerzucht","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"ambition"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, dative","role":"experiencer complement of voorkomen","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderscheiding","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"gewone","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies onderscheiding","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"onderscheiding","lemma":"onderscheiding","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of infinitive voorkomen","gloss":"distinction"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of onderscheiding","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maatschappelyk","lemma":"maatschappelijk","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"social"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"predicative conjunction","role":"introduces predicative complement nietig","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"nietig","lemma":"nietig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of onderscheiding","gloss":"insignificant"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on eerzucht","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of deed","gloss":"seem","note":"Here voorkomen means “seem,” not “occur.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links gloeide and stelde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive modifier of stelde","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"stelde","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with gloeide","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular","role":"subject of stelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of geluk","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"grootst","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, superlative, uninflected","role":"modifies geluk","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"geluk","lemma":"geluk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of stelde","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of stelde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kalm","lemma":"kalm","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"huiselyk","lemma":"huiselijk","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"domestic"},{"surface":"vergeten","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"adjective, past participial, uninflected","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"h6-s143","source":"Dichter in den hoogsten zin van 't woord, droomde hy zich zonnestelsels by een vonk, bevolkte die met schepsels van zyn maaksel, voelde zich heer van een wereld die hyzelf had in 't leven geroepen ... en kon toch zeer goed terstond daarop zonder de minste droomery een gesprek voeren over den prys van de ryst, de regels der taal, of de oekonomische voordeelen eener egyptische hoenderbroeiery.","translation":"A poet in the highest sense of the word, he dreamed himself solar systems out of a spark, peopled them with creatures of his own making, felt himself lord of a world he had himself called into being ... and yet could, the very next moment, carry on without the least dreaminess a conversation about the price of rice, the rules of grammar, or the economic advantages of an Egyptian egg-hatchery.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s143.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"droomde hy zich zonnestelsels","title":"Reflexive dative zich","body":"zich is the third-person reflexive; here it works as a dative — 'dreamed himself solar systems', i.e. dreamed up for himself. Note also the inversion: the fronted Dichter ... clause forces subject hy after the verb droomde."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den prys van de ryst, de regels der taal","title":"Genitive der for a feminine noun","body":"der is a frozen case-remnant — the old genitive/dative feminine article — so de regels der taal means 'the rules of the language'. Modern Dutch would prefer van de taal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de oekonomische voordeelen eener egyptische hoenderbroeiery","title":"Inflected eener (genitive of een)","body":"eener is the old genitive feminine form of the indefinite article een — 'of an Egyptian egg-hatchery'. These -er endings on articles are case-remnants alive in 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dichter","lemma":"dichter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative apposition to hy","gloss":"poet"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of zin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogsten","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, superlative, masculine singular, inflected","role":"modifies zin","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"zin","lemma":"zin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woord","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"droomde","lemma":"dromen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dreamed"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of droomde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of droomde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"zonnestelsels","lemma":"zonnestelsel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of droomde","gloss":"solar systems"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vonk","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vonk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vonk","lemma":"vonk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"spark"},{"surface":"bevolkte","lemma":"bevolken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with droomde","gloss":"peopled"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bevolkte","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schepsels","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"schepsels","lemma":"schepsel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"creatures"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maaksel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of maaksel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"maaksel","lemma":"maaksel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with droomde","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of voelde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zich","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wereld","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of geroepen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, emphatic","role":"subject of geroepen","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in het leven roepen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause modifying wereld","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voeren","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kon","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voeren","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voeren","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voeren","gloss":"afterwards"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking droomery","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of droomery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minste","lemma":"minst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies droomerij","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"droomery","lemma":"dromerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"dreaminess","note":"Historical spelling of dromerij."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gesprek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of voeren","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"voeren","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"carry on"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gesprek topic","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of prijs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"prys","lemma":"prijs","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"price"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rijst","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rijst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ryst","lemma":"rijst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"rice","note":"Historical spelling of rijst."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of regels","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regels","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated object of over","gloss":"rules"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, archaic","role":"determiner of taal","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of regels","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links coordinated topics","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voordeelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oekonomische","lemma":"economisch","morphology":"adjective, plural, inflected","role":"modifies voordelen","gloss":"economic","note":"Historical spelling of economisch."},{"surface":"voordeelen","lemma":"voordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated object of over","gloss":"advantages","note":"Historical spelling of voordelen."},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular, archaic","role":"determiner of hoenderbroeierij","gloss":"of an"},{"surface":"egyptische","lemma":"Egyptisch","morphology":"adjective, singular, inflected","role":"modifies hoenderbroeierij","gloss":"Egyptian"},{"surface":"hoenderbroeiery","lemma":"hoenderbroeierij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of voordelen","gloss":"egg hatchery","note":"Historical spelling of hoenderbroeierij."}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"h6-s144","source":"Geen wetenschap was hem geheel vreemd. Hem ahnde wat hy niet wist, en hy bezat in hooge mate de gaaf om 't weinige dat hy wist--ieder weet weinig, en hy, misschien meer wetende dan sommige anderen, maakte op dezen regel geen uitzondering--om dat weinige aantewenden op een wys die de maat zyner kennis vermenigvuldigde.","translation":"No branch of knowledge was wholly foreign to him. He divined what he did not know, and he possessed in high measure the gift of turning the little that he did know—everyone knows little, and he, perhaps knowing more than some others, was no exception to this rule—of turning that little to use in a way that multiplied the measure of his learning.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s144.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Hem ahnde wat hy niet wist","title":"ahnde — a German loan","body":"ahnde is borrowed from German ahnen, 'to sense/divine'. The construction is impersonal-dative: 'to him it was intimated what he did not know.' The verb leads because the dative Hem is fronted."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de gaaf om 't weinige ... aantewenden","title":"om ... te purpose clause","body":"om frames a purpose/result clause that closes with te + infinitive; here the separable verb aanwenden is written joined around te as aantewenden (modern aan te wenden)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"misschien meer wetende dan sommige anderen","title":"Present participle as adverbial","body":"wetende is the -end(e) present participle ('knowing'), used here adverbially to describe hy. The comparative meer ... dan ('more ... than') sets up the comparison."}],"words":[{"surface":"Geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wetenschap","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"wetenschap","lemma":"wetenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"branch of knowledge"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking wetenschap to vreemd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third person singular","role":"indirect complement of vreemd","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreemd","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"foreign"},{"surface":"Hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third person singular","role":"experiencer of ahnde","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ahnde","lemma":"ahnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"divined","note":"Archaic ahnde means 'divined' or 'sensed'."},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ahnde and object of wist","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying wat","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of bezat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bezat","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with ahnde","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mate","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hooge","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, singular, inflected","role":"modifies mate","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"mate","lemma":"mate","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bezat","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gaaf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gaaf","lemma":"gaaf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezat","gloss":"gift"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause modifying gaaf","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weinige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of aantewenden","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying weinige","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parallel clause to wist","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wetende","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"direct object of wetende","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"wetende","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial modifier of hy","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with anderen","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of anderen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regel","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of regel","gloss":"this","note":"Archaic inflected form of deze."},{"surface":"regel","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"rule"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitzondering","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"uitzondering","lemma":"uitzondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"exception"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause modifying gaaf","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of weinige","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of aantewenden","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"aantewenden","lemma":"aanwenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of om","gloss":"put to use","note":"Written as one word historically; modern Dutch is aan te wenden."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wijze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wys","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wys","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"way","note":"Historical spelling of wijze."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of vermenigvuldigde","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maat","lemma":"maat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vermenigvuldigde","gloss":"measure"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive singular, archaic","role":"determiner of kennis","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of maat","gloss":"learning"},{"surface":"vermenigvuldigde","lemma":"vermenigvuldigen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on wys","gloss":"multiplied"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"h6-s145","source":"Hy was stipt en ordelyk, en daarby buitengewoon geduldig, doch juist omdat stiptheid, orde en geduld hem moeielyk vielen, daar zyn geest iets wilds had. Hy was langzaam en omzichtig in 't beoordeelen van zaken, hoewel dit niet zoo scheen aan wie hem zoo haastig zyn slotsommen hoorden uiten.","translation":"He was punctual and orderly, and besides that uncommonly patient, yet precisely because punctuality, order, and patience came hard to him, since his mind had something wild about it. He was slow and circumspect in judging matters, although it did not seem so to those who heard him deliver his conclusions so hastily.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat stiptheid, orde en geduld hem moeielyk vielen","title":"Subordinator omdat sends the verb back","body":"The subordinating conjunction omdat (because) opens a clause whose finite verb vielen drops to the very end. doch (yet) just before it is an archaic coordinating 'but'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoewel dit niet zoo scheen aan wie hem ... hoorden uiten","title":"wie without an antecedent","body":"Here wie ('those who') heads a free relative with no antecedent noun. Within it the finite verb hoorden lands at the end, governing the bare infinitive uiten."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"omzichtig","title":"omzichtig — circumspect","body":"Literally 'looking-around-ish', from om (around) + zicht (sight): cautious, taking care to look on all sides before acting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to stipt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"stipt","lemma":"stipt","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"punctual"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ordelyk","lemma":"ordelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"orderly","note":"Historical spelling of ordelijk."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarby","lemma":"daarbij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geduldig","gloss":"besides that"},{"surface":"buitengewoon","lemma":"buitengewoon","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geduldig","gloss":"uncommonly"},{"surface":"geduldig","lemma":"geduldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"patient"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omdat-clause","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause explaining doch","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"stiptheid","lemma":"stiptheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vielen","gloss":"punctuality"},{"surface":"orde","lemma":"orde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with stiptheid","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geduld","lemma":"geduld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated subject of vielen","gloss":"patience"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third person singular","role":"indirect object of vielen","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vielen","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"vielen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of omdat-clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of geest","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"wilds","lemma":"wild","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular, genitive form","role":"partitive complement of iets","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of daar-clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to langzaam","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"langzaam","lemma":"langzaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"slow"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"omzichtig","lemma":"omzichtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"circumspect"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beoordeelen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beoordeelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beoordeelen","lemma":"beoordelen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"judging"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"hoewel","lemma":"hoewel","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of scheen","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scheen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of scheen","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of concessive clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"object of aan and subject of hoorden","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"subject of uiten in perception construction","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies haastig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"haastig","lemma":"haastig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uiten","gloss":"hastily"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of slotsommen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"slotsommen","lemma":"slotsom","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of uiten","gloss":"conclusions"},{"surface":"hoorden","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause modifying wie","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"uiten","lemma":"uiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hoorden","gloss":"express"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"h6-s146","source":"Zyn indrukken waren te levendig, dan dat men ze voor duurzaam houden durfde, en toch bewees hy dikwyls dat ze duurzaam waren.","translation":"His impressions were too vivid for one to dare hold them lasting, and yet he often proved that they were lasting.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s146.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"te levendig, dan dat men ze voor duurzaam houden durfde","title":"te ... dan dat (too ... for)","body":"The pattern te + adjective, dan dat + clause expresses 'too X for Y to happen'. The result clause is subordinate, so its finite verb durfde sits at the end after the bare infinitive houden."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"houden durfde","title":"durven + bare infinitive","body":"durven (to dare), like a modal, governs a bare infinitive with no te: houden durfde, 'dared to hold/consider'. Both verbs cluster at the clause's end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of indrukken","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"indrukken","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking indrukken to levendig","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies levendig","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"levendig","lemma":"levendig","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"vivid"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"part of te ... dan dat construction","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of durfde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of durfde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person plural","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of voor duurzaam houden","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"duurzaam","lemma":"duurzaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ze","gloss":"lasting"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of durfde","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"durfde","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of comparative consequence clause","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewees","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"bewees","lemma":"bewijzen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"proved"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of bewees","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewees","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of bewees","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"duurzaam","lemma":"duurzaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"lasting"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking ze to duurzaam","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"h6-s147","source":"Al wat groot en verheven was, lokte hem aan, en tegelyker-tyd was hy onnoozel en naïf als een kind.","translation":"All that was great and lofty drew him on, and at the same time he was as simple and naïve as a child.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s147.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Al wat groot en verheven was, lokte hem aan","title":"Separable aanlokken split apart","body":"The separable verb aanlokken ('to attract') splits: the finite stem lokte stays in second position while its prefix aan is flung to the end of the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"onnoozel","title":"onnoozel — a false friend","body":"In 1860 onnoozel meant 'innocent, simple, guileless' (paired here with naïf), not the modern Dutch onnozel's tinge of 'silly/dim'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"head of free relative al wat","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verheven","lemma":"verheven","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"lofty"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula in relative clause modifying al","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"lokte","lemma":"lokken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of lokte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"particle of lokte ... aan","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tegelyker-tyd","lemma":"tegelijkertijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"at the same time","note":"Historical hyphenated spelling of tegelijkertijd."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to onnoozel","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"onnoozel","lemma":"onnozel","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"simple","note":"Here onnozel means innocent or simple, not stupid."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"naïf","lemma":"naïef","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"naive"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"h6-s148","source":"Hy was eerlyk, vooral waar eerlykheid in 't grootmoedige overging, en zou honderden die hy schuldig was, onbetaald laten omdat hy duizenden had weggeschonken. Hy was geestig en onderhoudend wanneer hy gevoelde dat zyn geest begrepen werd, maar anders stug en teruggetrokken.","translation":"He was honest, above all where honesty passed over into magnanimity, and would leave hundreds he owed unpaid because he had given thousands away. He was witty and entertaining when he felt that his wit was understood, but otherwise gruff and withdrawn.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s148.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou honderden ... onbetaald laten omdat hy duizenden had weggeschonken","title":"Conditional zou + causative laten","body":"zou + infinitive gives the conditional ('would leave'), and laten here is causative: onbetaald laten, 'to let remain unpaid'. The omdat-clause ends with the pluperfect had ... weggeschonken."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer hy gevoelde dat zyn geest begrepen werd","title":"worden-passive","body":"begrepen werd is the process passive: worden + past participle, 'was understood'. Both the wanneer-clause and its embedded dat-clause are verb-final, stacking the verbs at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Hy to eerlyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"eerlyk","lemma":"eerlijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the waar-clause","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the clause of overging","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"eerlykheid","lemma":"eerlijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of overging","gloss":"honesty"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of overging","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of substantivized grootmoedige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grootmoedige","lemma":"grootmoedig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"magnanimity"},{"surface":"overging","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of waar-clause","gloss":"passed over"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links was and zou laten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of laten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"honderden","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"substantivized numeral, plural","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"hundreds"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of schuldig was","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person, singular","role":"subject of schuldig was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"owed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy to schuldig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"onbetaald","lemma":"onbetaald","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of honderden with laten","gloss":"unpaid"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces reason clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person, singular","role":"subject of had weggeschonken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"duizenden","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"substantivized numeral, plural","role":"direct object of weggeschonken","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of weggeschonken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"weggeschonken","lemma":"wegschenken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of omdat-clause","gloss":"given away"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Hy to geestig and onderhoudend","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geestig","lemma":"geestig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"witty"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links geestig and onderhoudend","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onderhoudend","lemma":"onderhoudend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement coordinated with geestig","gloss":"entertaining"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person, singular","role":"subject of gevoelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gevoelde","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of wanneer-clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person, singular","role":"possessor of geest","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive begrepen werd","gloss":"wit"},{"surface":"begrepen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive complement clause","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of begrepen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"contrasts stug with preceding predicates","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stug and teruggetrokken","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"stug","lemma":"stug","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"gruff"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links stug and teruggetrokken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"teruggetrokken","lemma":"teruggetrokken","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement coordinated with stug","gloss":"withdrawn"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"h6-s149","source":"Hartelyk voor zyn vrienden, maakte hy--wat te snel soms--zyn vriend van al wat leed. Hy was gevoelig voor liefde en aanhankelykheid ... trouw aan zyn gegeven woord ... zwak in kleinigheden, maar standvastig tot hoofdigheid toe, waar 't hem de moeite waard scheen karakter te toonen ... nederig en welwillend voor wie zyn geestelyk overwicht erkenden, doch lastig wanneer men poogde zich daartegen te verzetten ... rondborstig uit trots, en by vlagen achterhoudend, waar hy vreesde dat men zyn oprechtheid zou aanzien voor onverstand ... evenzeer vatbaar voor zinnelyk als voor geestelyk genot ... beschroomd en slecht bespraakt waar hy meende niet begrepen te worden, maar welsprekend als hy gevoelde dat zyn woorden op willigen bodem vielen ... traag als hy niet werd aangespoord door eenigen prikkel die voortkwam uit zyn eigen ziel, maar yverig, vurig, en doortastend waar dit wel het geval was ... voorts, vriendelyk, beschaafd in zyn manieren, en onberispelyk van gedrag: ziedaar nagenoeg Havelaar!","translation":"Warm toward his friends, he made—too quickly, sometimes—a friend of anyone who suffered. He was responsive to love and devotion ... true to his given word ... weak in trifles, but steadfast to the point of stubbornness wherever it seemed to him worth the trouble to show character ... humble and obliging toward those who acknowledged his mental superiority, yet troublesome when one tried to set oneself against it ... frank out of pride, and by fits secretive where he feared that his candor would be taken for foolishness ... as susceptible to sensual as to intellectual pleasure ... bashful and ill-spoken where he supposed himself not understood, but eloquent when he felt that his words fell on willing ground ... sluggish when he was not spurred by some stimulus springing from his own soul, but eager, fiery, and pressing where this was the case ... furthermore, friendly, refined in his manners, and irreproachable in conduct: there, more or less, you have Havelaar!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s149.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hartelyk voor zyn vrienden, maakte hy ... zyn vriend van al wat leed","title":"Fronted adjective forces inversion","body":"The sentence opens on the predicative adjective Hartelyk, so the subject hy follows the finite verb maakte — verb-second in action across a long, dash-broken period."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"doch lastig wanneer men poogde zich daartegen te verzetten","title":"Reflexive verb + pronominal adverb","body":"zich verzetten ('to resist') is reflexive, governed by poogde with te + infinitive. daartegen is a pronominal adverb fusing 'against + it' (tegen + dat), standard where Dutch avoids preposition + pronoun."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar hy vreesde dat men zyn oprechtheid zou aanzien voor onverstand","title":"Stacked subordinate clauses","body":"A waar-clause holds a dat-clause inside it, each sending its verb to the end: vreesde, then the future-flavored zou aanzien. aanzien voor means 'to take/mistake for'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hartelyk","lemma":"hartelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"fronted predicative description of hy","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement vrienden","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person, singular","role":"possessor of vrienden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrienden","lemma":"vriend","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person, singular","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies te snel","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies snel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"snel","lemma":"snel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakte","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"soms","lemma":"soms","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maakte","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person, singular","role":"possessor of vriend","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vriend","lemma":"vriend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement al wat leed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"modifies wat","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"subject of leed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"leed","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause describing whom he befriended","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula governing the following predicate series","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gevoelig","lemma":"gevoelig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"responsive"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of gevoelig","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links liefde and aanhankelykheid","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aanhankelykheid","lemma":"aanhankelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor, coordinated with liefde","gloss":"devotion"},{"surface":"trouw","lemma":"trouw","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of trouw","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person, singular","role":"possessor of woord","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"modifies woord","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"zwak","lemma":"zwak","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"weak"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of zwak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"kleinigheden","lemma":"kleinigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"trifles"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"contrasts standvastig with zwak","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"standvastig","lemma":"standvastig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"steadfast"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of tot ... toe","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hoofdigheid","lemma":"hoofdigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot ... toe","gloss":"stubbornness"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"postposition","role":"completes tot hoofdigheid toe","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the clause of scheen","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of scheen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, 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het","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"nederig","lemma":"nederig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"humble"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links nederig and welwillend","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"welwillend","lemma":"welwillend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"obliging"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of nederig and welwillend","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural sense","role":"object of voor and subject of erkenden","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person, singular","role":"possessor of overwicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geestelyk","lemma":"geestelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies overwicht","gloss":"mental"},{"surface":"overwicht","lemma":"overwicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of erkenden","gloss":"superiority"},{"surface":"erkenden","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative-clause verb with wie","gloss":"acknowledged"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"contrasts lastig with preceding predicates","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"lastig","lemma":"lastig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"troublesome"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces condition clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of poogde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"poogde","lemma":"pogen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of wanneer-clause","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of verzetten","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"daartegen","lemma":"daartegen","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of verzetten","gloss":"against it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verzetten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verzetten","lemma":"verzetten","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive","role":"infinitival complement of poogde","gloss":"resist"},{"surface":"rondborstig","lemma":"rondborstig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"frank"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces motive trots","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"trots","lemma":"trots","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"pride"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating 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clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of zou aanzien","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person, singular","role":"possessor of oprechtheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"oprechtheid","lemma":"oprechtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanzien","gloss":"candor"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of aanzien","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"aanzien","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of dat-clause","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object complement of aanzien","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"onverstand","lemma":"onverstand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"foolishness"},{"surface":"evenzeer","lemma":"evenzeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies comparison vatbaar ... als","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"vatbaar","lemma":"vatbaar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"susceptible"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces first complement of vatbaar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zinnelyk","lemma":"zinnelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies omitted genot","gloss":"sensual"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"links the two complements of vatbaar","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces second complement of vatbaar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geestelyk","lemma":"geestelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies genot","gloss":"intellectual"},{"surface":"genot","lemma":"genot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor, shared by zinnelyk and geestelyk","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"beschroomd","lemma":"beschroomd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"bashful"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links beschroomd and slecht bespraakt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bespraakt","gloss":"poorly"},{"surface":"bespraakt","lemma":"bespraakt","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement coordinated with beschroomd","gloss":"articulate"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the clause of meende","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person, singular","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of waar-clause","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates begrepen te worden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"begrepen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive lexical verb complement of meende","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of begrepen","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"contrasts welsprekend with preceding predicates","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"welsprekend","lemma":"welsprekend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"eloquent"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces condition clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person, singular","role":"subject of gevoelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gevoelde","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of als-clause","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person, singular","role":"possessor of woorden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of vielen","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of vielen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"willigen","lemma":"willig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, common gender, singular","role":"modifies 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ziel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, attributive, common gender, singular","role":"modifies ziel","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"contrasts yverig with traag","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"yverig","lemma":"ijverig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"vurig","lemma":"vurig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"fiery"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links vurig and doortastend","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"doortastend","lemma":"doortastend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of 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predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"friendly"},{"surface":"beschaafd","lemma":"beschaafd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"refined"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces domain complement of beschaafd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person, singular","role":"possessor of manieren","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"manieren","lemma":"manier","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"manners"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links beschaafd and onberispelyk","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onberispelyk","lemma":"onberispelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"elliptical predicative complement of was","gloss":"irreproachable"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces domain complement of onberispelyk","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gedrag","lemma":"gedrag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"ziedaar","lemma":"ziedaar","morphology":"presentative particle","role":"introduces Havelaar","gloss":"there you have","note":"Literally ‘see there’; used to sum up a description: ‘there you have ...’"},{"surface":"nagenoeg","lemma":"nagenoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"qualifies the summary as approximate","gloss":"more or less"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"presented entity after ziedaar","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"h6-s150","source":"Ik zeg: nagenoeg. Want indien reeds alle bepalingen moeyelyk zyn, geldt dit vooral van de beschryving van een persoon die zeer ver van den dagelykschen grondvorm afwykt.","translation":"I say: more or less. For if all definitions are already difficult, this holds above all for the description of a person who deviates very far from the everyday mold.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s150.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"indien reeds alle bepalingen moeyelyk zyn, geldt dit vooral van ...","title":"indien-clause then inverted main clause","body":"indien ('if') is a literary subordinator that sends zyn to the end of its clause; the main clause then opens with the finite verb geldt because the conditional clause fills first position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den dagelykschen grondvorm","title":"Accusative den + adjective -en","body":"After the preposition van, the masculine de-word takes the old accusative article den and the adjective shows the heavy ending -en (dagelykschen) — a case-remnant typical of 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"nagenoeg","lemma":"nagenoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"quoted complement of zeg","gloss":"more or less"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory sentence","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"indien","lemma":"indien","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of zijn","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeilijk","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bepalingen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"bepalingen","lemma":"bepaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"definitions"},{"surface":"moeyelyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"geldt","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of geldt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geldt","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of geldt","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of beschrijving","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschryving","lemma":"beschrijving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"description"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of beschrijving","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of afwijkt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afwijkt","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of afwijkt","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of grondvorm","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dagelykschen","lemma":"dagelijks","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, archaic inflected form","role":"modifies grondvorm","gloss":"everyday"},{"surface":"grondvorm","lemma":"grondvorm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"mold"},{"surface":"afwykt","lemma":"afwijken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on persoon","gloss":"deviates"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"h6-s151","source":"Het zal dan ook wel hierom wezen, dat romandichters hun helden gewoonlyk tot duivels of engelen maken.","translation":"It is no doubt for this reason, too, that novelists usually make their heroes into devils or angels.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s151.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het zal dan ook wel hierom wezen, dat ...","title":"Future zullen + dummy het","body":"zal ... wezen is the future with zullen + infinitive ('it will no doubt be'); Het is impersonal/dummy subject pointing at the following dat-clause. hierom is a pronominal adverb, 'for this reason'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"romandichters","title":"Compound: roman + dichters","body":"A right-headed noun compound, 'novel-poets' = novelists. Dutch glues nouns into one word, with the last element (dichters) carrying the gender and number."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of wezen, anticipating the dat-clause","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"with ook, marks an inferred consequence","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"expresses probability with zal","gloss":"no doubt"},{"surface":"hierom","lemma":"hierom","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"for this reason"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the extraposed subject clause of wezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"romandichters","lemma":"romandichter","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"novelists"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"determiner of helden","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"helden","lemma":"held","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"heroes"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the result complement of maken","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"duivels","lemma":"duivel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of tot and result complement of maken","gloss":"devils"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates duivels and engelen","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"engelen","lemma":"engel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated object of tot","gloss":"angels"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"h6-s152","source":"Zwart of wit laat zich gemakkelyk schilderen, maar moeielyker is 't juist weergeven van schakeeringen die daartusschen liggen, wanneer men aan waarheid gebonden is en dus noch te donker noch te licht mag kleuren.","translation":"Black or white lets itself be painted easily, but harder it is to render exactly the gradations that lie between them, when one is bound to the truth and so may color neither too dark nor too light.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s152.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zwart of wit laat zich gemakkelyk schilderen","title":"Reflexive laten zich + infinitive (passive sense)","body":"laat zich ... schilderen literally 'lets itself be painted' — a reflexive use of laten that conveys a passive/potential meaning ('can easily be painted')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"moeielyker is 't juist weergeven","title":"Comparative fronted, verb second","body":"The comparative moeielyker ('harder') is fronted for emphasis, so the verb is precedes the subject 't (juist) weergeven. dus links the closing clause as a coordinating 'and so'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zwart","lemma":"zwart","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"first part of the coordinated subject of laat","gloss":"Black"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zwart and wit","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"wit","lemma":"wit","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"second part of the coordinated subject of laat","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"lets"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of schilderen","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schilderen","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"schilderen","lemma":"schilderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laat","gloss":"be painted"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the contrasting main clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"moeielyker","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking the subject phrase to moeilijker","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner nominalizing weergeven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weergeven","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"weergeven","lemma":"weergeven","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"head of the subject phrase of is","gloss":"rendering"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object complement of weergeven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"schakeeringen","lemma":"schakering","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"gradations"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"daartusschen","lemma":"daartussen","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of liggen","gloss":"between them"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause on schakeeringen","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal-conditional clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gebonden is and mag kleuren","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of gebonden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"gebonden","lemma":"binden","morphology":"past participle used as a predicative adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking men to gebonden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates gebonden is and mag kleuren","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mag kleuren","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"first part of the correlative noch...noch","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies donker","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"donker","lemma":"donker","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"manner complement of kleuren","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"second part of the correlative noch...noch","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies licht","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"manner complement of kleuren, coordinated with donker","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of kleuren","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"kleuren","lemma":"kleuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by mag","gloss":"color"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"h6-s153","source":"Ik gevoel dat de schets die ik van Havelaar trachtte te geven, hoogst onvolkomen is.","translation":"I feel that the sketch I attempted to give of Havelaar is in the highest degree imperfect.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s153.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de schets die ik van Havelaar trachtte te geven","title":"Relative die + trachten te","body":"die is the relative for the de-word schets. The verb trachten ('to try') governs te + infinitive (te geven), and the whole verb cluster falls at the end of the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevoel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of gevoel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of schets","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schets","lemma":"schets","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"sketch"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trachtte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the topic complement of schets and geven","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"trachtte","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on schets","gloss":"attempted"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks geven as the complement of trachtte","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of trachtte","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"hoogst","lemma":"hoogst","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies onvolkomen","gloss":"in the highest degree"},{"surface":"onvolkomen","lemma":"onvolkomen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"imperfect"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking schets to onvolkomen","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"h6-s154","source":"De bouwstoffen die voor me liggen, zyn van zoo uiteenloopenden aard, dat ze my door overmaat van rykdom in myn oordeel belemmeren, en ik zal dus wellicht daarop, onder het ontwikkelen der gebeurtenissen die ik wensch meetedeelen, ter-aanvulling terugkomen.","translation":"The materials that lie before me are of so divergent a kind that, by sheer excess of riches, they hamper me in my judgment, and so I shall perhaps return to them by way of supplement, in the course of unfolding the events I wish to relate.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s154.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De bouwstoffen die voor me liggen, zyn van zoo uiteenloopenden aard, dat ...","title":"zoo ... dat result clause","body":"zoo + adjective ... dat sets up a consequence clause ('of such a divergent kind that ...'). The dat-clause is verb-final, ending on belemmeren."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik zal dus ... daarop ... terugkomen","title":"Future zullen + separable terugkomen","body":"zal ... terugkomen is the future with zullen; terugkomen ('to return to') is separable, but as an infinitive at the clause end it stays joined. daarop is a pronominal adverb, 'to them/it'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ik wensch meetedeelen","title":"Joined infinitive meetedeelen","body":"Period orthography writes the separable mede(e)delen with te tucked inside: meetedeelen = mee te delen, 'to relate/communicate'. wensch governs it as te + infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of bouwstoffen","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"bouwstoffen","lemma":"bouwstof","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"materials"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative complement of liggen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form","role":"object of voor","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause on bouwstoffen","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking bouwstoffen to van...aard","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative phrase van...aard","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies uiteenlopenden","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"uiteenloopenden","lemma":"uiteenlopend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular, archaic inflected form","role":"modifies aard","gloss":"divergent"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van in the predicative complement","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause licensed by zo","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative plural, unstressed","role":"subject of belemmeren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form","role":"direct object of belemmeren","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the causal complement of belemmeren","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"overmaat","lemma":"overmaat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"excess"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of overmaat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"rykdom","lemma":"rijkdom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"riches"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the domain complement of belemmeren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of oordeel","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"oordeel","lemma":"oordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"belemmeren","lemma":"belemmeren","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"hamper"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of terugkomen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of terugkomen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugkomen","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"wellicht","lemma":"wellicht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies terugkomen","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of terugkomen","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal phrase modifying terugkomen","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner nominalizing ontwikkelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontwikkelen","lemma":"ontwikkelen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"object of onder","gloss":"unfolding"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive plural, archaic","role":"determiner of gebeurtenissen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"gebeurtenissen","lemma":"gebeurtenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive complement of ontwikkelen","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of meedelen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wens","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wensch","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on gebeurtenissen","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"meetedeelen","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with historical fused te","role":"infinitive complement of wens","gloss":"to relate"},{"surface":"ter-aanvulling","lemma":"aanvulling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, in fixed phrase ter aanvulling","role":"purpose adjunct of terugkomen","gloss":"by way of supplement"},{"surface":"terugkomen","lemma":"terugkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"return"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"h6-s155","source":"Dit is zeker, hy was een ongewoon mensch, en wel de moeite van 't bestudeeren waardig.","translation":"This is certain: he was an unusual man, and well worth the trouble of studying.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s155.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit is zeker, hy was een ongewoon mensch","title":"Simple past was","body":"was is the imperfect (simple past) of zijn, the narrative past tense that carries the whole character sketch. wel here is an emphatic particle, not 'well'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de moeite van 't bestudeeren waardig","title":"Genitive 't bestudeeren","body":"An infinitive used as a neuter noun ('the studying'), here governed by waardig ('worthy of'). The whole phrase = 'well worth the trouble of studying'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to zeker","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hij to mensch and waardig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ongewoon","lemma":"ongewoon","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"unusual"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the predicates mensch and waardig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the following coordinated predicate","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of waardig","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of moeite","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner nominalizing bestudeeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestudeeren","lemma":"bestuderen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"object of van","gloss":"studying"},{"surface":"waardig","lemma":"waardig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"worth"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"h6-s156","source":"Ik bemerk nu reeds dat ik verzuimd heb als een zyner hoofdtrekken optegeven, dat hy de belachelyke en de ernstige zyde der dingen met dezelfde snelheid en te-gelykertyd opvatte, aan welke eigenschap zyn wyze van spreken, zonder dat hyzelf dit wist, een soort van humor ontleende, die zyn toehoorders gedurig in twyfel bracht, of ze getroffen waren door 't diep gevoel dat in zyn woorden heerschte, of dat ze te lachen hadden over de koddigheid die op-eenmaal den ernst daarvan afbrak.","translation":"I notice already that I have failed to give, as one of his chief traits, that he grasped the ludicrous and the serious side of things with the same speed and at the same instant—a quality from which his manner of speaking, without his knowing it himself, borrowed a kind of humor that kept his listeners forever in doubt whether they were moved by the deep feeling that reigned in his words, or whether they ought to laugh at the drollery that all at once broke off the seriousness of it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s156.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik verzuimd heb als een zyner hoofdtrekken optegeven","title":"Present perfect + joined te-infinitive","body":"verzuimd heb is the present perfect (hebben + participle), and optegeven is the separable opgeven written around te (= op te geven, 'to state'). zyner is an archaic genitive of zyn, 'of his'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan welke eigenschap zyn wyze van spreken ... een soort van humor ontleende","title":"Formal relative welke","body":"welke is the heavier, period relative pronoun ('to which quality'). Such welk(e)/hetwelk relatives belong to formal 1860 prose where modern Dutch would use waaraan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"of ze getroffen waren ... of dat ze te lachen hadden","title":"Indirect double question of ... of","body":"twyfel ('doubt') governs an embedded either/or question: of ... waren ... of dat ... hadden. te lachen hadden is 'had to laugh / had grounds to laugh', te + infinitive expressing obligation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of bemerk","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bemerk","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"notice"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bemerk","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bemerk","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of bemerk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb verzuimd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verzuimd","lemma":"verzuimen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with heb","gloss":"failed"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of verzuimd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the capacity expressed by een zyner hoofdtrekken","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"head of een zyner hoofdtrekken","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural","role":"genitive modifier of hoofdtrekken","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"hoofdtrekken","lemma":"hoofdtrek","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of een","gloss":"chief traits"},{"surface":"optegeven","lemma":"opgeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of verzuimd","gloss":"to give","note":"Historical fused spelling of “op te geven.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause functioning as object of optegeven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of opvatte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of substantivized belachelyke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belachelyke","lemma":"belachelijk","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"first direct object of opvatte, with zyde understood","gloss":"ludicrous side"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates belachelyke and ernstige zyde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of zyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ernstige","lemma":"ernstig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies zyde","gloss":"serious"},{"surface":"zyde","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second direct object of opvatte","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive plural","role":"determiner of dingen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive modifier of belachelyke and zyde","gloss":"things"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner phrase modifying opvatte","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dezelfde","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of snelheid","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"snelheid","lemma":"snelheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"speed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates snelheid phrase and te-gelykertyd","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te-gelykertyd","lemma":"tegelijkertijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opvatte","gloss":"at the same instant","note":"Historical hyphenated spelling of “tegelijkertijd.”"},{"surface":"opvatte","lemma":"opvatten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the content clause","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source complement of ontleende","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of eigenschap","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"eigenschap","lemma":"eigenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan and antecedent of welke","gloss":"quality"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of wyze","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ontleende","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of wyze","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of van","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause dat hyzelf dit wist","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause governed by zonder","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the zonder-clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontleende","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of soort","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"humor","lemma":"humor","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"humor"},{"surface":"ontleende","lemma":"ontlenen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause headed by aan welke","gloss":"borrowed"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bracht; antecedent humor","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of toehoorders","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"toehoorders","lemma":"toehoorder","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"listeners"},{"surface":"gedurig","lemma":"gedurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bracht","gloss":"constantly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the result phrase in twyfel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"twyfel","lemma":"twijfel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying humor","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first alternative indirect question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person plural, nominative","role":"subject of waren getroffen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"getroffen","lemma":"treffen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive waren getroffen","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person plural","role":"passive auxiliary of getroffen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of getroffen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of gevoel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies gevoel","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door and agent of getroffen","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of heerschte; antecedent gevoel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the locative phrase modifying heerschte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of woorden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"heerschte","lemma":"heersen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying gevoel","gloss":"reigned"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second alternative indirect question","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second alternative clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person plural, nominative","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks lachen as infinitive dependent on hadden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lachen","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of hadden","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"modal verb, past, third person plural","role":"verb of the second alternative clause","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of lachen","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of koddigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koddigheid","lemma":"koddigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"drollery"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of afbrak; antecedent koddigheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"opeenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afbrak","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of ernst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ernst","lemma":"ernst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afbrak","gloss":"seriousness"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"postmodifies ernst, referring to the humor or speech","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"afbrak","lemma":"afbreken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying koddigheid","gloss":"broke off"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"h6-s157","source":"Opmerkelyk was 't dat zyn voorkomen, en zelfs zyn aandoeningen, zoo weinig sporen droegen van zyn doorgebracht leven. Het roemen op ondervinding is een belachelyke gemeenplaats geworden.","translation":"It was remarkable that his appearance, and even his emotions, bore so few traces of the life he had lived through. To boast of experience has become a ridiculous commonplace.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s157.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoo weinig sporen droegen van zyn doorgebracht leven","title":"Past participle as adjective","body":"doorgebracht ('spent / lived-through') is the past participle of the separable doorbrengen, here used attributively before leven — the participle behaves as an adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het roemen op ondervinding is een belachelyke gemeenplaats geworden","title":"Present perfect with worden","body":"is ... geworden is the perfect of worden ('has become'). Het roemen is a nominalized infinitive ('the boasting') serving as subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Opmerkelyk","lemma":"opmerkelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"remarkable"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb linking subject clause to Opmerkelyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the extraposed subject clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of voorkomen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first subject of droegen","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates voorkomen and aandoeningen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses aandoeningen","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of aandoeningen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aandoeningen","lemma":"aandoening","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"second subject of droegen","gloss":"emotions"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of sporen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"sporen","lemma":"spoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of droegen","gloss":"traces"},{"surface":"droegen","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of sporen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of leven","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"doorgebracht","lemma":"doorbrengen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"nominalizes roemen","gloss":"the act of"},{"surface":"roemen","lemma":"roemen","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"subject of is geworden","gloss":"boast"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of roemen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ondervinding","lemma":"ondervinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"experience"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of gemeenplaats","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"belachelyke","lemma":"belachelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies gemeenplaats","gloss":"ridiculous"},{"surface":"gemeenplaats","lemma":"gemeenplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is geworden","gloss":"commonplace"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with is","gloss":"become"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"h6-s158","source":"Er zyn lieden die vyftig of zestig jaren lang meedreven met het stroompje, waarin ze beweren te zwemmen, en die van al dien tyd weinig anders zouden kunnen verhalen dan dat ze verhuisd zyn van de A-gracht naar de B-straat. Niets is gewoner dan op ervaring te hooren bogen, juist door hen die hun gryze haren zoo gemakkelyk verkregen.","translation":"There are people who for fifty or sixty years have drifted along with the little stream they claim to be swimming in, and who of all that time could relate little else than that they have moved from the A-canal to the B-street. Nothing is more common than to hear precisely those people pride themselves on experience who came by their gray hairs so easily.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s158.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die vyftig of zestig jaren lang meedreven met het stroompje","title":"Imperfect of separable meedrijven","body":"meedreven is the simple past of strong separable meedrijven ('drifted along'); the strong vowel change (ij→ee) marks it. The diminutive stroompje softens 'stream' to 'little stream'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die van al dien tyd weinig anders zouden kunnen verhalen","title":"Conditional zou + double infinitive","body":"zouden kunnen verhalen stacks the conditional zouden with modal kunnen and main verb verhalen — a chain of bare infinitives at the clause end. dien is the old dative/accusative masculine of the demonstrative die (that) — die + the masculine suffix -n, not den + e."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Niets is gewoner dan op ervaring te hooren bogen","title":"Negative word niets + comparative","body":"niets ('nothing') is the single negative carrying the clause — Dutch allows only one negation. gewoner ... dan is the comparative 'more common than'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of meedreven; antecedent lieden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"vyftig","lemma":"vijftig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"first numeral modifying jaren","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates vyftig and zestig","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zestig","lemma":"zestig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"second numeral modifying jaren","gloss":"sixty"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"measure phrase modifying meedreven","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the duration phrase with jaren","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"meedreven","lemma":"meedrijven","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"verb of the first relative clause modifying lieden","gloss":"drifted along"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the accompaniment phrase modifying meedreven","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of stroompje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stroompje","lemma":"stroom","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"little stream"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of zwemmen; antecedent stroompje","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person plural, nominative","role":"subject of beweren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"beweren","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying stroompje","gloss":"claim"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zwemmen as infinitive dependent on beweren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zwemmen","lemma":"zwemmen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of beweren","gloss":"swim"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two relative clauses modifying lieden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zouden kunnen verhalen; antecedent lieden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the topic phrase van al dien tyd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"modifies dien tyd","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of weinig anders and direct object of verhalen","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adjective used pronominally","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person plural","role":"conditional auxiliary of kunnen verhalen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of verhalen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"verhalen","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of zouden kunnen verhalen","gloss":"relate"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the exception to weinig anders","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause after dan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person plural, nominative","role":"subject of zyn verhuisd","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"verhuisd","lemma":"verhuizen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with zyn","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of verhuisd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the point of origin","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of A-gracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"A-gracht","lemma":"A-gracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"A-canal"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of B-straat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"B-straat","lemma":"B-straat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"B-street"},{"surface":"Niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb linking Niets to gewoner","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gewoner","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective, comparative, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"more common"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison complement of gewoner","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object of bogen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ervaring","lemma":"ervaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"experience"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks hooren as the infinitive after dan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"comparison complement of gewoner","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"bogen","lemma":"bogen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitival complement of hooren","gloss":"pride themselves","note":"Here “bogen op” means to boast or pride oneself on something, not to bend."},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"focuses the agent phrase door hen","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the logical agent of bogen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, third person plural, object form","role":"object of door and understood subject of bogen","gloss":"those people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of verkregen; antecedent hen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessor of haren","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"gryze","lemma":"grijs","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies haren","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of verkregen","gloss":"hairs"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies gemakkelyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkregen","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"verkregen","lemma":"verkrijgen","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying hen","gloss":"came by"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"h6-s159","source":"Anderen weer meenen hun aanspraken op ondervinding te mogen gronden op werkelyk ondergane lotwisseling, zonder dat echter uit iets blykt dat ze door die veranderingen werden aangegrepen in hun zieleleven.","translation":"Others again think they may ground their claims to experience upon vicissitudes actually undergone, though nothing makes it appear that they were touched by those changes in their inner life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s159.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"meenen hun aanspraken ... te mogen gronden op werkelyk ondergane lotwisseling","title":"te + modal mogen + infinitive","body":"meenen governs te mogen gronden — te + the modal mogen ('may') + the main verb. ondergane is the past participle of ondergaan used as an attributive adjective, 'undergone'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ze door die veranderingen werden aangegrepen in hun zieleleven","title":"worden-passive in the past","body":"werden aangegrepen is the past process passive ('were seized/touched') with door marking the agent. The dat-clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"subject of meenen","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meenen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"meenen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessor of aanspraken","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"aanspraken","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of gronden","gloss":"claims"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of aanspraken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ondervinding","lemma":"ondervinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"experience"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks mogen gronden as infinitival complement of meenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mogen","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of gronden","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"gronden","lemma":"gronden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive dependent on meenen","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the basis of gronden","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ondergane","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"ondergane","lemma":"ondergaan","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally, inflected","role":"modifies lotwisseling","gloss":"undergone"},{"surface":"lotwisseling","lemma":"lotwisseling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"change of fortune"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause dat ... blykt","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause governed by zonder","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blykt","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source phrase uit iets","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of uit","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"blykt","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the zonder-clause","gloss":"appears"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subject clause of blykt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person plural, nominative","role":"subject of werden aangegrepen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of aangegrepen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of veranderingen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"veranderingen","lemma":"verandering","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of door and agent of aangegrepen","gloss":"changes"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person plural","role":"passive auxiliary of aangegrepen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"aangegrepen","lemma":"aangrijpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the passive werden aangegrepen","gloss":"touched"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the domain in which they were affected","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessor of zieleleven","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"zieleleven","lemma":"zieleleven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"inner life"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"h6-s160","source":"Ik kan me voorstellen dat het bywonen, of ondergaan zelfs, van gewichtige gebeurtenissen weinig of geen invloed heeft op zeker soort van gemoederen, die niet zyn toegerust met de vatbaarheid om indrukken optevangen en te verwerken.","translation":"I can well imagine that being present at, or even undergoing, weighty events has little or no influence upon a certain sort of temperament not equipped with the capacity to catch impressions and to work them through.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s160.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik kan me voorstellen dat het bywonen ... weinig of geen invloed heeft","title":"Modal kunnen + reflexive","body":"kan ... voorstellen is the modal kunnen with bare infinitive; me voorstellen ('imagine to myself') is reflexive. The dat-clause sends heeft to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de vatbaarheid om indrukken optevangen en te verwerken","title":"om ... te with two infinitives","body":"om frames a purpose clause closing on te + infinitive, here doubled: optevangen (= op te vangen, separable, joined around te) en te verwerken — 'to catch and to process'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kan voorstellen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of voorstellen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of voorstellen","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"voorstellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kan","gloss":"imagine"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of voorstellen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner nominalizing bywonen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bywonen","lemma":"bijwonen","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"first part of the coordinated subject of heeft","gloss":"being present"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links bywonen and ondergaan","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ondergaan","lemma":"ondergaan","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"second part of the coordinated subject of heeft","gloss":"undergoing"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes ondergaan","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of bywonen and ondergaan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gewichtige","lemma":"gewichtig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies gebeurtenissen","gloss":"weighty"},{"surface":"gebeurtenissen","lemma":"gebeurtenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"first coordinated determiner of invloed","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links weinig and geen","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"second coordinated determiner of invloed","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the object clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of invloed","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of soort","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gemoederen","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van and antecedent of die","gloss":"temperaments"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural, nominative","role":"subject of zyn toegerust","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zyn toegerust","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third person plural","role":"copula linking die to toegerust","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"toegerust","lemma":"toerusten","morphology":"verb, past participle, adjectival","role":"predicate of the relative clause","gloss":"equipped"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of toegerust","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of vatbaarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vatbaarheid","lemma":"vatbaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"capacity"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces the infinitive clause modifying vatbaarheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"indrukken","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of optevangen and verwerken","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"optevangen","lemma":"opvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te, historical solid spelling","role":"first infinitive complement of om","gloss":"to catch","note":"Historically written as one word; modern Dutch writes “op te vangen.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links optevangen and verwerken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verwerken as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verwerken","lemma":"verwerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with optevangen","gloss":"work through"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"h6-s161","source":"Wie hieraan twyfelt, vrage zich af of men ondervinding zou mogen toekennen aan al de bewoners van Frankryk, die veertig of vyftig jaren oud waren in 1815?","translation":"Whoever doubts this, let him ask himself whether one could attribute experience to all the inhabitants of France who were forty or fifty years old in 1815.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s161.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie hieraan twyfelt, vrage zich af","title":"Archaic subjunctive vrage","body":"vrage is an archaic/literary third-person subjunctive ('let him ask'), a hortative form rare in modern Dutch. afvragen is separable and reflexive (zich afvragen); hieraan is a pronominal adverb, 'of this'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun, singular, nominative","role":"subject of twyfelt and vrage","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"hieraan","lemma":"hieraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of twyfelt","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"twyfelt","lemma":"twijfelen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause headed by Wie","gloss":"doubts"},{"surface":"vrage","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third person singular","role":"main verb with Wie as understood subject","gloss":"let him ask","note":"The final -e marks an archaic present subjunctive used here as an exhortation."},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"reflexive object of vrage ... af","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of vrage ... af","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question governed by vrage ... af","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular, nominative","role":"subject of zou mogen toekennen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ondervinding","lemma":"ondervinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of toekennen","gloss":"experience"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary expressing conditionality with mogen toekennen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"mogen","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of toekennen","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"toekennen","lemma":"toekennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou and mogen","gloss":"attribute"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient of toekennen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"predeterminer of de bewoners","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of bewoners","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bewoners","lemma":"bewoner","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of bewoners","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Frankryk","lemma":"Frankrijk","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"France"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural, nominative","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"veertig","lemma":"veertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"first coordinated modifier of jaren","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links veertig and vyftig","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"vyftig","lemma":"vijftig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"second coordinated modifier of jaren","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"measure complement of oud","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement with waren","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third person plural","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time expression 1815","gloss":"in"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"h6-s162","source":"En zy allen waren toch personen die 't belangryk drama dat in 1789 aanving, hadden zien opvoeren niet alleen, maar die zelfs in meer of min gewichtige rol, dat drama hadden meegespeeld.","translation":"And yet they were all people who had not only seen performed the momentous drama that began in 1789, but who had even, in a more or less weighty role, themselves played a part in that drama.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s162.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die 't belangryk drama ... hadden zien opvoeren","title":"Pluperfect with perception verb","body":"hadden zien opvoeren is the pluperfect of a perception construction: zien ('to see') takes a bare infinitive opvoeren, and the participle of zien appears as the infinitive zien (the 'IPP' / Ersatzinfinitiv rule)."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the preceding context","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural, nominative","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying pronoun, plural","role":"supplement to zy","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third person plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks contrast with the preceding claim","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject complement of waren and antecedent of die","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural, nominative","role":"subject of hadden zien","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of drama","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belangryk","lemma":"belangrijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies drama","gloss":"momentous"},{"surface":"drama","lemma":"drama","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of opvoeren","gloss":"drama"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular, nominative","role":"subject of aanving","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time expression 1789","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"aanving","lemma":"aanvangen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause modifying drama","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person plural","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as substitute infinitive","role":"main verb of the first relative clause","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"opvoeren","lemma":"opvoeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zien with drama as object","gloss":"performed"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"first element of niet alleen ... maar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes niet alleen and scopes over hadden zien opvoeren","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second half of niet alleen ... maar","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural, nominative","role":"subject of hadden meegespeeld","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the second relative clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the role phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"first part of meer of min modifying gewichtige","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links meer and min","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"min","lemma":"min","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"second part of meer of min modifying gewichtige","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"gewichtige","lemma":"gewichtig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies rol","gloss":"weighty"},{"surface":"rol","lemma":"rol","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"role"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of drama","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"drama","lemma":"drama","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of meegespeeld","gloss":"drama"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person plural","role":"auxiliary of meegespeeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"meegespeeld","lemma":"meespelen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second relative clause","gloss":"played a part"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"h6-s163","source":"En, omgekeerd, hoe velen ondergaan een reeks van aandoeningen, zonder dat de uiterlyke omstandigheden hiertoe schenen aanleiding te geven.","translation":"And, conversely, how many undergo a whole series of emotions without the outward circumstances seeming to give any occasion for it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s163.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe velen ondergaan een reeks van aandoeningen, zonder dat ...","title":"zonder dat clause","body":"zonder dat ('without ... -ing') opens a subordinate clause whose verb schenen falls to the end. omgekeerd ('conversely') fronted forces the verb ondergaan to second position."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the preceding context","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"omgekeerd","lemma":"omgekeerd","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying ondergaan","gloss":"conversely"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies velen in the exclamatory question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying pronoun, plural","role":"subject of ondergaan","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ondergaan","lemma":"ondergaan","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"undergo"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of reeks","gloss":"a whole"},{"surface":"reeks","lemma":"reeks","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ondergaan","gloss":"series"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of reeks","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"aandoeningen","lemma":"aandoening","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"emotions"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"first element of zonder dat introducing an adverbial clause","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"completes zonder dat and introduces the clause of schenen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of omstandigheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uiterlyke","lemma":"uiterlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"outward"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of schenen","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"hiertoe","lemma":"hiertoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of aanleiding with geven","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"schenen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"finite verb governing te geven","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"aanleiding","lemma":"aanleiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks geven as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of schenen","gloss":"give"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"h6-s164","source":"Men denke aan de Crusoë-romans, aan Silvio Pellico's gevangenschap, aan 't allerliefste Picciola van Saintine, aan den stryd in de borst eener \"oude vryster\" die haar geheel leven door, één liefde koesterde, zonder ooit door een enkel woord te verraden wat er omging in haar hart, aan de aandoeningen van den menschenvriend die, zonder uiterlyk in den loop der gebeurtenissen betrokken te zyn, vurig belang stelt in 't welzyn van medeburger of medemensch. Men stelle zich voor, hoe hy beurtelings hoopt en vreest, hoe hy elke verandering gadeslaat, zich opwindt voor een schoon denkbeeld, en gloeit van verontwaardiging, als hy het ziet wegdringen en vertrappen door de velen die, voor een oogenblik althans, sterker waren dan schoone denkbeelden.","translation":"Think of the Crusoe novels, of Silvio Pellico's imprisonment, of Saintine's exquisite Picciola, of the struggle in the breast of an \"old maid\" who all her life long cherished one love without ever betraying by a single word what was passing in her heart, of the emotions of the philanthropist who, without being outwardly caught up in the course of events, takes a fervent interest in the welfare of fellow citizen or fellow man. Picture to yourself how he hopes and fears by turns, how he watches every change, how he is roused by some fine idea and glows with indignation when he sees it shoved aside and trampled by the many who, for a moment at least, were stronger than fine ideas.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men denke aan de Crusoë-romans","title":"Archaic hortative denke","body":"Men denke aan ('let one think of') uses the literary subjunctive -e ending on the bare stem, an elevated way to issue a general invitation. It recurs as Men stelle zich voor below."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den stryd in de borst eener \"oude vryster\" die haar geheel leven door, één liefde koesterde","title":"Genitive eener + relative die","body":"eener is the old genitive feminine of een ('of an old maid'). The relative die introduces a long verb-final clause whose finite verb koesterde lands at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als hy het ziet wegdringen en vertrappen","title":"Perception verb + bare infinitive","body":"ziet ('sees') governs bare infinitives wegdringen en vertrappen with no te — the perception-verb pattern. het is the object being shoved aside and trampled."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denke","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"denke","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"main verb; hortative subjunctive","gloss":"think","note":"Formal subjunctive: 'men denke' means 'one should think.'"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement Crusoë-romans","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Crusoë-romans","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Crusoë-romans","lemma":"Crusoëroman","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"prepositional complement of denke","gloss":"Crusoe novels"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement gevangenschap","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Silvio","lemma":"Silvio","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first name of possessor Pellico","gloss":"Silvio"},{"surface":"Pellico's","lemma":"Pellico","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of gevangenschap","gloss":"Pellico's"},{"surface":"gevangenschap","lemma":"gevangenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of denke","gloss":"imprisonment"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement Picciola","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Picciola","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"allerliefste","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies Picciola","gloss":"most exquisite"},{"surface":"Picciola","lemma":"Picciola","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"prepositional complement of denke","gloss":"Picciola"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces author Saintine","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Saintine","lemma":"Saintine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"author of Picciola","gloss":"Saintine"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement strijd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of strijd","gloss":"the","note":"Archaic inflected article; modern Dutch uses 'de.'"},{"surface":"stryd","lemma":"strijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of denke","gloss":"struggle"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location borst","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of borst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"borst","lemma":"borst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive feminine singular","role":"marks possessor vrijster","gloss":"of an"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vrijster","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"vryster","lemma":"vrijster","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor of borst","gloss":"maid","note":"Historical spelling of 'vrijster,' here meaning an unmarried older woman."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of koesterde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"entire"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"duration adjunct of koesterde","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"postposition","role":"completes haar geheel leven door","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies liefde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of koesterde","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"koesterde","lemma":"koesteren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on vrijster","gloss":"cherished"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitival clause verraden","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verraden","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means woord","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"enkel","lemma":"enkel","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies woord","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verraden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verraden","lemma":"verraden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zonder","gloss":"betray"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of omging","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"part of impersonal er omging","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"omging","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of embedded clause","gloss":"was passing","note":"In 'wat er omging,' 'omgaan' means to be passing or stirring inwardly."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location hart","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement aandoeningen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aandoeningen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aandoeningen","lemma":"aandoening","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"prepositional complement of denke","gloss":"emotions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor mensenvriend","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of mensenvriend","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschenvriend","lemma":"mensenvriend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor of aandoeningen","gloss":"philanthropist"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of stelt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitival clause zijn","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"uiterlyk","lemma":"uiterlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betrokken","gloss":"outwardly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces phrase de loop","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of loop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loop","lemma":"loop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"determiner of gebeurtenissen","gloss":"of the","note":"Archaic genitive article; 'der gebeurtenissen' means 'of the events.'"},{"surface":"gebeurtenissen","lemma":"gebeurtenis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of loop","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"betrokken","lemma":"betrekken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"involved"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zonder","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"vurig","lemma":"vurig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies belang","gloss":"fervent"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object in belang stellen","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"stelt","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on mensenvriend","gloss":"takes"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase belang stellen in","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of welzijn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"welzyn","lemma":"welzijn","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"welfare"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor medeburger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"medeburger","lemma":"medeburger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor of welzijn","gloss":"fellow citizen"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates medeburger and medemens","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"medemensch","lemma":"medemens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with medeburger","gloss":"fellow man"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stelle","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"stelle","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"main verb; hortative subjunctive","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive indirect object of stelle","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zich voorstellen","gloss":"to mind"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces embedded clause hoopt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of hoopt and vreest","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"beurtelings","lemma":"beurtelings","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoopt and vreest","gloss":"by turns"},{"surface":"hoopt","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of embedded clause","gloss":"hopes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates hoopt and vreest","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vreest","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with hoopt","gloss":"fears"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces embedded clause gadeslaat","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of gadeslaat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"elke","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verandering","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"verandering","lemma":"verandering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gadeslaat","gloss":"change"},{"surface":"gadeslaat","lemma":"gadeslaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of embedded clause","gloss":"watches"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of opwindt","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"opwindt","lemma":"opwinden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated predicate with gadeslaat","gloss":"is roused"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement denkbeeld","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies denkbeeld","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"idea"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates opwindt and gloeit","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gloeit","lemma":"gloeien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with opwindt","gloss":"glows"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement verontwaardiging","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"verontwaardiging","lemma":"verontwaardiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"indignation"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause ziet","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of wegdringen and vertrappen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb governing infinitives","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"wegdringen","lemma":"wegdringen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of ziet","gloss":"shoved aside"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates wegdringen and vertrappen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vertrappen","lemma":"vertrappen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with wegdringen","gloss":"trampled"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent velen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of velen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"substantive pronoun, plural","role":"agent of wegdringen and vertrappen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces duration oogenblik","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voor een ogenblik","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"sterker","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking subject to sterker","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with denkbeelden","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies denkbeelden","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of comparative dan","gloss":"ideas"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"h6-s165","source":"Men denke aan den wysgeer die van uit zyn cel aan 't volk tracht te leeren wat waarheid is, als hy bemerken moet dat zyn stem overschreeuwd wordt door piëtistische huichelary of gewinzoekende kwakzalvers.","translation":"Think of the philosopher who from his cell strives to teach the people what truth is, when he must perceive that his voice is shouted down by pietistic hypocrisy or by gain-seeking quacks.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s165.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den wysgeer die ... tracht te leeren wat waarheid is","title":"Accusative den + relative + te-infinitive","body":"den wysgeer carries the old accusative article den after aan. The relative die opens a clause where tracht governs te leeren, and the embedded wat-question ends on is."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat zyn stem overschreeuwd wordt door ... huichelary","title":"worden-passive with door","body":"overschreeuwd wordt is the present process passive ('is shouted down'), with door naming the agent — the hypocrisy and quacks doing the drowning-out."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denke","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"denke","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"main verb; hortative subjunctive","gloss":"think","note":"Formal subjunctive: 'men denke' means 'one should think.'"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement wijsgeer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of wijsgeer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wysgeer","lemma":"wijsgeer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of denke","gloss":"philosopher"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of tracht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition van uit","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of compound preposition van uit","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of cel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"cel","lemma":"cel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van uit","gloss":"cell"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks indirect object volk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of volk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of leren","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"tracht","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on wijsgeer","gloss":"strives"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive leren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of tracht","gloss":"teach"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking waarheid to wat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause moet bemerken","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of moet bemerken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bemerken","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moet","gloss":"perceive"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of bemerken","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause overschreeuwd wordt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of stem","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"stem","lemma":"stem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive overschreeuwd wordt","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"overschreeuwd","lemma":"overschreeuwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive complement clause","gloss":"shouted down"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of overschreeuwd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces passive agents","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"piëtistische","lemma":"piëtistisch","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies huichelarij","gloss":"pietistic"},{"surface":"huichelary","lemma":"huichelarij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first passive agent of overschreeuwd","gloss":"hypocrisy"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates huichelarij and kwakzalvers","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gewinzoekende","lemma":"gewinzoekend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kwakzalvers","gloss":"gain-seeking"},{"surface":"kwakzalvers","lemma":"kwakzalver","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"second passive agent of overschreeuwd","gloss":"quacks"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"h6-s166","source":"Men stelle zich Sokrates voor--niet als hy den gifbeker ledigt, want ik bedoel hier de ondervinding van 't gemoed, en niet die welke rechtstreeks door uiterlyke omstandigheden veroorzaakt wordt--hoe bitter bedroefd zyn ziel moet geweest zyn, toen hy die 't goede en ware zocht, zich hoorde noemen \"een bederver der jeugd en een verachter der goden.\"","translation":"Picture Socrates to yourself—not as he drains the cup of poison, for I mean here the experience of the heart, and not the kind that is brought about directly by outward circumstances—how bitterly grieved his soul must have been when he, who sought the good and the true, heard himself called \"a corrupter of youth and a despiser of the gods.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s166.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die welke rechtstreeks door uiterlyke omstandigheden veroorzaakt wordt","title":"die welke + worden-passive","body":"die welke pairs the demonstrative die with the formal relative welke ('the kind which'). veroorzaakt wordt is the worden-passive, 'is caused', with door marking the cause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe bitter bedroefd zyn ziel moet geweest zyn","title":"Modal + perfect infinitive","body":"moet geweest zyn = 'must have been': the modal moeten plus the perfect infinitive geweest zyn expresses inferred certainty about the past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een bederver der jeugd en een verachter der goden","title":"Genitive der twice","body":"der is the frozen genitive — der jeugd 'of youth', der goden 'of the gods'. Two case-remnant genitives in one charge, echoing the historical accusation against Socrates."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of stelle","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"stelle","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"main verb; hortative subjunctive","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, dative, reflexive","role":"reflexive indirect object of stelle","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"Sokrates","lemma":"Socrates","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of stelle","gloss":"Socrates"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zich voorstellen","gloss":"to mind"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates temporal clause ledigt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause ledigt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of ledigt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of gifbeker","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gifbeker","lemma":"gifbeker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ledigt","gloss":"poison cup"},{"surface":"ledigt","lemma":"ledigen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of temporal clause","gloss":"drains"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bedoel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bedoel","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedoel","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ondervinding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ondervinding","lemma":"ondervinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bedoel","gloss":"experience"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier gemoed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gemoed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates ondervinding and die","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates die","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"coordinated object of bedoel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of veroorzaakt wordt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"rechtstreeks","lemma":"rechtstreeks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veroorzaakt","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces cause omstandigheden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"uiterlyke","lemma":"uiterlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"outward"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent-like cause of veroorzaakt","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"veroorzaakt","lemma":"veroorzaken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of passive relative clause","gloss":"caused"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of veroorzaakt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies bitter bedroefd","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"bitter","lemma":"bitter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedroefd","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"bedroefd","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of moet geweest zijn","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary governing geweest zijn","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle of the copula in the perfect infinitive","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moet","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause hoorde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of hoorde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of zocht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of substantivized goede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of zocht","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates goede and ware","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"coordinated object with goede","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on hij","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"hoorde","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite perception verb governing noemen","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hoorde","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bederver","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bederver","lemma":"bederver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of noemen","gloss":"corrupter"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive singular","role":"determiner of jeugd","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"jeugd","lemma":"jeugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of bederver","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates bederver and verachter","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verachter","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verachter","lemma":"verachter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated predicative complement with bederver","gloss":"despiser"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"determiner of goden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"goden","lemma":"god","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive modifier of verachter","gloss":"gods"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"h6-s167","source":"Of beter nog: men denke aan Jezus, waar hy zoo treurig staart op Jeruzalem, en zich beklaagt \"dat het niet gewild heeft.\"","translation":"Or, better still: think of Jesus, where he gazes so mournfully upon Jerusalem and laments \"that it would not.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s167.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"men denke aan Jezus, waar hy zoo treurig staart op Jeruzalem","title":"Prepositional verb staren op","body":"staart ... op is the prepositional verb staren op ('to gaze upon'); op stays with its object op Jeruzalem as a preposition, not a separable particle. zich beklaagt is reflexive, 'laments'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beter","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beter","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of denke","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"denke","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the exhortation","gloss":"should think","note":"The subjunctive denke gives an impersonal exhortation: “one should think.”"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Jezus","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Jezus","lemma":"Jezus","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of denke","gloss":"Jesus"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the relative adverbial clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of staart and beklaagt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies treurig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"treurig","lemma":"treurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staart","gloss":"mournfully"},{"surface":"staart","lemma":"staren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"first verb of the relative clause","gloss":"gazes"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Jeruzalem","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"Jeruzalem","lemma":"Jeruzalem","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"Jerusalem"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of beklaagt","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"beklaagt","lemma":"beklagen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with staart","gloss":"laments"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gewild","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gewild","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewild","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gewild","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of the complement clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewild","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"h6-s168","source":"Zulk een kreet van smart--vóór gifbeker of kruishout--vloeit niet uit een ongedeerd hart.","translation":"Such a cry of pain—before poison-cup or cross—does not flow from an unscathed heart.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s168.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zulk een kreet van smart ... vloeit niet uit een ongedeerd hart","title":"niet vs geen in negation","body":"Here niet negates the verb-phrase action ('does not flow'); contrast geen, which would negate an indefinite noun. ongedeerd ('unscathed') carries no -e because it is predicative-attributive on a neuter het-word, hart."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vóór gifbeker of kruishout","title":"kruishout — the cross","body":"A compound, kruis ('cross') + hout ('wood'): the wood of the cross. Paired with gifbeker (poison-cup), it sets Christ beside Socrates as figures of suffering."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of kreet","gloss":"Such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kreet","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kreet","lemma":"kreet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vloeit","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking smart","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"smart","lemma":"smart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"pain"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gifbeker","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"gifbeker","lemma":"gifbeker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"poison-cup"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"kruishout","lemma":"kruishout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with gifbeker","gloss":"cross"},{"surface":"vloeit","lemma":"vloeien","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flows"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vloeit","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hart","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ongedeerd","lemma":"ongedeerd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hart","gloss":"unscathed"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"h6-s169","source":"Dáár moet geleden zyn, veel geleden, daar is ondervonden!","translation":"There must have been suffering, much suffering—there is experience!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s169.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dáár moet geleden zyn, veel geleden, daar is ondervonden!","title":"Impersonal passive with zijn","body":"moet geleden zyn and is ondervonden are subjectless (impersonal) passives — 'there must have been suffering', 'there has been experience' — built on the participle without any grammatical subject. The accent on Dáár marks emphatic stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb in the impersonal clause","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with moet zijn","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geleden","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geleden","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"elliptical repetition of geleden zijn","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ondervonden","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ondervonden","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"ondervonden","lemma":"ondervinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle of the impersonal clause","gloss":"experienced","note":"Literally “there has been experienced,” meaning profound experience has been gained."}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"h6-s170","source":"Deze tirade is me ontsnapt ... ze staat er nu eenmaal, en blyve.","translation":"This tirade has escaped me ... it stands there now, once for all, and let it stand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s170.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze staat er nu eenmaal, en blyve","title":"Archaic subjunctive blyve","body":"blyve is the literary subjunctive ('let it stand/remain'), formed from the bare stem + -e. nu eenmaal is the idiom 'as it is, once and for all'. er here is the existential/place particle."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Deze tirade is me ontsnapt","title":"tirade — an outburst","body":"tirade names a vehement, drawn-out flow of words; Multatuli wryly admits this impassioned digression 'escaped' him but refuses to delete it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tirade","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"tirade","lemma":"tirade","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ontsnapt","gloss":"tirade"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontsnapt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, dative, first-person singular","role":"indirect object of ontsnapt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ontsnapt","lemma":"ontsnappen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of staat","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of staat","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"combines with nu in the idiom nu eenmaal","gloss":"once for all","note":"Nu eenmaal means “as things now are” or “once for all.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"blyve","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"subjunctive coordinated with staat","gloss":"let it stand","note":"Blyve is an old-spelling subjunctive meaning “let it remain.”"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"h6-s171","source":"Havelaar had veel ondervonden.","translation":"Havelaar had experienced much.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s171.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar had veel ondervonden","title":"Pluperfect had ... ondervonden","body":"had + past participle ondervonden is the pluperfect, 'had experienced' — the past behind the narrative past, summing up his life before the story's present."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ondervonden","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ondervonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of ondervonden","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ondervonden","lemma":"ondervinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"experienced"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"h6-s172","source":"Wilt ge iets dat opweegt tegen de verhuizing van de A-gracht! Hy had schipbreuk geleden, meer dan eens.","translation":"Do you want something that outweighs the removal from the A-canal? He had suffered shipwreck, more than once.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s172.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wilt ge iets dat opweegt tegen de verhuizing van de A-gracht!","title":"Pronoun ge + separable opwegen","body":"ge is the literary/period second-person 'you' (with verb wilt). opweegt is separable opwegen tegen ('to outweigh'), the prefix op fused here in the relative clause. The exclamation point gives it a near-imperative force."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had schipbreuk geleden, meer dan eens","title":"Pluperfect lijden (strong)","body":"had ... geleden is the pluperfect of the strong verb lijden ('to suffer'); the strong participle geleden shows the vowel shift ij→e rather than a -d/-t ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wilt","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of Wilt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of Wilt","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of opweegt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"opweegt","lemma":"opwegen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on iets","gloss":"outweighs"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verhuizing","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhuizing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verhuizing","lemma":"verhuizing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of opweegt","gloss":"removal"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking A-gracht","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of A-gracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"A-gracht","lemma":"A-gracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"A-canal","note":"A-gracht is the narrator’s abbreviated name for a canal."},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of geleden","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geleden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"schipbreuk","lemma":"schipbreuk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geleden","gloss":"shipwreck"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"part of the phrase meer dan eens","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase meer","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the phrase meer dan eens","gloss":"once"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"h6-s173","source":"Hy had brand, oproer, sluikmoord, oorlog, duëllen, weelde, armoede, honger, cholera, liefde en \"liefden\" in zyn dagboek staan. Hy had vele landen bezocht, en omgang gehad met lieden van allerlei ras en stand, zeden, vooroordelen, godsdienst en gelaatskleur.","translation":"He had fire, riot, assassination, war, duels, luxury, poverty, hunger, cholera, love, and \"loves\" entered in his journal. He had visited many lands and had dealings with people of every sort of race and rank, customs, prejudices, religion, and color of skin.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s173.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had brand, oproer, sluikmoord, oorlog ... in zyn dagboek staan","title":"Pluperfect with hebben ... staan","body":"had ... staan is a pluperfect of position: 'had ... standing/entered in his journal'. staan (bare infinitive) functions almost like a participle in this hebben-construction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had vele landen bezocht, en omgang gehad","title":"Pluperfect with bare adjective vele","body":"bezocht and gehad form pluperfects under one had. vele takes -e as an attributive adjective before the plural landen. Note the long asyndetic noun list above relies on coordination by commas."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sluikmoord","title":"sluikmoord — secret killing","body":"A compound of sluik ('clandestine, smuggled') + moord ('murder'): assassination done by stealth, distinct from open killing in war (oorlog) listed alongside it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had staan","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb governing staan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"brand","lemma":"brand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had; subject of staan","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"oproer","lemma":"oproer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with brand","gloss":"riot"},{"surface":"sluikmoord","lemma":"sluikmoord","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with brand","gloss":"assassination"},{"surface":"oorlog","lemma":"oorlog","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with brand","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"duëllen","lemma":"duël","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with brand","gloss":"duels"},{"surface":"weelde","lemma":"weelde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with brand","gloss":"luxury"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with brand","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"honger","lemma":"honger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with brand","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"cholera","lemma":"cholera","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with brand","gloss":"cholera"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with brand","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"liefden","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with liefde","gloss":"loves","note":"The quotation marks make the plural “loves” pointed or ironic."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dagboek","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of dagboek","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dagboek","lemma":"dagboek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of staan","gloss":"journal"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of had","gloss":"entered","note":"Iets in zijn dagboek hebben staan means to have something entered in one’s journal."},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of bezocht and gehad","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bezocht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of landen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"landen","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bezocht","gloss":"lands"},{"surface":"bezocht","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"visited"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"omgang","lemma":"omgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"dealings"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with bezocht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lieden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of gehad","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ras","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"allerlei","lemma":"allerlei","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ras","gloss":"every sort of"},{"surface":"ras","lemma":"ras","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stand","lemma":"stand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with ras","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"zeden","lemma":"zede","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with ras and stand","gloss":"customs"},{"surface":"vooroordelen","lemma":"vooroordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated with zeden","gloss":"prejudices"},{"surface":"godsdienst","lemma":"godsdienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with zeden","gloss":"religion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gelaatskleur","lemma":"gelaatskleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with zeden","gloss":"skin color"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"h6-s174","source":"Wat dus de levensomstandigheden aangaat, kon hy veel ondervonden hebben. En dat hy werkelyk veel ondervonden hàd, dat hy 't leven niet was doorgegaan zonder de indrukken optevangen die 't hem zoo ruimschoots aanbood, daarvoor moge ons de vlugheid van zyn geest borg wezen, en de ontvankelykheid van zyn gemoed.","translation":"As far, then, as life's circumstances go, he could have experienced much. And that he really had experienced much, that he had not passed through life without catching the impressions it offered him so abundantly, of that let the quickness of his mind be our surety, and the receptiveness of his heart.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s174.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat dus de levensomstandigheden aangaat, kon hy veel ondervonden hebben","title":"wat ... aangaat + modal perfect infinitive","body":"Wat ... aangaat ('as far as ... is concerned') is a fixed framing clause; the main verb kon then leads. kon ... ondervonden hebben pairs the modal kunnen with a perfect infinitive, 'could have experienced'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daarvoor moge ons de vlugheid van zyn geest borg wezen","title":"Archaic subjunctive moge","body":"moge is the literary subjunctive of mogen ('may it be'). daarvoor is a pronominal adverb ('for that'); fronting it inverts the subject after moge. borg wezen = 'be surety'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"what","note":"Wat … aangaat is the idiom “as regards ….”"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangaat","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of levensomstandigheden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"levensomstandigheden","lemma":"levensomstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of aangaat","gloss":"life circumstances"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the topical clause Wat ... aangaat","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ondervonden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of ondervonden hebben","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ondervonden","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ondervonden","lemma":"ondervinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"experienced"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of ondervonden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hàd","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ondervonden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of ondervonden had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ondervonden","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of ondervonden","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ondervonden","lemma":"ondervinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"depends on hàd","gloss":"experienced"},{"surface":"hàd","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ondervonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of doorgegaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of was doorgegaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object within het leven doorgaan","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doorgegaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doorgegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"doorgegaan","lemma":"doorgaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"second coordinated content clause after dat","gloss":"passed through"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the clause of optevangen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of indrukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indrukken","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of optevangen","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"optevangen","lemma":"opvangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zonder","gloss":"catching","note":"Optevangen is the old solid spelling of modern op te vangen."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of aanbood","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of aanbood","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of aanbood","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ruimschoots","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ruimschoots","lemma":"ruimschoots","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanbood","gloss":"abundantly"},{"surface":"aanbood","lemma":"aanbieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying indrukken","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complement of borg","gloss":"for that"},{"surface":"moge","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, first-person plural","role":"indirect object of borg wezen","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vlugheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vlugheid","lemma":"vlugheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"quickness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zyn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of geest","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"borg","lemma":"borg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"surety"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with moge","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontvankelykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontvankelykheid","lemma":"ontvankelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject with vlugheid","gloss":"receptiveness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gemoed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of gemoed","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"h6-s175","source":"Dit nu wekte verwondering van allen die wisten of gissen konden hoeveel hy had bygewoond en geleden, dat hiervan zoo weinig op zyn gelaat te lezen was.","translation":"Now this awakened wonder in all who knew, or could guess, how much he had witnessed and suffered—that so little of it was to be read upon his face.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s175.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit nu wekte verwondering van allen die wisten of gissen konden hoeveel hy had bygewoond en geleden","title":"Nested verb-final clauses","body":"The relative die opens a clause (wisten of ... konden), which itself contains an indirect question hoeveel ... had bygewoond en geleden ending in two pluperfect participles. Each subordinate layer drives its verbs rightward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wekte","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wekte","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"wekte","lemma":"wekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"awakened"},{"surface":"verwondering","lemma":"verwondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wekte","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking allen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of van","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wisten and konden gissen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"wisten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause modifying allen","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gissen","lemma":"gissen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of konden","gloss":"guess"},{"surface":"konden","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gissen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"hoeveel","lemma":"hoeveel","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bijgewoond and geleden","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had bijgewoond and geleden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bijgewoond and geleden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"bygewoond","lemma":"bijwonen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"witnessed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with bijgewoond","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lezen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"adverb","role":"partitive complement of weinig","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was te lezen","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"depends on lezen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessor of gelaat","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of was","gloss":"be read"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary in was te lezen","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"h6-s176","source":"Wel sprak er uit zyn trekken iets als vermoeienis, doch dit deed eer denken aan vroegrype jeugd dan aan naderenden ouderdom. En naderende ouderdom had het toch moeten zyn, want in Indiën is de man van vyfendertig jaar niet jong meer.","translation":"True, his features did speak of something like weariness, yet this made one think rather of a precocious youth than of approaching age. And approaching age it must nonetheless have been, for in the Indies a man of thirty-five is no longer young.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s176.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wel sprak er uit zyn trekken iets als vermoeienis","title":"Fronted Wel + existential er","body":"Wel ('true, indeed') fronts the clause, so sprak comes before the subject iets. er here is the existential 'there', introducing the indefinite subject iets als vermoeienis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"En naderende ouderdom had het toch moeten zyn","title":"Pluperfect modal moeten zyn","body":"had ... moeten zyn is the pluperfect of the modal moeten ('it must have been'). The fronted predicate naderende ouderdom forces inversion; naderende is a present participle used attributively."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"admittedly"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb; inverted with subject iets","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"presentative element with subject iets","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trekken","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of trekken","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"trekken","lemma":"trek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"features"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with vermoeienis","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"vermoeienis","lemma":"vermoeienis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"weariness"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with sprak","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies denken","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of deed","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jeugd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vroegrype","lemma":"vroegrijp","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies jeugd","gloss":"precocious"},{"surface":"jeugd","lemma":"jeugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the second term of eer ... dan","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ouderdom","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"naderenden","lemma":"naderen","morphology":"present participle, inflected","role":"modifies ouderdom","gloss":"approaching"},{"surface":"ouderdom","lemma":"ouderdom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the new sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"naderende","lemma":"naderen","morphology":"present participle, inflected","role":"modifies ouderdom","gloss":"approaching"},{"surface":"ouderdom","lemma":"ouderdom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of zyn","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of moeten zyn","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of had moeten zyn","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeten","gloss":"nonetheless"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of had","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moeten","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indiën","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indiën","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking man and jong","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vyfendertig","lemma":"vijfendertig","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"thirty-five"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet meer, negating jong","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of niet meer, modifying jong","gloss":"anymore"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"h6-s177","source":"Ook zyn aandoeningen, zeide ik, waren jong gebleven.","translation":"His emotions, too, I said, had remained young.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s177.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ook zyn aandoeningen, zeide ik, waren jong gebleven","title":"zijn-perfect of blijven","body":"waren ... gebleven is the pluperfect of blijven ('had remained') — blijven takes zijn, not hebben, as its auxiliary. zeide is an archaic/literary past of zeggen ('I said')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aandoeningen","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of aandoeningen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aandoeningen","lemma":"aandoening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren gebleven","gloss":"emotions"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gebleven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of gebleven","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"gebleven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle with waren","gloss":"remained"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"h6-s178","source":"Hy kon spelen met een kind, en als een kind, en meermalen klaagde hy dat \"kleine Max\" nog te jong was om vliegers optelaten, omdat hy \"de groote Max\" daarvan zoveel hield.","translation":"He could play with a child, and like a child, and more than once he complained that \"little Max\" was still too young to fly kites, because he, \"big Max,\" was so fond of it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s178.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"klaagde hy dat \"kleine Max\" nog te jong was om vliegers optelaten","title":"om ... te purpose with joined infinitive","body":"om vliegers optelaten = 'to fly kites' (om ... te, with separable oplaten joined around te). The dat-clause is verb-final, ending on was."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"vliegers oplaten","title":"vliegers oplaten — to fly kites","body":"vlieger means 'kite' (also 'flyer'); oplaten is 'to let up / send aloft'. The image of the grown Havelaar wishing his son were old enough to fly kites underscores his childlike heart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kon spelen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of spelen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"spelen","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kind","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of spelen","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with kind","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klaagde","gloss":"more than once"},{"surface":"klaagde","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with kon spelen","gloss":"complained"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of klaagde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of jong","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jong","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies jong","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Max and jong","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive optelaten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vliegers","lemma":"vlieger","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of optelaten","gloss":"kites"},{"surface":"optelaten","lemma":"oplaten","morphology":"separable verb, te-infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of om","gloss":"fly","note":"Historical spelling fuses modern op te laten."},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hield","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Max in apposition to hy","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"big"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to hy","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of hield: hield daarvan","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"zoveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies hield","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of omdat-clause","gloss":"was fond"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"h6-s179","source":"Met jongens sprong hy \"haasjen-over\" en hy teekende heel gaarne een patroon voor 't borduurwerk van de meisjes. Zelfs nam hy dezen meermalen de naald uit de hand, en vermaakte zich met dat werk, ofschoon hy dikwyls zei dat ze wel wat beters konden dan dat \"machinale steken tellen.\" By jongelieden van achttien jaren was hy een jong student, die gaarne zyn Patriam canimus zong, of Gaudeamus igitur ... ja, ik ben niet geheel zeker, dat hy niet nog zeer kort geleden, toen hy met verlof te Amsterdam was, een uithangbord heeft afgebroken, dat hem niet behaagde omdat er een neger op geschilderd was, geboeid aan de voeten van een Europeaan met een lange pyp in den mond, en waaronder natuurlyk te lezen stond: de rookende jonge koopman.","translation":"With boys he played \"leapfrog,\" and he loved to draw a pattern for the girls' embroidery. He would even take the needle from their hands more than once and amuse himself with that work, though he often said that they could do something better than that \"mechanical counting of stitches.\" Among young people of eighteen he was a young student, who liked to sing his Patriam canimus, or Gaudeamus igitur ... indeed, I am not entirely certain that, only very recently, when he was at Amsterdam on leave, he did not tear down a signboard that displeased him because there was painted on it a negro, shackled at the feet of a European with a long pipe in his mouth, and underneath which there naturally stood to be read: the smoking young merchant.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s179.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy teekende heel gaarne een patroon voor 't borduurwerk van de meisjes","title":"Diminutive plural meisjes","body":"meisje ('girl') is itself a diminutive (and so neuter) of meid; its plural takes -s. The middle field shows Time/Manner ordering with the adverb heel gaarne before the object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"nam hy dezen meermalen de naald uit de hand","title":"Demonstrative dezen as dative object","body":"dezen is the inflected demonstrative ('from these/them'), carrying the old dative -en — 'took the needle out of their hand'. The fronted Zelfs inverts the subject after nam."}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jongens","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"jongens","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of sprong","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"sprong","lemma":"springen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sprong","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"haasjen-over","lemma":"haasje-over","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of sprong","gloss":"leapfrog","note":"Historical diminutive spelling; modern Dutch is haasje-over."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of teekende","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"teekende","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with sprong","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaarne","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies teekende","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of patroon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"patroon","lemma":"patroon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of teekende","gloss":"pattern"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking borduurwerk","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of borduurwerk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"borduurwerk","lemma":"borduurwerk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"embroidery"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meisjes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"Zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nam","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nam and vermaakte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, dative plural","role":"indirect object of nam, referring to the girls","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nam","gloss":"more than once"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of naald","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naald","lemma":"naald","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"needle"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hand","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vermaakte","lemma":"vermaken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with nam","gloss":"amused"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of vermaakte","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werk","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of werk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vermaakte","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"ofschoon","lemma":"ofschoon","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zei","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on vermaakte","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of konden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of konden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the claim konden","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"determiner of substantivized beters","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"beters","lemma":"goed","morphology":"substantivized adjective, comparative","role":"object of konden","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"konden","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of dat-clause, with ellipted doen","gloss":"could do"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with dat ... tellen","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of tellen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"machinale","lemma":"machinaal","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies tellen","gloss":"mechanical"},{"surface":"steken","lemma":"steek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of tellen","gloss":"stitches"},{"surface":"tellen","lemma":"tellen","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"head of noun phrase determined by dat","gloss":"counting"},{"surface":"By","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jongelieden","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"jongelieden","lemma":"jongelieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"young people"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"achttien","lemma":"achttien","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"eighteen"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hy and student","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of student","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies student","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"student","lemma":"student","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"student"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zong; antecedent student","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zong","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of song title Patriam canimus","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Patriam","lemma":"patria","morphology":"Latin noun, accusative singular","role":"part of song title; object of canimus","gloss":"the homeland"},{"surface":"canimus","lemma":"cano","morphology":"Latin verb, present, first-person plural","role":"part of song title","gloss":"we sing"},{"surface":"zong","lemma":"zingen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"sang"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Gaudeamus","lemma":"gaudeo","morphology":"Latin verb, present subjunctive, first-person plural","role":"first word of coordinated song title","gloss":"let us rejoice"},{"surface":"igitur","lemma":"igitur","morphology":"Latin adverb","role":"second word of song title","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing a stronger assertion","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik and zeker","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates geheel zeker","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeker","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of ben","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of zeker","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft afgebroken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates heeft afgebroken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kort geleden","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kort","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies geleden","gloss":"recently"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"geleden","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of temporal phrase zeer kort geleden","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause with was","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verlof","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"verlof","lemma":"verlof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amsterdam","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Amsterdam","lemma":"Amsterdam","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of toen-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uithangbord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"uithangbord","lemma":"uithangbord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of afgebroken","gloss":"signboard"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of afgebroken","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"afgebroken","lemma":"afbreken","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle with heeft","gloss":"torn down"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of behaagde; antecedent uithangbord","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of behaagde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behaagde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"behaagde","lemma":"behagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geschilderd","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal object of op; antecedent uithangbord","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of neger","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"neger","lemma":"neger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geschilderd was","gloss":"Black man","note":"Neger is historical and now widely considered offensive; the translation reflects the period context."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"pronominal-adverb particle","role":"forms er ... op: on it","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"geschilderd","lemma":"schilderen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle with was","gloss":"painted"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geschilderd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geboeid","lemma":"boeien","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"depictive modifier of neger","gloss":"shackled"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voeten","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voeten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voeten","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europeaan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van, modifying voeten","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pyp","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pyp","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"lange","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies pyp","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"pyp","lemma":"pijp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"pipe"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mond","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of mond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mond","lemma":"mond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waaronder","lemma":"waaronder","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of stond; antecedent the sign image","gloss":"under which"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of stond","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koopman","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rookende","lemma":"roken","morphology":"present participle, inflected","role":"modifies koopman","gloss":"smoking"},{"surface":"jonge","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies koopman","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"koopman","lemma":"koopman","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of quoted caption; subject of stond","gloss":"merchant"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"h6-s180","source":"De baboe die hy uit den wagen had geholpen, geleek op alle baboes in Indie, als ze oud zyn.","translation":"The baboe whom he had helped from the carriage resembled all baboes in the Indies, when they are old.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s180.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De baboe die hy uit den wagen had geholpen, geleek op alle baboes","title":"Relative die + pluperfect, then geleek op","body":"The relative die opens a verb-final clause ending in the pluperfect had geholpen. geleek op is the simple past of gelijken op ('resembled'). den wagen keeps the old accusative den after uit."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of baboe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"baboe","lemma":"baboe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geleek","gloss":"baboe","note":"A baboe was a native female nurse or maid in the Dutch East Indies."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of geholpen","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geholpen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wagen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geholpen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geholpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of the relative clause on baboe","gloss":"helped"},{"surface":"geleek","lemma":"gelijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"resembled"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement marker of geleek","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of baboes","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"baboes","lemma":"baboe","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"baboes"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indië","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in; modifies baboes","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of zijn","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"oud","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of zijn","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking ze to oud","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"h6-s181","source":"Wanneer ge deze soort van bedienden kent, behoef ik u niet te zeggen hoe zy er uitzag. En als gy ze niet kent, kan ik het u niet zeggen.","translation":"If you know this sort of servant, I need not tell you how she looked. And if you do not know them, I cannot tell you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s181.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wanneer ge deze soort van bedienden kent, behoef ik u niet te zeggen","title":"Conditional ge + main-clause inversion","body":"The wanneer-clause is verb-final (kent at the end); the main clause then leads with behoef before subject ik. ge / u are the literary 'you' forms of 1860. behoeven ... te zeggen = 'need to tell'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"En als gy ze niet kent, kan ik het u niet zeggen","title":"niet negating the verb","body":"niet negates the action in both halves ('do not know', 'cannot tell'). Note gy alongside ge — both period spellings of the same 'you'. The als-clause is verb-final, then kan leads."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of kent","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of kent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kent","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedienden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bedienden","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van; modifies soort","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"kent","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"behoef","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of behoef","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates behoef","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of behoef","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies uitzag","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of uitzag","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of the separable verb eruitzien","gloss":"in appearance"},{"surface":"uitzag","lemma":"eruitzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the indirect question introduced by hoe","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two sentences","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of kent","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of kent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of kent","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kent","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kent","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zeggen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"h6-s182","source":"Dit alleen onderscheidde haar van andere kindermeiden in Indie, dat ze zeer weinig te doen had. Want mevrouw Havelaar was een voorbeeld van zorg voor haar kind, en wat er voor of met de kleine Max te doen viel, deed zyzelf, tot groote verwondering van veel andere dames, die niet goedkeurden dat men zich maakte tot \"slavin van zyn kinderen.\"","translation":"This alone set her apart from other nursemaids in the Indies, that she had very little to do. For Mevrouw Havelaar was a model of care for her child, and whatever there was to be done for or with little Max, she did herself, to the great wonder of many other ladies, who did not approve of one's making oneself the \"slave of one's children.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h6-s182.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat er voor of met de kleine Max te doen viel, deed zyzelf","title":"Fronted clause + emphatic zyzelf","body":"The whole wat ... te doen viel clause fills first position, so the main verb deed precedes its subject zyzelf ('she herself', emphatic). er is the existential particle, te doen viel = 'was to be done'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die niet goedkeurden dat men zich maakte tot \"slavin van zyn kinderen\"","title":"Reflexive zich maken tot","body":"zich maken tot ('to make oneself into') is reflexive; the relative die opens the clause, with the verb goedkeurden at the end and an embedded dat-clause inside. slavin is the feminine of slaaf."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of onderscheidde","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses Dit","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"onderscheidde","lemma":"onderscheiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"set apart"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of onderscheidde","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kindermeiden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies kindermeiden","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"kindermeiden","lemma":"kindermeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"nursemaids"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indië","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in; modifies kindermeiden","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of had","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanation","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the proper name Mevrouw Havelaar","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the proper name Mevrouw Havelaar","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Mevrouw Havelaar to voorbeeld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"voorbeeld","lemma":"voorbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"model"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zorg","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies voorbeeld","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kind","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clauses headed by was and deed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of viel and direct object of deed","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential construction with viel","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"first element of the coordination voor of met","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates voor and met","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"second element of the coordination voor of met","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Max","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object shared by voor and met","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of viel","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the free relative clause","gloss":"was","note":"Er viel ... te doen means there was ... to do."},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"zyzelf","lemma":"zijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular, emphatic","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"she herself","note":"Zyzelf is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern zijzelf."},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verwondering","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies verwondering","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"verwondering","lemma":"verwondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dames","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dames","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies dames","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"dames","lemma":"dame","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of goedkeurden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates goedkeurden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"goedkeurden","lemma":"goedkeuren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on dames","gloss":"approved"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of goedkeurden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the object clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the result complement slavin","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"slavin","lemma":"slavin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"result complement of maakte","gloss":"slave"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kinderen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kinderen","gloss":"one’s"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"children"}]}]}