{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-7","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 7","translated":"Chapter 7"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-7","lines":210},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-6","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-8","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h7-s1","source":"ZEVENDE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"CHAPTER SEVEN","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ZEVENDE","lemma":"zevende","morphology":"ordinal numeral, attributive","role":"modifies hoofdstuk","gloss":"seventh"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the title","gloss":"chapter"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h7-s2","source":"De resident van Bantam stelde den Regent en den kontroleur aan den nieuwen adsistent-resident voor.","translation":"The Resident of Bantam presented the Regent and the Controller to the new Assistant Resident.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stelde den Regent en den kontroleur aan den nieuwen adsistent-resident voor","title":"Separable voorstellen split wide","body":"The separable voorstellen ('to introduce/present') splits: finite stelde sits second, and the prefix voor is hurled all the way to the clause's end. The three den forms are old accusatives/datives on masculine de-words."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stelde voor","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van; modifies resident","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"stelde","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of the separable verb stelde voor","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first direct object of stelde voor","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Regent and kontroleur","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second direct object of stelde voor","gloss":"Controller"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adsistent-resident","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"completes the separable verb stelde voor","gloss":"introduced"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h7-s3","source":"Havelaar begroette beide beambten hoffelyk. Den kontroleur--er is altyd iets pynlyks in de ontmoeting van een nieuwen chef--zette hy door eenige vriendelyke woorden op zyn gemak, als wilde hy terstond reeds een soort van gemeenzaamheid invoeren, die 't verkeer zou gemakkelyk maken.","translation":"Havelaar greeted both officials courteously. The Controller—there is always something awkward in meeting a new chief—he set at ease with a few friendly words, as though wishing to introduce at once a kind of familiarity that would make their dealings easy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zette hy door eenige vriendelyke woorden op zyn gemak","title":"Separable op zyn gemak zetten","body":"The idiom iemand op zyn gemak zetten ('to put someone at ease') splits around the middle field: zette leads, op zyn gemak closes. The fronted object Den kontroleur triggers the inversion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als wilde hy terstond reeds een soort van gemeenzaamheid invoeren","title":"als + inverted clause (as though)","body":"als here means 'as though', and unusually it triggers inversion (wilde hy) like a main clause, governing the modal-plus-infinitive invoeren — an elevated, period construction."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of begroette","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"begroette","lemma":"begroeten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"greeted"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambten","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of begroette","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"hoffelyk","lemma":"hoffelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begroette","gloss":"courteously"},{"surface":"Den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"fronted direct object of zette","gloss":"Controller"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential parenthesis","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking iets to pijnlijks","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"pynlyks","lemma":"pijnlijk","morphology":"adjective, partitive form","role":"modifies iets; part of the subject of is","gloss":"awkward"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontmoeting","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontmoeting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontmoeting","lemma":"ontmoeting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking chef","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of chef","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies chef","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"chef","lemma":"chef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"chief"},{"surface":"zette","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zette","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woorden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"vriendelyke","lemma":"vriendelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies woorden","gloss":"friendly"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom op zijn gemak zetten","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gemak","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gemak","lemma":"gemak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op in op zijn gemak zetten","gloss":"ease","note":"Op zijn gemak zetten means to put someone at ease."},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative conditional clause","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal governing invoeren","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies invoeren","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies invoeren","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of soort","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"soort","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of invoeren","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gemeenzaamheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gemeenzaamheid","lemma":"gemeenzaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies soort","gloss":"familiarity"},{"surface":"invoeren","lemma":"invoeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"introduce"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zou maken; antecedent gemeenzaamheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verkeer","gloss":"the","note":"’t is an elided form of het."},{"surface":"verkeer","lemma":"verkeer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"dealings"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of maken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of verkeer after maken","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h7-s4","source":"Met den Regent was zyn ontmoeting zooals dit behoorde met een persoon die den gouden pajong voert maar die te-gelykertyd zyn \"jonger broeder\" wezen zou.","translation":"His meeting with the Regent was such as befitted a person who carries the golden pajong but who was, at the same time, to be his \"younger brother.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een persoon die den gouden pajong voert maar die ... zyn \"jonger broeder\" wezen zou","title":"Two relative die clauses + conditional","body":"Two die clauses describe persoon, joined by coordinating maar. The second ends on the conditional wezen zou ('was to be'), with the comparative jonger ('younger') unmarked before broeder."}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regent; modifies ontmoeting","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ontmoeting to the zooals-clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ontmoeting","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ontmoeting","lemma":"ontmoeting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of behoorde","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of behoorde","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"behoorde","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"befitted"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking persoon","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of voert","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of pajong","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gouden","lemma":"gouden","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies pajong","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"pajong","lemma":"pajong","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voert","gloss":"pajong","note":"A pajong is a ceremonial parasol signifying rank in the Dutch East Indies."},{"surface":"voert","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the first relative clause on persoon","gloss":"carries"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two relative clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zou wezen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"te-gelykertyd","lemma":"tegelijkertijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou wezen","gloss":"at the same time"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of broeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"jonger","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, comparative, attributive","role":"modifies broeder","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"broeder","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of wezen","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"was to"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h7-s5","source":"Met deftige minzaamheid berispte hy hem over zyn te vurigen dienstyver, die in zùlk een weder hem tot aan de grenzen zyner afdeeling gevoerd had, 'tgeen dan ook de Regent, strikt genomen volgens de regelen der etikette, niet had behoeven te doen.","translation":"With dignified cordiality he chided him for his over-eager zeal in his duties, which in such weather had carried him all the way to the boundaries of his district—something the Regent, strictly speaking and by the rules of etiquette, had not been obliged to do.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"berispte hy hem over zyn te vurigen dienstyver","title":"Adjective -en after te + possessive","body":"te vurigen carries the heavy -en ending on the adjective ('too fervent'), agreeing with the masculine accusative object dienstyver — period inflection. zùlk's grave accent marks emphatic stress."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'tgeen ... de Regent ... niet had behoeven te doen","title":"Pluperfect modal-like behoeven","body":"had behoeven te doen ('had not needed to do') is a pluperfect; behoeven governs te + infinitive but behaves like a modal, so its participle appears as the infinitive behoeven (the IPP rule). 'tgeen is an archaic relative, 'which'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"deftige","lemma":"deftig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies minzaamheid","gloss":"dignified"},{"surface":"minzaamheid","lemma":"minzaamheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"cordiality"},{"surface":"berispte","lemma":"berispen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"chided"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of berispte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, third-person singular","role":"direct object of berispte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces reason for berispte","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determines dienstijver","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies vurigen","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"vurigen","lemma":"vurig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dienstijver","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"dienstyver","lemma":"dienstijver","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"zeal in duties","note":"Historical spelling of modern dienstijver."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gevoerd; antecedent dienstijver","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces weather phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zùlk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determines weder","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determines weder","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"weather","note":"Here weder is an older literary word for weather."},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, third-person singular","role":"direct object of gevoerd","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"all the way"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"second part of compound preposition tot aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determines grenzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grenzen","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of tot aan","gloss":"boundaries"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive feminine singular","role":"determines afdeeling","gloss":"of his","note":"Archaic genitive form of zijn: ‘of his’."},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of grenzen","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"gevoerd","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevoerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"tgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"fronted object of doen","gloss":"something which","note":"Elided spelling of hetgeen, referring to the preceding action."},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse modifier of clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies de Regent","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determines Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of had behoeven te doen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"strikt","lemma":"strikt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genomen","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"part of parenthetical strikt genomen","gloss":"speaking","note":"Strikt genomen is the idiom ‘strictly speaking’."},{"surface":"volgens","lemma":"volgens","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces standard phrase","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determines regelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regelen","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of volgens","gloss":"rules"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive feminine singular","role":"determines etikette","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"etikette","lemma":"etiquette","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of regelen","gloss":"etiquette"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates had behoeven te doen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of behoeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"behoeven","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of had","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of behoeven","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h7-s6","source":"--Waarlyk, mynheer de Adhipatti, ik ben boos op u dat ge u zooveel moeite gegeven hebt om-mynentwil!","translation":"\"Truly, Mr. Adhipatti, I am vexed with you that you have taken so much trouble on my account!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik ben boos op u dat ge u zooveel moeite gegeven hebt om-mynentwil","title":"Reflexive zich moeite geven + ge/u","body":"zich moeite geven ('to take trouble') is reflexive; here ge ... u ('you ... yourself'), the period second-person. om-mynentwil ('for my sake') is a fixed archaic phrase built on the old genitive of myn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"form of address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determines Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"apposition to mynheer","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copular verb","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"boos","lemma":"boos","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"vexed"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of boos","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, second-person polite","role":"object of op","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause explaining boos","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, second-person singular","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determines moeite","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"taken","note":"Zich moeite geven means ‘to take trouble’ or ‘make an effort’."},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"om-mynentwil","lemma":"om mijnentwil","morphology":"fixed prepositional phrase","role":"reason adjunct of gegeven","gloss":"on my account"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h7-s7","source":"Ik dacht u eerst te Rangkas-Betoeng aantetreffen. --Ik wenschte den heer adsistent-resident zoo spoedig mogelyk te zien om vriendschap te sluiten, zei de Adhipatti.","translation":"I had thought to find you first at Rangkas-Betoeng.\" \"I wished to see the Assistant Resident as soon as possible, to seal a friendship,\" said the Adhipatti.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik dacht u eerst te Rangkas-Betoeng aantetreffen","title":"dachten + joined te-infinitive","body":"dacht ('thought, expected') governs te + infinitive; aantetreffen is the separable aantreffen ('to come upon') written joined around te (= aan te treffen)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik wenschte den heer adsistent-resident zoo spoedig mogelyk te zien om vriendschap te sluiten","title":"om ... te purpose clause","body":"wenschte governs te zien; om vriendschap te sluiten ('in order to seal a friendship') is a separate purpose clause with om ... te. den heer keeps the old accusative den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"had thought"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, second-person polite","role":"direct object of aantetreffen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aantetreffen","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place name","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun, place name","role":"object of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"aantetreffen","lemma":"aantreffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of dacht","gloss":"to find","note":"Historical solid spelling of modern aan te treffen."},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of wenschte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of quoted sentence","gloss":"wished","note":"Historical spelling of modern wenste."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, inflected","role":"determines heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"title modifying adsistent-resident","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"first element of zoo spoedig mogelyk","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"completes zoo spoedig mogelyk","gloss":"as possible"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zien as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wenschte","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vriendschap","lemma":"vriendschap","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of sluiten","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks sluiten as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"sluiten","lemma":"sluiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose of zien","gloss":"seal"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determines Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Adhipatti"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h7-s8","source":"--Zeker, zeker, ik voel me zeer vereerd!","translation":"\"Certainly, certainly, I feel myself greatly honored!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"affirmative interjection","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeated affirmative interjection","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of voel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voel","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first-person singular","role":"direct object of voel","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vereerd","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"vereerd","lemma":"vereren","morphology":"adjective, past participle","role":"predicative complement of voel","gloss":"honored"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h7-s9","source":"Maar ik zie niet gaarne iemand van uw rang en uw jaren zich al te veel inspannen.","translation":"But I do not like to see anyone of your rank and your years exert himself overmuch.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik zie niet gaarne iemand ... zich al te veel inspannen","title":"Perception zien + reflexive infinitive","body":"zie ('see') takes a bare infinitive zich inspannen ('exert oneself'), a reflexive separable verb. niet gaarne is the period way of saying 'do not like to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects with preceding speech","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gaarne zie","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zie","gloss":"like to","note":"Niet gaarne zien means ‘not like to see’."},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of zie and understood subject of inspannen","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces rank complement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determines rang","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates rang and jaren","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determines jaren","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"object of inspannen; refers to iemand","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"part of al te veel","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"part of al te veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies inspannen","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"inspannen","lemma":"inspannen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zie","gloss":"exert"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h7-s10","source":"En te-paard nogal!","translation":"And on horseback, no less!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"adds an elliptical circumstance","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te-paard","lemma":"te paard","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"manner adjunct","gloss":"on horseback","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern te paard."},{"surface":"nogal","lemma":"nogal","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic modifier of te-paard","gloss":"no less"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h7-s11","source":"--Ja, mynheer de adsistent-resident!","translation":"\"Yes, Mr. Assistant Resident!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"form of address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determines adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"apposition to mynheer","gloss":"Assistant Resident"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h7-s12","source":"Waar de dienst me roept, ben ik nog altyd vlug en sterk. --Dit is te veel van uzelf gevergd!","translation":"Wherever duty calls me, I am still nimble and strong.\" \"This is asking too much of yourself!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waar de dienst me roept, ben ik nog altyd vlug en sterk","title":"Fronted waar-clause + inversion","body":"The subordinate waar-clause ('wherever duty calls me') fills first position and is verb-final (roept at the end), so the main clause inverts to ben ik."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit is te veel van uzelf gevergd","title":"Impersonal passive of vergen","body":"is ... gevergd is a passive of vergen ('to demand'); 'this is asked too much of yourself'. uzelf is the emphatic reflexive of the polite u."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces free relative clause","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determines dienst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of roept","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, first-person singular","role":"direct object of roept","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"roept","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copular verb of main clause","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"vlug","lemma":"vlug","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"nimble"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates vlug and sterk","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gevergd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative quantity with gevergd","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"uzelf","lemma":"uzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, second-person polite","role":"object of van","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"gevergd","lemma":"vergen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main predicate with is","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h7-s13","source":"Niet waar, resident?","translation":"Is it not so, Resident?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of confirmation tag niet waar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"part of confirmation tag niet waar","gloss":"so","note":"Niet waar? is a tag question meaning ‘is it not so?’"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"form of address","gloss":"Resident"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h7-s14","source":"--De heer Adhipatti.","translation":"\"The Adhipatti.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determines heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"title before Adhipatti","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of Is in h7-s15","gloss":"Adhipatti"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h7-s15","source":"Is.","translation":"Is.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula joining h7-s14 subject to h7-s16–h7-s18 predicate","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h7-s16","source":"Zeer.","translation":"Very.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Yverig in h7-s18","gloss":"very"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h7-s17","source":"--Goed, maar er is een grens.","translation":"\"Good, but there is a limit.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s17.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"interjection","role":"marks qualified agreement","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces qualification","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive subject with is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determines grens","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grens","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"notional subject of is","gloss":"limit"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h7-s18","source":"--Yverig, sleepte de resident achterna.","translation":"\"Zealous,\" the Resident dragged out after him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"sleepte de resident achterna","title":"achternaslepen — to drag out behind","body":"The resident's word Yverig is described as dragged out achterna ('afterward, trailing behind') — a running joke that he speaks in slow, broken single words, here parsed comically as separate sentences in the translation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Yverig","lemma":"ijverig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Is in h7-s15","gloss":"zealous","note":"Historical spelling of modern ijverig; completes ‘De heer Adhipatti is zeer ijverig.’"},{"surface":"sleepte","lemma":"slepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"dragged out"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determines resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of sleepte","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"achterna","lemma":"achterna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sleepte","gloss":"after him"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h7-s19","source":"--Goed, maar er is een grens, moest Havelaar nogeens zeggen, als om 't vorige terugteslikken. Als u 't goed vindt, resident, zullen we plaats in den wagen maken.","translation":"\"Good, but there is a limit,\" Havelaar had to say once more, as if to swallow back what had gone before. \"If you think well of it, Resident, let us make room in the carriage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"moest Havelaar nogeens zeggen, als om 't vorige terugteslikken","title":"Modal moeten + om ... te","body":"moest ... zeggen is the modal moeten in the past ('had to say'); als om ... te frames a purpose-like clause, with separable terugslikken joined around te (terugteslikken = terug te slikken, 'to swallow back')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als u 't goed vindt, resident, zullen we plaats in den wagen maken","title":"Future zullen + conditional als","body":"The als-clause is verb-final (vindt at the end); the main clause then leads with the future zullen ('we will make room'). den wagen keeps the old accusative den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"interjection","role":"marks qualified agreement","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces qualification","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive subject with is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of quoted clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determines grens","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grens","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"notional subject of is","gloss":"limit"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"governs zeggen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of moest zeggen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"nogeens","lemma":"nog eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"once more","note":"Historical solid spelling of modern nog eens."},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moest","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical comparison","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive of comparison","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determines substantivized vorige","gloss":"the","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective used as noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of terugteslikken","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"terugteslikken","lemma":"terugslikken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of om","gloss":"swallow back","note":"Historical solid spelling of modern terug te slikken."},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces condition","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, second-person polite","role":"subject of vindt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of vindt","gloss":"it","note":"Elided form of het."},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement with vindt","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"vindt","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, second-person polite","role":"verb of condition","gloss":"think","note":"Het goed vinden means ‘to approve’ or ‘think it well’."},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"form of address","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person plural","role":"auxiliary of maken","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person plural","role":"subject of zullen maken","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, inflected","role":"determines wagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zullen","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h7-s20","source":"De baboe kan hier blyven, we zullen haar een tandoe zenden van Rangkas-Betoeng.","translation":"The baboe can stay here; we will send her a tandoe from Rangkas-Betoeng.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De baboe kan hier blyven, we zullen haar een tandoe zenden","title":"Modal kan + future zullen","body":"Two clauses, two verb-types: kan ... blyven (modal kunnen + bare infinitive) and zullen ... zenden (future). haar is the dative object, 'send her'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determines baboe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"baboe","lemma":"baboe","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of kan blyven","gloss":"nursemaid","note":"A baboe was an Indigenous nursemaid or female domestic servant in the Dutch East Indies."},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"governs blyven","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyven","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person plural","role":"subject of zullen zenden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person plural","role":"auxiliary of zenden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of zenden","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determines tandoe","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tandoe","lemma":"tandoe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zenden","gloss":"litter","note":"A tandoe is a carried litter or sedan chair."},{"surface":"zenden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zullen","gloss":"send"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces origin phrase","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun, place name","role":"object of van","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h7-s21","source":"Myn vrouw neemt Max op den schoot ... niet waar, Tine? En dan is er plaats genoeg.","translation":"My wife will take Max on her lap ... is it not so, Tine? And then there is room enough.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Myn vrouw neemt Max op den schoot","title":"Present tense for the near future","body":"neemt is the simple present ('will take') used for an imminent action — Dutch routinely lets the present do future duty. den schoot shows the old accusative den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determines vrouw","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of neemt","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"neemt","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb with future sense","gloss":"will take"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of neemt","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces position phrase","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, inflected","role":"determines schoot","gloss":"the","note":"Dutch uses the definite article where English uses a possessive in this body-position phrase."},{"surface":"schoot","lemma":"schoot","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"lap"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of confirmation tag niet waar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"part of confirmation tag niet waar","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"form of address","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects final clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive subject with is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"notional subject of is","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies plaats","gloss":"enough"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h7-s22","source":"--Het. Is.","translation":"\"It. Is.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s22.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula whose complement follows in the next segment","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h7-s23","source":"My. --Verbrugge, we zullen ook u passage geven, ik zie niet in ...","translation":"To. Me.\" \"Verbrugge, we will give you passage too; I do not see why ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s23.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"My","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"fragment continuing the preceding utterance","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person plural","role":"subject of geven","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of geven","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies u","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative, second person formal","role":"indirect object of geven","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"passage","lemma":"passage","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"passage"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zullen","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite part of inzien","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zie ... in","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of zie ... in","gloss":"understand"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h7-s24","source":"--Wèl! zei de resident.","translation":"\"Well!\" said the Resident.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"affirmative modal adverb","role":"elliptically contradicts niet inzien","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Resident"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h7-s25","source":"--Ik zie niet in waarom ge zonder noodzaak te-paard door den modder zoudt klepperen ... er is plaats genoeg voor ons allen. We kunnen dan met-een terstond kennis maken.","translation":"\"I do not see why you should clatter on horseback through the mud without need ... there is room enough for us all. We can then make one another's acquaintance straightaway.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zie niet in waarom ge zonder noodzaak te-paard door den modder zoudt klepperen","title":"Conditional zoudt in an embedded question","body":"zoudt is the conditional of zullen with the period -t ending for ge ('you should'). The waarom-clause is verb-final, with klepperen closing it. inzien is separable: zie ... in."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"We kunnen dan met-een terstond kennis maken","title":"Modal kunnen + kennis maken","body":"kunnen + bare infinitive (kennis maken, 'to get acquainted'). The middle field orders the adverbs dan (time) met-een terstond (manner) before the verb cluster."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite part of inzien","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zie ... in","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of zie ... in","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the subordinate clause of klepperen","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of zoudt klepperen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noodzaak","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"noodzaak","lemma":"noodzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"te-paard","lemma":"te paard","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"manner adjunct of klepperen","gloss":"on horseback","note":"Now normally written as two words: ‘te paard’."},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking modder","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of modder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"modder","lemma":"modder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"mud"},{"surface":"zoudt","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second person singular","role":"auxiliary of klepperen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"klepperen","lemma":"klepperen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zoudt","gloss":"clatter"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of is","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies plaats","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons allen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, first person plural","role":"complement of voor, modified by allen","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"postmodifier of ons","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person plural","role":"subject of kunnen maken","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of maken","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adjunct of maken","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"met-een","lemma":"meteen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"at once","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch ‘meteen’."},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"straightaway"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken in kennis maken","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kunnen","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h7-s26","source":"Niet waar, Tine, we zullen ons wel schikken? Hier, Max ... kyk eens, Verbrugge, is dat niet een aardig kereltje?","translation":"Is it not so, Tine, we will manage well enough? Here, Max ... just look, Verbrugge, is that not a fine little fellow?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"we zullen ons wel schikken?","title":"Reflexive zich schikken + future","body":"zich schikken ('to manage, accommodate oneself') is reflexive; ons is the first-person-plural reflexive. zullen makes it future. kyk eens is an imperative softened by eens ('just look')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"is dat niet een aardig kereltje?","title":"Diminutive kereltje","body":"kereltje is the diminutive of kerel ('fellow') — '-tje' makes it small and affectionate, and automatically neuter (hence dat). aardig here means 'nice, fine'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates waar in the tag question","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate in elliptical tag question","gloss":"so","note":"‘Niet waar?’ is the idiom ‘isn't that so?’ or ‘right?’"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person plural","role":"subject of zullen schikken","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of schikken","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first person plural","role":"reflexive object of schikken","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies schikken","gloss":"well enough"},{"surface":"schikken","lemma":"schikken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zullen","gloss":"manage"},{"surface":"Hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"presentational adverb addressed to Max","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"kyk","lemma":"kijken","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"look","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch ‘kijk’."},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens the imperative kyk","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking dat and kereltje","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of kereltje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"aardig","lemma":"aardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kereltje","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"kereltje","lemma":"kerel","morphology":"noun, neuter, diminutive, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"little fellow"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h7-s27","source":"Dat is myn kleine jongen ... dat is Max!","translation":"That is my little boy ... that is Max!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s27.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking dat and jongen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"determiner of jongen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies jongen","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking dat and Max","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"Max"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h7-s28","source":"De resident had met den Adhipatti in de pendoppo plaats genomen. Havelaar riep Verbrugge om hem te vragen wien die schimmel behoorde met roode schabrak?","translation":"The Resident had taken his seat with the Adhipatti in the pendoppo. Havelaar called Verbrugge over to ask him whose was that gray horse with the red saddlecloth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar riep Verbrugge om hem te vragen wien die schimmel behoorde","title":"om ... te + dative wien","body":"om hem te vragen is a purpose clause (om ... te). wien is the old dative of wie ('to whom'), because behoren ('to belong to') governs a dative — 'whose that gray horse was'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"schimmel met roode schabrak","title":"schimmel, schabrak","body":"schimmel is a gray (or white) horse; schabrak (from Turkish via German) is the ornamental saddlecloth laid under the saddle. Both are period equestrian vocabulary."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had genomen","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of genomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adhipatti","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"adhipatti","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pendoppo","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendoppo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"pendoppo","note":"A Javanese open audience pavilion."},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of genomen in plaats nemen","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb governed by had","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of riep","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces purpose clause om ... te vragen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"direct object of vragen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive vragen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause modifying riep","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, dative singular","role":"indirect object of behoorde","gloss":"whose","note":"Older dative form of ‘wie’; ‘wien ... behoorde’ literally asks to whom it belonged."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of schimmel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"schimmel","lemma":"schimmel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of behoorde","gloss":"gray horse"},{"surface":"behoorde","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of interrogative subordinate clause","gloss":"belonged"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schabrak","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"roode","lemma":"rood","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schabrak","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"schabrak","lemma":"schabrak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met, modifying schimmel","gloss":"saddlecloth"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h7-s29","source":"En toen Verbrugge naar den ingang van de pendoppo trad, om te zien welk paard hy bedoelde, legde hy dezen de hand op den schouder, en vroeg:","translation":"And when Verbrugge stepped to the entrance of the pendoppo to see which horse he meant, Havelaar laid his hand on his shoulder and asked:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen Verbrugge naar den ingang ... trad ... legde hy dezen de hand op den schouder","title":"toen-clause then inverted main clause","body":"toen ('when', past) opens a verb-final clause (trad at the end); the main clause then inverts to legde hy. dezen is the demonstrative as dative object ('laid his hand on his shoulder'), with den marking old accusatives."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the sentence to the preceding context","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of trad","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of trad","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ingang","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of ingang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ingang","lemma":"ingang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"entrance"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pendoppo","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of pendoppo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pendoppo","lemma":"pendoppo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"pendoppo","note":"A Javanese open audience pavilion."},{"surface":"trad","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces purpose clause om ... te zien","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of purpose clause modifying trad","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"welk","lemma":"welk","morphology":"interrogative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of paard","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"paard","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bedoelde","gloss":"horse"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of bedoelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bedoelde","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of interrogative subordinate clause","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"legde","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of legde and vroeg","gloss":"he","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch ‘hij’; here it refers to Havelaar."},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine dative singular","role":"indirect object of legde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of legde","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schouder","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of schouder","gloss":"the","note":"Older inflected form of ‘de’; English uses a possessive in this body-part construction."},{"surface":"schouder","lemma":"schouder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates vroeg with legde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with legde","gloss":"asked"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h7-s30","source":"--Is de Regent altyd zoo dienstyverig?","translation":"\"Is the Regent always so zealous in his duties?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s30.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking Regent and dienstijverig","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies dienstijverig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dienstyverig","lemma":"dienstijverig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"zealous in duty","note":"Historical spelling with ‘y’ for modern ‘ij’."}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h7-s31","source":"--'t Is een kras man voor zyn jaren, m'nheer Havelaar, en u begrypt dat hy gaarne een goeden indruk op u maken zou.","translation":"\"He is a vigorous man for his years, Mr. Havelaar, and you understand that he would gladly make a good impression on you.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s31.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"u begrypt dat hy gaarne een goeden indruk op u maken zou","title":"Conditional zou at clause end","body":"The dat-clause is verb-final, closing on the conditional maken zou ('would make'). goeden carries the old masculine accusative -en before indruk. kras means 'vigorous, hale'."}],"words":[{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter singular, elided","role":"subject of is","gloss":"He","note":"Elided ‘het’; in context it refers to the Regent, where English uses ‘he’."},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking 't and man","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kras","lemma":"kras","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies man","gloss":"vigorous"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of jaren","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"meneer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, contracted","role":"vocative title before Havelaar","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"name in vocative","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the clause of begrijpt with the preceding clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person formal","role":"subject of begrijpt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular formal","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of maken zou","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zou maken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"gladly","note":"Formal or literary variant of modern ‘graag’."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goeden","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, masculine accusative singular","role":"modifies indruk","gloss":"good","note":"Older case-inflected form of ‘goed’."},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object form, second person formal","role":"complement of op","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of maken","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h7-s32","source":"--Ja, dat begryp ik.","translation":"\"Yes, that I understand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s32.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"fronted direct object of begryp","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"begryp","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of begryp","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h7-s33","source":"Ik heb veel goeds van hem gehoord ... hy is beschaafd, niet waar?","translation":"I have heard much good of him ... he is cultivated, is he not?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s33.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of heb gehoord","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies goeds","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"goeds","lemma":"goed","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular, partitive -s","role":"direct object of gehoord","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb governed by heb","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking hy and beschaafd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"beschaafd","lemma":"beschaafd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"cultivated"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates waar in the tag question","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate in elliptical tag question","gloss":"so","note":"‘Niet waar?’ means ‘isn't that so?’ or ‘right?’"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h7-s34","source":"--O ja ...","translation":"\"Oh, yes ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s34.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the affirmative response","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h7-s35","source":"En hy heeft een groote familie?","translation":"And he has a large family?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s35.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the question to the preceding exchange","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies familie","gloss":"large","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch ‘grote’."},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"family"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h7-s36","source":"Verbrugge zag Havelaar aan, als begreep hy dezen overgang niet.","translation":"Verbrugge looked at Havelaar as if he did not grasp the transition.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Verbrugge zag Havelaar aan, als begreep hy dezen overgang niet","title":"Separable aanzien + als (as if) inversion","body":"zag ... aan is the separable aanzien ('to look at'), prefix flung to the end. als here = 'as if' and triggers inversion (begreep hy), an elevated period construction. dezen is the demonstrative 'this' inflected."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zag aan","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of zag ... aan","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of zag aan","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of zag ... aan","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces hypothetical comparative clause","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of clause introduced by als","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of overgang","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"overgang","lemma":"overgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of begreep","gloss":"transition"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates begreep","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h7-s37","source":"Dit was dan ook, voor wie hem niet kende, dikwyls moeielyk.","translation":"And indeed this was, for anyone who did not know him, often difficult.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit was dan ook, voor wie hem niet kende, dikwyls moeielyk","title":"Free relative voor wie","body":"voor wie hem niet kende ('for anyone who did not know him') is a free relative with wie and no antecedent; the embedded clause is verb-final (kende at the end)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking Dit and moeielyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of discourse expression dan ook","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of discourse expression dan ook","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"complement of voor and subject of kende","gloss":"anyone who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third person singular","role":"direct object of kende","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kende","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kende","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying wie","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"difficult"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h7-s38","source":"De vlugheid van zyn geest deed hem in gesprekken meermalen eenige schakels der redeneering overslaan, en hoe geleidelyk ook deze overgang plaats vond in zyn gedachten, was het toch iemand die minder vlug was, of niet gewoon aan zyn vlugheid, niet euvel te duiden wanneer men by zulk een gelegenheid hem aanstaarde met de onuitgesproken vraag op de lippen: ben je gek ... of hoe is het?","translation":"The quickness of his mind made him, in conversation, skip over several links in the chain of reasoning more than once; and however gradually this transition took place in his thoughts, it was still not to be held against someone less quick, or unaccustomed to his quickness, if on such an occasion they stared at him with the unspoken question on their lips: are you mad ... or what is it?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De vlugheid van zyn geest deed hem ... eenige schakels der redeneering overslaan","title":"Causative doen + bare infinitive","body":"deed hem ... overslaan uses causative doen ('made him skip') with a bare infinitive — like laten, doen forms causatives. der redeneering is a genitive case-remnant, 'of the reasoning'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"was het toch iemand ... niet euvel te duiden wanneer men ... hem aanstaarde","title":"te + infinitive of obligation/possibility","body":"niet euvel te duiden ('not to be held against') is a te-infinitive expressing 'not to be ...ed'. The wanneer-clause is verb-final, ending on aanstaarde (separable aanstaren)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ben je gek ... of hoe is het?","title":"Modern je in reported speech","body":"Inside the imagined unspoken question, the register drops to the familiar je ('are you mad?') — contrasting with the narrator's literary ge/gy elsewhere."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vlugheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vlugheid","lemma":"vlugheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"quickness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geest","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of geest","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object raised by deed; understood subject of overslaan","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gesprekken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gesprekken","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"conversations"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overslaan","gloss":"more than once"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schakels","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"schakels","lemma":"schakel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of overslaan","gloss":"links"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of redenering","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"redeneering","lemma":"redenering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of schakels","gloss":"reasoning","note":"The older spelling redeneering corresponds to modern redenering."},{"surface":"overslaan","lemma":"overslaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of deed","gloss":"skip"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree adverb modifying geleidelijk","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"geleidelyk","lemma":"geleidelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies plaats vond","gloss":"gradually","note":"The older spelling geleidelyk corresponds to modern geleidelijk."},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive particle with hoe","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overgang","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"overgang","lemma":"overgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"transition"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"nominal part of the separable verb plaatsvond","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"plaatsvinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of the separable verb plaatsvond","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gedachten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gedachten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gedachten","lemma":"gedachte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula with te duiden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"indirect object of duiden","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vlug","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"vlug","lemma":"vlug","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"quick"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die to vlug","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewoon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gewoon","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"second predicative complement of was, with die understood","gloss":"accustomed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vlugheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vlugheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vlugheid","lemma":"vlugheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"quickness"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duiden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"euvel","lemma":"euvel","morphology":"adverb","role":"idiomatic modifier of duiden","gloss":"amiss","note":"Iemand iets euvel duiden means to hold something against someone."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive duiden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"duiden","lemma":"duiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of was","gloss":"hold against"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the condition under which blame would be unfair","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aanstaarde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelegenheid","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"modifies gelegenheid","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of aanstaarde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aanstaarde","lemma":"aanstaren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the wanneer-clause","gloss":"stared at"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vraag","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onuitgesproken","lemma":"onuitgesproken","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"modifies vraag","gloss":"unspoken"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lippen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lippen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lippen","lemma":"lip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking je to gek","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"jij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative predicative complement of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to hoe","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h7-s39","source":"Zoo-iets lag er dan ook in de trekken van Verbrugge, en Havelaar moest de vraag herhalen, vóór hy antwoordde:","translation":"Something of the sort showed in Verbrugge's features just then, and Havelaar had to repeat the question before he answered:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar moest de vraag herhalen, vóór hy antwoordde","title":"Modal moeten + vóór subordinator","body":"moest ... herhalen is the modal moeten ('had to repeat'). vóór ('before') opens a verb-final clause, sending antwoordde to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"something like that"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"presentative adverb with lag","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trekken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of trekken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"trekken","lemma":"trek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"features"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Verbrugge","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of herhalen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of herhalen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of herhalen","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"herhalen","lemma":"herhalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"repeat"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of antwoordde","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the vóór-clause","gloss":"answered"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h7-s40","source":"--Ja, hy heeft een zeer uitgebreide familie.","translation":"\"Yes, he has a very extensive family.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s40.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitgebreide","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"uitgebreide","lemma":"uitgebreid","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies familie","gloss":"extensive"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"family"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h7-s41","source":"--En zyn er Medjiets in aanbouw in de afdeeling? ging Havelaar voort, alweer op een toon die, geheel in tegenspraak met de woorden zelf, scheen aanteduiden dat er verband bestond tusschen die moskeën en de \"groote familie\" van den Regent.","translation":"\"And are there Medjiets being built in the district?\" Havelaar went on, again in a tone that, wholly at odds with the words themselves, seemed to suggest there was a connection between those mosques and the Regent's \"large family.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s41.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"scheen aanteduiden dat er verband bestond tusschen die moskeën","title":"scheen + joined te-infinitive + er","body":"scheen governs aanteduiden (= aan te duiden, separable joined around te, 'to suggest'). The dat-clause uses existential er with bestond at the end. die moskeën is the demonstrative for the plural de-word."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"presentative adverb with zijn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Medjiets","lemma":"medjiet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"mosques","note":"Medjiet is a colonial-era Dutch term for a mosque."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the predicative phrase in aanbouw","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"aanbouw","lemma":"aanbouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"construction"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afdeeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of ging voort","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of ging","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"alweer","lemma":"alweer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ging","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toon","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in tegenspraak","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegenspraak","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"tegenspraak","lemma":"tegenspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; complement of scheen","gloss":"odds"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woorden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies woorden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on toon","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"aanteduiden","lemma":"aanduiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of scheen","gloss":"to suggest","note":"Aanteduiden is an older joined spelling of aan te duiden."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bestond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"presentative adverb with bestond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bestond","gloss":"a connection"},{"surface":"bestond","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of dat-clause complementing aanduiden","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moskeën","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moskeën","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"moskeën","lemma":"moskee","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"first object of tussen","gloss":"mosques"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies familie","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of tussen","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Regent"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h7-s42","source":"Verbrugge antwoordde dat er werkelyk veel aan moskeën gearbeid werd.","translation":"Verbrugge answered that there was, in fact, a good deal of work being done on the mosques.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er werkelyk veel aan moskeën gearbeid werd","title":"Impersonal worden-passive","body":"er ... gearbeid werd is a subjectless (impersonal) process passive: 'there was much being worked on'. er fills the empty subject slot that an impersonal passive needs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of werd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in the impersonal passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gearbeid werd","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"quantitative modifier of gearbeid","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moskeën","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"moskeën","lemma":"moskee","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"mosques"},{"surface":"gearbeid","lemma":"arbeiden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive construction","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gearbeid","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h7-s43","source":"--Ja, ja, dat wist ik wel! riep Havelaar. En zeg me nu eens, of er veel achterstand is in de betaling van de landrenten?","translation":"\"Yes, yes, that I knew well!\" cried Havelaar. \"And now tell me, are the land-rents much in arrears?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zeg me nu eens, of er veel achterstand is in de betaling van de landrenten","title":"Imperative zeg + indirect of-question","body":"zeg is the bare-stem imperative ('tell'), softened by eens. The of-clause is an indirect yes/no question, verb-final with is at the end and existential er introducing achterstand."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative exclamation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated affirmative exclamation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic modifier of wist","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb for the preceding quotation","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a new imperative","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeg","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeg","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"softening particle modifying zeg","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"presentative adverb with is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"quantifying determiner of achterstand","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"achterstand","lemma":"achterstand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"arrears"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the indirect question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betaling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of betaling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"betaling","lemma":"betaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"payment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landrenten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landrenten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landrenten","lemma":"landrent","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"land rents"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h7-s44","source":"--Ja, dat kon wel beter zyn ...","translation":"\"Well, that could stand to be better ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s44.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"response marker","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kon zijn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal particle modifying kon","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kon","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h7-s45","source":"--Juist, en vooral in het distrikt Parang-Koedjang, zei Havelaar, als vond hy 't makkelyker zelf te antwoorden.","translation":"\"Just so, and above all in the district of Parang-Koedjang,\" said Havelaar, as if he found it easier to answer for himself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als vond hy 't makkelyker zelf te antwoorden","title":"als (as if) + comparative","body":"als here = 'as if', triggering inversion (vond hy). makkelyker is the comparative ('easier'), governing te antwoorden — 'as if he found it easier to answer himself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"interjection","role":"expression of confirmation","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb modifying in het distrikt","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distrikt","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distrikt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distrikt","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"district","note":"Distrikt is an older spelling of modern district."},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to distrikt","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb for the preceding quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vond","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the als-clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"anticipatory direct object of vond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"makkelyker","lemma":"makkelijk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"object complement modifying het","gloss":"easier","note":"The older spelling makkelyker corresponds to modern makkelijker."},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies antwoorden","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive antwoorden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"antwoorden","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement anticipated by het","gloss":"answer"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h7-s46","source":"Hoe hoog is de aanslag van dit jaar? ging hy voort, en bemerkende dat Verbrugge eenigszins weifelde, als om zich op 't antwoord te bezinnen, voorkwam hem Havelaar, die in één adem aldus vervolgde:","translation":"\"How high is this year's assessment?\" he continued, and, noticing that Verbrugge hesitated somewhat, as if to collect himself for the answer, Havelaar forestalled him, going on without pause:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bemerkende dat Verbrugge eenigszins weifelde ... voorkwam hem Havelaar","title":"Present participle as adverbial clause","body":"bemerkende ('noticing') is a present participle heading a whole adverbial clause. voorkwam is the separable voorkomen ('to forestall'), here with prefix joined as a finite verb leading the main clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als om zich op 't antwoord te bezinnen","title":"Reflexive zich bezinnen + om ... te","body":"zich bezinnen op ('to collect/ponder') is reflexive; als om ... te frames the purpose ('as if to collect himself for the answer'). in één adem = 'in one breath'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoog","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective linked by is","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking aanslag to hoog","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanslag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanslag","lemma":"aanslag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"assessment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jaar","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies aanslag","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"voortgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of ging ... voort","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bemerkende","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial clause modifying Havelaar","gloss":"noticing","note":"Bemerkende is an old-fashioned present participle meaning “noticing.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weifelde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of weifelde","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weifelde","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"weifelde","lemma":"weifelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"hesitated"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a comparison of manner","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of bezinnen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of zich bezinnen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of antwoord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks bezinnen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bezinnen","lemma":"bezinnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by om ... te","gloss":"collect"},{"surface":"voorkwam","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb; takes hem as direct object","gloss":"forestalled"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of voorkwam","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of voorkwam","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of vervolgde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adem","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies adem","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"adem","lemma":"adem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; adverbial with vervolgde","gloss":"breath"},{"surface":"aldus","lemma":"aldus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vervolgde","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"vervolgde","lemma":"vervolgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on Havelaar","gloss":"continued"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h7-s47","source":"--Goed, goed, ik weet het al ... zes-en-tachtig duizend en eenige honderden ... vyftien duizend meer dan in 't vorige jaar ... doch maar zesduizend boven '45. We zyn sedert '43 maar achtduizend vooruit gegaan ... en ook de bevolking is zeer schraal ... nu ja, Malthus!","translation":"\"Good, good, I know it already ... eighty-six thousand and a few hundred ... fifteen thousand more than in the previous year ... but only six thousand above '45. Since '43 we have advanced only eight thousand ... and the population, too, is very sparse ... well, yes, Malthus!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s47.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective used as interjection","role":"interjection","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"repeated interjection","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"zes-en-tachtig","lemma":"zesentachtig","morphology":"numeral","role":"forms a number with duizend","gloss":"eighty-six"},{"surface":"duizend","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"numeral","role":"multiplied by zes-en-tachtig","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite numeral","role":"quantifies honderden","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"honderden","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with zes-en-tachtig duizend","gloss":"hundreds"},{"surface":"vyftien","lemma":"vijftien","morphology":"numeral","role":"forms a number with duizend","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"duizend","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"numeral","role":"multiplied by vyftien","gloss":"thousand"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"head of comparative phrase","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with previous year","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaar","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jaar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies jaar","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting elliptical phrase","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"restricts zesduizend","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"zesduizend","lemma":"zesduizend","morphology":"numeral","role":"amount above the 1845 figure","gloss":"six thousand"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with 1845","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gegaan","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces starting year 1843","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"restricts achtduizend","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"achtduizend","lemma":"achtduizend","morphology":"numeral","role":"measure complement of vooruit gegaan","gloss":"eight thousand"},{"surface":"vooruit","lemma":"vooruit","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle in vooruitgaan","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"vooruitgaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by zyn","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses de bevolking","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking bevolking to schraal","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schraal","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"schraal","lemma":"schraal","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective linked by is","gloss":"sparse"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of interjection nu ja","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"part of interjection nu ja","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"Malthus","lemma":"Malthus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative/exclamation","gloss":"Malthus"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h7-s48","source":"In twaalf jaar zyn we maar elf procent gestegen, en dit is nog de vraag, want de tellingen waren vroeger zeer onnauwkeurig ... en nog! Van '50 op '51 is er zelfs een teruggang.","translation":"In twelve years we have risen by only eleven percent, and even this is in question, for the earlier counts were very inaccurate ... and even so! From '50 to '51 there is actually a decline.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"In twaalf jaar zyn we maar elf procent gestegen ... is er zelfs een teruggang","title":"Fronted adverbial + present perfect","body":"The time phrase In twaalf jaar fronts the clause, inverting to zyn we ... gestegen (present perfect of stijgen, which takes zijn). The second clause uses existential er ('there is a decline')."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaar","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"twaalf","lemma":"twaalf","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies jaar","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural after numeral","role":"object of in; time span","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of gestegen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyn ... gestegen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies procent","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"elf","lemma":"elf","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies procent","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"procent","lemma":"procent","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"measure complement of gestegen","gloss":"percent"},{"surface":"gestegen","lemma":"stijgen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by zyn","gloss":"risen"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to vraag","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies de vraag","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun linked by is","gloss":"question","note":"Nog de vraag means “still uncertain” or “open to question.”"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tellingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tellingen","lemma":"telling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"counts"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking tellingen to onnauwkeurig","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onnauwkeurig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"onnauwkeurig","lemma":"onnauwkeurig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective linked by waren","gloss":"inaccurate"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links elliptical correction","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical: still inaccurate now","gloss":"still","note":"En nog! elliptically corrects “formerly”: the counts are inaccurate even now."},{"surface":"Van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces starting year 1850","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces ending year 1851","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"existential verb with er","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses een teruggang","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of teruggang","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"teruggang","lemma":"teruggang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of existential is er","gloss":"decline"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h7-s49","source":"Ook de veestapel gaat niet vooruit ... dat is een slecht teeken, Verbrugge! Wat drommel, zie dat paard eens springen, ik geloof dat het koldert ... kom eens kyken, Max!","translation":"The livestock, too, is not advancing ... that is a bad sign, Verbrugge! What the deuce, just look at that horse rear—I believe it has the staggers ... come and look, Max!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zie dat paard eens springen ... kom eens kyken, Max!","title":"Imperatives softened by eens","body":"zie, kom, kyk are bare-stem imperatives; the particle eens ('just') softens a command into an invitation. springen is a bare infinitive after the perception verb zie."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ik geloof dat het koldert","title":"kolderen — to have the staggers","body":"kolderen is a veterinary term: a horse afflicted with kolder (the 'staggers', a neurological disorder) behaves wildly. Wat drommel! is a mild period oath, 'what the deuce'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veestapel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of veestapel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veestapel","lemma":"veestapel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"livestock"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"vooruitgaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb in gaat ... vooruit","gloss":"is going"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaat","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vooruit","lemma":"vooruit","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle/complement of gaat","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dat to teeken","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of teeken","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies teeken","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"teeken","lemma":"teken","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicate noun linked by is","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"part of exclamation wat drommel","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"drommel","lemma":"drommel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of exclamation wat drommel","gloss":"the deuce","note":"Wat drommel is a mild oath: “what the deuce.”"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative main verb","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paard","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"paard","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of springen in perception construction","gloss":"horse"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"softening/emphatic particle with zie","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"springen","lemma":"springen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of zie","gloss":"rear"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parallel clause to zie","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of koldert","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of koldert","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"koldert","lemma":"kolderen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of complement clause","gloss":"has the staggers","note":"Kolderen here means to suffer from kolder, a neurological disease of horses (“the staggers”)."},{"surface":"kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative main verb","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"softening particle with kom","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"kyken","lemma":"kijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of kom","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h7-s50","source":"Verbrugge bemerkte dat hy den nieuwen adsistent-resident weinig zou te leeren hebben, en dat er geen kwestie was van overwicht door \"lokale ancienneteit\" wat de goede jongen dan ook niet begeerd had.","translation":"Verbrugge perceived that he would have little to teach the new Assistant Resident, and that there was no question of an advantage from \"local seniority\"—which the good fellow had not, in any case, coveted.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Verbrugge bemerkte dat hy den nieuwen adsistent-resident weinig zou te leeren hebben","title":"Conditional zou + te-infinitive at end","body":"The dat-clause is verb-final, closing on zou te leeren hebben ('would have little to teach'). den nieuwen carries the old accusative den + adjective -en."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er geen kwestie was van overwicht ... wat de goede jongen ... niet begeerd had","title":"geen negating an indefinite noun","body":"geen kwestie ('no question') — geen negates an indefinite noun, where niet would negate a verb or definite. The trailing wat-relative ('which') refers back to the whole idea."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of bemerkte","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"bemerkte","lemma":"bemerken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zou hebben","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou hebben","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine accusative","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of leeren","gloss":"assistant resident"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of leeren","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of leeren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks leeren as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hebben","gloss":"teach"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kwestie","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"kwestie","lemma":"kwestie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"notional subject of existential was","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"existential verb with er","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overwicht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"overwicht","lemma":"overwicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"advantage"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ancienneteit","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"lokale","lemma":"lokaal","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies ancienneteit","gloss":"local"},{"surface":"ancienneteit","lemma":"anciënniteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"seniority","note":"Ancienneteit is an older spelling of anciënniteit, “seniority.”"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of begeerd; refers to overwicht","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jongen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies jongen","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had begeerd","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive phrase dan ook","gloss":"in any case"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive phrase dan ook","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begeerd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"begeerd","lemma":"begeren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"coveted"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of begeerd","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h7-s51","source":"--Maar 't is natuurlyk, ging Havelaar voort, terwyl hy Max op den arm nam.","translation":"\"But it is only natural,\" Havelaar went on, while he took Max in his arms.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s51.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ging Havelaar voort, terwyl hy Max op den arm nam","title":"Separable voortgaan + terwyl-clause","body":"ging ... voort is the separable voortgaan ('to go on'). terwyl ('while') opens a verb-final subordinate clause, sending nam to the end. den arm keeps the old accusative den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting statement","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to natuurlyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective linked by is","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"voortgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of ging ... voort","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"terwyl","lemma":"terwijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of nam","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arm","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine accusative","role":"determiner of arm","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal subordinate clause","gloss":"took"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h7-s52","source":"In het Tjikandische en Bolangsche zyn ze er heel bly om ... en de opstandelingen in de Lampongs ook. Ik beveel me zeer aan voor uw medewerking, m'nheer Verbrugge!","translation":"\"In the Tjikandi and Bolang districts they are very glad of it ... and so are the rebels in the Lampongs. I commend myself warmly to your cooperation, Mr. Verbrugge!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"In het Tjikandische en Bolangsche zyn ze er heel bly om","title":"Pronominal adverb split: er ... om","body":"er ... om is a split pronominal adverb ('glad of it') — er and the preposition om straddle the middle field, the normal pattern when the 'it' is non-personal. The fronted place phrase inverts to zyn ze."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tjikandische","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Tjikandische","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Tjikandische","lemma":"Tjikandisch","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of in; denotes the Tjikandi district","gloss":"Tjikandi district"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Bolangsche","lemma":"Bolangs","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"coordinated with Tjikandische","gloss":"Bolang district"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking ze to bly","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of om: er ... om","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bly","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"bly","lemma":"blij","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate adjective linked by zyn","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"postposition paired with er","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links elliptical coordinated clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opstandelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opstandelingen","lemma":"opstandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of omitted zyn bly","gloss":"rebels"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lampongs","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Lampongs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lampongs","lemma":"Lampongs","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of in; modifies opstandelingen","gloss":"Lampongs"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks same predicate in elliptical clause","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beveel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"beveel","lemma":"aanbevelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb in beveel ... aan","gloss":"commend"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of beveel ... aan","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beveel","gloss":"warmly"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable particle","role":"separable particle of beveel ... aan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking medewerking","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of medewerking","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"medewerking","lemma":"medewerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of beveel","gloss":"cooperation"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title used as vocative","gloss":"Mr.","note":"M'nheer is a contracted form of mijnheer, “Mr.”"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to m'nheer","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h7-s53","source":"De Regent is een man van jaren, en dus moeten we ... zeg eens, is zyn schoonzoon nog altyd distriktshoofd? Alles saamgenomen houd ik hem voor een persoon die inschikkelykheid verdient ... de Regent, meen ik.","translation":"The Regent is a man of years, and so we must ... tell me, is his son-in-law still district chief? All things considered, I take him for a person who deserves forbearance ... the Regent, I mean.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De Regent is een man van jaren, en dus moeten we ...","title":"Coordinating dus (no verb-final)","body":"dus ('so, therefore') is coordinating — it joins clauses without sending the verb to the end, so moeten we keeps normal main-clause order. Contrast subordinating omdat, which would push the verb back."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"houd ik hem voor een persoon die inschikkelykheid verdient","title":"houden voor + relative die","body":"houden voor ('to take/consider as') governs the object hem; the relative die opens a verb-final clause ending in verdient. The fronted Alles saamgenomen inverts to houd ik."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Regent to man","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van modifying man","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeten","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moeten","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical question","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb softening zeg","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking schoonzoon to distriktshoofd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessive determiner of schoonzoon","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schoonzoon","lemma":"schoonzoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"son-in-law"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the adverbial phrase nog altyd","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the adverbial phrase nog altyd","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"distriktshoofd","lemma":"districtshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"district chief"},{"surface":"Alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of saamgenomen","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"saamgenomen","lemma":"samennemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"supplementary participle modifying Alles","gloss":"considered","note":"Alles saamgenomen is the older spelling of alles samengenomen, “all things considered.”"},{"surface":"houd","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of houd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of houd","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking persoon","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement selected by voor","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verdient","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"inschikkelykheid","lemma":"inschikkelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verdient","gloss":"forbearance"},{"surface":"verdient","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on persoon","gloss":"deserves"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"clarifying apposition to hem","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"meen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"parenthetical main verb","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meen","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h7-s54","source":"Ik ben zeer bly dat hier alles zoo achterlyk en armoedig is, en ... hoop hier lang te blyven.","translation":"I am very glad that everything here is so backward and impoverished, and ... I hope to stay here a long time.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ben zeer bly dat hier alles zoo achterlyk en armoedig is, en ... hoop hier lang te blyven","title":"dat-clause + hopen te","body":"The dat-clause is verb-final (is at the end). hoop ... te blyven uses hopen with te + infinitive, 'hope to stay'. The irony — gladness at poverty — is the chapter's moral hinge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Ik to bly","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bly","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"bly","lemma":"blij","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of bly","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of is","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achterlyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"achterlyk","lemma":"achterlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"backward"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"armoedig","lemma":"armoedig","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with achterlyk","gloss":"impoverished"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking alles to achterlyk and armoedig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with ben","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of blyven","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of blyven","gloss":"a long time"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive blyven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of hoop","gloss":"stay"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h7-s55","source":"Hierop reikte hy aan Verbrugge de hand, en deze, met hem terugkeerende naar de tafel waar de resident, de Adhipatti en mevrouw Havelaar gezeten waren, voelde reeds iets beter dan vyf minuten vroeger, dat \"die Havelaar zoo gek niet was\" als de kommandant meende. Verbrugge was volstrekt niet misdeeld van verstand, en hy die de afdeeling Lebak kende, nagenoeg zoo goed als een zoo groote landstreek, waar niets gedrukt wordt, door één persoon gekend worden kàn, begon intezien dat er toch verband was tusschen de schynbaar niet samenhangende vragen van Havelaar, en tevens dat de nieuwe adsistent-resident, hoezeer hy nooit de afdeeling betreden had, iets wist van wat er omging.","translation":"At this he reached out his hand to Verbrugge, and the latter, returning with him toward the table where the Resident, the Adhipatti, and Mrs. Havelaar were seated, already felt, somewhat better than five minutes earlier, that \"this Havelaar was not so mad\" as the Commandant supposed. Verbrugge was by no means lacking in understanding, and he—who knew the district of Lebak about as well as so large a region, where nothing is printed, can be known by a single person—began to see that there was, after all, a connection among Havelaar's seemingly unconnected questions, and likewise that the new Assistant Resident, however little he had set foot in the district, knew something of what was going on there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hierop reikte hy aan Verbrugge de hand, en deze, met hem terugkeerende naar de tafel ... voelde reeds iets beter","title":"Fronted Hierop + present participle phrase","body":"The pronominal adverb Hierop ('at this') fronts and inverts to reikte hy. deze is the demonstrative used as a pronoun ('the latter'), and terugkeerende is a present participle heading a long adjunct."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy ... die de afdeeling Lebak kende ... begon intezien dat er toch verband was","title":"Separable inzien + relative + er","body":"intezien = in te zien (separable inzien, joined around te) governed by begon. A relative die-clause (kende ... kan) is embedded, and the dat-clause uses existential er with was at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"nagenoeg zoo goed als een zoo groote landstreek ... door één persoon gekend worden kàn","title":"worden-passive with modal","body":"gekend worden kàn ('can be known') stacks the worden-passive infinitive with the modal kunnen, all at the clause end. door marks the agent één persoon. zoo ... als is the equality comparison 'as ... as'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reikte","gloss":"at this"},{"surface":"reikte","lemma":"reiken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"reached out"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of reikte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Verbrugge","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"indirect object of reikte","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of reikte","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of terugkeerende","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"terugkeerende","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"supplementary participle modifying deze","gloss":"returning"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tafel","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tafel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tafel","lemma":"tafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of terugkeerende","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezeten","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of waren","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"adhipati","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second coordinated subject of waren","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"third coordinated subject of waren","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"gezeten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"adjective, past participle","role":"predicative participle with waren","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking the coordinated subjects to gezeten","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voelde","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"degree adverb modifying beter","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of voelde","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with beter","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"vyf","lemma":"vijf","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies minuten","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"minuten","lemma":"minuut","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"temporal measure modifying vroeger","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"adverbial modifier of voelde","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of voelde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"demonstrative determiner of Havelaar","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gek","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gek was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Havelaar to gek","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause meende","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kommandant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kommandant","lemma":"commandant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"Commandant"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Verbrugge to misdeeld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies the negation niet","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies misdeeld","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"misdeeld","lemma":"misdelen","morphology":"adjective, past participle","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"deprived"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verstand","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verstand","lemma":"verstand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van with misdeeld","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of kende","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kende","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"apposition specifying afdeeling","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"kende","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on hy","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"nagenoeg","lemma":"nagenoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"approximately"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of kende","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the standard of comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landstreek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies landstreek","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"landstreek","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gekend worden kàn","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"relative adverb referring to landstreek","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive gedrukt","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"gedrukt","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of the passive verb phrase","gloss":"printed"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gedrukt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking persoon","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies persoon","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of gekend","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"gekend","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the passive infinitive","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gekend","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"kàn","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb governing gekend worden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with was","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"intezien","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"te-infinitive complement of begon","gloss":"to see","note":"Intezien is the former solid spelling of modern in te zien."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of intezien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive locative in the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of was","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"verband","lemma":"verband","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"connection"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the related items","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vragen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schynbaar","lemma":"schijnbaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet samenhangende","gloss":"seemingly"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies samenhangende","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"samenhangende","lemma":"samenhangen","morphology":"adjective, present participle","role":"modifies vragen","gloss":"connected"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of tusschen","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies vragen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinates a second content clause with the first","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"hoezeer","lemma":"hoezeer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had betreden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betreden","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of betreden","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"betreden","lemma":"betreden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of betreden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the second content clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the complement of wist","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of omging","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omging","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"omging","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the free relative clause","gloss":"was going on"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h7-s56","source":"Wel begreep hy nog altyd die vreugde niet over de armoede in Lebak, maar hy drong zich op, die uitdrukking verkeerd verstaan te hebben. Later evenwel, toen Havelaar hem meermalen hetzelfde zeide, zag hy in hoeveel groots en edels er was in die vreugde.","translation":"He still did not understand that joy over the poverty of Lebak, but he pressed upon himself the belief that he had misheard the expression. Later, however, when Havelaar said the same thing to him many times over, he saw how much that was great and noble lay in that joy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wel begreep hy nog altyd die vreugde niet over de armoede in Lebak","title":"Fronted Wel + niet negation","body":"Wel ('admittedly') fronts and inverts to begreep hy. niet negates the verb begrijpen ('did not understand'). die vreugde is the far demonstrative for a de-word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy drong zich op, die uitdrukking verkeerd verstaan te hebben","title":"Reflexive zich opdringen + perfect infinitive","body":"zich iets opdringen ('to press a belief on oneself') is reflexive and separable (drong ... op). verstaan te hebben is a perfect te-infinitive, 'to have misunderstood'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zag hy in hoeveel groots en edels er was in die vreugde","title":"Partitive genitive groots en edels","body":"After hoeveel, the adjectives take a partitive -s (groots, edels) — 'how much that was great and noble'. inzien is separable (zag ... in), and existential er fills the subject slot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"admittedly"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the adverbial phrase nog altyd","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vreugde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vreugde","lemma":"vreugde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of begreep","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking armoede","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of armoede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of over modifying vreugde","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of in modifying armoede","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of drong","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"drong","lemma":"opdringen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of the separable verb zich opdringen","gloss":"forced"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of drong op","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing drong to form opdringen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitdrukking","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uitdrukking","lemma":"uitdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verstaan","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"verkeerd","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of verstaan","gloss":"wrongly"},{"surface":"verstaan","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by hebben","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the perfect infinitive hebben verstaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect infinitive complement of drong zich op","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"Later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"adverbial modifier of zag in","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of zag in","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause with zeide","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of zeide","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of zeide","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"hetzelfde","lemma":"hetzelfde","morphology":"substantivized pronoun","role":"direct object of zeide","gloss":"the same thing"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite part of the separable verb inzien","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag in","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing zag to form inzien","gloss":"realized"},{"surface":"hoeveel","lemma":"hoeveel","morphology":"interrogative quantifier","role":"quantifies groots and edels","gloss":"how much"},{"surface":"groots","lemma":"groot","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"first coordinated subject of was","gloss":"greatness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"edels","lemma":"edel","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"second coordinated subject of was","gloss":"nobility"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive locative in the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vreugde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vreugde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vreugde","lemma":"vreugde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"joy"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h7-s57","source":"Havelaar en Verbrugge namen plaats by de tafel, en onder 't gebruiken van thee over onbeduidende dingen sprekende, wachtte men tot Dongso den resident kwam berichten dat de versche paarden waren voorgespannen. Men pakte zich zoo goed mogelyk in den wagen, en reed heen.","translation":"Havelaar and Verbrugge took their seats at the table, and while drinking tea and speaking of trifling matters, they waited until Dongso came to inform the Resident that the fresh horses had been harnessed. They packed themselves into the carriage as well as they could, and drove off.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"onder 't gebruiken van thee over onbeduidende dingen sprekende, wachtte men tot Dongso ... kwam berichten","title":"Present participle + tot-clause","body":"sprekende ('speaking') is a present participle leading the adjunct; the main clause inverts to wachtte men. tot ('until') opens a verb-final clause where kwam berichten ('came to report') sits at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat de versche paarden waren voorgespannen","title":"zijn-passive (state) of voorspannen","body":"waren voorgespannen is a state passive with zijn: 'the fresh horses had been harnessed/were hitched up'. The dat-clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of namen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Havelaar and Verbrugge","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject with Havelaar","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"namen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the expression plaats nemen","gloss":"seats"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tafel","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tafel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tafel","lemma":"tafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of namen","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links namen and wachtte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the attendant circumstance","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebruiken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebruiken","lemma":"gebruiken","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"drinking"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking thee","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"thee","lemma":"thee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of gebruiken","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dingen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"onbeduidende","lemma":"onbeduidend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies dingen","gloss":"trifling"},{"surface":"dingen","lemma":"ding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of sprekende","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"sprekende","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"present participle","role":"adverbial participle modifying wachtte","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"Dongso","lemma":"Dongso","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of kwam and berichten","gloss":"Dongso"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of berichten","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing berichten","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"berichten","lemma":"berichten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kwam","gloss":"to inform"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of voorgespannen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paarden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"versche","lemma":"vers","morphology":"adjective, inflected, historical spelling","role":"modifies paarden","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"paarden","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of voorgespannen","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of voorgespannen","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"voorgespannen","lemma":"voorspannen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the reported clause","gloss":"harnessed"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of pakte","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"pakte","lemma":"pakken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"packed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive direct object of pakte","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies pakte","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"completes zo goed mogelijk","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wagen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of pakte","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links pakte and reed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"reed","lemma":"rijden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with pakte","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"particle of heenrijden","gloss":"off"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h7-s58","source":"Door 't hotsen en stooten viel 't spreken moeielyk. Kleine Max werd rustig gehouden met pisang en zyn moeder die hem op den schoot had, wilde volstrekt niet bekennen dat ze vermoeid was, als Havelaar aanbood haar van den zwaren jongen te ontlasten.","translation":"With the jolting and lurching, conversation came hard. Little Max was kept quiet with a pisang, and his mother, who held him on her lap, would absolutely not admit that she was tired when Havelaar offered to relieve her of the heavy boy.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Door 't hotsen en stooten viel 't spreken moeielyk","title":"Nominalized infinitives as subjects","body":"'t hotsen en stooten ('the jolting and lurching') and 't spreken ('speaking') are infinitives used as neuter nouns. The fronted cause-phrase inverts to viel 't spreken."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Kleine Max werd rustig gehouden met pisang","title":"worden-passive in the past","body":"werd ... gehouden is the past process passive ('was kept quiet'), with met marking the means. Contrast the zijn-passive, which would give the resulting state instead."}],"words":[{"surface":"Door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hotsen","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hotsen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hotsen","lemma":"hotsen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"jolting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links hotsen and stooten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stooten","lemma":"stoten","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular, historical spelling","role":"coordinated with hotsen","gloss":"lurching"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb in the idiom moeilijk vallen","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spreken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of viel","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"Kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"Little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gehouden","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gehouden","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"rustig","lemma":"rustig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of gehouden","gloss":"quiet"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pisang","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"pisang","lemma":"pisang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"instrumental complement of gehouden","gloss":"banana"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the clauses of gehouden and wilde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schoot","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of schoot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoot","lemma":"schoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of had","gloss":"lap"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on moeder","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of bekennen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekennen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bekennen","lemma":"bekennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"admit"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"vermoeid","lemma":"vermoeid","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"tired"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of aanbood","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of aanbood","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"aanbood","lemma":"aanbieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on bekennen","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of ontlasten","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jongen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of jongen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zwaren","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective, inflected, historical masculine form","role":"modifies jongen","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks ontlasten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontlasten","lemma":"ontlasten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of aanbood","gloss":"relieve"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h7-s59","source":"In een oogenblik van gedwongen rust in een moddergat, vroeg Verbrugge den resident, of hy met den nieuwen adsistent-resident reeds gesproken had over mevrouw Slotering? --M'nheer.","translation":"During a moment of enforced rest in a mudhole, Verbrugge asked the Resident whether he had already spoken with the new Assistant Resident about Mrs. Slotering. \"Mr.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vroeg Verbrugge den resident, of hy ... reeds gesproken had over mevrouw Slotering","title":"Dative den resident + indirect of-question","body":"den resident is the dative object of vragen ('asked the Resident'), with the old accusative/dative den. The of-clause is an indirect question, verb-final on gesproken had (present perfect)."}],"words":[{"surface":"In","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"During"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, historical spelling","role":"oblique time complement of vroeg","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rust","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gedwongen","lemma":"dwingen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies rust","gloss":"enforced"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"modifies oogenblik","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moddergat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moddergat","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"moddergat","lemma":"moddergat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of rust","gloss":"mudhole"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of vroeg","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of had gesproken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adsistent-resident","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, inflected, historical masculine form","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"oblique complement of gesproken","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the indirect question","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mevrouw","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gesproken","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"M'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, contracted form","role":"title before Havelaar in h7-s60","gloss":"Mr."}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h7-s60","source":"Havelaar. Heeft.","translation":"Havelaar. Has.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s60.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"completes the form of address begun in h7-s59","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"Heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd in h7-s61","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h7-s61","source":"Gezegd. --Welzeker, Verbrugge, waarom niet?","translation":"Said.\" \"Why, of course, Verbrugge, why not?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s61.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb with Heeft in h7-s60","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Welzeker","lemma":"welzeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"why of course"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"questions the reason","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates an elliptical implied clause","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h7-s62","source":"Die dame kan by ons blyven. Ik zou niet gaarne ...","translation":"That lady may stay with us. I would not gladly ...\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die dame kan by ons blyven. Ik zou niet gaarne ...","title":"Modal kan + conditional zou","body":"kan ... blyven is the modal kunnen + bare infinitive. Ik zou ('I would') begins a conditional left trailing off — the resident keeps interrupting word by word. Die is the far demonstrative for the de-word dame."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dame","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"dame","lemma":"dame","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of blijven","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of blijven","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, object form","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"main verb governed by kan","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of the interrupted clause","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of an omitted infinitive","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaarne","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the omitted infinitive","gloss":"gladly"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h7-s63","source":"--Dat. Het.","translation":"\"That. It.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s63.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause completed in h7-s64","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was in h7-s64","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h7-s64","source":"Goed. Was. sleepte de resident er met veel moeite by.","translation":"Good. Was,\" the Resident dragged in with much effort.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s64.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of clause begun in h7-s63","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"sleepte","lemma":"slepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sleepte","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of erbij","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeite","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of sleepte","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"separable adverbial particle, historical spelling","role":"particle of erbij slepen","gloss":"in"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h7-s65","source":"--Ik zou niet gaarne myn huis ontzeggen aan een dame in háár omstandigheden! Zoo-iets spreekt vanzelf ... niet waar, Tine?","translation":"\"I would not gladly refuse my house to a lady in her condition! Such a thing goes without saying ... is it not so, Tine?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zou niet gaarne myn huis ontzeggen aan een dame in háár omstandigheden!","title":"Conditional zou + possessive háár","body":"zou ... ontzeggen is the conditional ('would refuse'). háár is the feminine possessive 'her', stressed by the accent — delicately meaning 'in her condition' (pregnant). Zoo-iets spreekt vanzelf = 'such a thing goes without saying'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontzeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontzeggen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontzeggen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontzeggen","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ontzeggen","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"ontzeggen","lemma":"ontzeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"refuse"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dame","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dame","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dame","lemma":"dame","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ontzeggen","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omstandigheden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"háár","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, emphatic","role":"possessor of omstandigheden","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies dame","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"Zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter, historical spelling","role":"subject of spreekt","gloss":"Such a thing"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb in spreekt vanzelf","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle completing spreekt vanzelf","gloss":"without saying"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the confirmation question","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate in the elliptical question niet waar","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h7-s66","source":"Ook Tine meende dat het vanzelf sprak. --U heeft twee huizen te Rangkas-Betoeng, zei Verbrugge.","translation":"Tine, too, thought it went without saying. \"You have two houses at Rangkas-Betoeng,\" said Verbrugge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ook Tine meende dat het vanzelf sprak","title":"Fronted Ook + dummy het","body":"Ook Tine together form the fronted first constituent; meende follows in V2 position, with the subject Tine still before the verb — no inversion here. het vanzelf sprak uses near-impersonal het with the idiom vanzelf spreken ('to go without saying'); the dat-clause is verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"U heeft twee huizen te Rangkas-Betoeng","title":"Polite U as subject","body":"U is the polite second-person 'you', here as subject ('You have'). It contrasts with the literary ge/gy and the familiar je used elsewhere in the chapter — the full 1860 'you' system on display."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses Tine","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sprak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle completing sprak vanzelf","gloss":"without saying"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of meende","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"U","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quotation","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies huizen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"huizen","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"houses"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique place complement of heeft","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h7-s67","source":"Er is ruimte in overvloed voor twee familien. --Maar, al was dit zoo niet.","translation":"\"There is room in abundance for two families.\" \"But even were it not so.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er is ruimte in overvloed voor twee familien","title":"Existential er is","body":"Er is ... ('there is') is the existential construction introducing the indefinite subject ruimte. familien is a period plural of familie (modern families). Maar, al was dit zoo niet uses al ... 'even if'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ruimte","lemma":"ruimte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overvloed","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"overvloed","lemma":"overvloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"abundance"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking familien","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies familien","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"familien","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, plural, historical spelling","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"families"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a concessive hypothetical clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of the hypothetical clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was zo","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h7-s68","source":"--Ik. Durfde.","translation":"\"I. Should. Dare.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s68.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of durfde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Durfde","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"modal verb governing toezeggen in h7-s71","gloss":"dared"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h7-s69","source":"Het. Haar.","translation":"It. Her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s69.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of toezeggen in h7-s71","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of toezeggen in h7-s71","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h7-s70","source":"--Wel, resident, riep mevrouw Havelaar, er is geen twyfel aan! --Niet.","translation":"\"Why, Resident,\" cried Mrs. Havelaar, \"there is no doubt about it!\" \"Not.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s70.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the exclamation","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement paired with aan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of twyfel","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"twyfel","lemma":"twijfel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of is","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"pronominal-preposition component","role":"completes er ... aan","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates toezeggen in h7-s71","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h7-s71","source":"Toezeggen. Want.","translation":"Promise. For.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s71.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Toezeggen","lemma":"toezeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of durfde in h7-s68","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanation continued in h7-s72","gloss":"for"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h7-s72","source":"Het. Is.","translation":"It. Is.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the unfinished explanatory clause","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h7-s73","source":"--Al waren ze met hun tienen, als ze 't maar voor lief nemen by ons. --Een.","translation":"\"Even were there ten of them, so long as they will take us as they find us. \"A.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Al waren ze met hun tienen, als ze 't maar voor lief nemen by ons","title":"Concessive al + conditional als","body":"Al waren ze ('even if there were') is a concessive with inversion and an archaic past-subjunctive flavor. met hun tienen ('ten of them') is the fixed met hun + numeral pattern. voor lief nemen = 'to take as one finds it'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause of waren","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of concessive clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tienen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"determiner of tienen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"tienen","lemma":"tien","morphology":"numeral used substantivally","role":"object of met","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of nemen","gloss":"so long as"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of nemen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"modifies nemen","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom voor lief nemen","gloss":"as","note":"Voor lief nemen is an idiom meaning to accept something as it is."},{"surface":"lief","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective","role":"part of idiom voor lief nemen","gloss":"acceptable"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, object form plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of Last in h7-s74","gloss":"a"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h7-s74","source":"Groote. Last.","translation":"Great. Burden.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Last","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of elliptical utterance","gloss":"burden"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h7-s75","source":"En. Zy.","translation":"And. She.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s75.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links clause to preceding speech","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of Is in h7-s76","gloss":"she"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h7-s76","source":"Is. --Maar het reizen in haar pozitie is onmogelyk, resident!","translation":"Is.\" \"But traveling in her condition is impossible, Resident!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s76.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Zy in h7-s75 to Vrouw in h7-s80","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reizen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reizen","lemma":"reizen","morphology":"verb used as noun, infinitive","role":"subject of is","gloss":"traveling"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pozitie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"determiner of pozitie","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"pozitie","lemma":"positie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking reizen to onmogelyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"onmogelyk","lemma":"onmogelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Resident"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h7-s77","source":"Een hevige schok van den wagen die ontmodderd werd, zette een uitroepingsteeken achter Tine's verklaring dat het reizen onmogelyk was voor mevrouw Slotering.","translation":"A violent jolt of the carriage, as it was hauled out of the mud, set an exclamation point after Tine's declaration that traveling was impossible for Mrs. Slotering.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een hevige schok van den wagen die ontmodderd werd, zette een uitroepingsteeken","title":"Relative die + worden-passive","body":"The relative die opens a clause with the worden-passive ontmodderd werd ('was hauled out of the mud'), verb-final. The main verb zette then follows the long subject — verb-second across a heavy noun phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ontmodderd","title":"ontmodderen — a coined verb","body":"Multatuli's vivid coinage from modder ('mud') with the prefix ont- (un-/de-): literally 'to de-mud', i.e. to drag the carriage free of the mire — matching the chapter's running mud motif."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schok","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hevige","lemma":"hevig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schok","gloss":"violent"},{"surface":"schok","lemma":"schok","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zette","gloss":"jolt"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wagen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of ontmodderd werd","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ontmodderd","lemma":"ontmodderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive relative clause","gloss":"hauled from mud","note":"Ontmodderen means to pull or free something from mud."},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of ontmodderd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zette","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitroepingsteeken","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"uitroepingsteeken","lemma":"uitroepingsteken","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zette","gloss":"exclamation point"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verklaring","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"Tine's","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of verklaring","gloss":"Tine's"},{"surface":"verklaring","lemma":"verklaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of achter","gloss":"declaration"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of verklaring","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reizen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reizen","lemma":"reizen","morphology":"verb used as noun, infinitive","role":"subject of was","gloss":"traveling"},{"surface":"onmogelyk","lemma":"onmogelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"impossible"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking reizen to onmogelyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mevrouw","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h7-s78","source":"Ieder had het gebruikelyke hè! geroepen, dat op zulk een stoot volgt, Max had in den schoot zyner moeder de pisang weergevonden, die hy door den schok verloor, en reeds was men een heel eind nader aan de modderdiepte die straks komen zou, voor de resident besluiten kon zyn zinsnede te voleinden, door er bytevoegen:","translation":"Everyone had cried out the customary \"hey!\" that follows such a jolt, Max had recovered in his mother's lap the pisang he had lost at the shock, and they were already a good way nearer the mud-pit that was soon to come, before the Resident could resolve to complete his sentence by adding:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor de resident besluiten kon zyn zinsnede te voleinden, door er bytevoegen","title":"voor-clause + modal + door + te-infinitive","body":"voor ('before') opens a verb-final clause where the modal besluiten kon sits at the end; te voleinden is te + infinitive. door er bytevoegen ('by adding to it') uses the means-phrase door + a joined te-infinitive (bytevoegen = bij te voegen) with pronominal er."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ieder had het gebruikelyke hè! geroepen, dat op zulk een stoot volgt","title":"Pluperfect + relative dat","body":"had ... geroepen is the pluperfect. The relative dat refers to the neuter het ... hè! ('the customary hey') and opens a verb-final clause ending on volgt. Max ... had ... weergevonden is another pluperfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of had geroepen","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hè","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebruikelyke","lemma":"gebruikelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hè","gloss":"customary"},{"surface":"hè","lemma":"hè","morphology":"interjection used as noun","role":"direct object of geroepen","gloss":"hey"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of volgt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stoot","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"modifies een stoot","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stoot","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stoot","lemma":"stoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"jolt"},{"surface":"volgt","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause modifying hè","gloss":"follows"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of had weergevonden","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of weergevonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schoot","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of schoot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoot","lemma":"schoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"lap"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, archaic genitive","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessor modifying schoot","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pisang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pisang","lemma":"pisang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weergevonden","gloss":"banana","note":"Pisang is an Indonesian loanword for banana."},{"surface":"weergevonden","lemma":"weervinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"recovered"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of verloor","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of verloor","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schok","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of schok","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schok","lemma":"schok","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"jolt"},{"surface":"verloor","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying pisang","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links coordinated clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of third coordinated clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies eind","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"measure phrase modifying nader","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"nader","lemma":"nabij","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement of nader","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of modderdiepte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"modderdiepte","lemma":"modderdiepte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"mud-pit"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of komen zou","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"straks","lemma":"straks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komen","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of komen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of kon","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kon","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"besluiten","lemma":"besluiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kon","gloss":"resolve"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"determiner of zinsnede","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zinsnede","lemma":"zinsnede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voleinden","gloss":"sentence"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive voleinden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voleinden","lemma":"voleinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of besluiten","gloss":"complete"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner clause","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of bijvoegen","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"bytevoegen","lemma":"bijvoegen","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive, fused spelling","role":"complement of door","gloss":"adding"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h7-s79","source":"--Een. Inlandsche.","translation":"\"A. Native.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s79.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of Vrouw in h7-s80","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Vrouw in h7-s80","gloss":"Native"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h7-s80","source":"Vrouw. --O, dit is volkomen hetzelfde, trachtte mevrouw Havelaar verstaanbaar te maken.","translation":"Woman.\" \"Oh, that is exactly the same,\" Mrs. Havelaar tried to make herself understood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"trachtte mevrouw Havelaar verstaanbaar te maken","title":"te + infinitive, and inversion after a fronted quote","body":"The verb trachten ('to try') governs a following infinitive with te: verstaanbaar te maken, 'to make (herself) understood.' Because the direct speech is fronted, the finite verb trachtte comes before its subject mevrouw Havelaar — the hallmark of verb-second order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"volkomen hetzelfde","title":"volkomen as an intensifier","body":"Here volkomen means 'completely, exactly' rather than the English false friend 'welcome.' Volkomen hetzelfde is 'exactly the same.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of Is in h7-s76","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to hetzelfde","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"volkomen","lemma":"volkomen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hetzelfde","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"hetzelfde","lemma":"hetzelfde","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"trachtte","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of reporting clause","gloss":"tried"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of trachtte","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"verstaanbaar","lemma":"verstaanbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of maken","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of trachtte","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h7-s81","source":"De resident knikte, als vond hy het goed dat die zaak dus geregeld was, en daar het spreken zoo moeielyk viel, brak men 't gesprek af.","translation":"The Resident nodded, as if he found it well that the matter was thus settled, and since speaking came so hard, they broke off the conversation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als vond hy het goed","title":"Inversion in an als-clause of comparison","body":"Here als ('as if') triggers verb-first inversion: vond hy het goed instead of hy vond het goed. The y in hy is the 1860 spelling of the modern pronoun hij."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar het spreken zoo moeielyk viel, brak men 't gesprek af","title":"Subordinating daar + separable afbreken","body":"Daar ('since, because') opens a subordinate clause and sends its verb to the end (viel). The main clause then inverts (brak men), and the separable verb afbreken splits, parking its prefix af at the very end of the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"men","title":"Impersonal men","body":"Men is the indefinite pronoun 'one / people / they,' here meaning 'they broke off the conversation.' It always takes a third-person singular verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of knikte","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"knikte","lemma":"knikken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"nodded"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces hypothetical clause of vond","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of hypothetical clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory object of vond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of het","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of vond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geregeld was","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geregeld","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"geregeld","lemma":"regelen","morphology":"participial adjective","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking zaak to geregeld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of viel","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spreken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb used as noun, infinitive","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeielyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies viel","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"brak","lemma":"afbreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of brak af","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of gesprek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gesprek","lemma":"gesprek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of brak","gloss":"conversation"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of brak af","gloss":"off"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h7-s82","source":"Die Mevrouw Slotering was de weduw van Havelaars voorganger die twee maanden geleden gestorven was.","translation":"This Mrs. Slotering was the widow of Havelaar's predecessor, who had died two months earlier.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de weduw van Havelaars voorganger die ... gestorven was","title":"Relative die and a 's-less genitive","body":"The relative pronoun die refers back to the de-word voorganger and opens a verb-final clause (gestorven was, 'had died'). Havelaars voorganger uses the inflected genitive -s on the name, 'Havelaar's predecessor.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Mevrouw","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to Mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Mevrouw Slotering to weduw","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weduw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weduw","lemma":"weduwe","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"widow","note":"Weduw is an older shortened form of modern weduwe."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorganger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of voorganger","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"voorganger","lemma":"voorganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"predecessor"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of gestorven was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies maanden","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"maanden","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"measure phrase modifying geleden","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"geleden","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gestorven","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h7-s83","source":"Verbrugge, daarop voorloopig belast met het ambt van adsistent-resident, zou 't recht gehad hebben, gedurende dien tyd de ruime woning te betrekken, die te Rangkas-Betoeng, zooals in elke afdeeling, van-landswege voor 't hoofd van het gewestelyk bestuur is opgericht.","translation":"Verbrugge, charged in the meantime with the office of Assistant Resident, would have had the right, during that time, to occupy the spacious residence which at Rangkas-Betoeng, as in every district, has been built at government expense for the head of the regional administration.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou 't recht gehad hebben ... de ruime woning te betrekken","title":"Conditional zou with a perfect infinitive","body":"Zou ('would') + the perfect infinitive gehad hebben expresses an unrealized past possibility: 'would have had the right.' The noun-phrase complement is then unfolded with te betrekken, 'to occupy.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gedurende dien tyd","title":"Case remnant: accusative den/dien","body":"Dien is the old masculine accusative of die, surviving here in the frozen phrase gedurende dien tyd ('during that time'). In modern Dutch this is simply die tijd."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"van-landswege ... is opgericht","title":"zijn-passive of the result","body":"Is opgericht ('has been erected') is a passive formed with zijn + past participle, naming the resulting state of the building. Van-landswege means 'at the State's expense / by the government.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zou hebben gehad","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies belast","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"voorloopig","lemma":"voorlopig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies belast","gloss":"temporarily"},{"surface":"belast","lemma":"belasten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial clause modifying Verbrugge","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambt","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adsistent-resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of hebben gehad","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, elided","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of conditional construction","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gedurende","lemma":"gedurende","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of tyd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of gedurende","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ruime","lemma":"ruim","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies woning","gloss":"spacious"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of betrekken","gloss":"residence"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive betrekken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"betrekken","lemma":"betrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of recht","gloss":"occupy"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of is opgericht","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afdeeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"elke","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"van-landswege","lemma":"van landswege","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies is opgericht","gloss":"at government expense","note":"Van landswege means by or at the expense of the government."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestuur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewestelyk","lemma":"gewestelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bestuur","gloss":"regional"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgericht","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"opgericht","lemma":"oprichten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive relative clause","gloss":"built"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h7-s84","source":"Hy had dit echter niet gedaan, gedeeltelyk misschien uit vrees dat hy te spoedig op-nieuw zou moeten verhuizen, gedeeltelyk om 't gebruik daarvan aan die dame met haar kinderen overtelaten.","translation":"He had not, however, done so—partly perhaps out of fear that he would too soon have to move again, partly to leave the use of it to that lady and her children.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had dit echter niet gedaan","title":"Pluperfect with had + participle","body":"Had gedaan is the pluperfect (voltooid verleden tijd): the imperfect of hebben plus the past participle gedaan, 'had done.' Echter ('however') sits in the middle field without disturbing verb-second order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om 't gebruik daarvan ... overtelaten","title":"Purpose clause om ... te","body":"Om frames a purpose ('in order to') that closes with te + infinitive. In 1860 spelling the te is written joined to the verb: overtelaten = over te laten, 'to leave over (to someone).'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"uit vrees dat hy ... zou moeten verhuizen","title":"Stacked verbs at the clause end","body":"In the dat-clause all the verbs pile up at the end: zou moeten verhuizen ('would have to move'). The modal moeten sends the main verb verhuizen to the very end as a bare infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gedaan","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gedaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"gedeeltelyk","lemma":"gedeeltelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uit vrees","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrees","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verhuizen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of verhuizen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spoedig","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verhuizen","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"op-nieuw","lemma":"opnieuw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verhuizen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of moeten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of verhuizen","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"verhuizen","lemma":"verhuizen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"move"},{"surface":"gedeeltelyk","lemma":"gedeeltelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces a second reason for niet gedaan","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause of overtelaten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of gebruik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of overtelaten","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies gebruik","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dame","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of dame","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dame","lemma":"dame","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"lady"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kinderen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of kinderen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"overtelaten","lemma":"overlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the purpose clause introduced by om","gloss":"leave"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h7-s85","source":"Er ware anders ruimte genoeg geweest, want behalve de vry groote adsistent-residentswoning zelf, stond daarneven op 'tzelfde \"erf\" nog een ander huis dat vroeger daartoe gediend had, en in-weerwil van den eenigszins bouwvalligen staat, nog altyd zeer geschikt was ter bewoning.","translation":"There would otherwise have been room enough, for besides the fairly large Assistant Resident's residence itself, there stood beside it, on the same \"compound,\" another house that had formerly served the purpose, and which, despite a somewhat ramshackle state, was still quite fit to live in.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er ware anders ruimte genoeg geweest","title":"Existential er and the subjunctive ware","body":"Er here is the existential particle ('there'), as in English 'there would have been room.' Ware is the old subjunctive of zijn, a literary alternative to zou ... geweest zijn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in-weerwil van den eenigszins bouwvalligen staat","title":"Adjective -e/-en endings and case remnant den","body":"Den is the old masculine accusative article surviving after a preposition, and the attributive adjectives take the matching old ending: bouwvalligen staat. In modern Dutch this is de ietwat bouwvallige staat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ware geweest","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"ruimte","lemma":"ruimte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ware geweest","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies ruimte","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of stond","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"behalve","lemma":"behalve","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adsistent-residentswoning","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-residentswoning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groote","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies adsistent-residentswoning","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"adsistent-residentswoning","lemma":"assistent-residentswoning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of behalve","gloss":"Assistant Resident's residence"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun","role":"emphasizes adsistent-residentswoning","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"daarneven","lemma":"daarneven","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"beside it","note":"Daarneven is an archaic equivalent of modern daarnaast."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking erf","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"tzelfde","lemma":"hetzelfde","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"compound"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of stond; antecedent of dat","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gediend had and was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gediend","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of gediend","gloss":"for that purpose"},{"surface":"gediend","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gediend","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates gediend had and was","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in-weerwil","lemma":"in weerwil","morphology":"compound preposition","role":"with van, introduces the concessive phrase","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes in-weerwil and marks staat","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of staat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bouwvalligen","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"bouwvalligen","lemma":"bouwvallig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"ramshackle"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschikt","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"geschikt","lemma":"geschikt","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"fit"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking dat to geschikt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and determiner","role":"preposition marking bewoning","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"bewoning","lemma":"bewoning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of ter and complement of geschikt","gloss":"habitation"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h7-s86","source":"Mevrouw Slotering had den resident verzocht haar voorspraak te zyn by den opvolger van haar echtgenoot, om de vergunning dat oude huis te bewonen tot na haar verlossing, die zy over eenige maanden te-gemoet zag.","translation":"Mrs. Slotering had asked the Resident to be her advocate with her husband's successor, for permission to live in that old house until after her confinement, which she expected in a few months' time.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had den resident verzocht haar voorspraak te zyn","title":"Pluperfect plus te-infinitive complement","body":"Had ... verzocht is the pluperfect of verzoeken ('to request'). The request itself is unfolded as a te-infinitive clause: haar voorspraak te zyn, 'to be her advocate.' Den resident shows the old accusative article."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"verlossing","title":"verlossing = confinement / delivery","body":"Literally 'release, deliverance,' verlossing is the period euphemism for childbirth — 'her confinement.' The same root gives the religious sense 'redemption,' which colors Multatuli's diction throughout."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verzocht","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to Mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verzocht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verzocht","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"verzocht","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of voorspraak","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"voorspraak","lemma":"voorspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"advocate"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verzocht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opvolger","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of opvolger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opvolger","lemma":"opvolger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"successor"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking echtgenoot","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of echtgenoot","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"echtgenoot","lemma":"echtgenoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vergunning","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of vergunning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vergunning","lemma":"vergunning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"permission"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bewonen","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive bewonen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewonen","lemma":"bewonen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of vergunning","gloss":"live in"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"with na, marks the endpoint verlossing","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verlossing","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of verlossing","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"verlossing","lemma":"verlossing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"confinement","note":"Here verlossing means childbirth or confinement, not rescue."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zag te-gemoet","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of maanden","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"maanden","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"te-gemoet","lemma":"tegemoet","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zag in tegemoetzien","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"tegemoetzien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause, with te-gemoet","gloss":"expected"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h7-s87","source":"Het was dit verzoek dat door Havelaar en zyn vrouw zoo gereedelyk was toegestaan, iets dat geheel in hun aard lag, want gastvry en hulpvaardig waren zy in de hoogste mate.","translation":"It was this request that Havelaar and his wife had so readily granted, a thing wholly in keeping with their nature, for hospitable and ready to help they were in the highest degree.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het was dit verzoek dat ... zoo gereedelyk was toegestaan","title":"Cleft het was ... dat + worden-less passive","body":"The cleft Het was dit verzoek dat ('it was this request that') foregrounds the object. Was toegestaan is a passive built with zijn ('had been granted'), naming the accomplished state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"gastvry en hulpvaardig waren zy in de hoogste mate","title":"Fronted predicate forcing inversion","body":"Fronting the predicate adjectives gastvry en hulpvaardig pushes the verb to second position and the subject after it (waren zy). Want ('for') is a coordinating conjunction and, unlike a subordinator, does not send the verb to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was in the cleft construction","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Het to verzoek","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of verzoek","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive toegestaan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the agents Havelaar and vrouw","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"agent of toegestaan","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Havelaar and vrouw","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated agent of toegestaan","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gereedelyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gereedelyk","lemma":"geredelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toegestaan","gloss":"readily"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of toegestaan","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"toegestaan","lemma":"toestaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"in apposition to verzoek","gloss":"a thing"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aard","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"possessor of aard","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"gastvry","lemma":"gastvrij","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"hospitable"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates gastvry and hulpvaardig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hulpvaardig","lemma":"hulpvaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"ready to help"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking zy to gastvry and hulpvaardig","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mate","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of mate","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoogste","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies mate","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"mate","lemma":"mate","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"degree"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h7-s88","source":"We hoorden den resident zeggen dat mevrouw Slotering een \"inlandsche vrouw\" was. Dit vereischt voor niet-indische lezers eenige opheldering, daar men al licht tot de onjuiste meening geraken zou hier met een eigenlyk-javaansche te doen te hebben.","translation":"We heard the Resident say that Mrs. Slotering was a \"native woman.\" This requires some explanation for non-Indies readers, since one might easily fall into the mistaken notion that we are dealing here with a Javanese woman proper.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"We hoorden den resident zeggen","title":"Perception verb + bare infinitive","body":"Verbs of perception like horen ('to hear') take a bare infinitive with no te: hoorden ... zeggen, 'heard (the Resident) say.' Den resident is the old accusative form of the object."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar men ... geraken zou","title":"daar-clause with verb cluster at the end","body":"Daar ('since') subordinates the clause, so the verbs gather at the end: geraken zou ('would fall into'). Tot de onjuiste meening geraken is an idiom, 'to arrive at the mistaken notion.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of hoorden","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"hoorden","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hoorden and subject of zeggen","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of hoorden","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies vrouw","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking mevrouw Slotering to vrouw","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of vereischt","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"vereischt","lemma":"vereisen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"requires"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lezers","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"niet-indische","lemma":"niet-Indisch","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies lezers","gloss":"non-Indies"},{"surface":"lezers","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"readers"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of opheldering","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"opheldering","lemma":"opheldering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vereischt","gloss":"explanation"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of geraken","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of geraken","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"with licht, modifies geraken","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"licht","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adverb","role":"with al, modifies geraken","gloss":"easily","note":"Al licht is an older expression meaning ‘easily’ or ‘readily’."},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking meening","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onjuiste","lemma":"onjuist","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies meening","gloss":"mistaken"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"geraken","lemma":"geraken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geraken","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te doen hebben","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eigenlyk-javaansche in te doen hebben met","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of eigenlyk-javaansche","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eigenlyk-javaansche","lemma":"eigenlijk-Javaans","morphology":"substantivized adjective, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"Javanese woman proper"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of the idiom te doen hebben met","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"heads the infinitival phrase complementing meening","gloss":"be dealing with","note":"Te doen hebben met is an idiom meaning ‘to be dealing with’."}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h7-s89","source":"De europesche maatschappy in Nederlandsch Indiën is vry scherp in twee deelen gesplitst: de eigenlyke Europeanen, en dezulken die--hoezeer wettelyk in geheel denzelfden rechtstoestand verkeerende--niet in Europa geboren zyn, en min of meer inlandsch bloed in de aderen hebben.","translation":"European society in the Dutch East Indies is split fairly sharply into two parts: the Europeans proper, and those who—however much they stand, legally, in altogether the same condition of rights—were not born in Europe and have, more or less, native blood in their veins.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is ... in twee deelen gesplitst","title":"zijn-passive of a completed state","body":"Is gesplitst ('is split') uses zijn + participle to describe society's settled, divided condition rather than the act of dividing it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"in geheel denzelfden rechtstoestand","title":"Frozen dative/accusative denzelfden","body":"Denzelfden is the old inflected form of dezelfde, surviving here after the preposition in. Modern Dutch keeps no such case ending: in geheel dezelfde rechtstoestand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dezulken","title":"dezulken = 'those (kind of people)'","body":"A literary demonstrative pronoun meaning 'such persons, those of that sort.' It is archaic in modern Dutch, where one would say zij die or degenen die."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender, singular","role":"determiner of maatschappy","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"europesche","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies maatschappy","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"maatschappy","lemma":"maatschappij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gesplitst","gloss":"society"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nederlandsch Indiën","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, proper-name modifier","role":"modifies Indiën","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"Indiën","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in, with Nederlandsch","gloss":"East Indies"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gesplitst","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scherp","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"scherp","lemma":"scherp","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesplitst","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deelen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies deelen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"deelen","lemma":"deel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"parts"},{"surface":"gesplitst","lemma":"splitsen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"split"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Europeanen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eigenlyke","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Europeanen","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"Europeanen","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"first appositional specification of deelen","gloss":"Europeans"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates Europeanen and dezulken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dezulken","lemma":"dezulke","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural, archaic","role":"second appositional specification of deelen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of verkeerende, geboren zyn, and hebben","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hoezeer","lemma":"hoezeer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive participial clause of verkeerende","gloss":"however much"},{"surface":"wettelyk","lemma":"wettelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkeerende","gloss":"legally"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rechtstoestand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies denzelfden","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"denzelfden","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of rechtstoestand","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"rechtstoestand","lemma":"rechtstoestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"condition of rights"},{"surface":"verkeerende","lemma":"verkeren","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"verb of the concessive participial clause","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates geboren zyn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"geboren","lemma":"geboren","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking die to geboren","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates geboren zyn and hebben","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"min","lemma":"min","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"first part of min of meer","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links min and meer","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"third part of min of meer","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"inlandsch","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bloed","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"bloed","lemma":"bloed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aderen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of aderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aderen","lemma":"ader","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"veins"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated verb with geboren zyn","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h7-s90","source":"Ter-eere der begrippen van menschelykheid in Indie, haast ik me hier bytevoegen dat, hoe scherp ook de lyn zy, die in 't maatschappelyk verkeer wordt getrokken tusschen de twee soorten van individuën, welke tegenover den inlander gelykelyk den naam van Hollander dragen, deze afscheiding evenwel geenszins 't barbaarsch karakter vertoont, dat in Amerika by de standsplitsing wordt waargenomen.","translation":"In honor of the notions of humanity in the Indies, I hasten to add here that, however sharp may be the line drawn in social intercourse between the two kinds of individuals who, before the native, alike bear the name of Hollander, this separation nevertheless in no way exhibits the barbarous character observed in America in the division of castes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ... wordt getrokken tusschen de twee soorten","title":"worden-passive: the ongoing process","body":"Wordt getrokken ('is drawn') is a worden-passive, presenting the line as something habitually, actively drawn by society — contrast the zijn-passive of a finished state."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe scherp ook de lyn zy","title":"Concessive with subjunctive zy","body":"Hoe scherp ook ... zy is a concessive, 'however sharp ... may be.' Zy is the literary subjunctive of zijn, and ter-eere der begrippen uses the old genitive article der ('of the notions')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"haast ik me hier bytevoegen","title":"Reflexive zich haasten + joined te","body":"Zich haasten ('to hasten') is reflexive; here me is the first-person reflexive object. Bytevoegen is the 1860 joined spelling of bij te voegen, 'to add.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ter-eere","lemma":"ter ere","morphology":"fixed prepositional phrase","role":"adverbial modifier of haast","gloss":"in honor"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of begrippen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"begrippen","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of Ter-eere","gloss":"notions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menschelykheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"menschelykheid","lemma":"menselijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying begrippen","gloss":"humanity"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of in modifying menschelykheid","gloss":"the Indies"},{"surface":"haast","lemma":"haasten","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the matrix clause","gloss":"hasten"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of haast","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first-person singular","role":"reflexive object of haast","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of bytevoegen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"bytevoegen","lemma":"bijvoegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of haast","gloss":"to add"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of bytevoegen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of scherp in concessive clause","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"scherp","lemma":"scherp","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zy","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive particle with hoe scherp","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lyn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lyn","lemma":"lijn","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zy","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"copula linking lyn to scherp","gloss":"may be"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive getrokken; antecedent lyn","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verkeer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of verkeer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maatschappelyk","lemma":"maatschappelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter singular","role":"modifies verkeer","gloss":"social"},{"surface":"verkeer","lemma":"verkeer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in modifying getrokken","gloss":"intercourse"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of getrokken","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"getrokken","lemma":"trekken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate of the relative clause on lyn","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking soorten","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of soorten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies soorten","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"soorten","lemma":"soort","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of tusschen modifying getrokken","gloss":"kinds"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking individuën","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"individuën","lemma":"individu","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of van modifying soorten","gloss":"individuals"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of dragen; antecedent individuën","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"tegenover","lemma":"tegenover","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inlander","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of inlander","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inlander","lemma":"inlander","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tegenover modifying dragen","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"gelykelyk","lemma":"gelijkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of dragen","gloss":"alike"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of dragen","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hollander","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Hollander","lemma":"Hollander","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying naam","gloss":"Hollander"},{"surface":"dragen","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"predicate of the relative clause on individuën","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afscheiding","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"afscheiding","lemma":"afscheiding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vertoont","gloss":"separation"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of vertoont","gloss":"nevertheless"},{"surface":"geenszins","lemma":"geenszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates vertoont","gloss":"in no way"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of karakter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"barbaarsch","lemma":"barbaars","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter singular","role":"modifies karakter","gloss":"barbarous"},{"surface":"karakter","lemma":"karakter","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vertoont","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"vertoont","lemma":"vertonen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"predicate of the object clause introduced by dat","gloss":"exhibits"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of passive waargenomen; antecedent karakter","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amerika","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Amerika","lemma":"Amerika","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of in modifying waargenomen","gloss":"America"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking standsplitsing","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of standsplitsing","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"standsplitsing","lemma":"standsplitsing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of by modifying waargenomen","gloss":"division of castes"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of waargenomen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waargenomen","lemma":"waarnemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate of the relative clause on karakter","gloss":"observed"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h7-s91","source":"Ik ontken niet dat er nog altyd veel onrechtvaardigs en stuitends in deze verhouding blyft bestaan, en dat het woord liplap my meermalen in de ooren klonk als een bewys hoe ver de niet-liplap, de blanke, dikwerf van ware beschaving verwyderd is.","translation":"I do not deny that much that is unjust and offensive still persists in this relation, and that the word liplap has more than once rung in my ears as proof of how far the non-liplap, the white man, is often removed from true civilization.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er nog altyd veel onrechtvaardigs ... blyft bestaan","title":"Existential er + blijven + bare infinitive","body":"Er is the existential 'there'; blijven ('to remain') takes a bare infinitive bestaan, 'continues to exist.' Veel onrechtvaardigs uses the partitive -s ('much that is unjust')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of ontken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ontken","lemma":"ontkennen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deny"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates ontken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first object clause of ontken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the clause of bestaan","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of bestaan","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of bestaan","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies onrechtvaardigs and stuitends","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"onrechtvaardigs","lemma":"onrechtvaardig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular, partitive -s","role":"subject of blyft bestaan","gloss":"that is unjust"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates onrechtvaardigs and stuitends","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stuitends","lemma":"stuitend","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular, partitive -s","role":"coordinated subject with onrechtvaardigs","gloss":"offensive"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verhouding","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in modifying bestaan","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"aspectual auxiliary of bestaan","gloss":"continues to"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of blyft","gloss":"exist"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two object clauses of ontken","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second object clause of ontken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of klonk","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"liplap","lemma":"liplap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to woord","gloss":"liplap","note":"A historical derogatory term for a person of mixed European and Asian descent."},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, first-person singular","role":"possessor of ooren expressed as dative with klonk","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency modifier of klonk","gloss":"more than once"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ooren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ooren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ooren","lemma":"oor","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of in modifying klonk","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"klonk","lemma":"klinken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"predicate of the second object clause","gloss":"rang"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the predicative complement bewys","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewys","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bewys","lemma":"bewijs","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of klonk","gloss":"proof"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces and modifies ver in the complement of bewys","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of verwyderd","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of niet-liplap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"niet-liplap","lemma":"niet-liplap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"non-liplap"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of blanke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"blanke","lemma":"blank","morphology":"substantivized adjective, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to niet-liplap","gloss":"white man"},{"surface":"dikwerf","lemma":"dikwerf","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency modifier of verwyderd is","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by verwyderd","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, attributive, common gender singular","role":"modifies beschaving","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"beschaving","lemma":"beschaving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van with verwyderd","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"verwyderd","lemma":"verwijderd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"removed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking niet-liplap to verwyderd","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h7-s92","source":"Het is waar dat de liplap niet dan by-uitzondering in gezelschappen wordt toegelaten, en dat hy gewoonlyk, als ik me hier van een zeer gemeenzame uitdrukking bedienen mag: \"niet voor vol wordt aangezien\" maar zelden zal men zulke uitsluiting of geringschatting hooren voorstellen en verdedigen als een grondbeginsel.","translation":"It is true that the liplap is admitted into company only by way of exception, and that he is usually—if I may avail myself here of a very colloquial expression—\"not reckoned as a full man\"; but rarely will one hear such exclusion or disparagement put forward and defended as a basic principle.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet dan by-uitzondering ... wordt toegelaten","title":"worden-passive with separable toelaten","body":"Wordt toegelaten ('is admitted') is a worden-passive, and the separable verb toelaten keeps its prefix on the participle (toe-ge-laten). Niet dan means 'only, not except.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ik me ... bedienen mag","title":"Reflexive zich bedienen van + modal mag","body":"Zich bedienen van means 'to avail oneself of'; me is the reflexive object. The modal mag ('may') sits at the end of the parenthetical als-clause, after its infinitive partner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking Het to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first clause anticipated by Het","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liplap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"liplap","lemma":"liplap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive toegelaten","gloss":"liplap"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms restrictive niet dan with dan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms restrictive niet dan with niet","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"by-uitzondering","lemma":"bij uitzondering","morphology":"fixed adverbial phrase","role":"adverbial modifier of toegelaten","gloss":"by exception","note":"Historical hyphenated spelling of bij uitzondering."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezelschappen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"gezelschappen","lemma":"gezelschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of in modifying toegelaten","gloss":"social circles"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of toegelaten","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"toegelaten","lemma":"toelaten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate of the first dat-clause","gloss":"admitted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two clauses dependent on waar","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second clause dependent on waar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of passive aangezien","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency modifier of aangezien","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of mag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, first-person singular","role":"reflexive object of bedienen","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of bedienen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by bedienen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitdrukking","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of gemeenzame","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"gemeenzame","lemma":"gemeenzaam","morphology":"adjective, attributive, common gender singular","role":"modifies uitdrukking","gloss":"colloquial"},{"surface":"uitdrukking","lemma":"uitdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van with bedienen","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"bedienen","lemma":"bedienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of mag","gloss":"avail"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first-person singular","role":"predicate of the parenthetical conditional clause","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates aangezien","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks vol as predicative complement of aangezien","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"vol","lemma":"vol","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of aangezien","gloss":"fully worthy","note":"Niet voor vol aanzien means not to regard someone as a fully worthy or valid person."},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of aangezien","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"aangezien","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate of the second dat-clause","gloss":"reckoned"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting main clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zelden","lemma":"zelden","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency modifier of hooren","gloss":"rarely"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"future auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of hooren","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitsluiting and geringschatting","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"uitsluiting","lemma":"uitsluiting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorstellen and verdedigen","gloss":"exclusion"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates uitsluiting and geringschatting","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"geringschatting","lemma":"geringschatting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with uitsluiting","gloss":"disparagement"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zal","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"voorstellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"bare infinitive complement of hooren","gloss":"put forward"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates voorstellen and verdedigen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verdedigen","lemma":"verdedigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated bare infinitive complement of hooren","gloss":"defend"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks grondbeginsel as complement of voorstellen and verdedigen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grondbeginsel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grondbeginsel","lemma":"grondbeginsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"basic principle"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h7-s93","source":"Het staat natuurlyk ieder vry, zyn eigen omgeving en gezelschap te kiezen, en men mag het den eigenlyken Europeaan niet euvel duiden, wanneer hy den omgang met lieden van zyn landaard voortrekt boven 't verkeer met personen die--hun meer of minder zedelyke en verstandelyke waarde in 't midden gelaten--zyn indrukken en denkbeelden niet deelen, of--en dit is misschien by vermeend verschil van beschaving, zeer dikwyls de hoofdzaak--wier vooroordeelen een andere richting hebben genomen dan de zyne.","translation":"Everyone is naturally free to choose his own circle and company, and the European proper is not to be blamed when he prefers association with people of his own stock to dealings with persons who—their greater or lesser moral and intellectual worth left aside—do not share his impressions and ideas, or—and this, in cases of supposed difference of civilization, is perhaps very often the main point—whose prejudices have taken a different direction from his own.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het staat natuurlyk ieder vry, zyn eigen omgeving ... te kiezen","title":"Impersonal het + te-infinitive","body":"Het ... staat ieder vry is an impersonal construction with dummy het: 'it is open to everyone.' What is free is then named by the te-infinitive te kiezen, 'to choose.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wier vooroordeelen een andere richting hebben genomen","title":"Genitive relative wier ('whose')","body":"Wier is the feminine/plural genitive relative pronoun, 'whose' — referring to the persons. Inside its clause the verb cluster goes to the end: hebben genomen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"men mag het den eigenlyken Europeaan niet euvel duiden","title":"Idiom euvel duiden + accusative den","body":"Iemand iets euvel duiden means 'to hold something against someone, to blame them for it.' Den eigenlyken Europeaan carries the old accusative ending on article and adjective alike."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, impersonal","role":"impersonal subject of staat","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staat","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"indirect object of staat","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of staat","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of omgeving","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies omgeving","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"omgeving","lemma":"omgeving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of kiezen","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates omgeving and gezelschap","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gezelschap","lemma":"gezelschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of kiezen","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive kiezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kiezen","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of staat","gloss":"choose"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of mag","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of duiden","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory direct object of duiden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eigenlyken","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic inflection","role":"modifies Europeaan","gloss":"proper","note":"Historical spelling of modern “eigenlijke.”"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of duiden","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates mag duiden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"euvel","lemma":"euvel","morphology":"adverbial predicative","role":"part of idiom euvel duiden","gloss":"amiss","note":"“Iemand iets euvel duiden” means to blame someone for something."},{"surface":"duiden","lemma":"duiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by mag","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of voortrekt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of voortrekt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of omgang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omgang","lemma":"omgang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voortrekt","gloss":"association"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement lieden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement landaard","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of landaard","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"landaard","lemma":"landaard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"nationality"},{"surface":"voortrekt","lemma":"voortrekken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of wanneer-clause","gloss":"prefers","note":"“Voortrekken boven” means to prefer one thing to another."},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the less-preferred alternative","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of verkeer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verkeer","lemma":"verkeer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of boven","gloss":"dealings"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement personen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of deelen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of waarde","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"modifies zedelijke en verstandelijke waarde","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates meer and minder","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"coordinated with meer","gloss":"lesser"},{"surface":"zedelyke","lemma":"zedelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies waarde","gloss":"moral","note":"Historical spelling of modern “zedelijke.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates zedelijke and verstandelijke","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verstandelyke","lemma":"verstandelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies waarde","gloss":"intellectual","note":"Historical spelling of modern “verstandelijke.”"},{"surface":"waarde","lemma":"waarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object in absolute construction","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in het midden laten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of midden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"midden","lemma":"midden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"gelaten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of parenthetical absolute construction","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of indrukken and denkbeelden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"indrukken","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of deelen","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates indrukken and denkbeelden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated direct object of deelen","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates deelen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"deelen","lemma":"delen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"share","note":"Historical spelling of modern “delen.”"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates relative clauses die and wier","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical comment","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit and hoofdzaak","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces circumstance verschil","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vermeend","lemma":"vermeend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies verschil","gloss":"supposed"},{"surface":"verschil","lemma":"verschil","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement beschaving","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"beschaving","lemma":"beschaving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dikwijls","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdzaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdzaak","lemma":"hoofdzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of dit","gloss":"main point"},{"surface":"wier","lemma":"wier","morphology":"relative possessive pronoun, plural","role":"possessor of vooroordelen","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"vooroordeelen","lemma":"vooroordeel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of hebben genomen","gloss":"prejudices"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of richting","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies richting","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"richting","lemma":"richting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of genomen","gloss":"direction"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of genomen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause headed by wier","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with de zijne","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zijne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zyne","lemma":"zijne","morphology":"possessive pronoun, singular","role":"object of comparison","gloss":"his","note":"Archaic inflected form of “de zijne,” meaning “his.”"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h7-s94","source":"Een liplap--om den term te bezigen die voor beleefder wordt gehouden, zou ik moeten zeggen een \"dusgenaamd inlandsch kind\" maar ik vraag vergunning my te houden aan 't spraakgebruik dat uit allitteratie geboren schynt, zonder dat ik met die uitdrukking iets beleedigends bedoel, en wat beteekent het woord dan ook?--een liplap heeft veel goeds.","translation":"A liplap—to use the term that is held more polite, I should have to say a \"so-called native child,\" but I beg leave to keep to the usage that seems born of alliteration, without intending by that expression anything insulting, and what, after all, does the word mean?—a liplap has much that is good.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om den term te bezigen die voor beleefder wordt gehouden","title":"om ... te plus comparative beleefder","body":"Om ... te bezigen is a purpose clause, 'in order to use the term.' Beleefder is the comparative of beleefd ('more polite'), formed with -er; voor ... wordt gehouden is a passive idiom, 'is held to be.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik vraag vergunning my te houden aan 't spraakgebruik","title":"Reflexive zich houden aan + te-infinitive","body":"Zich houden aan means 'to stick to, abide by'; my is the reflexive. The whole is an infinitive complement with te: my te houden aan, 'to keep to (the usage).'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liplap","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"liplap","lemma":"liplap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"left-dislocated topic resumed by w53","gloss":"liplap"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive bezigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of term","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"term","lemma":"term","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezigen","gloss":"term"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bezigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bezigen","lemma":"bezigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying statement","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of wordt gehouden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks predicative complement beleefder","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"beleefder","lemma":"beleefd","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of gehouden","gloss":"more polite"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gehouden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of zou","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of zou","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou moeten","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dusgenaamd","lemma":"dusgenaamd","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies kind","gloss":"so-called"},{"surface":"inlandsch","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies kind","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates with preceding clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of vraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"vergunning","lemma":"vergunning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vraag","gloss":"permission"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative singular","role":"reflexive object of houden","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive houden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of vergunning","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governing spraakgebruik","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of spraakgebruik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"spraakgebruik","lemma":"spraakgebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"usage"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of schijnt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks origin allitteratie","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"allitteratie","lemma":"alliteratie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"alliteration","note":"Historical spelling of modern “alliteratie.”"},{"surface":"geboren","lemma":"geboren","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"complement of schijnt","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zonder dat-clause","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause of bedoel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of bedoel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces instrumental uitdrukking","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of uitdrukking","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uitdrukking","lemma":"uitdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of bedoel","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"beleedigends","lemma":"beledigend","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"insulting","note":"Historical spelling of modern “beledigends.”"},{"surface":"bedoel","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of zonder dat-clause","gloss":"intend"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated question","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of beteekent","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"beteekent","lemma":"betekenen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of question","gloss":"means","note":"Historical spelling of modern “beteekent.”"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of beteekent","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of idiom dan ook","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liplap","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"liplap","lemma":"liplap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"resumed subject of heeft","gloss":"liplap"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of resumed clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies goeds","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"goeds","lemma":"goed","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"good"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h7-s95","source":"Ook de Europeaan heeft veel goeds. Beiden hebben veel verkeerds, en ook hierin alzoo gelyken zy op elkaar.","translation":"The European, too, has much that is good. Both have much that is wrong, and in this also, then, they resemble one another.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ook hierin alzoo gelyken zy op elkaar","title":"Pronominal adverb hierin + fronting","body":"Hierin fuses hier + in ('in this'); fronting it inverts the verb and subject (gelyken zy). Op elkaar means 'one another,' and the verb gelijken op takes a fixed preposition op."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses de Europeaan","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies goeds","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"goeds","lemma":"goed","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Beiden","lemma":"beide","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of second sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies verkeerds","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"verkeerds","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses hierin","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"hierin","lemma":"hierin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of gelijken","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"alzoo","lemma":"alzo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelijken","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"gelyken","lemma":"gelijken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"resemble","note":"Historical spelling of modern “gelijken.”"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of gelijken","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"required complement of gelijken","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"elkaar","lemma":"elkaar","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"object of op","gloss":"each other"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h7-s96","source":"Maar 't goede en 't verkeerde dat aan beiden eigen is loopt te veel uit elkander, dan dat hun verkeering over 't algemeen tot wederzydsch genoegen kan strekken.","translation":"But the good and the bad that are proper to each diverge too far for their intercourse, on the whole, to make for mutual pleasure.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"loopt te veel uit elkander, dan dat hun verkeering ... kan strekken","title":"te ... dan dat — 'too ... for'","body":"The correlative te veel ... dan dat means 'too far ... for (something to happen).' The dat-clause is verb-final, with the modal kan closing it: kan strekken."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"verkeering","title":"verkeering = intercourse / dealings","body":"Here verkeering means 'social intercourse, association' (from verkeren met, 'to associate with'), not the modern colloquial sense of 'courting / dating.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting main clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of goede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"first part of compound subject","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates goede and verkeerde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of verkeerde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verkeerde","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"second part of compound subject","gloss":"bad"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement beiden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beiden","lemma":"beide","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of dat","gloss":"proper"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula in relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"loopt","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of clause","gloss":"diverges"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies uit elkander lopen","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of uit elkander lopen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"elkander","lemma":"elkander","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"object of uit","gloss":"each other","note":"“Elkander” is an older form of “elkaar.”"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"part of te ... dan dat construction","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verkeering","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"verkeering","lemma":"verkering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kan strekken","gloss":"intercourse","note":"Historical spelling of modern “verkering”; here it means social intercourse."},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of phrase over het algemeen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner in over het algemeen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"algemeen","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces result complement genoegen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wederzydsch","lemma":"wederzijds","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies genoegen","gloss":"mutual","note":"Historical spelling of modern “wederzijds.”"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of strekken","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"strekken","lemma":"strekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb governed by kan","gloss":"make for"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h7-s97","source":"Bovendien--en hieraan heeft de Regeering veel schuld--is de liplap dikwyls slecht onderwezen.","translation":"Moreover—and for this the Government is much to blame—the liplap is often poorly educated.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is de liplap dikwyls slecht onderwezen","title":"zijn-passive of an enduring state","body":"Is ... onderwezen ('is educated') uses zijn + the strong participle of onderwijzen to describe a settled condition. Bovendien ('moreover') fronts the clause, so the verb is precedes the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is onderwezen","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical comment","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hieraan","lemma":"hieraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of schuld","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"Government","note":"Historical spelling of modern “regering.”"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies schuld","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"blame"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking liplap and onderwezen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liplap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"liplap","lemma":"liplap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is onderwezen","gloss":"liplap"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is onderwezen","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"slecht","lemma":"slecht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderwezen","gloss":"poorly"},{"surface":"onderwezen","lemma":"onderwijzen","morphology":"adjective, past participial","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"educated"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h7-s98","source":"De vraag is nu niet hoe de Europeaan wezen zou, als hy zoo van der jeugd af ware belemmerd geworden in zyn ontwikkeling, maar zeker is het dat de geringe wetenschappelyke ontwikkeling van den liplap in 't algemeen zyn gelykstelling met den Europeaan in den weg staat, ook dáár waar hy als individu in beschaving, wetenschap of kunst, misschien den voorrang boven een bepaalden europeschen persoon verdienen zou.","translation":"The question now is not how the European would turn out if from his youth he had been so hampered in his development; but certain it is that the liplap's slight scholarly development in general stands in the way of his being placed on a level with the European, even there where he, as an individual, in civilization, scholarship, or art, might perhaps deserve precedence over a particular European person.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s98.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als hy zoo van der jeugd af ware belemmerd geworden","title":"Conditional passive with subjunctive ware ... geworden","body":"This is a counterfactual passive: ware ... geworden is the literary subjunctive of the worden-passive perfect ('had he been hampered'). Van der jeugd af keeps the old genitive article der."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn gelykstelling met den Europeaan in den weg staat","title":"Separable idiom in de weg staan","body":"In den weg staan ('to stand in the way of') is a fixed expression; den keeps the old accusative ending after in. The subject zyn gelykstelling pushes the verb staat to the clause end after a long subordinate stretch."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking vraag to the indirect question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the indirect question complement","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of ware geworden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies belemmerd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of van ... af","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive historical form","role":"determiner of jeugd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jeugd","lemma":"jeugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes van der jeugd af","gloss":"onward"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"belemmerd","lemma":"belemmeren","morphology":"past participle","role":"passive participle governed by geworden","gloss":"hampered"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"past participle","role":"passive auxiliary with belemmerd","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontwikkeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"possessor of ontwikkeling","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ontwikkeling","lemma":"ontwikkeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of belemmerd","gloss":"development"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to zeker","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of staat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ontwikkeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geringe","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies ontwikkeling","gloss":"slight"},{"surface":"wetenschappelyke","lemma":"wetenschappelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected, historical spelling","role":"modifies ontwikkeling","gloss":"scholarly"},{"surface":"ontwikkeling","lemma":"ontwikkeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"development"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liplap","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of liplap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"liplap","lemma":"liplap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessive complement modifying ontwikkeling","gloss":"liplap"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking algemeen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted form","role":"determiner in the fixed phrase in het algemeen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"algemeen","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective used nominally","role":"complement in the phrase in het algemeen","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"possessor of gelijkstelling","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gelykstelling","lemma":"gelijkstelling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"object of staat in de weg","gloss":"equal treatment"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europeaan","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of the idiom in de weg staan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of the idiom in de weg staan","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dáár","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"correlative antecedent of waar","gloss":"there","note":"The accent marks emphatic dáár: ‘there.’"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on dáár","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of verdienen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the capacity individu","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"individu","lemma":"individu","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of als","gloss":"individual"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beschaving","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"beschaving","lemma":"beschaving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"wetenschap","lemma":"wetenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated complement with beschaving","gloss":"scholarship"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"kunst","lemma":"kunst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated complement with beschaving and wetenschap","gloss":"art"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verdienen","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of voorrang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorrang","lemma":"voorrang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verdienen","gloss":"precedence"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking persoon","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of persoon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bepaalden","lemma":"bepaald","morphology":"adjective, inflected, historical masculine form","role":"modifies persoon","gloss":"particular"},{"surface":"europeschen","lemma":"Europees","morphology":"adjective, inflected, historical spelling","role":"modifies persoon","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of boven","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"verdienen","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"deserve"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verdienen","gloss":"might"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h7-s99","source":"Ook hieraan is weder niets nieuws.","translation":"In this, too, there is again nothing new.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ook hieraan is weder niets nieuws","title":"Pronominal adverb hieraan + negative spread","body":"Hieraan fuses hier + aan ('to/in this'). Niets nieuws ('nothing new') carries the single clause-negation; Dutch allows only one negative word per clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hieraan","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"hieraan","lemma":"hieraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of nieuws","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"main copula of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb, literary","role":"modifies is","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"nieuws","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective used nominally","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"new"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h7-s100","source":"Het lag ook, byv. in de staatkunde van Willem den Veroveraar, om den minstbeduidenden Normandier te verheffen boven den beschaafdsten Sakser, en elke Normandier beriep zich gaarne op 't overwicht der Normandiers in het algemeen, om zyn persoon ook dáár te doen gelden, waar hy de minste zou geweest zyn zonder den invloed zyner stamgenooten als bovenliggende party.","translation":"It lay also, for example, in the statecraft of William the Conqueror, to raise the most insignificant Norman above the most cultivated Saxon, and every Norman gladly appealed to the predominance of the Normans in general, in order to make his own person count even there where he would have been the least, but for the influence of his kinsmen as the party uppermost.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om den minstbeduidenden Normandier te verheffen boven den beschaafdsten Sakser","title":"Superlatives in -st + om ... te","body":"Minstbeduidenden uses the prefix minst (superlative of weinig) + beduidend + attributive -en after den; beschaafdsten is formed with the regular -st superlative + accusative -en after den. Om ... te verheffen is the purpose infinitive, 'in order to elevate.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"beriep zich gaarne op 't overwicht der Normandiers","title":"Reflexive zich beroepen op + genitive der","body":"Zich beroepen op means 'to appeal to, invoke'; zich is the third-person reflexive. Der Normandiers is the old genitive plural, 'of the Normans.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"anticipatory subject of lag","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"byv","lemma":"bijvoorbeeld","morphology":"abbreviation, historical spelling","role":"sentence adverb modifying lag","gloss":"for example","note":"Byv. abbreviates bijvoorbeeld, ‘for example.’"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking staatkunde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of staatkunde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"staatkunde","lemma":"staatkunde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"statecraft"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Willem","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Willem","lemma":"Willem","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"William"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of Veroveraar","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Veroveraar","lemma":"veroveraar","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"appositive title of Willem","gloss":"Conqueror"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the om ... te infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of Normandier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minstbeduidenden","lemma":"minstbeduidend","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies Normandier","gloss":"most insignificant"},{"surface":"Normandier","lemma":"Normandiër","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"direct object of verheffen","gloss":"Norman"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verheffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verheffen","lemma":"verheffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"content clause licensed by lag in de staatkunde","gloss":"raise"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Sakser","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of Sakser","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschaafdsten","lemma":"beschaafd","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies Sakser","gloss":"most cultivated"},{"surface":"Sakser","lemma":"Sakser","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of boven","gloss":"Saxon"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"elke","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Normandier","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"Normandier","lemma":"Normandiër","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"subject of beriep","gloss":"Norman"},{"surface":"beriep","lemma":"beroepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"appealed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object in zich beroepen op","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beriep","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overwicht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overwicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"overwicht","lemma":"overwicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of beriep","gloss":"predominance"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive historical form","role":"determiner of Normandiers","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Normandiers","lemma":"Normandiër","morphology":"noun, plural, historical spelling","role":"genitive complement modifying overwicht","gloss":"Normans"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking algemeen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of algemeen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"algemeen","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"adjective used nominally","role":"complement in the phrase in het algemeen","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"possessor of persoon","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"persoon","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"person"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dáár","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of doen gelden","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"gelden","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doen","gloss":"count"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on dáár","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of zou geweest zijn","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of minste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minste","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"superlative adjective used nominally","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of geweest zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"past participle","role":"perfect participle in zou geweest zijn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"perfect auxiliary, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking invloed","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of invloed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"invloed","lemma":"invloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"influence"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive historical form","role":"possessor of stamgenooten","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"stamgenooten","lemma":"stamgenoot","morphology":"noun, plural, historical spelling","role":"genitive complement modifying invloed","gloss":"kinsmen"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the capacity bovenliggende party","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"bovenliggende","lemma":"bovenliggend","morphology":"present participial adjective, inflected","role":"modifies party","gloss":"uppermost"},{"surface":"party","lemma":"partij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"predicative complement of als","gloss":"party"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h7-s101","source":"Uit zoo-iets wordt natuurlyk in 't verkeer zekere gedwongenheid geboren. die niet zou weg te nemen zyn dan door wysgeerige onbekrompen inzichten en maatregelen van het bestuur.","translation":"Out of such a thing there is naturally born, in social intercourse, a certain constraint, which would not be removable except by philosophical, broad-minded insights and measures on the part of the administration.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Uit zoo-iets wordt ... zekere gedwongenheid geboren","title":"worden-passive with fronted prepositional phrase","body":"Wordt ... geboren ('is born') is a worden-passive describing the process. Fronting Uit zoo-iets inverts subject and verb, a classic verb-second effect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die niet zou weg te nemen zyn","title":"Conditional zou + te-infinitive of possibility","body":"Zou ... weg te nemen zyn means 'would be removable.' The separable verb wegnemen splits around te, and the construction te + zijn here carries a passive-potential sense ('to be able to be removed')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zoo-iets","gloss":"From"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter, historical spelling","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geboren","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies geboren","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verkeer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verkeer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verkeer","lemma":"verkeer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"social intercourse"},{"surface":"zekere","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of gedwongenheid","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"gedwongenheid","lemma":"gedwongenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive geboren","gloss":"constraint"},{"surface":"geboren","lemma":"geboren","morphology":"past participle","role":"main predicate with wordt","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weg te nemen zijn","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nemen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"separable adverbial particle","role":"particle of wegnemen","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks nemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"wegnemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement in weg te nemen zijn","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the restrictive construction niet ... dan","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the means of removal","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"wysgeerige","lemma":"wijsgerig","morphology":"adjective, inflected, historical spelling","role":"modifies inzichten","gloss":"philosophical"},{"surface":"onbekrompen","lemma":"onbekrompen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies inzichten","gloss":"broad-minded"},{"surface":"inzichten","lemma":"inzicht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of door","gloss":"insights"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"maatregelen","lemma":"maatregel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated complement with inzichten","gloss":"measures"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestuur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"possessive complement modifying maatregelen","gloss":"administration"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h7-s102","source":"Dat de Europeaan, die in zulke verhouding aan den winnenden kant is, zich in dit kunstmatig overwicht zeer gemakkelyk schikt, spreekt vanzelf. Maar dikwyls is 't koddig, iemand die zyn beschaving en taal grootendeels opdeed in de rotterdamsche Zandstraat, den liplap te hooren uitlachen omdat deze een glas water en 't gouvernement, mannelyk-, of zon en maan onzydig maakt.","translation":"That the European, who in such a relation is on the winning side, accommodates himself very easily to this artificial predominance, goes without saying. But it is often droll to hear someone who acquired his civilization and his language largely in the Zandstraat of Rotterdam laugh at the liplap because the latter makes a glass of water and the government masculine, or sun and moon neuter.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zich in dit kunstmatig overwicht zeer gemakkelyk schikt, spreekt vanzelf","title":"Reflexive zich schikten + fronted dat-clause subject","body":"Zich schikken in means 'to accommodate oneself to.' The whole dat-clause is the subject of spreekt vanzelf ('goes without saying'), so that idiom's verb stands second after it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den liplap te hooren uitlachen","title":"Perception horen + bare infinitive, stacked","body":"Horen ('to hear') governs the bare infinitive uitlachen ('to laugh at'); the whole is itself a te-infinitive after koddig ('droll to hear...'). Den liplap is the old accusative object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"mannelyk / onzydig maakt","title":"Grammatical gender as the butt of the joke","body":"The European laughs because the liplap assigns the wrong gender — making a glass of water masculine, or sun and moon neuter. This previews the very de/het distinction Dutch learners wrestle with."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of schikt","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schikt","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verhouding","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhouding","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"verhouding","lemma":"verhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"relation"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kant","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of kant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"winnenden","lemma":"winnend","morphology":"adjective, inflected, historical masculine form","role":"modifies kant","gloss":"winning"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative","role":"reflexive object of schikt","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overwicht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of overwicht","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"kunstmatig","lemma":"kunstmatig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies overwicht","gloss":"artificial"},{"surface":"overwicht","lemma":"overwicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of schikt","gloss":"predominance"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gemakkelyk","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"gemakkelyk","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies schikt","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"schikt","lemma":"schikken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the subject clause","gloss":"accommodates"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb in spreekt vanzelf","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the idiom spreekt vanzelf","gloss":"for itself"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of koddig","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies is","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking the infinitive clause to koddig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, contracted form","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"koddig","lemma":"koddig","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"droll"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of uitlachen in the accusative-and-infinitive construction","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of opdeed","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"possessor of beschaving and taal","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"beschaving","lemma":"beschaving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opdeed","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with beschaving","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"grootendeels","lemma":"grotendeels","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies opdeed","gloss":"largely"},{"surface":"opdeed","lemma":"opdoen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"acquired"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Zandstraat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Zandstraat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rotterdamsche","lemma":"Rotterdams","morphology":"adjective, inflected, historical spelling","role":"modifies Zandstraat","gloss":"Rotterdam"},{"surface":"Zandstraat","lemma":"Zandstraat","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of in","gloss":"Zandstraat"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine form","role":"determiner of liplap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"liplap","lemma":"liplap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of uitlachen","gloss":"liplap"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks hooren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitive complement of koddig","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"uitlachen","lemma":"uitlachen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hooren","gloss":"ridicule"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of maakt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of glas","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"glas","lemma":"glas","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first element of the compound phrase glas water","gloss":"glass"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement specifying glas","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated direct object with glas water","gloss":"government"},{"surface":"mannelyk","lemma":"mannelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative, historical spelling","role":"object complement of glas water and gouvernement","gloss":"masculine"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"maan","lemma":"maan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object with zon","gloss":"moon"},{"surface":"onzydig","lemma":"onzijdig","morphology":"adjective, predicative, historical spelling","role":"object complement of zon and maan","gloss":"neuter"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"makes"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h7-s103","source":"Een liplap moge beschaafd, goed onderwezen zyn, of geleerd--er zyn er zoo!--zoodra de Europeaan, die zich ziek hield om achterteblyven van 't schip waarop hy borden waschte, en die zyn aanspraken op beleefdheid bazeert op \"uwee\" en \"verexkuseer\" aan het hoofd staat van de handelsonderneming die zoo \"enorm\" gewonnen heeft op de indigo in 1800 zooveel ... neen, lang vóór hy de \"toko\" bezat, waarin hy hammen en jachtgeweren verkoopt--wanneer zoo'n Europeaan opmerkt dat de beschaafdste liplap moeite heeft de h en de g, uit elkaar te houden, lacht hy over de domheid van den man die niet weet dat er onderscheid is tusschen een gouden hek en een houten gek.","translation":"A liplap may be cultivated, well educated, or learned—there are such!—the moment the European, who feigned sickness so as to be left behind from the ship on which he washed plates, and who bases his claims to refinement on \"if it please you\" and \"by your leave,\" stands at the head of the trading firm that won so \"enormously\" on the indigo in the year eighteen hundred and something ... no, long before he owned the \"toko\" in which he sells hams and hunting guns—when such a European remarks that the most cultivated liplap has trouble keeping the h and the g apart, he laughs at the stupidity of the man who does not know that there is a difference between a golden gate and a wooden fool.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Een liplap moge beschaafd ... zyn","title":"Concessive subjunctive moge","body":"Moge is the subjunctive of mogen, used concessively: 'a liplap may (well) be cultivated ...' It concedes a point before the contrast that follows. Er zyn er zoo! stacks two er's — existential and quantitative ('there are such')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die zich ziek hield om achterteblyven","title":"Reflexive zich houden + om ... te","body":"Zich ziek houden means 'to feign illness.' Om achterteblyven (= om achter te blijven) is a purpose clause, 'in order to stay behind,' written joined in 1860 style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liplap","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"liplap","lemma":"liplap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of moge zijn","gloss":"liplap","note":"A dated colonial term for a person of mixed European and Indonesian ancestry."},{"surface":"moge","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"beschaafd","lemma":"beschaafd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"cultivated"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderwezen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"onderwezen","lemma":"onderwijzen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"educated"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moge","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"geleerd","lemma":"geleerd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential zijn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronoun, partitive","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"ones"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omitted antecedent","gloss":"such","note":"In er zijn er zoo, zoo means 'such ones'."},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of staat","gloss":"as soon as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of hield","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ziek","lemma":"ziek","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of hield","gloss":"sick"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on Europeaan","gloss":"pretended"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive achter te blijven","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"achterteblyven","lemma":"achterblijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of hield","gloss":"stay behind","note":"Historical spelling writes achter te blijven as one word and uses y for ij."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schip","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schip","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schip","lemma":"schip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"adverbial complement of waschte","gloss":"on which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of waschte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"borden","lemma":"bord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of waschte","gloss":"plates"},{"surface":"waschte","lemma":"wassen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on schip","gloss":"washed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bazeert","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of aanspraken","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aanspraken","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bazeert","gloss":"claims"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of aanspraken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beleefdheid","lemma":"beleefdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"refinement"},{"surface":"bazeert","lemma":"baseren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on Europeaan","gloss":"bases"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces basis of bazeert","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"uwee","lemma":"uwé","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person, singular, polite, quoted","role":"object of op","gloss":"your honor","note":"Uwee is a caricatured spelling of uwé, a dated polite second-person form used in the Dutch East Indies."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verexkuseer","lemma":"verexcuseren","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular, quoted","role":"coordinated with uwee","gloss":"excuse me","note":"Verexkuseer is a caricatured spelling of verexcuseer, the singular imperative of verexcuseren."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of zodra-clause","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handelsonderneming","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of handelsonderneming","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"handelsonderneming","lemma":"handelsonderneming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"trading firm"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft gewonnen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies enorm","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"enorm","lemma":"enorm","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gewonnen","gloss":"enormously"},{"surface":"gewonnen","lemma":"winnen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on handelsonderneming","gloss":"won"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewonnen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking indigo","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of indigo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indigo","lemma":"indigo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"indigo"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 1800","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite numeral","role":"completes 1800 zoveel","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"self-correction marker","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vóór","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bezat","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bezat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toko","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toko","lemma":"toko","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezat","gloss":"shop"},{"surface":"bezat","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of vóór-clause","gloss":"owned"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"adverbial complement of verkoopt","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verkoopt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hammen","lemma":"ham","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verkoopt","gloss":"hams"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"jachtgeweren","lemma":"jachtgeweer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated direct object with hammen","gloss":"hunting guns"},{"surface":"verkoopt","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on toko","gloss":"sells"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opmerkt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"zoo'n","lemma":"zo'n","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of opmerkt","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"opmerkt","lemma":"opmerken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of wanneer-clause","gloss":"remarks"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of heeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liplap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beschaafdste","lemma":"beschaafd","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies liplap","gloss":"most cultivated"},{"surface":"liplap","lemma":"liplap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"liplap"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of content clause of opmerkt","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of h","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"h","lemma":"h","morphology":"noun, letter name","role":"first object of uit elkaar houden","gloss":"h"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of g","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"g","lemma":"g","morphology":"noun, letter name","role":"coordinated with h","gloss":"g"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"governs elkaar in uit elkaar houden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"elkaar","lemma":"elkaar","morphology":"reciprocal pronoun","role":"part of uit elkaar houden","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive houden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moeite heeft","gloss":"keep"},{"surface":"lacht","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughs"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of lacht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking domheid","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of domheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"domheid","lemma":"domheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"stupidity"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of domheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on man","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"onderscheid","lemma":"onderscheid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of content clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces compared items","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gouden","lemma":"gouden","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hek","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"hek","lemma":"hek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"gate"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of houten","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"houten","lemma":"houten","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gek","gloss":"wooden"},{"surface":"gek","lemma":"gek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of tusschen","gloss":"fool"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h7-s104","source":"Maar om hierover niet te lachen, had hy moeten weten dat in het arabisch en maleisch de cha en de hha door één karakter worden uitgedrukt, dat Hieronymus viâ Geronimo in Jérôme overgaat, dat we van huano, guano maken, dat een want een handschoen is, dat kous van hose afstamt, en dat we voor Guild Heaume in 't hollandsch Huillem of Willem zeggen.","translation":"But in order not to laugh at this, he would have had to know that in Arabic and Malay the cha and the hha are expressed by a single character, that Hieronymus passes by way of Geronimo into Jérôme, that out of huano we make guano, that a mitten is a hand-shoe, that stocking descends from hose, and that for Guild Heaume we say in Dutch Huillem or Willem.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de cha en de hha ... worden uitgedrukt","title":"worden-passive with separable uitdrukken","body":"Worden uitgedrukt ('are expressed') is a worden-passive; the separable verb uitdrukken forms its participle as uit-ge-drukt. The dat-clauses keep their verbs at the end (overgaat, maken)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een want ... een handschoen / kous van hose","title":"Etymological wordplay on h and g","body":"Multatuli defends the liplap by listing sound-shifts: huano→guano, hose→kous ('stocking'), Guild Heaume→Willem. His point is that h/g confusion has respectable historical precedent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects sentence to preceding contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive lachen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"hierover","lemma":"hierover","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lachen","gloss":"at this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lachen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive lachen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lachen","lemma":"lachen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of had moeten weten","gloss":"laugh"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary in conditional perfect","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had moeten weten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of weten","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uitgedrukt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arabisch","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of arabisch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arabisch","lemma":"Arabisch","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first object of in","gloss":"Arabic"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"maleisch","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Arabisch","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of cha","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"cha","lemma":"cha","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first subject of worden uitgedrukt","gloss":"cha"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hha","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hha","lemma":"hha","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject with cha","gloss":"hha"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking karakter","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies karakter","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"karakter","lemma":"karakter","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of uitgedrukt","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"uitgedrukt","lemma":"uitdrukken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of first content clause","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of overgaat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Hieronymus","lemma":"Hieronymus","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of overgaat","gloss":"Hieronymus"},{"surface":"viâ","lemma":"via","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces intermediate form Geronimo","gloss":"via","note":"Viâ is an older spelling of via."},{"surface":"Geronimo","lemma":"Geronimo","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of viâ","gloss":"Geronimo"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Jérôme","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Jérôme","lemma":"Jérôme","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Jérôme"},{"surface":"overgaat","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of second content clause","gloss":"passes"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of maken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huano","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"huano","lemma":"huano","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"huano"},{"surface":"guano","lemma":"guano","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"guano"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of third content clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of handschoen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of want","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"mitten","note":"Here want is the noun 'mitten', not the conjunction 'because'."},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of handschoen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"handschoen","lemma":"handschoen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"glove"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula of fourth content clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of afstamt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kous","lemma":"kous","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of afstamt","gloss":"stocking"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hose","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hose","lemma":"hose","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"hose"},{"surface":"afstamt","lemma":"afstammen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of fifth content clause","gloss":"descends"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Guild","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Guild","lemma":"Guild","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first object of voor","gloss":"Guild"},{"surface":"Heaume","lemma":"Heaume","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of name Guild Heaume","gloss":"Heaume"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking 't","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hollandsch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hollandsch","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"Huillem","lemma":"Huillem","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first direct object of zeggen","gloss":"Huillem"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Willem","lemma":"Willem","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Huillem","gloss":"Willem"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of final content clause","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h7-s105","source":"Zooveel eruditie is te veel gevergd van iemand die zyn fortuin maakte \"in\" de indigo, en z'n beschaving haalde uit het welgelukken van dobbelary ... of erger!","translation":"So much erudition is too much to ask of someone who made his fortune \"in\" indigo, and drew his civilization out of the lucky run of the dice ... or worse!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is te veel gevergd van iemand die zyn fortuin maakte","title":"zijn-passive + imperfect maakte","body":"Is ... gevergd ('is demanded') is a zijn-passive of result. Inside the relative clause the verb is the simple past (imperfect) maakte, the narrative tense for past events."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dobbelary","title":"Period spelling -ary for -arij","body":"Dobbelary ('gambling, dice-play') shows the 1860 spelling -ary where modern Dutch writes -arij (dobbelarij). The same ending appears later in knevelarij and chicanes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite numeral","role":"quantifies eruditie","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"eruditie","lemma":"eruditie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gevergd","gloss":"erudition"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"passive auxiliary, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gevergd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of te veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"part of te veel","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"gevergd","lemma":"vergen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of passive clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of van","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakte and haalde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of fortuin","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"fortuin","lemma":"fortuin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on iemand","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking de","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of indigo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indigo","lemma":"indigo","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"indigo"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"z'n","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, contracted","role":"possessor of beschaving","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"beschaving","lemma":"beschaving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of haalde","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"haalde","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with maakte","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source of haalde","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of welgelukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"welgelukken","lemma":"welgelukken","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"success"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dobbelary","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dobbelary","lemma":"dobbelarij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"gambling","note":"Dobbelary is the historical spelling of modern dobbelarij, 'gambling'."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical alternative","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"erger","lemma":"erg","morphology":"adjective, comparative, substantivized","role":"elliptical alternative to dobbelary","gloss":"worse"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h7-s106","source":"En zulk een Europeaan kan toch niet omgaan met zulk een liplap!","translation":"And such a European can hardly associate with such a liplap!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zulk een Europeaan kan toch niet omgaan met zulk een liplap","title":"Modal kan + separable omgaan + niet","body":"The modal kan sends omgaan ('to associate') to the end as a bare infinitive. Niet negates the whole verb phrase, and the fixed verb omgaan met takes the preposition met."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects sentence to preceding argument","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Europeaan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Europeaan","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of omgaan","gloss":"European"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of omgaan","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic modifier of niet omgaan","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies omgaan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"omgaan","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"associate"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liplap","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of liplap","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of liplap","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"liplap","lemma":"liplap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of omgaan","gloss":"liplap"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h7-s107","source":"Ik begryp hoe Willem van Guillaume komt, en moet erkennen dat ik, vooral in de Molukken, zeer dikwyls \"liplappen\" heb leeren kennen, die me deden verbaasd staan over den omvang hunner kennis, en die my op 't denkbeeld brachten dat wy Europeanen, hoeveel hulpmiddelen ons ook ten-dienste stonden, dikwyls--en niet vergelykender-wyze alleen--verre ten-achteren staan by de arme pariah's die van de wieg af hadden te stryden met kunstmatig-onbillyke terugzetting en 't zot vooroordeel tegen hun kleur.","translation":"I understand how Willem comes from Guillaume, and I must own that I, especially in the Moluccas, very often came to know \"liplaps\" who left me astonished at the range of their knowledge, and who put me upon the thought that we Europeans, however many aids stood at our service, often—and not merely by way of comparison—stand far behind the poor pariahs who from the cradle had to struggle against an artificially unfair holding-back and the absurd prejudice against their color.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoeveel hulpmiddelen ons ook ten-dienste stonden","title":"Concessive hoeveel ... ook with verb-final","body":"Hoeveel ... ook ('however many') is concessive; its verb stonden lands at the clause end. Wy Europeanen ... verre ten-achteren staan reads 'we stand far behind.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ... hadden te stryden met ... terugzetting","title":"hebben te + infinitive (obligation)","body":"Hadden te stryden expresses obligation/necessity, 'had to struggle.' This hebben + te + infinitive pattern is the period equivalent of moesten strijden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of begryp","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"begryp","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces indirect question headed by komt","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Willem","lemma":"Willem","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"Willem"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking origin Guillaume","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Guillaume","lemma":"Guillaume","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Guillaume"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"head of indirect question introduced by hoe","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates begryp and moet erkennen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of erkennen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"erkennen","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moet","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of erkennen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of heb leeren kennen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in de Molukken","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking place Molukken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Molukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Molukken","lemma":"Molukken","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"Moluccas"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of dikwyls","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies heb leeren kennen","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"liplappen","lemma":"liplap","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of kennen","gloss":"liplaps","note":"A dated colonial term for people of mixed European and Indonesian ancestry."},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of leeren kennen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative-like complement in heb leeren kennen","gloss":"come to"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of leeren","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of deden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"direct object of deden","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"deden","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"head of relative clause modifying liplappen","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"verbaasd","lemma":"verbazen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"predicative complement of staan","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of deden","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces cause of verbaasd","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of omvang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"omvang","lemma":"omvang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"range"},{"surface":"hunner","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun, third person plural, archaic genitive","role":"possessor of kennis","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of omvang","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two relative clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of brachten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"direct object of brachten","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of fixed phrase op het denkbeeld brengen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"brachten","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"head of relative clause modifying liplappen","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause in apposition to denkbeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, first person plural, nominative","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"Europeanen","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"apposition to wy","gloss":"Europeans"},{"surface":"hoeveel","lemma":"hoeveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies hulpmiddelen in concessive clause","gloss":"however many"},{"surface":"hulpmiddelen","lemma":"hulpmiddel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of stonden","gloss":"aids"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, first person plural, object form","role":"benefactive complement of ten-dienste stonden","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"concessive focus particle with hoeveel","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ten-dienste","lemma":"ten dienste","morphology":"fixed adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of stonden","gloss":"at service"},{"surface":"stonden","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"head of concessive clause headed by hoeveel","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies staan","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical qualification","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates alleen vergelykender-wyze","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vergelykender-wyze","lemma":"vergelijkenderwijze","morphology":"adverb, comparative manner","role":"manner modifier of staan","gloss":"by comparison"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"modifies vergelykender-wyze","gloss":"merely"},{"surface":"verre","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb, archaic form","role":"degree modifier of ten-achteren","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"ten-achteren","lemma":"ten achteren","morphology":"fixed adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of staan","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, first person plural","role":"main verb of clause introduced by dat","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with pariah's","gloss":"compared with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of pariah's","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies pariah's","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"pariah's","lemma":"paria","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of by","gloss":"pariahs"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hadden te stryden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of fixed phrase van ... af","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of wieg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wieg","lemma":"wieg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"cradle"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes fixed phrase van de wieg af","gloss":"onward"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"governs te stryden in obligation construction","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive stryden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stryden","lemma":"strijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of hadden","gloss":"struggle"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces opponent of stryden","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"kunstmatig-onbillyke","lemma":"kunstmatig-onbillijk","morphology":"compound adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies terugzetting","gloss":"artificially unfair"},{"surface":"terugzetting","lemma":"terugzetting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"holding-back"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates terugzetting and vooroordeel","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of vooroordeel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zot","lemma":"zot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, uninflected","role":"modifies vooroordeel","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"vooroordeel","lemma":"vooroordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"prejudice"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces target of vooroordeel","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun, third person plural","role":"possessor of kleur","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"kleur","lemma":"kleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"color"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h7-s108","source":"Maar mevrouw Slotering was eens-voor-al gevrywaard voor fouten in 't hollandsch, omdat ze nooit anders dan maleisch sprak.","translation":"But Mrs. Slotering was, once and for all, safeguarded against errors in Dutch, because she never spoke anything but Malay.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat ze nooit anders dan maleisch sprak","title":"omdat + verb-final, with nooit","body":"Omdat ('because') subordinates and sends sprak to the end. Nooit anders dan means 'never anything but,' and nooit is the single permitted negative in the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"was ... gevrywaard voor fouten","title":"zijn-passive of a protected state","body":"Was gevrywaard ('was safeguarded') uses zijn + participle for the resulting state — Mrs. Slotering was permanently safe from Dutch mistakes because she only ever spoke Malay."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links sentence contrastively to preceding context","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, title","role":"head of subject phrase","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"name following title mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking mevrouw Slotering to gevrywaard","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"eens-voor-al","lemma":"eens voor al","morphology":"fixed adverbial phrase","role":"modifies gevrywaard","gloss":"once and for all"},{"surface":"gevrywaard","lemma":"vrijwaren","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"safeguarded"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces what she was safeguarded against","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"fouten","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"errors"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces domain of fouten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, contracted","role":"determiner of hollandsch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hollandsch","lemma":"Hollands","morphology":"language name, neuter singular, substantivized adjective","role":"object of in","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause headed by sprak","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies anders dan maleisch sprak","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of exclusive construction nooit anders dan","gloss":"anything else"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces exclusive complement maleisch","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"maleisch","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"language name, neuter singular, substantivized adjective","role":"direct object of sprak","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"head of causal clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h7-s109","source":"We zullen haar later te zien krygen, als we met Havelaar, Tine en kleinen Max thee-drinken in de voorgalery der adsistent-residents-woning te Rangkas-Betoeng, waar ons reisgezelschap, na lang hotsen en stooten, eindelyk behouden aankwam.","translation":"We shall come to see her later, when we drink tea with Havelaar, Tine, and little Max in the front gallery of the Assistant Resident's residence at Rangkas-Betoeng, where our traveling party, after long jolting and lurching, at last arrived safe and sound.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"We zullen haar later te zien krygen","title":"Future with zullen","body":"Zullen + the infinitive cluster te zien krygen forms the explicit future, 'we shall come to see her.' Te zien krygen is an idiom, 'to get to see.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"kleinen Max","title":"Adjective -en after a name (case remnant)","body":"Kleinen Max carries the old masculine accusative/dative -en on the adjective klein — a frozen agreement now lost in modern Dutch, which writes kleine Max."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, first person plural, nominative","role":"subject of zullen te zien krygen","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person plural","role":"future auxiliary of te zien krygen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te zien krygen","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zien in te zien krijgen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of krygen","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"krygen","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zullen governing te zien","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause headed by thee-drinken","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, first person plural, nominative","role":"subject of thee-drinken","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces companions of thee-drinken","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first coordinated object of met","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links final member of coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic inflection","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"thee-drinken","lemma":"theedrinken","morphology":"verb, present, first person plural","role":"head of temporal clause introduced by als","gloss":"drink tea"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place of thee-drinken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of voorgalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgalery","lemma":"voorgalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"front gallery"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic genitive singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-residents-woning","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"adsistent-residents-woning","lemma":"assistent-residentswoning","morphology":"compound noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of voorgalery","gloss":"Assistant Resident's residence"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces place name Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive pronoun, first person plural","role":"possessor of reisgezelschap","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"reisgezelschap","lemma":"reisgezelschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of aankwam","gloss":"traveling party"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces prior activity hotsen en stooten","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"modifies hotsen en stooten","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"hotsen","lemma":"hotsen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"first coordinated object of na","gloss":"jolting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates hotsen and stooten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"stooten","lemma":"stoten","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"coordinated object of na","gloss":"lurching"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aankwam","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"behouden","lemma":"behouden","morphology":"adjective used adverbially","role":"manner complement of aankwam","gloss":"safe and sound"},{"surface":"aankwam","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"head of relative clause introduced by waar","gloss":"arrived"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h7-s110","source":"De resident, die slechts was meegekomen om den nieuwen adsistent-resident in zyn ambt te bevestigen, gaf den wensch te kennen nog dienzelfden dag naar Serang terugtekeeren: --Omdat.","translation":"The Resident, who had come along only to install the new Assistant Resident in his office, made known his wish to return to Serang that very same day: \"Because.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gaf den wensch te kennen ... terugtekeeren","title":"Idiom te kennen geven + joined te","body":"Te kennen geven means 'to make known, express.' The wish itself is a te-infinitive: terugtekeeren = terug te keren ('to return'), written joined in 1860 style."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was meegekomen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of was meegekomen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of meegekomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"meegekomen","lemma":"meekomen","morphology":"past participle","role":"head of relative clause modifying resident","gloss":"come along"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"first part of purpose construction om ... te bevestigen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic masculine inflection","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"compound noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bevestigen","gloss":"Assistant Resident"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces office in which he is installed","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, third person singular","role":"possessor of ambt","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks purpose infinitive bevestigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bevestigen","lemma":"bevestigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of meegekomen","gloss":"install"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of wensch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wensch","lemma":"wens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive kennen in te kennen geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"kennen","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"part of fixed expression te kennen geven","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dienzelfden dag","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"dienzelfden","lemma":"diezelfde","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic masculine inflection","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"that very same"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal modifier of terugtekeeren","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination Serang","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"terugtekeeren","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement specifying wensch","gloss":"to return"},{"surface":"Omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction used as quoted fragment","role":"introduces fragmented causal clause headed by Had","gloss":"Because"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h7-s111","source":"Hy. Havelaar betuigde insgelyks bereid te zyn tot allen spoed ...","translation":"He.\" Havelaar declared that he, likewise, was ready for all dispatch ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s111.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative, quoted fragment","role":"subject of Had in fragmented quotation","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of betuigde","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"betuigde","lemma":"betuigen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"declared"},{"surface":"insgelyks","lemma":"insgelijks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bereid te zyn","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"bereid","lemma":"bereid","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking implicit subject Havelaar to bereid","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of bereid","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite determiner, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of spoed","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"spoed","lemma":"spoed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"dispatch"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h7-s112","source":"--Het. Zoo.","translation":"\"It. So.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, third person neuter singular, quoted fragment","role":"object of Had in fixed expression het druk hebben","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb, quoted fragment","role":"degree modifier of Druk in fragmented quotation","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h7-s113","source":"Druk. Had.","translation":"Busy. Had.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s113.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Druk","lemma":"druk","morphology":"adjective, quoted fragment","role":"predicative complement in fixed expression het druk hebben","gloss":"busy"},{"surface":"Had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular, quoted fragment","role":"head of causal clause introduced by Omdat","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h7-s114","source":"...en de afspraak werd gemaakt, dat men daartoe over een half uur in de groote voorgalery der woning van den Regent zou by-eenkomen. Verbrugge, hierop voorbereid, had reeds voor vele dagen aan de Distriktshoofden, den Patteh, den Kliwon, den Djaksa den belasting-kollekteur, eenige mantries, en voorts aan alle inlandsche beambten die deze plechtigheid moesten bywonen, last gegeven zich op de hoofdplaats te verzamelen.","translation":"... and the arrangement was made that to that end they would assemble half an hour later in the large front gallery of the Regent's residence. Verbrugge, prepared for this, had already, days before, given orders to the District Chiefs, the Patteh, the Kliwon, the Djaksa, the tax collector, a few mantries, and furthermore to all the native officials who were to attend this ceremony, to gather at the chief town.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men daartoe ... zou by-eenkomen","title":"dat-clause future with separable bijeenkomen","body":"Inside the dat-clause the future zou ... by-eenkomen sits at the end; the separable verb bijeenkomen ('to assemble') keeps its prefix attached here. Daartoe = daar + toe ('to that end')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had reeds voor vele dagen ... last gegeven","title":"Pluperfect had ... gegeven","body":"Had ... gegeven is the pluperfect of geven, here in the idiom last geven ('to give orders'). The long string of indirect objects (the chiefs and officials) fills the middle field before the participle."}],"words":[{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afspraak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afspraak","lemma":"afspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gemaakt","gloss":"arrangement"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of by-eenkomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of by-eenkomen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"purpose adverb modifying by-eenkomen","gloss":"for that purpose"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking time after now","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"half","lemma":"half","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies uur","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"uur","lemma":"uur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"time complement of by-eenkomen","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorgalery","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorgalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies voorgalery","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"voorgalery","lemma":"voorgalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of by-eenkomen","gloss":"front gallery","note":"Historical spelling of voorgalerij, a front gallery or veranda."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of woning","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of voorgalery","gloss":"residence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessive complement of woning","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of by-eenkomen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"by-eenkomen","lemma":"bijeenkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"assemble","note":"Historical spelling of bijeenkomen."},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of had gegeven","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorbereid","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"voorbereid","lemma":"voorbereiden","morphology":"verb, participle, adjectival","role":"supplementary modifier of Verbrugge","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in temporal phrase","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies dagen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"temporal complement of gegeven","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Distriktshoofden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Distriktshoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Distriktshoofden","lemma":"districtshoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"recipient complement of gegeven","gloss":"District Chiefs"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of Patteh","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Patteh","lemma":"patih","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated recipient of gegeven","gloss":"Patteh","note":"Patteh is an older Dutch spelling of the Javanese title patih."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of Kliwon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kliwon","lemma":"kliwon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated recipient of gegeven","gloss":"Kliwon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of Djaksa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Djaksa","lemma":"jaksa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated recipient of gegeven","gloss":"Djaksa","note":"Djaksa is the historical spelling of jaksa, a Javanese judicial official."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of belasting-kollekteur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belasting-kollekteur","lemma":"belastingcollecteur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated recipient of gegeven","gloss":"tax collector","note":"Historical spelling of belastingcollecteur."},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mantries","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"mantries","lemma":"mantri","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated recipient of gegeven","gloss":"mantries","note":"Mantri is an Indonesian title for a lower-ranking official."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voorts","lemma":"voorts","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks an additional recipient","gloss":"furthermore"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking beambten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beambten","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies beambten","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"beambten","lemma":"beambte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"recipient complement of gegeven","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of bywonen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plechtigheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"plechtigheid","lemma":"plechtigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bywonen","gloss":"ceremony"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of bywonen","gloss":"were to"},{"surface":"bywonen","lemma":"bijwonen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause on beambten","gloss":"attend"},{"surface":"last","lemma":"last","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"orders"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb governed by had","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of verzamelen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdplaats","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"location complement of verzamelen","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of verzamelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verzamelen","lemma":"verzamelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of last gegeven","gloss":"gather"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h7-s115","source":"De Adhipatti nam afscheid, en reed naar zyn huis.","translation":"The Adhipatti took his leave, and rode to his house.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nam afscheid, en reed naar zyn huis","title":"Strong imperfects nam and reed","body":"Nam (from nemen) and reed (from rijden) are strong-verb simple pasts that change the stem vowel rather than adding -te/-de — the narrative tense."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"adhipati","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of nam and reed","gloss":"Adhipatti","note":"Adhipatti is an older spelling of the Javanese title adhipati."},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"afscheid","lemma":"afscheid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates nam and reed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"reed","lemma":"rijden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with nam","gloss":"rode"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of reed","gloss":"house"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h7-s116","source":"Mevrouw Havelaar bezag haar nieuwe woning, en was er zeer mee ingenomen, vooral omdat de tuin groot was, 'tgeen haar zoo goed voorkwam voor kleinen Max die veel in de lucht moest. De resident en Havelaar waren naar hun kamers gegaan om zich te verkleeden, want by de plechtigheid die er plaats hebben zou, scheen het officieel voorgescheven kostuum een vereischte te wezen.","translation":"Mrs. Havelaar looked over her new dwelling, and was very pleased with it, above all because the garden was large, which seemed to her so good for little Max, who had to be in the open air a great deal. The Resident and Havelaar had gone to their rooms to change, for at the ceremony that was to take place, the officially prescribed costume seemed to be a requirement.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was er zeer mee ingenomen","title":"Pronominal adverb split: er ... mee","body":"Er ... mee is the split pronominal adverb 'with it' (= met + the house). Such splitting, with er at the start of the middle field and mee later, is standard Dutch. Ingenomen met means 'pleased with.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waren naar hun kamers gegaan om zich te verkleeden","title":"Pluperfect with zijn + reflexive purpose","body":"Waren ... gegaan is the pluperfect of gaan, which takes zijn as its auxiliary (a verb of motion). Om zich te verkleeden ('in order to change clothes') is reflexive: zich verkleeden."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bezag","gloss":"Mrs."},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the title-name Mevrouw Havelaar","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"bezag","lemma":"bezien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked over"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of woning","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies woning","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezag","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula with ingenomen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of ermee","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ingenomen","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"mee","lemma":"met","morphology":"pronominal-adverb particle","role":"second part of ermee, complement of ingenomen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ingenomen","lemma":"ingenomen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"pleased","note":"Ermee ingenomen zijn means ‘to be pleased with it’."},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the omdat-clause","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tuin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of groot","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to groot","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of voorkwam","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun","role":"indirect object of voorkwam","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of goed","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of voorkwam","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"voorkwam","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Max","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of voorkwam","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of in de lucht","gloss":"a great deal"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking lucht","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lucht","lemma":"lucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"location complement of moest","gloss":"open air"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of elliptical relative clause on Max","gloss":"had to be","note":"In de lucht moeten is elliptical for ‘to need to be outdoors’."},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of waren gegaan","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated subject of waren gegaan","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kamers","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kamers","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"kamers","lemma":"kamer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of gegaan","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gone"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive verkleeden","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of verkleeden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of verkleeden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verkleeden","lemma":"verkleden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of gegaan","gloss":"change","note":"Historical spelling of verkleden."},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces an explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plechtigheid","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plechtigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plechtigheid","lemma":"plechtigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"setting adjunct of main clause","gloss":"ceremony"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of plaats hebben","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying plaats hebben","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of expression plaats hebben","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause on plechtigheid","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kostuum","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"officieel","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgescheven","gloss":"officially"},{"surface":"voorgescheven","lemma":"voorschrijven","morphology":"verb, participle, adjectival","role":"modifies kostuum","gloss":"prescribed","note":"The printed form voorgescheven is a historical or erroneous form of voorgeschreven."},{"surface":"kostuum","lemma":"kostuum","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"costume"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vereischte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vereischte","lemma":"vereiste","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"requirement","note":"Historical spelling of vereiste."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of wezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of scheen","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h7-s117","source":"Rondom het huis stonden honderden menschen, die of te-paard den wagen van den resident hadden begeleid, of tot het gevolg der saamgeroepen Hoofden behoorden.","translation":"Around the house stood hundreds of people, who had either escorted the Resident's carriage on horseback or belonged to the retinue of the summoned Chiefs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die of te-paard ... hadden begeleid, of tot het gevolg ... behoorden","title":"Relative die with of ... of","body":"The relative die opens a verb-final clause; of ... of ('either ... or') coordinates two predicates inside it, hadden begeleid and behoorden. Te-paard means 'on horseback.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Rondom","lemma":"rondom","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of stonden","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"stonden","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"honderden","lemma":"honderd","morphology":"numeral used as noun","role":"head of subject phrase honderden menschen","gloss":"hundreds"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"partitive complement of honderden","gloss":"of people"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of hadden begeleid and behoorden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"first member of of ... of coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"te-paard","lemma":"te paard","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"manner modifier of begeleid","gloss":"on horseback"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of begeleid","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"possessive complement of wagen","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of begeleid","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"begeleid","lemma":"begeleiden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"first verb of relative clause on menschen","gloss":"escorted"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"second member of of ... of coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gevolg","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolg","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of behoorden","gloss":"retinue"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"saamgeroepen","lemma":"samenroepen","morphology":"verb, participle, adjectival","role":"modifies Hoofden","gloss":"summoned","note":"Saamgeroepen is an older form of samengeroepen."},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of gevolg","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"behoorden","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"second verb of relative clause on menschen","gloss":"belonged"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h7-s118","source":"De policie- en bureau-oppassers liepen bedryvig heen-en-weer. Kortom, alles toonde aan dat de eentonigheid op dat vergeten plekje gronds in den javaschen Westhoek, voor een oogenblik werd afgebroken door wat leven.","translation":"The police and office attendants ran busily to and fro. In short, everything showed that the monotony of that forgotten patch of ground in the Javanese Westhoek was, for a moment, broken by a little life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"alles toonde aan dat de eentonigheid ... werd afgebroken","title":"Separable aantonen + worden-passive in the dat-clause","body":"Aantonen ('to show') is separable; here the prefix aan stays at the clause end (toonde ... aan). The dat-clause holds a worden-passive, werd afgebroken ('was broken off')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op dat vergeten plekje gronds","title":"Partitive genitive gronds","body":"Gronds is an old partitive genitive, 'patch of ground.' Plekje is a diminutive in -je (always neuter, hence dat plekje), lending the spot a small, forgotten air."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of policie-","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"policie","lemma":"politieoppasser","morphology":"noun, first part of coordinated compound","role":"first part of subject policie- en bureau-oppassers","gloss":"police","note":"Policie- is the historical spelling of politie-; the shared element oppassers is supplied after en."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated compound elements","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bureau-oppassers","lemma":"bureauoppasser","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"second part and head of subject","gloss":"office attendants"},{"surface":"liepen","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"bedryvig","lemma":"bedrijvig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liepen","gloss":"busily"},{"surface":"heen-en-weer","lemma":"heen en weer","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"direction modifier of liepen","gloss":"to and fro"},{"surface":"Kortom","lemma":"kortom","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"in short"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of toonde","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"toonde","lemma":"aantonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of aantonen","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of afgebroken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eentonigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eentonigheid","lemma":"eentonigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive afgebroken","gloss":"monotony"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plekje","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plekje","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vergeten","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, participle, adjectival","role":"modifies plekje","gloss":"forgotten"},{"surface":"plekje","lemma":"plekje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"patch"},{"surface":"gronds","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, genitive singular","role":"genitive complement of plekje","gloss":"of ground","note":"Gronds is an archaic partitive genitive: een plekje gronds means ‘a patch of ground’."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Westhoek","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of Westhoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"javaschen","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Westhoek","gloss":"Javanese","note":"Historical spelling of Javaans."},{"surface":"Westhoek","lemma":"Westhoek","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"Westhoek"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblik","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of afgebroken","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of afgebroken","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"afgebroken","lemma":"afbreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"broken"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leven","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"agent complement of passive afgebroken","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h7-s119","source":"Weldra reed de fraaie wagen van den Adhipatti 't voorplein op. De resident en Havelaar, schitterend van goud en zilver, maar ietwat struikelend over hun degens, stapten er in, en begaven zich naar de woning van den Regent, waar ze met muziek van gongs en gamlangs ontvangen werden.","translation":"Before long the Adhipatti's handsome carriage drove up into the forecourt. The Resident and Havelaar, glittering with gold and silver but stumbling somewhat over their dress-swords, stepped into it, and betook themselves to the Regent's residence, where they were received with the music of gongs and gamlangs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Weldra reed de fraaie wagen ... 't voorplein op","title":"Separable oprijden with fronted adverb","body":"Fronting weldra ('soon') forces inversion (reed de wagen). The separable verb oprijden splits, sending op to the very end of the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"begaven zich naar de woning ... waar ze ... ontvangen werden","title":"Reflexive zich begeven + worden-passive","body":"Zich begeven naar means 'to betake oneself to'; zich is reflexive. The relative waar-clause ends in a worden-passive, ontvangen werden ('were received')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reed","gloss":"before long"},{"surface":"reed","lemma":"rijden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wagen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"fraaie","lemma":"fraai","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wagen","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"wagen","lemma":"wagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of reed","gloss":"carriage"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor Adhipatti","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"noun used as title, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of voorplein","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorplein","lemma":"voorplein","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"directional complement of reed ... op","gloss":"forecourt"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"separable particle of reed","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of compound subject of stapten and begaven","gloss":"Resident"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of compound subject of stapten and begaven","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"schitterend","lemma":"schitteren","morphology":"present participle","role":"participial modifier of resident and Havelaar","gloss":"glittering"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces material complement of schitterend","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"goud","lemma":"goud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of schitterend","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zilver","lemma":"zilver","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with goud","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts the participial modifiers","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ietwat","lemma":"ietwat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies struikelend","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"struikelend","lemma":"struikelen","morphology":"present participle","role":"participial modifier of resident and Havelaar","gloss":"stumbling"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of struikelend","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural possessor","role":"possessive determiner of degens","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"degens","lemma":"degen","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"dress-swords"},{"surface":"stapten","lemma":"stappen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of in","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"prepositional adverb, component of pronominal adverb","role":"combines with er as directional complement of stapten","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"begaven","lemma":"begeven","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated main verb with stapten","gloss":"betook"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of begaven","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination of begaven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"residence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun used as title, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of ontvangen werden, referring to woning","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of ontvangen werden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces accompanying manner of ontvangen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"muziek","lemma":"muziek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"music"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces instruments producing muziek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gongs","lemma":"gong","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"gongs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gamlangs","lemma":"gamelan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with gongs","gloss":"gamelans"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle of the passive relative clause","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of ontvangen","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h7-s120","source":"Ook Verbrugge, die zich van zyn bemodderd kostuum had ontdaan, was reeds daar aangekomen.","translation":"Verbrugge too, who had rid himself of his mud-spattered costume, had already arrived there.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die zich van zyn bemodderd kostuum had ontdaan","title":"Reflexive zich ontdoen van in the pluperfect","body":"Zich ontdoen van means 'to rid oneself of'; zich is the reflexive object, and had ... ontdaan is the pluperfect. Note the relative die opening a verb-final clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Verbrugge","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of was aangekomen","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of had ontdaan","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of had ontdaan","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of zich ontdoen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of kostuum","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bemodderd","lemma":"bemodderen","morphology":"past participle used as adjective","role":"modifies kostuum","gloss":"mud-spattered"},{"surface":"kostuum","lemma":"kostuum","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"costume"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontdaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ontdaan","lemma":"ontdoen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause","gloss":"rid"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangekomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangekomen","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangekomen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"aangekomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle of the sentence","gloss":"arrived"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h7-s121","source":"De mindere Hoofden zaten in een grooten kring, naar oostersche wyze op matten op den grond, en aan 't eind van de lange galery stond een tafel, waaraan de resident, de Adhipatti, de adsistent-resident, de kontroleur en een zestal Hoofden plaats namen. Men diende thee met gebak rond, en de eenvoudige plechtigheid begon.","translation":"The lesser Chiefs sat in a great circle, after the eastern manner, on mats upon the ground; and at the end of the long gallery stood a table, at which the resident, the Adhipatti, the assistant-resident, the controller, and some half-dozen Chiefs took their places. Tea was passed round with pastries, and the simple ceremony began.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan 't eind van de lange galery stond een tafel","title":"Fronted place-phrase → inversion","body":"Fronting the locative aan 't eind van de lange galery puts the verb stond second and the subject een tafel after it — verb-second order in action."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waaraan de resident ... plaats namen","title":"Pronominal relative waaraan","body":"Waaraan ('at which') fuses waar + aan and serves as a relative referring to the table. Plaats nemen is the idiom 'to take a seat.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men diende thee met gebak rond","title":"Impersonal men + separable rondienen","body":"Men ('one, they') is the impersonal subject. Rondienen ('to serve round') is separable, so rond parks at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"mindere","lemma":"minder","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Hoofden","gloss":"lesser"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of zaten","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"zaten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kring","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kring","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, archaic inflected form","role":"modifies kring","gloss":"great","note":"The ending -en is an older masculine case inflection."},{"surface":"kring","lemma":"kring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zaten","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner adjunct of zaten","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"oostersche","lemma":"oosters","morphology":"adjective, archaic spelling","role":"modifies wyze","gloss":"eastern"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking matten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"matten","lemma":"mat","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"mats"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location of the mats","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location of stond","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of eind","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of galery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lange","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies galery","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"galery","lemma":"galerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"gallery","note":"Older spelling of galerij."},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second coordinated clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tafel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tafel","lemma":"tafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"waaraan","lemma":"waaraan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"complement of plaats namen, referring to tafel","gloss":"at which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first member of compound subject of namen","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"noun used as title, singular","role":"member of compound subject of namen","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"member of compound subject of namen","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"member of compound subject of namen","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links final member of compound subject","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zestal","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zestal","lemma":"zestal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"final member of compound subject of namen","gloss":"group of six"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of zestal","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in idiom plaats nemen","gloss":"places"},{"surface":"namen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of diende","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"diende","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb with separable particle rond","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"thee","lemma":"thee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of diende","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces accompaniment to thee","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"gebak","lemma":"gebak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"pastries"},{"surface":"rond","lemma":"rond","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"separable particle of diende","gloss":"round"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the final main clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plechtigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eenvoudige","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies plechtigheid","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"plechtigheid","lemma":"plechtigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"ceremony"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"began"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h7-s122","source":"De resident stond op, en las het besluit van den Gouverneur-generaal voor, waarby Max Havelaar was aangesteld tot adsistent-resident van de afdeeling Bantan-Kidoel of Zuid-Bantam, zooals Lebak door de inlanders genoemd wordt.","translation":"The resident rose and read aloud the decree of the Governor-General by which Max Havelaar had been appointed assistant-resident of the division of Bantan-Kidoel, or South Bantam, as Lebak is called by the natives.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stond op, en las ... voor","title":"Two separable verbs: opstaan, voorlezen","body":"Both opstaan ('to stand up') and voorlezen ('to read aloud') are separable; their prefixes op and voor split to the end of each clause (stond ... op, las ... voor)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarby Max Havelaar was aangesteld","title":"Pronominal relative waarbij + zijn-passive","body":"Waarby ('by which') is a pronominal relative; was aangesteld ('had been appointed') is a zijn-passive of the separable aanstellen."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb with separable particle op","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"separable particle of stond","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"las","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with separable particle voor","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of besluit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"besluit","lemma":"besluit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of las","gloss":"decree"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun used as title, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"adverb, separable particle","role":"separable particle of las","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"waarby","lemma":"waarbij","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying besluit","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of subject of was aangesteld","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second part of subject of was aangesteld","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of aangesteld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aangesteld","lemma":"aanstellen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle of the passive relative clause","gloss":"been appointed"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces appointed office","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces jurisdiction of adsistent-resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"Bantan-Kidoel","lemma":"Bantan-Kidoel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"name in apposition to afdeeling","gloss":"Bantan-Kidoel"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Zuid-Bantam","lemma":"Zuid-Bantam","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with Bantan-Kidoel","gloss":"South Bantam"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of genoemd wordt","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent of genoemd","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inlanders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inlanders","lemma":"inlander","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of genoemd","gloss":"natives"},{"surface":"genoemd","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle of the passive comparative clause","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of genoemd","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h7-s123","source":"Hy nam daarna 't staatsblad waarin de eed stond die tot de aanvaarding van bedieningen in 't algemeen voorgeschreven is, en houdende: \"dat men om tot het ambt van ***** te worden benoemd of bevorderd, niemand iets beloofd of gegeven heeft, beloven of geven zal; dat men gehouw en getrouw zal zijn aan zijne Majesteit den Koning der Nederlanden; gehoorzaam aan zijner Majesteits vertegenwoordiger in de Indische gewesten; dat men stiptelijk zal opvolgen en doen opvolgen de wetten en bepalingen, die gegeven zijn of gegeven zullen worden, en dat men zich in alles zal gedragen gelijk een goed ... (hier: adsistent-resident) betaamt.\"","translation":"He then took up the official gazette in which stood the oath prescribed in general for the assumption of public offices, and reading: \"that, in order to be named or promoted to the office of *****, one has promised or given nothing to anyone, nor shall promise or give; that one shall be loyal and true to His Majesty the King of the Netherlands; obedient to His Majesty's representative in the Indian provinces; that one shall strictly observe and cause to be observed the laws and regulations that have been given or shall be given; and that one shall conduct oneself in all things as becomes a good ... (here: assistant-resident).\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men ... niemand iets beloofd of gegeven heeft","title":"Negative niemand and verb-final oath formula","body":"The oath's dat-clauses are verb-final, with the auxiliary heeft at the end. Niemand ('no one') is the single clause-negative; Dutch does not stack it with another negative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men gehouw en getrouw zal zijn aan zijne Majesteit","title":"Modern spelling and possessive zijne in the quoted oath","body":"The quoted oath is set in standard (ij) spelling, not Multatuli's y, marking it as an official document. Zijne Majesteit and zijner Majesteits show the old inflected possessive with -e and genitive -er."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die gegeven zijn of gegeven zullen worden","title":"Both passives side by side","body":"Gegeven zijn is the state passive ('have been given'); gegeven zullen worden is the future process passive ('shall be given'). The pair shows the zijn/worden contrast in one breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"daarna","lemma":"daarna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nam","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of staatsblad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"staatsblad","lemma":"staatsblad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"official gazette"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on staatsblad","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eed","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause on staatsblad","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of voorgeschreven is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanvaarding","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanvaarding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanvaarding","lemma":"aanvaarding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"assumption"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedieningen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"bedieningen","lemma":"bediening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; modifies aanvaarding","gloss":"public offices"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the adverbial phrase in 't algemeen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner in in 't algemeen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"algemeen","lemma":"algemeen","morphology":"nominalized adjective","role":"object of in in the phrase in 't algemeen","gloss":"general"},{"surface":"voorgeschreven","lemma":"voorschrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate of the relative clause on eed","gloss":"prescribed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of voorgeschreven","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links voorgeschreven is and houdende","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"houdende","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial modifier of eed","gloss":"reading"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beloofd heeft and zal beloven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beloofd heeft and zal beloven","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause om ... te worden benoemd","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing the office title","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of benoemd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"benoemd","lemma":"benoemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive complement of worden","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"bevorderd","lemma":"bevorderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with benoemd","gloss":"promoted"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"indirect object of beloofd and gegeven","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of beloofd and gegeven","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"beloofd","lemma":"beloven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"perfect complement of heeft","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with beloofd","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of beloofd and gegeven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"beloven","lemma":"beloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zal","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with beloven","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of beloven and geven","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zal zijn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zal zijn","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"gehouw","lemma":"gehouw","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate complement of zijn","gloss":"loyal","note":"An archaic oath-word meaning loyal or faithful."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"getrouw","lemma":"getrouw","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated with gehouw","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"zijn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, infinitive","role":"copula linking men to gehouw, getrouw, and gehoorzaam","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Majesteit","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zijne","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of Majesteit","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"Majesteit","lemma":"majesteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Majesty"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic accusative masculine","role":"determiner of Koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Majesteit","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"determiner of Nederlanden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Nederlanden","lemma":"Nederlanden","morphology":"proper noun","role":"genitive complement of Koning","gloss":"Netherlands"},{"surface":"gehoorzaam","lemma":"gehoorzaam","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate complement of zijn","gloss":"obedient"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vertegenwoordiger","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zijner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, archaic genitive","role":"determiner of Majesteits","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"Majesteits","lemma":"majesteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, possessive","role":"possessive modifier of vertegenwoordiger","gloss":"Majesty's"},{"surface":"vertegenwoordiger","lemma":"vertegenwoordiger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"representative"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gewesten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gewesten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Indische","lemma":"Indisch","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gewesten","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"gewesten","lemma":"gewest","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in; modifies vertegenwoordiger","gloss":"provinces"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zal opvolgen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zal opvolgen and doen opvolgen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"stiptelijk","lemma":"stiptelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opvolgen","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opvolgen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"opvolgen","lemma":"opvolgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zal","gloss":"observe"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with opvolgen","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"opvolgen","lemma":"opvolgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of doen","gloss":"observe"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wetten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wetten","lemma":"wet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of opvolgen","gloss":"laws"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bepalingen","lemma":"bepaling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated direct object with wetten","gloss":"regulations"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of gegeven zijn and gegeven zullen worden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive complement of zijn","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"zijn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive complement of worden","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of worden","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gedragen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedragen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of gedragen","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the adverbial phrase in alles","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of in","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedragen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"gedragen","lemma":"gedragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, reflexive","role":"complement of zal","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"gelijk","lemma":"gelijk","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of betaamt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of the omitted office title","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies the omitted office title","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical adverb modifying adsistent-resident","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of betaamt in an impersonal construction","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"betaamt","lemma":"betamen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"becomes"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h7-s124","source":"Hierop volgde natuurlyk het sakramenteele: \"zoo waarlijk helpe mij God Almachtig.\"","translation":"To this followed naturally the sacramental words: \"so truly help me God Almighty.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoo waarlijk helpe mij God Almachtig","title":"Optative subjunctive helpe","body":"Helpe is the third-person subjunctive of helpen, surviving in this fixed religious oath-formula ('so truly help me God Almighty'). The subjunctive is otherwise nearly dead in modern Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volgde","gloss":"To this"},{"surface":"volgde","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies volgde","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sakramenteele","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sakramenteele","lemma":"sacramenteel","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"subject of volgde","gloss":"sacramental words","note":"The nominalized adjective refers to the sacramental formula or words."},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waarlijk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"waarlijk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies helpe","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"helpe","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the oath formula","gloss":"may help"},{"surface":"mij","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of helpe","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of helpe","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"Almachtig","lemma":"almachtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"epithet modifying God","gloss":"Almighty"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h7-s125","source":"Havelaar sprak de voorgelezen woorden na.","translation":"Havelaar repeated the words that had been read out to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s125.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sprak de voorgelezen woorden na","title":"Separable nazeggen/naspreken + participle as adjective","body":"Naspreken ('to repeat after') is separable: na lands at the clause end. Voorgelezen ('read aloud') is a past participle used attributively before woorden, taking the adjective slot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"naspreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence; separated from na","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgelezen","lemma":"voorlezen","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies woorden","gloss":"read aloud"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of sprak","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of naspreken","gloss":"after"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h7-s126","source":"Als in dezen eed begrepen, had eigenlyk moeten worden beschouwd de belofte: de inlandsche bevolking, te zullen beschermen tegen uitzuiging, en onderdrukking.","translation":"As comprehended within this oath, there ought properly to have been understood the promise to protect the native population against extortion and oppression.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had eigenlyk moeten worden beschouwd de belofte","title":"Modal + passive infinitive cluster","body":"Had ... moeten worden beschouwd stacks a pluperfect, the modal moeten, and a worden-passive infinitive: 'ought to have been regarded.' The subject de belofte ('the promise') is held back to the end for emphasis."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de inlandsche bevolking, te zullen beschermen","title":"Future infinitive te zullen beschermen","body":"This is a future te-infinitive, 'to be going to protect' — te + zullen + infinitive. It names the content of the oath the narrator says ought to have been implied."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the elliptical participial clause begrepen","gloss":"As"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"oblique complement of begrepen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic dative masculine","role":"determiner of eed","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"eed","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"begrepen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicative complement of beschouwd","gloss":"included"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary in had moeten worden beschouwd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beschouwd","gloss":"properly"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of had","gloss":"ought"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of beschouwd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"beschouwd","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive complement of worden","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of belofte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belofte","lemma":"belofte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had moeten worden beschouwd","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beschermen","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the infinitive clause modifying belofte","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of beschermen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"beschermen","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement modifying belofte","gloss":"protect"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitzuiging","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"uitzuiging","lemma":"uitzuiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of beschermen","gloss":"extortion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onderdrukking","lemma":"onderdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with uitzuiging","gloss":"oppression"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h7-s127","source":"Want, zwerende dat men de bestaande wetten en bepalingen zou handhaven, behoefde men slechts het oog te slaan op de talryke voorschriften dienaangaande, om intezien dat eigenlyk een byzondere eed hieromtrent niet te-pas kwam. Maar de wetgever schynt gemeend te hebben dat overvloed van goed niet schaden kan, althans men vordert van de adsistent-residenten een afzonderlyken eed, waarby die verplichting omtrent den geringen man nogeens uitdrukkelyk vermeld wordt.","translation":"For, in swearing that one would uphold the existing laws and regulations, one need only cast one's eye over the numerous prescriptions on that head to see that, properly speaking, a special oath in this matter was scarcely called for. But the lawgiver seems to have held that an abundance of good can do no harm; at any rate, an additional oath is required of the assistant-residents, by which that obligation toward the lowly man is once more expressly stated.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s127.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zwerende dat men ... zou handhaven","title":"Present participle zwerende","body":"Zwerende ('swearing') is a present participle in -end(e), here used adverbially to set the circumstance: 'in swearing that...' The -e is the literary inflected form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"behoefde men slechts het oog te slaan ... om intezien","title":"behoeven te + om ... te purpose","body":"Behoeven ('to need') governs a te-infinitive: behoefde ... te slaan, 'one need only cast.' The result is framed by om ... te: intezien = in te zien ('to realize'), written joined."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een afzonderlyken eed, waarby die verplichting ... vermeld wordt","title":"Pronominal relative waarbij + worden-passive","body":"Waarby ('by which') relates back to the oath; vermeld wordt ('is mentioned') is a worden-passive. Afzonderlyken carries the old accusative -en on the adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of behoefde","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"zwerende","lemma":"zweren","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"adverbial participial clause modifying behoefde","gloss":"swearing"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of handhaven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of handhaven","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wetten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestaande","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, present participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies wetten","gloss":"existing"},{"surface":"wetten","lemma":"wet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of handhaven","gloss":"laws"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bepalingen","lemma":"bepaling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with wetten","gloss":"regulations"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of handhaven","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"handhaven","lemma":"handhaven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"uphold"},{"surface":"behoefde","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of behoefde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies slaan","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of slaan","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive slaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"slaan","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of behoefde","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorschriften","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorschriften","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"talryke","lemma":"talrijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies voorschriften","gloss":"numerous"},{"surface":"voorschriften","lemma":"voorschrift","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"prescriptions"},{"surface":"dienaangaande","lemma":"dienaangaande","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorschriften","gloss":"on that matter"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause om in te zien","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"intezien","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, infinitive with fused infinitive marker te","role":"main verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of inzien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"properly speaking"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eed","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"byzondere","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies eed","gloss":"special"},{"surface":"eed","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"hieromtrent","lemma":"hieromtrent","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"in this matter"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te-pas","lemma":"te pas","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"predicate complement of kwam","gloss":"called for","note":"Te pas komen means to be appropriate, needed, or called for."},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the object clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gemeend","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wetgever","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wetgever","lemma":"wetgever","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schijnt","gloss":"lawgiver"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"gemeend","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"complement of schijnt te hebben","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the perfect infinitive hebben gemeend","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of gemeend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of gemeend","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"overvloed","lemma":"overvloed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of schaden","gloss":"abundance"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a complement of overvloed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schaden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"schaden","lemma":"schaden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of kan","gloss":"harm"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of schaden","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying vordert","gloss":"at any rate"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vordert","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"vordert","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"requires"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking adsistent-residenten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-residenten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-residenten","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of vordert","gloss":"assistant-residents"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eed","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"afzonderlyken","lemma":"afzonderlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic inflection","role":"modifies eed","gloss":"additional"},{"surface":"eed","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vordert","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"waarby","lemma":"waarbij","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on eed","gloss":"by which"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of verplichting","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"verplichting","lemma":"verplichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive vermeld","gloss":"obligation"},{"surface":"omtrent","lemma":"omtrent","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking man","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic accusative masculine","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geringen","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaic inflection","role":"modifies man","gloss":"lowly"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of omtrent","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"nogeens","lemma":"nog eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vermeld","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"uitdrukkelyk","lemma":"uitdrukkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vermeld","gloss":"expressly"},{"surface":"vermeld","lemma":"vermelden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive complement of wordt in the relative clause","gloss":"stated"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of vermeld","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h7-s128","source":"Havelaar moest dus andermaal \"God Almachtig\" tot getuige nemen by de belofte: dat hy de \"inlandsche bevolking, beschermen zou tegen onderdrukking, mishandeling en knevelarij.\" Voor een fynen opmerker zou 't de moeite waard zyn geweest, het onderscheid gadeteslaan tusschen houding en toon van den resident en van Havelaar by deze gelegenheid.","translation":"Havelaar therefore had once again to take \"God Almighty\" as witness to the promise: that he would \"protect the native population against oppression, ill-treatment, and extortion.\" For a fine observer it would have been worth the trouble to mark the difference, on this occasion, between the bearing and tone of the resident and those of Havelaar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s128.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"moest dus andermaal ... tot getuige nemen","title":"Modal moeten + infinitive at the end","body":"The modal moest ('had to') sends the main verb nemen to the clause end. Iemand tot getuige nemen is the idiom 'to take someone as witness.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou 't de moeite waard zyn geweest, het onderscheid gadeteslaan","title":"Conditional perfect + joined te","body":"Zou ... zyn geweest is a conditional perfect ('would have been'). Gadeteslaan = gade te slaan, the joined 1860 spelling of the idiom gadeslaan ('to observe')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of nemen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moest nemen","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"andermaal","lemma":"andermaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nemen","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"Almachtig","lemma":"almachtig","morphology":"adjective, proper-name epithet","role":"epithet modifying God","gloss":"Almighty"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking getuige","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"getuige","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of nemen","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking belofte","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of belofte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belofte","lemma":"belofte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of nemen","gloss":"promise"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of beschermen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of beschermen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beschermen","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"beschermen","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"protect"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of beschermen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderdrukking","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"onderdrukking","lemma":"onderdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of beschermen","gloss":"oppression"},{"surface":"mishandeling","lemma":"mishandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with onderdrukking","gloss":"ill-treatment"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"knevelarij","lemma":"knevelarij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with onderdrukking","gloss":"extortion"},{"surface":"Voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opmerker","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opmerker","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fynen","lemma":"fijn","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies opmerker","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"opmerker","lemma":"opmerker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of voor","gloss":"observer"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of waard","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of waard","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"waard","lemma":"waard","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"worth"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle forming the perfect infinitive with zijn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderscheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderscheid","lemma":"onderscheid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gadeteslaan","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"gadeteslaan","lemma":"gadeslaan","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"extraposed infinitival subject of waard geweest","gloss":"to mark","note":"Historical spelling joins gade te slaan, the te-infinitive of gadeslaan."},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking houding and toon","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"houding","lemma":"houding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of tussen","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with houding","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelegenheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of bij","gloss":"occasion"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"h7-s129","source":"Beiden hadden zy dusdanige plechtigheid meermalen bygewoond. Het onderscheid dat ik bedoel, lag dus niet in 't meer of min getroffen zyn door het nieuwe en ongewone, doch werd alleen veroorzaakt door 't uiteenloopende der karakters en begrippen van deze beide personen.","translation":"Both of them had attended such a ceremony many times before. The difference I mean, then, did not lie in being more or less struck by what was new and unaccustomed, but was caused solely by the divergence of the characters and conceptions of these two persons.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Beiden hadden zy dusdanige plechtigheid meermalen bygewoond","title":"Fronted object + pluperfect of separable bijwonen","body":"Fronting beiden ('both') inverts subject and verb (hadden zy). Bywonen ('to attend') is separable; its participle is by-ge-woond. Dusdanige means 'such, of that kind.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"werd alleen veroorzaakt door 't uiteenloopende der karakters","title":"worden-passive + genitive der","body":"Werd veroorzaakt ('was caused') is a worden-passive. Der karakters en begrippen is the old genitive plural, 'of the characters and conceptions.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Beiden","lemma":"beide","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"left-dislocated emphasis referring to zij","gloss":"Both"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of bijgewoond","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person plural","role":"subject of bijgewoond","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"dusdanige","lemma":"dusdanig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies plechtigheid","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"plechtigheid","lemma":"plechtigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bijgewoond","gloss":"ceremony"},{"surface":"meermalen","lemma":"meermalen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bijgewoond","gloss":"many times"},{"surface":"bygewoond","lemma":"bijwonen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with hadden","gloss":"attended"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderscheid","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"onderscheid","lemma":"onderscheid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"difference"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of bedoel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bedoel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bedoel","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause modifying onderscheid","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing nominalized phrase","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of nominalized getroffen zijn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"degree modifier of getroffen","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"min","lemma":"min","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"coordinated with meer","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"getroffen","lemma":"treffen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of nominalized passive","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of getroffen","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking nieuwe","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nieuwe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"oblique complement of door","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ongewone","lemma":"ongewoon","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"coordinated with nieuwe","gloss":"unaccustomed"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of veroorzaakt","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies veroorzaakt","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"veroorzaakt","lemma":"veroorzaken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with lag","gloss":"caused"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uiteenloopende","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uiteenloopende","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uiteenloopende","lemma":"uiteenlopend","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"oblique complement of door","gloss":"divergence"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"genitive determiner of karakters and begrippen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"karakters","lemma":"karakter","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of uiteenloopende","gloss":"characters"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"begrippen","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with karakters","gloss":"conceptions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking personen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of personen","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of personen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"persons"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"h7-s130","source":"De resident sprak wel iets sneller dan gewoonlyk, daar hy 't besluit en de eeden slechts behoefde vóórtelezen, 'tgeen hem de moeite bespaarde naar zyn slotwoorden te zoeken, maar toch geschiedde van zyn kant alles, met een deftigheid en een ernst, die den oppervlakkigen beschouwer een zeer hoog denkbeeld moesten inboezemen van 't gewicht dat hy aan de zaak hechtte.","translation":"The resident did indeed speak somewhat faster than usual, since he had only to read out the decree and the oaths — which spared him the labor of searching for his concluding words; yet on his part everything was done with a gravity and an earnestness that must have impressed upon a superficial onlooker a very high notion of the weight he attached to the affair.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s130.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sprak wel iets sneller dan gewoonlyk","title":"Comparative sneller + dan","body":"Sneller is the comparative of snel ('faster'), and dan introduces the standard of comparison ('than usual'). Wel here softens to 'indeed, somewhat.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar hy 't besluit en de eeden slechts behoefde vóórtelezen","title":"daar-clause + behoeven + joined voorlezen","body":"Daar ('since') subordinates the clause; behoefde ('needed') governs the infinitive. Vóórtelezen = voor te lezen, the 1860 joined spelling of voorlezen ('to read aloud')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die den oppervlakkigen beschouwer een zeer hoog denkbeeld moesten inboezemen","title":"Modal moesten + separable inboezemen with case -en","body":"The modal moesten sends inboezemen ('to instil') to the end. Den oppervlakkigen beschouwer is a dative phrase ('in the superficial onlooker') with the old -en endings preserved."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes sprak","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"adverb, degree","role":"modifies sneller","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"sneller","lemma":"snel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"faster"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of comparative dan","gloss":"usual"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of behoefde","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of behoefde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of besluit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"besluit","lemma":"besluit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of vóórtelezen","gloss":"decree"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eeden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eeden","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with besluit","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vóórtelezen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"behoefde","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"vóórtelezen","lemma":"voorlezen","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of behoefde","gloss":"to read out","note":"Historical spelling joins voor te lezen, the te-infinitive of voorlezen."},{"surface":"tgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of bespaarde","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of bespaarde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bespaarde","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"bespaarde","lemma":"besparen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"spared"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition selected by zoeken","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of slotwoorden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"slotwoorden","lemma":"slotwoord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zoeken","gloss":"concluding words"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moeite","gloss":"search"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschiedde","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"geschiedde","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"was done"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kant","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of kant","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geschiedde","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deftigheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deftigheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"deftigheid","lemma":"deftigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"gravity"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ernst","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ernst","lemma":"ernst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with deftigheid","gloss":"earnestness"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of inboezemen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beschouwer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oppervlakkigen","lemma":"oppervlakkig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies beschouwer","gloss":"superficial"},{"surface":"beschouwer","lemma":"beschouwer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of inboezemen","gloss":"onlooker"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of denkbeeld","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoog","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"hoog","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies denkbeeld","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"denkbeeld","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of inboezemen","gloss":"notion"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of inboezemen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"inboezemen","lemma":"inboezemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"impress upon"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gewicht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gewicht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewicht","lemma":"gewicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of hechtte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of hechtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaak","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aan","gloss":"affair"},{"surface":"hechtte","lemma":"hechten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying gewicht","gloss":"attached"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"h7-s131","source":"Havelaar integendeel, toen hy met opgeheven vinger de eeden nasprak, had iets in gelaat, stem en houding, alsof hy zeggen wilde: \"dat spreekt vanzelf, ook zonder God Almachtig, zou ik dat doen\" en wie menschkunde bezat, zou meer vertrouwd hebben op zyn ongedwongenheid en schynbare onverschilligheid, dan op de ambtelyke deftigheid van den resident.","translation":"Havelaar, on the contrary, when he repeated the oaths with raised finger, had something in his face, voice, and bearing as if he meant to say: \"that goes without saying — I would do it even without God Almighty\"; and whoever understood human nature would have trusted more to his unconstrained ease and seeming indifference than to the official solemnity of the resident.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen hy ... de eeden nasprak, had iets in gelaat","title":"toen-clause + fronting forcing inversion","body":"Toen ('when') opens a verb-final subordinate clause (nasprak), and because it is fronted the main clause inverts to verb-second: had iets. Nasprak is the separable naspreken in the imperfect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie menschkunde bezat, zou meer vertrouwd hebben","title":"Free relative wie + conditional perfect","body":"Wie ('whoever') is a free relative with no antecedent. The main clause uses the conditional perfect zou ... vertrouwd hebben, 'would have trusted.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"integendeel","lemma":"integendeel","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying had","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of nasprak","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of nasprak","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vinger","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"opgeheven","lemma":"opheffen","morphology":"adjective, past-participial, inflected","role":"modifies vinger","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"vinger","lemma":"vinger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of met","gloss":"finger"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eeden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eeden","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of nasprak","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"nasprak","lemma":"naspreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelaat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of in","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"stem","lemma":"stem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with gelaat","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"houding","lemma":"houding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with gelaat","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"alsof","lemma":"alsof","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause of wilde","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wilde","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of alsof-clause","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of spreekt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"vanzelf","lemma":"vanzelf","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of spreekt","gloss":"without saying","note":"Dat spreekt vanzelf is an idiom meaning “that goes without saying.”"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zonder God Almachtig","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking God","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zonder","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"Almachtig","lemma":"almachtig","morphology":"adjective, proper-name epithet","role":"epithet modifying God","gloss":"Almighty"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of doen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb with zou","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links quoted clause with following main clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bezat","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"menschkunde","lemma":"menskunde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezat","gloss":"knowledge of human nature"},{"surface":"bezat","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of free relative subject clause","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vertrouwd","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertrouwd","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"vertrouwd","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with zou hebben","gloss":"trusted"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of vertrouwd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ongedwongenheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of ongedwongenheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ongedwongenheid","lemma":"ongedwongenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"ease"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schynbare","lemma":"schijnbaar","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies onverschilligheid","gloss":"seeming"},{"surface":"onverschilligheid","lemma":"onverschilligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with ongedwongenheid","gloss":"indifference"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative phrase","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deftigheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deftigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ambtelyke","lemma":"ambtelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies deftigheid","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"deftigheid","lemma":"deftigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of op","gloss":"solemnity"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of van","gloss":"resident"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"h7-s132","source":"Is 't niet inderdaad bespottelyk, te meenen dat de man die geroepen is recht te spreken, de man aan wien het wel of wee van duizenden is in handen gegeven, zich zou gebonden achten door een paar uitgesproken klanken, wanneer hy niet, ook zonder die klanken, zich daartoe gedrongen voelt door zyn eigen hart? Wy gelooven van Havelaar, dat hy de armen en onderdrukten, waar hy die mocht aantreffen, zou beschermd hebben, al had hy by \"God Almachtig\" het tegendeel beloofd.","translation":"Is it not indeed absurd to suppose that the man who is called to administer justice, the man into whose hands the weal or woe of thousands has been given, would hold himself bound by a few spoken syllables, when he does not feel himself driven to it, even without those syllables, by his own heart? We believe of Havelaar that he would have protected the poor and the oppressed, wherever he might find them, even had he sworn the opposite by \"God Almighty.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"te meenen dat de man ... zich zou gebonden achten","title":"Reflexive zich achten + conditional","body":"Zich gebonden achten means 'to consider oneself bound'; zich is reflexive. The conditional zou ... achten frames the hypothetical: 'would consider himself bound.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de man aan wien het wel of wee ... is in handen gegeven","title":"Relative aan wien + zijn-passive","body":"Aan wien ('to whom') is the relative for a person governed by a preposition, keeping the old dative -en. In handen gegeven is is a zijn-passive idiom, 'has been placed in (his) hands.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou ... beschermd hebben ... al had hy ... het tegendeel beloofd","title":"Counterfactual al + inverted concession","body":"Al ('even if') opens a concessive clause with verb-first inversion (had hy ... beloofd). The main clause carries the conditional perfect zou ... beschermd hebben."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking ’t to bespottelijk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bespottelyk","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"bespottelyk","lemma":"bespottelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"absurd","note":"Old spelling of modern bespottelijk."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive meenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"meenen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject complement explaining what is absurd","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of meenen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou achten","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is geroepen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive is geroepen","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"separable particle of rechtspreken","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"rechtspreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of geroepen","gloss":"administer"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to man and subject of zou achten","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads relative phrase aan wien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, dative, singular","role":"object of aan in relative clause modifying man","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of coordinated wel of wee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"first member of subject wel of wee","gloss":"weal"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"wee","lemma":"wee","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"second member of subject wel of wee","gloss":"woe"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking duizenden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"duizenden","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"substantivized numeral, plural","role":"object of van, modifying wel of wee","gloss":"thousands"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking handen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"handen","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative passive clause","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, singular","role":"reflexive object of achten","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of achten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gebonden","lemma":"binden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"object complement of zich with achten","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"achten","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klanken","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of paar","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"paar","lemma":"paar","morphology":"quantifying noun, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies klanken","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"uitgesproken","lemma":"uitspreken","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies klanken","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"klanken","lemma":"klank","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"sounds"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces adverbial clause of voelt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of voelt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates voelt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses phrase zonder die klanken","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking klanken","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klanken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"klanken","lemma":"klank","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"sounds"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, singular","role":"reflexive object of voelt","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"daartoe","lemma":"daartoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of gedrongen","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"gedrongen","lemma":"dringen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"object complement of zich with voelt","gloss":"driven"},{"surface":"voelt","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of wanneer-clause","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hart","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hart","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"agentive complement of gedrongen","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"Wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person plural","role":"subject of gelooven","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, first-person plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of gelooven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zou hebben beschermd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of armen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armen","lemma":"arm","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"direct object of beschermd","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onderdrukten","lemma":"onderdrukt","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"coordinated direct object with armen","gloss":"oppressed"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying armen en onderdrukten","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of mocht aantreffen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of aantreffen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of aantreffen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"aantreffen","lemma":"aantreffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by mocht","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of hebben beschermd","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"beschermd","lemma":"beschermen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle in zou beschermd hebben","gloss":"protected"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of beschermd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive conditional clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of beloofd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had beloofd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces oath formula God Almachtig","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of bij","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"Almachtig","lemma":"almachtig","morphology":"adjective, postpositive","role":"epithet modifying God","gloss":"Almighty"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tegendeel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tegendeel","lemma":"tegendeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of beloofd","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"beloofd","lemma":"beloven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of concessive clause","gloss":"sworn"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"h7-s133","source":"Daarop volgde een toespraak van den resident tot de Hoofden, waarop hy hun den adsistent-resident als opperhoofd der Afdeeling voorstelde, hen uitnoodigde hem te gehoorzamen, hun verplichtingen stipt natekomen, en dergelyke gemeenplaatsen meer. De hoofden werden daarop één-voor-één by name aan Havelaar voorgesteld.","translation":"There followed upon this an address by the resident to the Chiefs, in which he presented to them the assistant-resident as the head of the Division, invited them to obey him, to fulfill their obligations punctually, and more commonplaces of the like. The chiefs were then presented to Havelaar one by one, by name.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s133.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hen uitnoodigde hem te gehoorzamen ... natekomen","title":"Strings of te-infinitives","body":"Uitnoodigen ('to invite') governs te-infinitives: te gehoorzamen ('to obey') and natekomen = na te komen ('to fulfil'), the latter in joined 1860 spelling. Hen and hem distinguish object 'them' from 'him.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"De hoofden werden ... by name aan Havelaar voorgesteld","title":"worden-passive with separable voorstellen","body":"Werden ... voorgesteld ('were presented') is a worden-passive; voorstellen is separable, so its prefix appears on the participle voor-ge-steld. Eén-voor-één means 'one by one.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of volgde","gloss":"upon this"},{"surface":"volgde","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toespraak","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"toespraak","lemma":"toespraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of volgde","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of tot","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"introduces sequential relative clause referring to toespraak","gloss":"whereupon"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of voorstelde and uitnoodigde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of voorstelde","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voorstelde","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement opperhoofd","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"opperhoofd","lemma":"opperhoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of adsistent-resident","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive singular","role":"determiner of Afdeeling","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of opperhoofd","gloss":"Division"},{"surface":"voorstelde","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"presented"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of uitnoodigde","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"uitnoodigde","lemma":"uitnodigen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated verb with voorstelde","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of gehoorzamen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive gehoorzamen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gehoorzamen","lemma":"gehoorzamen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of uitnoodigde","gloss":"obey"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person plural","role":"determiner of verplichtingen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"verplichtingen","lemma":"verplichting","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of natekomen","gloss":"obligations"},{"surface":"stipt","lemma":"stipt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies natekomen","gloss":"punctually"},{"surface":"natekomen","lemma":"nakomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitival complement of uitnoodigde","gloss":"to fulfill","note":"Natekomen represents modern na te komen, the te-infinitive of nakomen."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dergelyke","lemma":"dergelijk","morphology":"demonstrative adjective, plural","role":"modifies gemeenplaatsen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"gemeenplaatsen","lemma":"gemeenplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"elliptical object in concluding phrase","gloss":"commonplaces"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies gemeenplaatsen","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of passive werden voorgesteld","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"werden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of voorgesteld","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorgesteld","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"één-voor-één","lemma":"één-voor-één","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies voorgesteld","gloss":"one by one"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads phrase by name","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"name","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaic dative","role":"object of by","gloss":"name","note":"By name is an older form of modern bij naam, meaning “by name.”"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"voorgesteld","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive sentence","gloss":"presented"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"h7-s134","source":"Hy reikte ieder de hand, en de \"installatie\" was afgeloopen. Men gebruikte ten-huize van den Adhipatti 't middagmaal, waartoe ook de kommandant Duclari genoodigd was.","translation":"He gave each of them his hand, and the \"installation\" was over. The midday meal was taken at the Adhipatti's house, to which the commandant Duclari had also been invited.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s134.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men gebruikte ten-huize van den Adhipatti 't middagmaal","title":"Impersonal men + genitive ten-huize","body":"Men is the impersonal subject. Ten-huize van is a frozen old dative ('at the house of'), and den Adhipatti shows the old accusative/dative article."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waartoe ook de kommandant Duclari genoodigd was","title":"Pronominal relative waartoe + zijn-passive","body":"Waartoe ('to which') fuses waar + toe as a relative. Genoodigd was ('had been invited') is a zijn-passive of the result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of reikte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"reikte","lemma":"reiken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of reikte","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of reikte","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of installatie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"installatie","lemma":"installatie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"installation"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking installatie to afgeloopen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"afgeloopen","lemma":"afgelopen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gebruikte","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"gebruikte","lemma":"gebruiken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"ten-huize","lemma":"ten huize","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"heads location phrase ten-huize van den Adhipatti","gloss":"at the house","note":"Ten-huize is the older hyphenated spelling of ten huize, “at the house.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads genitive phrase modifying huize","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"adipati","morphology":"title noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"regent"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of middagmaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"middagmaal","lemma":"middagmaal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gebruikte","gloss":"midday meal"},{"surface":"waartoe","lemma":"waartoe","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying middagmaal","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genoodigd","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kommandant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kommandant","lemma":"commandant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive genoodigd was","gloss":"commandant"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun","role":"apposition to kommandant","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"genoodigd","lemma":"nodigen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of relative passive clause","gloss":"invited"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of genoodigd","gloss":"had been"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"h7-s135","source":"Terstond na afloop daarvan, stapte de resident die gaarne nog dien avend te Serang wilde terug zyn: --Omdat.","translation":"Immediately after its conclusion, the resident, who would gladly be back in Serang that same evening, set off: --Because.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s135.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stapte","gloss":"immediately"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads phrase na afloop daarvan","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"afloop","lemma":"afloop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"conclusion"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of afloop","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"stapte","lemma":"stappen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stapte","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dien avend","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of avend","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time expression","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Serang","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wilde","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"Omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces fragmented clause ending with had in h7-s138","gloss":"because"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"h7-s136","source":"Hy. Het.","translation":"He. It.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s136.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had in h7-s138","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"fixed object in het druk hebben with had in h7-s138","gloss":"it","note":"Het druk hebben is the idiom “to be busy.”"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"h7-s137","source":"Zoo. Byzonder.","translation":"So. Particularly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s137.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies bijzonder druk across the fragment","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Byzonder","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies druk in h7-s138","gloss":"particularly"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"h7-s138","source":"Druk. Had.","translation":"Busy. Had.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s138.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Druk","lemma":"druk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement in het druk had","gloss":"busy"},{"surface":"Had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the omdat-clause begun in h7-s135","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"h7-s139","source":"...weder in zyn reiswagen, en zoo keerde Rangkas-Betoeng weldra terug tot een stilte, als te verwachten is van een javasche binnenpost die door slechts weinig Europeanen bewoond werd en daarenboven niet aan den grooten weg gelegen was. De kennismaking tusschen Duclari en Havelaar was spoedig op een gemakkelyken voet gebracht.","translation":"...back into his traveling-carriage; and so Rangkas-Betoeng soon sank again into a stillness such as is to be expected of an inland Javanese post inhabited by only a few Europeans and lying, moreover, off the great road. The acquaintance between Duclari and Havelaar was soon brought onto an easy footing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoo keerde Rangkas-Betoeng weldra terug tot een stilte","title":"Fronted zoo + separable terugkeren","body":"Fronting zoo ('and so') inverts to verb-second (keerde Rangkas-Betoeng). Terugkeren ('to return') is separable; terug lands later in the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als te verwachten is van een javasche binnenpost die ... bewoond werd","title":"te-infinitive of expectation + relative + worden-passive","body":"Als te verwachten is means 'as is to be expected.' The relative die opens a verb-final clause closing in the worden-passive bewoond werd ('was inhabited')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"De kennismaking ... was spoedig op een gemakkelyken voet gebracht","title":"zijn-passive of result","body":"Was ... gebracht ('had been brought') is a zijn-passive naming the achieved state. Op een gemakkelyken voet keeps the old accusative -en on the adjective ('onto an easy footing')."}],"words":[{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of omitted verb","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reiswagen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of reiswagen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"reiswagen","lemma":"reiswagen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of omitted verb","gloss":"traveling-carriage"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies keerde","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"keerde","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of keerde","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies keerde","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of keerde","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stilte","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of stilte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stilte","lemma":"stilte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of keerde","gloss":"stillness"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of verwachten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verwachten","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of is","gloss":"be expected"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of comparative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking binnenpost","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnenpost","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"javasche","lemma":"Javaans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies binnenpost","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"binnenpost","lemma":"binnenpost","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of verwachten","gloss":"inland post"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of bewoond and gelegen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europeanen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of Europeanen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"Europeanen","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"agent of bewoond","gloss":"Europeans"},{"surface":"bewoond","lemma":"bewonen","morphology":"past participle","role":"first predicate of relative clause","gloss":"inhabited"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of bewoond","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links bewoond and gelegen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarenboven","lemma":"daarenboven","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelegen","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelegen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies weg","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of gelegen","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"gelegen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"past participle","role":"second predicate of relative clause","gloss":"situated"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelegen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kennismaking","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"kennismaking","lemma":"kennismaking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gebracht","gloss":"acquaintance"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Duclari","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"first complement of tusschen","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"second complement of tusschen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebracht","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voet","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voet","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"gemakkelyken","lemma":"gemakkelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies voet","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of gebracht","gloss":"footing"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main predicate of passive clause","gloss":"brought"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"h7-s140","source":"De Adhipatti gaf blyken van ingenomenheid met zyn nieuwen \"ouder broeder\" en Verbrugge verhaalde later dat ook de resident, dien hy op zyn terugreis naar Serang een eind wegs-uitgeleide had gedaan, zich zeer gunstig over de familie Havelaar, die op haar doortocht naar Lebak eenige dagen ten-zynen-huize vertoefde, had uitgelaten. Ook zeide hy dat Havelaar, by de Regeering goed aangeteekend staande, hoogstwaarschynIyk spoedig tot een hooger ambt bevorderd, of althans naar een meer \"voordeelige\" afdeeling verplaatst worden zou.","translation":"The Adhipatti showed signs of being pleased with his new \"elder brother,\" and Verbrugge related afterward that the resident too — whom he had escorted part of the way on his return journey to Serang — had expressed himself very favorably about the Havelaar family, who had tarried some days at his house on their passage to Lebak. He also said that Havelaar, standing well noted with the Government, would most probably soon be promoted to a higher office, or at least transferred to a more \"lucrative\" division.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Verbrugge verhaalde later dat ook de resident ... zich ... had uitgelaten","title":"dat-clause with reflexive zich uitlaten at the end","body":"Inside the long dat-clause the verbs gather at the end: had uitgelaten. Zich uitlaten over means 'to express oneself about'; zich is the reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die op haar doortocht naar Lebak eenige dagen ten-zynen-huize vertoefde","title":"Relative die + frozen dative ten-zynen-huize","body":"Ten-zynen-huize ('at his house') is a fossilized dative phrase with the old possessive zynen. The relative die opens a verb-final clause (vertoefde)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"by de Regeering goed aangeteekend staande ... bevorderd ... worden zou","title":"Present participle staande + future worden-passive","body":"Goed aangeteekend staande ('standing well noted') is a present-participle phrase. The future passive bevorderd ... worden zou ('would be promoted') closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"blyken","lemma":"blijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ingenomenheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ingenomenheid","lemma":"ingenomenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of blyken","gloss":"being pleased"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking broeder","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of broeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"nieuwen","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies broeder","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"ouder","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies broeder","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"broeder","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of met","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of verhaalde","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"verhaalde","lemma":"verhalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with gaf","gloss":"related"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verhaalde","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of verhaalde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies resident","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitgelaten","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine, accusative","role":"direct object of uitgeleide gedaan","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gedaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking terugreis","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of terugreis","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"terugreis","lemma":"terugreis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of op","gloss":"return journey"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Serang","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"destination complement of naar","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eind","lemma":"eind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"extent accusative modifying gedaan","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"wegs-uitgeleide","lemma":"wegsuitgeleide","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom uitgeleide doen","gloss":"partway escort","note":"In iemand een eind wegs uitgeleide doen, the phrase means to escort someone part of the way."},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"past participle","role":"verb of relative clause on resident","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of uitgelaten","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gunstig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"gunstig","lemma":"gunstig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitgelaten","gloss":"favorably"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking familie","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of over","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"postmodifier identifying familie","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of vertoefde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking doortocht","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of doortocht","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"doortocht","lemma":"doortocht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of op","gloss":"passage"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"destination complement of naar","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enige","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of dagen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"duration complement of vertoefde","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"ten-zynen-huize","lemma":"ten zijnen huize","morphology":"fixed prepositional phrase","role":"place adjunct of vertoefde","gloss":"at his house","note":"Archaic idiom meaning 'at his house.'"},{"surface":"vertoefde","lemma":"vertoeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on familie","gloss":"tarried"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgelaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"uitgelaten","lemma":"uitlaten","morphology":"past participle","role":"main predicate of object clause","gloss":"expressed"},{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeide","gloss":"Also"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of zeide","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bevorderd and verplaatst","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of by","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangeteekend","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"aangeteekend","lemma":"aantekenen","morphology":"past participle","role":"predicate complement of staande","gloss":"noted"},{"surface":"staande","lemma":"staan","morphology":"present participle","role":"supplementary clause modifying Havelaar","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"hoogstwaarschynIyk","lemma":"hoogstwaarschijnlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevorderd and verplaatst","gloss":"most probably","note":"The capital I in the surface form is a typographical reading of ij."},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevorderd","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ambt","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hooger","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies ambt","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional complement of bevorderd","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"bevorderd","lemma":"bevorderen","morphology":"past participle","role":"first passive predicate of object clause","gloss":"promoted"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verplaatst","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afdeeling","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of voordeelige","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"voordeelige","lemma":"voordelig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies afdeeling","gloss":"lucrative"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of verplaatst","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"verplaatst","lemma":"verplaatsen","morphology":"past participle","role":"second passive predicate of object clause","gloss":"transferred"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of bevorderd and verplaatst","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"h7-s141","source":"Max en \"zyn Tine\" waren eerst onlangs van een reis naar Europa teruggekeerd, en gevoelden zich vermoeid van wat ik eens zeer eigenaardig een koffertjes-leven heb hooren noemen. Zy achtten zich dus gelukkig, na veel omzwervens eindelyk weder eens een plek te bewonen waar zy zouden te-huis behooren.","translation":"Max and \"his Tine\" had only lately returned from a journey to Europe, and felt weary of what I once heard very aptly called a portmanteau-life. They counted themselves happy, therefore, to be able at last, after much wandering, to dwell once more in a place where they would be at home.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s141.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waren eerst onlangs ... teruggekeerd","title":"Pluperfect of motion with zijn","body":"Waren ... teruggekeerd is the pluperfect of the separable terugkeren ('to return'), which takes zijn as a verb of motion. Eerst onlangs means 'only lately.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zy achtten zich dus gelukkig ... een plek te bewonen","title":"Reflexive zich achten + te-infinitive","body":"Zich gelukkig achten means 'to count oneself happy.' What makes them happy is then unfolded with te: een plek te bewonen, 'to dwell in a place.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"koffertjes-leven","title":"Compound + diminutive: 'portmanteau-life'","body":"Koffertjes-leven glues koffertje ('little trunk,' a diminutive of koffer) to leven ('life') into one compound — a vivid coinage for the rootless suitcase existence of colonial transfers."}],"words":[{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of teruggekeerd","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Tine","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject with Max","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of teruggekeerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onlangs","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"onlangs","lemma":"onlangs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies teruggekeerd","gloss":"lately"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reis","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"reis","lemma":"reis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of teruggekeerd","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"prepositional complement of naar","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"teruggekeerd","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"past participle","role":"first predicate governed by waren","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gevoelden","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated main verb with waren","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of gevoelden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"vermoeid","lemma":"vermoeid","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of gevoelden","gloss":"weary"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing cause of vermoeid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter","role":"direct object of noemen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hooren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hooren","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eigenaardig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"eigenaardig","lemma":"eigenaardig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noemen","gloss":"aptly"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koffertjes-leven","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"koffertjes-leven","lemma":"koffertjesleven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object complement of noemen","gloss":"portmanteau-life","note":"A coined compound for a life spent traveling from suitcase to suitcase."},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"perfect infinitive governed by heb","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hooren","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of achtten","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"achtten","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"counted"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of achtten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achtten","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"gelukkig","lemma":"gelukkig","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of achtten","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omzwervens","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of omzwervens","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"omzwervens","lemma":"omzwerven","morphology":"verbal noun, genitive","role":"prepositional complement of na","gloss":"wandering","note":"Archaic substantivized infinitive in the genitive: 'after much wandering.'"},{"surface":"eindelyk","lemma":"eindelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewonen","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewonen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bewonen","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"plek","lemma":"plek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bewonen","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"infinitive marker of bewonen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewonen","lemma":"bewonen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of gelukkig","gloss":"dwell"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"place complement of behooren","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of behooren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of behooren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"te-huis","lemma":"thuis","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of behooren","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"behooren","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicate of relative clause","gloss":"belong"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"h7-s142","source":"Vóór hun reis naar Europa, was Havelaar adsistent-resident van Amboina geweest, waar hy met veel moeielykheden had te stryden gehad, omdat de bevolking van dat eiland in een gistenden en oproerigen toestand verkeerde ten-gevolge van de vele verkeerde maatregelen die in den laatsten tyd genomen waren. Niet zonder veerkracht had hy dezen geest van verzet weten te onderdrukken, doch uit verdriet over de weinige hulp die men hem hierin van-hoogerhand verleende, en uit ergernis over 't ellendig bestuur dat sedert eeuwen de heerlyke streken der Molukken ontvolkt en bederft ...","translation":"Before his journey to Europe, Havelaar had been assistant-resident of Amboina, where he had had many difficulties to contend with, because the population of that island was in a fermenting and rebellious state in consequence of the many wrong measures that had been taken of late. Not without vigor had he managed to suppress this spirit of revolt; but out of grief at the scant help he was given in this from higher quarters, and out of vexation at the wretched administration that for centuries has been depopulating and ruining the splendid regions of the Moluccas ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vóór hun reis ... was Havelaar adsistent-resident van Amboina geweest","title":"Pluperfect with zijn (was ... geweest)","body":"Was ... geweest is the pluperfect of zijn itself, 'had been.' Fronting the time-phrase Vóór hun reis inverts subject and verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar hy ... had te stryden gehad","title":"hebben te + infinitive in the pluperfect","body":"Had te stryden gehad is the pluperfect of the obligation idiom hebben te + infinitive: 'had had to contend.' The relative waar opens the verb-final clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de heerlyke streken der Molukken ontvolkt en bederft","title":"Genitive der + present tense of indictment","body":"Der Molukken is the old genitive ('of the Moluccas'). Multatuli shifts to the present tense ontvolkt en bederft ('depopulates and ruins') to make the colonial abuse feel ongoing, not safely past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reis","gloss":"Before"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun","role":"possessive determiner of reis","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"reis","lemma":"reis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"journey"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar; modifies reis","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was geweest","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was geweest","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amboina","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Amboina","lemma":"Amboina","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"Amboina"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with was","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative relative adverb modifying gehad","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had gehad","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeielykheden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeielykheden","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"moeielykheden","lemma":"moeilijkheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met in met ... te strijden","gloss":"difficulties"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive strijden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stryden","lemma":"strijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement in had te strijden gehad","gloss":"contend"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"head of locative relative clause modifying Amboina","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause headed by verkeerde","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verkeerde","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eiland","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of eiland","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"eiland","lemma":"eiland","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies bevolking","gloss":"island"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toestand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toestand","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gistenden","lemma":"gistend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies toestand","gloss":"fermenting"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates gistenden and oproerigen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"oproerigen","lemma":"oproerig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies toestand","gloss":"rebellious"},{"surface":"toestand","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; predicative complement of verkeerde","gloss":"state"},{"surface":"verkeerde","lemma":"verkeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of causal subordinate clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ten-gevolge","lemma":"ten gevolge","morphology":"fixed prepositional expression","role":"introduces cause of verkeerde","gloss":"as a result","note":"Ten-gevolge van is the older spelling of modern ten gevolge van and means “as a result of”."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maatregelen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maatregelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifying determiner","role":"quantifies maatregelen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"verkeerde","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies maatregelen","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"maatregelen","lemma":"maatregel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van after ten-gevolge","gloss":"measures"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of passive genomen waren; refers to maatregelen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tijd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of tijd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative, archaic inflected","role":"modifies tijd","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; temporal modifier of genomen","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive relative clause modifying maatregelen","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of genomen","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"Niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the phrase zonder veerkracht","gloss":"Not"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking veerkracht","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"veerkracht","lemma":"veerkracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder; manner modifier of weten te onderdrukken","gloss":"vigor"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of weten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had weten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic inflected","role":"determiner of geest","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of onderdrukken","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verzet","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verzet","lemma":"verzet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies geest","gloss":"revolt"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive (replacement infinitive)","role":"verbal complement of had","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive onderdrukken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"onderdrukken","lemma":"onderdrukken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of weten","gloss":"suppress"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting elliptical continuation","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verdriet","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"verdriet","lemma":"verdriet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of uit; motive in elliptical continuation","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hulp","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hulp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hulp","gloss":"scant"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over; modifies verdriet","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of verleende; refers to hulp","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verleende","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of verleende","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"hierin","lemma":"hierin","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of verleende","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"van-hoogerhand","lemma":"van hogerhand","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"source modifier of verleende","gloss":"from higher quarters","note":"Van-hoogerhand is an older spelling of van hogerhand and means “from higher authority”."},{"surface":"verleende","lemma":"verlenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying hulp","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates uit verdriet and uit ergernis","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ergernis","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ergernis","lemma":"ergernis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit; coordinated with verdriet","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestuur","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ellendig","lemma":"ellendig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bestuur","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over; modifies ergernis","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of ontvolkt and bederft; refers to bestuur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eeuwen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"eeuwen","lemma":"eeuw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of sedert; temporal modifier of ontvolkt and bederft","gloss":"centuries"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of streken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heerlyke","lemma":"heerlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies streken","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of ontvolkt and bederft","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of Molukken","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Molukken","lemma":"Molukken","morphology":"proper noun","role":"genitive modifier of streken","gloss":"Moluccas"},{"surface":"ontvolkt","lemma":"ontvolken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause modifying bestuur","gloss":"depopulates"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates ontvolkt and bederft","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bederft","lemma":"bederven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with ontvolkt","gloss":"ruins"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"h7-s143","source":"De belangstellende lezer trachte te lezen te krygen wat over dit onderwerp reeds in 1825 door den baron Van der Capellen geschreven werd, en kan de Publikatien van dezen menschenvriend vinden in het Indische Staatsblad van dat jaar. De toestand is er sedert dien tyd niet beter op geworden!","translation":"Let the interested reader seek to obtain what was already written on this subject in 1825 by the Baron Van der Capellen, and he may find the Proclamations of this friend of man in the Indian Gazette of that year. The condition there has not improved since that time!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s143.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De belangstellende lezer trachte te lezen te krygen","title":"Hortative subjunctive trachte","body":"Trachte is a third-person subjunctive used as a polite imperative ('let the reader seek'). It governs the te-infinitive cluster te lezen te krygen ('to get to read')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat ... reeds in 1825 ... geschreven werd","title":"Free relative wat + worden-passive","body":"Wat ('what, that which') is a free relative without antecedent. Geschreven werd ('was written') is a worden-passive in the imperfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"belangstellende","lemma":"belangstellend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies lezer","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of trachte","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"trachte","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"main verb expressing an exhortation","gloss":"let seek","note":"The present subjunctive trachte is an exhortation meaning “let the reader seek”."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of krijgen in te lezen krijgen","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive krijgen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"krygen","lemma":"krijgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of trachte; governs wat and te lezen","gloss":"obtain"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"direct object of krijgen and subject of geschreven werd","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderwerp","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onderwerp","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"onderwerp","lemma":"onderwerp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over; modifies geschreven","gloss":"subject"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschreven","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking the year 1825","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agent of passive geschreven werd","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of baron","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"baron","lemma":"baron","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door; agent of geschreven werd","gloss":"Baron"},{"surface":"Van","lemma":"Van","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of proper name Van der Capellen","gloss":"Van"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"der","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of proper name Van der Capellen","gloss":"der"},{"surface":"Capellen","lemma":"Capellen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of proper name Van der Capellen","gloss":"Capellen"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of passive relative clause","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates trachte and kan vinden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of vinden; subject is lezer","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Publikatien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Publikatien","lemma":"publicatie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of vinden","gloss":"Proclamations","note":"Publikatien is an older spelling and plural form of modern publicaties."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menschenvriend","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic inflected","role":"determiner of menschenvriend","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"menschenvriend","lemma":"mensenvriend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; modifies Publikatien","gloss":"friend of man"},{"surface":"vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Staatsblad","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Staatsblad","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Indische","lemma":"Indisch","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Staatsblad","gloss":"Indian"},{"surface":"Staatsblad","lemma":"Staatsblad","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in; location of finding","gloss":"Gazette"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of jaar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"jaar","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies Staatsblad","gloss":"year"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toestand","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"toestand","lemma":"toestand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is geworden","gloss":"condition"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb referring to Amboina","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"sedert","lemma":"sedert","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tijd","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of tijd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of sedert; temporal modifier of geworden","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates beter op geworden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of geworden","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"part of idiom er ... beter op worden","gloss":"off","note":"The idiom er beter op worden means “to improve” or “to become better off”."},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with is","gloss":"become"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"h7-s144","source":"Hoe dit zy, Havelaar deed te Amboina wat hy mocht en kon, maar uit ergernis over gebrek aan medewerking van hen die in de eerste plaats geroepen waren zyn pogingen te steunen, was hy ziek geworden, en dit had hem bewogen naar Europa te vertrekken. Strikt genomen had hy by wederplaatsing aanspraak gehad op beter keuze dan de arme geenszins welvarende afdeeling Lebak, daar zyn werkkring te Amboina van grooter gewicht was, en hy dáár, zonder resident boven zich, geheel op zichzelf gestaan had.","translation":"However that may be, Havelaar did at Amboina what he might and could; but out of vexation at the lack of cooperation from those who were called in the first place to support his efforts, he had fallen ill, and this had moved him to set out for Europe. Strictly speaking, on being reposted he would have had a claim to a better choice than the poor, by no means prosperous division of Lebak, since his sphere of work at Amboina had been of greater importance, and there, with no resident over him, he had stood wholly on his own.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s144.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe dit zy","title":"Concessive subjunctive: 'however that may be'","body":"Hoe dit zy is a fixed concessive formula with the subjunctive zy of zijn, meaning 'however that may be.' It is markedly literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"was hy ziek geworden, en dit had hem bewogen ... te vertrekken","title":"worden-perfect + pluperfect + te-infinitive","body":"Was ... geworden is the pluperfect of worden ('had become ill'). Had ... bewogen is the pluperfect of bewegen, here governing the te-infinitive te vertrekken, 'to depart.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had hy ... aanspraak gehad op beter keuze ... daar zyn werkkring ... was","title":"Comparative beter + daar-clause","body":"Beter is the comparative of goed, here uninflected before keuze. Daar ('since') opens the causal clause, sending its verb was to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dit","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zy","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"verb of concessive formula","gloss":"may be","note":"Historical spelling of zij; “hoe dit zij” means “however that may be.”"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amboina","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Amboina","lemma":"Amboina","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of deed","gloss":"Amboina"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of deed; object of omitted doen after mocht and kon","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of mocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying wat","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with mocht","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ergernis","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ergernis","lemma":"ergernis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"vexation"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebrek","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"gebrek","lemma":"gebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"lack"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition complementing gebrek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"medewerking","lemma":"medewerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"cooperation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of van; antecedent of die","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geroepen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerste","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies plaats","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate of relative clause modifying hen","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of pogingen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"pogingen","lemma":"poging","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of steunen","gloss":"efforts"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces steunen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"steunen","lemma":"steunen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of geroepen","gloss":"support"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of geworden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ziek","lemma":"ziek","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of geworden","gloss":"ill"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with was","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of bewogen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bewogen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bewogen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"bewogen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of vertrekken","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the clause of vertrekken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vertrekken","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of bewogen","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"Strikt","lemma":"strikt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genomen","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"fixed adverbial phrase with Strikt","gloss":"speaking","note":"“Strikt genomen” is the idiom “strictly speaking.”"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gehad","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wederplaatsing","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"wederplaatsing","lemma":"wederplaatsing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"reposting"},{"surface":"aanspraak","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"a claim"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking keuze","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies keuze","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"keuze","lemma":"keuze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"choice"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with keuze","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies afdeeling","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"geenszins","lemma":"geenszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies welvarende","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"welvarende","lemma":"welvarend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies afdeeling","gloss":"prosperous"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"comparison complement of beter keuze","gloss":"division"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"in apposition to afdeeling","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of werkkring","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"werkkring","lemma":"werkkring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"sphere of work"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amboina","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Amboina","lemma":"Amboina","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of te; modifies werkkring","gloss":"Amboina"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gewicht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies gewicht","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"gewicht","lemma":"gewicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; predicative complement of was","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to gewicht","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gestaan had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gestaan","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"object of boven; refers to hy","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies op zichzelf","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zichzelf","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zichzelf","lemma":"zichzelf","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"oblique complement of gestaan","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"gestaan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestaan","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"h7-s145","source":"Bovendien was er, reeds voor hy naar Amboina vertrok, spraak van geweest hem tot resident te verheffen, en het bevreemdde dus sommigen dat hem thans het bestuur eener Afdeeling werd opgedragen, die aan kultuur-emolumenten zoo weinig opbracht, dewyl velen het belang eener bediening naar de daaraan verbonden inkomsten afmeten.","translation":"Moreover, even before he set out for Amboina, there had been talk of raising him to resident, and it surprised some, therefore, that the administration of a Division should now be entrusted to him which yielded so little in cultivation-emoluments — since many measure the importance of a post by the income attached to it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was er ... spraak van geweest hem tot resident te verheffen","title":"Existential er + idiom spraak van + te-infinitive","body":"Er ... spraak van zijn means 'there is talk of'; was ... geweest is its pluperfect. What was talked of is then named: hem ... te verheffen, 'to raise him.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het bevreemdde ... dat hem ... het bestuur ... werd opgedragen","title":"Dummy het + worden-passive in the dat-clause","body":"The first het is impersonal ('it surprised'); the dat-clause holds a worden-passive werd opgedragen ('was entrusted'), with hem as the dative recipient."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dewyl velen het belang ... afmeten","title":"Archaic subordinator dewyl","body":"Dewyl ('because, since') is a now-archaic subordinating conjunction; it sends its verb afmeten to the end. Modern Dutch would use omdat or aangezien."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in er was spraak","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vertrok","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vertrok","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amboina","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Amboina","lemma":"Amboina","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Amboina"},{"surface":"vertrok","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"talk"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verheffen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with was","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verheffen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking resident","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verheffen","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the clause of verheffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verheffen","lemma":"verheffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of spraak van","gloss":"raise"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"expletive subject of bevreemdde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"bevreemdde","lemma":"bevreemden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"surprised"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevreemdde","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"sommigen","lemma":"sommige","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of bevreemdde","gloss":"some people"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of opgedragen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of opgedragen","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgedragen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestuur","lemma":"bestuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive opgedragen","gloss":"administration"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, feminine genitive singular","role":"determiner of Afdeeling","gloss":"of a","note":"Eener is the old feminine genitive form of een, here meaning “of a.”"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of bestuur","gloss":"Division"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgedragen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"opgedragen","lemma":"opdragen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate of passive clause","gloss":"entrusted"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of opbracht; refers to Afdeeling","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kultuur-emolumenten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"kultuur-emolumenten","lemma":"cultuuremolument","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"cultivation emoluments","note":"Colonial-era supplementary income tied to government cultivation proceeds."},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of opbracht","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"opbracht","lemma":"opbrengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying Afdeeling","gloss":"yielded"},{"surface":"dewyl","lemma":"dewijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of afmeten","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of belang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of afmeten","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"eener","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, feminine genitive singular","role":"determiner of bediening","gloss":"of a"},{"surface":"bediening","lemma":"bediening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of belang","gloss":"post"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inkomsten","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inkomsten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"daaraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of verbonden","gloss":"thereto"},{"surface":"verbonden","lemma":"verbinden","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies inkomsten","gloss":"attached"},{"surface":"inkomsten","lemma":"inkomst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of afmeten","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"afmeten","lemma":"afmeten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"measure"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"h7-s146","source":"Hyzelf echter beklaagde zich hierover volstrekt niet, want zyn eerzucht was geenszins van dien aard, dat hy bedelen zou om hoogeren rang of meer gewin. En dit laatste ware hem toch goed te-stade gekomen!","translation":"He himself, however, did not complain of this at all, for his ambition was by no means of such a nature that he would beg for a higher rank or greater gain. And yet this last would have stood him in good stead!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s146.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn eerzucht was geenszins van dien aard, dat hy bedelen zou","title":"Negative geenszins + case remnant dien","body":"Geenszins ('by no means') is the clause's single negative. Van dien aard preserves the old accusative dien ('of that nature')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"En dit laatste ware hem toch goed te-stade gekomen","title":"Conditional subjunctive ware ... gekomen","body":"Ware ... gekomen is the literary conditional perfect ('would have come'). Te stade komen is the idiom 'to stand in good stead.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, emphatic singular","role":"subject of beklaagde","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"echter","lemma":"echter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beklaagde","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"beklaagde","lemma":"beklagen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"complained"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of beklaagde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"hierover","lemma":"hierover","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of beklaagde","gloss":"about this"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beklaagde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of eerzucht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eerzucht","lemma":"eerzucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"ambition"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to van","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geenszins","lemma":"geenszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies van dien aard","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative phrase van dien aard","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of aard","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; predicative complement of was","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bedelen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of bedelen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bedelen","lemma":"bedelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive with zou","gloss":"beg"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bedelen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition introducing object of bedelen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hoogeren","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies rang","gloss":"higher"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, comparative","role":"modifies gewin","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"gewin","lemma":"gewin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated object of om","gloss":"gain"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gekomen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of laatste","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laat","morphology":"substantivized adjective, superlative","role":"subject of gekomen","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekomen","gloss":"would have","note":"Ware is a literary subjunctive form of zijn, expressing a hypothetical result."},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gekomen","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gekomen","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te-stade","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"te-stade","lemma":"stade","morphology":"noun in fixed expression","role":"complement of gekomen","gloss":"stead","note":"“Te stade komen” is an old expression meaning “to stand someone in good stead.”"},{"surface":"gekomen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"come"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"h7-s147","source":"Want op zyn reizen in Europa had hy het weinige uitgegeven, dat hy in vorige jaren had overgegaard. Zelfs had hy daar schulden achtergelaten, en hy was dus, in één woord, arm.","translation":"For on his travels in Europe he had spent the little that he had laid by in former years. He had even left debts behind there, and so he was, in a word, poor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s147.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had hy het weinige uitgegeven, dat hy ... had overgegaard","title":"Pluperfects with separable verbs","body":"Both clauses are pluperfect: had ... uitgegeven (separable uitgeven) and had overgegaard (separable overgaarden (or overgaren), 'to save up'). Het weinige nominalizes the adjective, 'the little.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of uitgegeven","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking reizen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of reizen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"reizen","lemma":"reis","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"travels"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"modifies reizen","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgegeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of uitgegeven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weinige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of uitgegeven","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"uitgegeven","lemma":"uitgeven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spent"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of overgegaard; refers to het weinige","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of overgegaard","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jaren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies jaren","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of overgegaard","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of overgegaard","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"overgegaard","lemma":"overgaren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause modifying het weinige","gloss":"saved up","note":"Overgaren is an older verb meaning to save or accumulate."},{"surface":"Zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achtergelaten","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of achtergelaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of achtergelaten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achtergelaten","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"schulden","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of achtergelaten","gloss":"debts"},{"surface":"achtergelaten","lemma":"achterlaten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"left behind"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to arm","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arm","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woord","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"één","lemma":"één","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies woord","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in; part of parenthetical phrase","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"poor"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"h7-s148","source":"Doch nooit had hy zyn ambt beschouwd als een geldwinning, en by zyn benoeming naar Lebak nam hy zich met tevredenheid voor, het achterstallige door zuinigheid intehalen, in welk voornemen zyn vrouw die zoo eenvoudig was in smaak en behoeften, hem met groot genoegen ondersteunen zou.","translation":"Yet he had never regarded his office as a means of making money, and on his appointment to Lebak he resolved, with contentment, to make up the arrears by thrift — a resolution in which his wife, who was so simple in her tastes and needs, would support him with great pleasure.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s148.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had hy nooit zyn ambt beschouwd als een geldwinning","title":"Pluperfect with negative nooit","body":"Had ... beschouwd is the pluperfect of beschouwen. Nooit ('never') is the single clause-negative; iets beschouwen als means 'to regard something as.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"nam hy zich ... voor, het achterstallige ... intehalen","title":"Reflexive zich voornemen + joined inhalen","body":"Zich voornemen ('to resolve') is reflexive and separable: nam ... voor. The resolution is a te-infinitive, intehalen = in te halen ('to make up, recover')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects this sentence to the preceding context","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beschouwd","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of beschouwd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had beschouwd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ambt","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of beschouwd","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"beschouwd","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"regarded"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement geldwinning","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of geldwinning","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geldwinning","lemma":"geldwinning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of ambt","gloss":"money-making means"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links had beschouwd and nam zich voor","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the circumstance of benoeming","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of benoeming","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"benoeming","lemma":"benoeming","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"appointment"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination Lebak","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of nam zich voor","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of nam zich voor","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"reflexive complement in zich voornemen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces tevredenheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"tevredenheid","lemma":"tevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"contentment"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of nam ... voor","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of achterstallige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"achterstallige","lemma":"achterstallig","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of in te halen","gloss":"arrears"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means zuinigheid","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zuinigheid","lemma":"zuinigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"thrift"},{"surface":"intehalen","lemma":"inhalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of nam zich voor","gloss":"to make up","note":"Historical spelling writes in te halen as one word."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the relative phrase in welk voornemen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"welk","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of voornemen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"resolution"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zou ondersteunen","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of eenvoudig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of die","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite copula of the relative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces smaak en behoeften","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"smaak","lemma":"smaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of in","gloss":"taste"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links smaak and behoeften","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"behoeften","lemma":"behoefte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"second object of in","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, third-person singular","role":"direct object of ondersteunen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces groot genoegen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies genoegen","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"genoegen","lemma":"genoegen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"ondersteunen","lemma":"ondersteunen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"support"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of ondersteunen","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"h7-s149","source":"Maar zuinigheid viel Havelaar moeielyk.","translation":"But thrift came hard to Havelaar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s149.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar zuinigheid viel Havelaar moeielyk","title":"Fronted subject + dative experiencer","body":"Iets valt iemand moeilijk means 'something comes hard to someone,' with the person as dative (Havelaar). Maar ('but') is coordinating, so it does not push the verb to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects this sentence to the preceding one","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"zuinigheid","lemma":"zuinigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of viel","gloss":"thrift"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb in the idiom iemand moeilijk vallen","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of viel","gloss":"to Havelaar"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner complement of viel","gloss":"hard"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"h7-s150","source":"Hy voor zichzelf kon zich tot het strikt-noodige bepalen. Ja, zonder de minste inspanning kon hy binnen de grens daarvan blyven, doch waar anderen hulp behoefden, was hem 't helpen, het geven, een ware hartstocht.","translation":"For himself he could confine his wants to the strictly necessary. Indeed, without the least effort he could keep within those bounds; but wherever others needed help, to help, to give, was for him a true passion.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s150.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kon zich tot het strikt-noodige bepalen","title":"Modal kon + reflexive zich bepalen","body":"The modal kon ('could') sends the verb to the end. Zich bepalen tot means 'to confine oneself to'; zich is reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar anderen hulp behoefden, was hem 't helpen ... een ware hartstocht","title":"Fronted waar-clause forcing inversion","body":"The fronted relative-like clause waar anderen hulp behoefden ('wherever others needed help') triggers inversion in the main clause: was hem 't helpen. 't Helpen, het geven are nominalized infinitives ('the helping, the giving')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of kon bepalen","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zichzelf","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zichzelf","lemma":"zichzelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of bepalen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"reflexive complement of bepalen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces het strikt-noodige","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of strikt-noodige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"strikt-noodige","lemma":"strikt nodig","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"strictly necessary"},{"surface":"bepalen","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kon","gloss":"confine"},{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"discourse adverb","role":"emphasizes the following statement","gloss":"Indeed"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces de minste inspanning","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of inspanning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"minste","lemma":"minst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, attributive","role":"modifies inspanning","gloss":"least"},{"surface":"inspanning","lemma":"inspanning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"effort"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of blijven","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of kon blijven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces de grens","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of grens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grens","lemma":"grens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of binnen","gloss":"boundary"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"postmodifies grens","gloss":"of that"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by kon","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the contrasting main clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the clause others needed help","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"subject of behoefden","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of behoefden","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"behoefden","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"finite verb of the waar-clause","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking the infinitival subjects to hartstocht","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, third-person singular","role":"experiencer governed by was","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"marks helpen as a nominalized infinitive","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"helpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"first coordinated subject of was","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"marks geven as a nominalized infinitive","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"second coordinated subject of was","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of hartstocht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies hartstocht","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"hartstocht","lemma":"hartstocht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"passion"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"h7-s151","source":"Hyzelf zag dit zwak in, beredeneerde met al 't gezond verstand dat hem gegeven was, hoe onrecht hy deed, iemand te ondersteunen, waar hyzelf meer aanspraak zou gehad hebben op zyn eigen hulp ... gevoelde dit onrecht nog levendiger, wanneer ook \"zyn Tine\" en Max, die hy beiden zoo lief had, te lyden hadden onder de gevolgen zyner vrygevigheid ... hy verweet zich zyn goedhartigheid als zwakte, als ydelheid, als zucht om voor een verkleeden prins doortegaan ... hy beloofde zich beterschap, en toch ... telkens als deze of gene zich aan hem wist voortedoen als 't slachtoffer van tegenspoed, vergat hy alles om te helpen.","translation":"He himself saw this weakness, reasoned with all the sound sense that had been given him how wrongly he acted in supporting someone else when he himself had more claim upon his own aid ... felt this wrong still more keenly when \"his Tine\" and Max too, whom he both loved so dearly, had to suffer under the consequences of his open-handedness ... he reproached himself for his good-heartedness as a weakness, as vanity, as a craving to pass for a prince in disguise ... he promised himself he would mend his ways; and yet ... every time this person or that contrived to present himself as the victim of misfortune, he forgot everything in order to help.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s151.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hyzelf zag dit zwak in","title":"Separable inzien","body":"Inzien ('to recognize, realize') is separable: the prefix in lands at the end of the clause, after the object dit zwak ('this weakness'). Hyzelf is the emphatic 'he himself.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar hyzelf meer aanspraak zou gehad hebben op zyn eigen hulp","title":"Comparative meer + conditional perfect","body":"Meer aanspraak ('more claim') uses the comparative meer. Zou gehad hebben is the conditional perfect, 'would have had,' inside the relative waar-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"telkens als deze of gene zich ... wist voortedoen als 't slachtoffer","title":"Reflexive zich voordoen + joined te","body":"Zich voordoen als means 'to present oneself as'; zich is reflexive. Voortedoen = voor te doen, the joined 1860 spelling. Deze of gene means 'this person or that.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"intensive personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"He himself"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of zag ... in","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of zwak","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zwak","lemma":"zwak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zag ... in","gloss":"weakness"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zag ... in","gloss":"recognized"},{"surface":"beredeneerde","lemma":"beredeneren","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated finite verb with zag","gloss":"reasoned"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces al het gezond verstand","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"quantifies verstand","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of verstand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gezond","lemma":"gezond","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies verstand","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"verstand","lemma":"verstand","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"sense"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was gegeven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive relative clause","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies onrecht","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner complement of deed","gloss":"wrongly"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"acted"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of ondersteunen","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks ondersteunen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ondersteunen","lemma":"ondersteunen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement explaining how he acted wrongly","gloss":"support"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the contrasting circumstance","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"intensive personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zou gehad hebben","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"modifies aanspraak","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"aanspraak","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zou gehad hebben","gloss":"claim"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of gehad hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of zou gehad hebben","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"perfect auxiliary, infinitive","role":"infinitival auxiliary accompanying gehad","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zijn eigen hulp","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hulp","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies hulp","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"hulp","lemma":"hulp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"aid"},{"surface":"gevoelde","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"coordinated finite verb with zag","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of onrecht","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gevoelde","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies levendiger","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"levendiger","lemma":"levendig","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"manner complement of gevoelde","gloss":"more keenly"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hadden","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds Tine and Max to those affected","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Tine","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first subject of hadden","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Tine and Max","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second subject of hadden","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of liefhad","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of liefhad","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"beiden","lemma":"beide","morphology":"quantifying pronoun, plural","role":"predicative modifier of die","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies lief","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"lief","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"part of the verb liefhebben","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite part of liefhad","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks lijden as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lyden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb in te lijden hadden","gloss":"suffer"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"modal construction meaning were obliged to suffer","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces de gevolgen","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of gevolgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolgen","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive, singular","role":"possessor of vrijgevigheid","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"vrygevigheid","lemma":"vrijgevigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the genitive phrase","gloss":"open-handedness"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of verweet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verweet","lemma":"verwijten","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the clause","gloss":"reproached"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of verweet","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of goedhartigheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"goedhartigheid","lemma":"goedhartigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verweet","gloss":"good-heartedness"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the characterization zwakte","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zwakte","lemma":"zwakte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first characterization of goedhartigheid","gloss":"weakness"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the characterization ijdelheid","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ydelheid","lemma":"ijdelheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second characterization of goedhartigheid","gloss":"vanity"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the characterization zucht","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zucht","lemma":"zucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"third characterization of goedhartigheid","gloss":"a craving"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitival conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive door te gaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces een verklede prins","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of prins","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verkleeden","lemma":"verkleden","morphology":"adjective, past participle, attributive","role":"modifies prins","gloss":"disguised"},{"surface":"prins","lemma":"prins","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"prince"},{"surface":"doortegaan","lemma":"doorgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"complement of zucht","gloss":"to pass","note":"Historical spelling writes door te gaan as one word."},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of beloofde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"beloofde","lemma":"beloven","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the clause","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of beloofde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"beterschap","lemma":"beterschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beloofde","gloss":"improvement"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the promise with the contrasting outcome","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks contrast with his promise","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"telkens","lemma":"telkens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modified by the following als-clause","gloss":"every time"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the recurring condition","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"first coordinated subject of wist","gloss":"this one"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links deze and gene","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"gene","lemma":"gene","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"second coordinated subject of wist","gloss":"that one"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"direct object of voor te doen","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, third-person singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"modal verb, past, third-person singular","role":"modal verb governing voor te doen","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"voortedoen","lemma":"voordoen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"main verb governed by wist","gloss":"to present","note":"Historical spelling writes voor te doen as one word."},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement slachtoffer","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of slachtoffer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slachtoffer","lemma":"slachtoffer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of zich","gloss":"victim"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces tegenspoed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"tegenspoed","lemma":"tegenspoed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"misfortune"},{"surface":"vergat","lemma":"vergeten","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of the main clause","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of vergat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of vergat","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitival conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose clause om te helpen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks helpen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"helpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of vergat","gloss":"help"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"h7-s152","source":"En dit in-weerwil der bittere ondervinding van de gevolgen dezer door overdryving tot fout geworden deugd.","translation":"And this in spite of the bitter experience of the consequences of this virtue, which through excess had turned into a fault.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s152.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"der door overdryving tot fout geworden deugd","title":"Heavy genitive der + participial modifier","body":"Der is the old genitive article ('of the ... virtue'). The long pre-nominal phrase door overdryving tot fout geworden ('turned into a fault through excess') modifies deugd, in German-like left-branching style."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects this fragment to the preceding sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"refers to his repeatedly helping","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"in-weerwil","lemma":"in weerwil","morphology":"complex preposition","role":"introduces der bittere ondervinding","gloss":"in spite","note":"Hyphenated historical spelling of the expression in weerwil van."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive, feminine singular","role":"determiner of ondervinding","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bittere","lemma":"bitter","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies ondervinding","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"ondervinding","lemma":"ondervinding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in weerwil","gloss":"experience"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces de gevolgen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of gevolgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevolgen","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"dezer","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, genitive, feminine singular","role":"determiner of deugd","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces overdryving","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"overdryving","lemma":"overdrijving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"excess"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces fout as the resulting state","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"fout","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"result complement of geworden","gloss":"a fault"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of deugd","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"deugd","lemma":"deugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head governed by dezer","gloss":"virtue"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"h7-s153","source":"Acht dagen vóór de geboorte van zyn kleinen Max, bezat hy 't noodige niet om 't yzeren wiegje te koopen waarin zyn lieveling rusten zou, en weinig tyds te-voren nog had hy de weinige versierselen zyner vrouw opgeofferd, om iemand bytestaan, die gewis in beter omstandigheden verkeerde dan hyzelf.","translation":"Eight days before the birth of his little Max, he did not have what was needed to buy the iron cradle in which his darling was to rest, and a short while before that he had given up the few ornaments of his wife to stand by someone who was assuredly in better circumstances than himself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s153.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"bezat hy 't noodige niet om 't yzeren wiegje te koopen","title":"om ... te + diminutive wiegje","body":"Om ... te koopen is the purpose clause ('in order to buy'). Wiegje is the diminutive of wieg ('cradle'), tender in tone and grammatically neuter. Niet negates bezat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had hy de weinige versierselen ... opgeofferd, om iemand bytestaan","title":"Pluperfect opofferen + om ... te","body":"Had ... opgeofferd is the pluperfect of the separable opofferen ('to sacrifice'). Bytestaan = bij te staan ('to assist'), the joined spelling, frames the purpose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Acht","lemma":"acht","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies dagen","gloss":"Eight"},{"surface":"dagen","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of temporal phrase Acht dagen","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geboorte","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geboorte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geboorte","lemma":"geboorte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"birth"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Max","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Max","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"bezat","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bezat","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of noodige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noodige","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"substantivized adjective","role":"direct object of bezat","gloss":"necessary thing"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezat","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive koopen","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wiegje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"yzeren","lemma":"ijzeren","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wiegje","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"wiegje","lemma":"wieg","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of koopen","gloss":"cradle"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive koopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"koopen","lemma":"kopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of bezat","gloss":"buy"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of rusten","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of lieveling","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"lieveling","lemma":"lieveling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of rusten","gloss":"darling"},{"surface":"rusten","lemma":"rusten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of rusten","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies tyds","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"tyds","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, genitive singular","role":"head of temporal phrase weinig tyds","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"te-voren","lemma":"tevoren","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgeofferd","gloss":"before that","note":"The historical spelling te-voren is modern tevoren."},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgeofferd","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgeofferd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of opgeofferd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of versierselen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies versierselen","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"versierselen","lemma":"versiersel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of opgeofferd","gloss":"ornaments"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of genitive zyner","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"opgeofferd","lemma":"opofferen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"given up"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive bytestaan","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bytestaan","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"bytestaan","lemma":"bijstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of opgeofferd","gloss":"stand by"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of verkeerde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gewis","lemma":"gewis","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkeerde","gloss":"assuredly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omstandigheden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of verkeerde","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"verkeerde","lemma":"verkeren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on iemand","gloss":"was situated"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with hyzelf","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"h7-s154","source":"Maar dit alles lag al weer ver achter hen toen zy waren aangekomen te Lebak!","translation":"But all this lay far behind them again by the time they had arrived at Lebak!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s154.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"lag al weer ver achter hen toen zy waren aangekomen","title":"toen-clause with pluperfect of motion","body":"Toen ('by the time') opens a verb-final clause; waren aangekomen is the pluperfect of aankomen, which takes zijn as a motion verb. Achter hen lag earlier in the main clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lag","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"modifies alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"aspectual modifier of lag","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achter hen","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hen","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of lag","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause waren aangekomen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aangekomen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of aangekomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aangekomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by waren; predicate of temporal clause","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of aangekomen","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"h7-s155","source":"Met vroolyke kalmte hadden zy bezit genomen van het huis: \"waar ze nu toch eenigen tyd hoopten te blyven.\" Met een eigenaardig genot hadden zy te Batavia de meubelen besteld, die alles zoo comfortable en gezellig maken zouden.","translation":"With cheerful calm they had taken possession of the house \"where they now hoped at last to stay for some time.\" With a peculiar delight they had ordered at Batavia the furniture that was to make everything so comfortable and snug.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s155.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hadden zy bezit genomen van het huis","title":"Fronted manner-phrase + pluperfect idiom","body":"Fronting Met vroolyke kalmte ('with cheerful calm') inverts subject and verb. Bezit nemen van is the idiom 'to take possession of,' here in the pluperfect hadden ... genomen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de meubelen besteld, die alles ... maken zouden","title":"Relative die + future in the relative clause","body":"Die refers back to de meubelen and opens a verb-final clause whose future maken zouden ('that were to make') sits at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vroolyke","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"vroolyke","lemma":"vrolijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kalmte","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"kalmte","lemma":"kalmte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of genomen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of genomen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"bezit","lemma":"bezit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of genomen","gloss":"possession"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by hadden","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of genomen","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of blyven","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hoopten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoopten","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle modifying hoopten","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"quantifies tyd","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial duration of blyven","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"hoopten","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on huis","gloss":"hoped"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive blyven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hoopten","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"Met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genot","gloss":"With"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of genot","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eigenaardig","lemma":"eigenaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies genot","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"genot","lemma":"genot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of besteld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of besteld","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of besteld","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meubelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meubelen","lemma":"meubel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of besteld","gloss":"furniture"},{"surface":"besteld","lemma":"bestellen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by hadden","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies comfortable","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"comfortable","lemma":"comfortabel","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of alles","gloss":"comfortable"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gezellig","lemma":"gezellig","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated object complement of alles","gloss":"snug"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zouden in relative clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of maken","gloss":"was to"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"h7-s156","source":"Zy toonden elkaar de plekken waar ze zouden ontbyten, waar kleine Max spelen zou, waar de bibliotheek zou staan, waar hy 's avends haar zou voorlezen wat hy dien dag geschreven had, want hy was altyd bezig met het ontwikkelen zyner denkbeelden op 't papier ... en: \"eens zou dat gedrukt worden, meende Tine, en dan zou men zien wie haar Max was!\" Maar nooit had hy iets ter-perse laten leggen van wat er in zyn hoofd omging, omdat zekere schroom hem bezielde, die wel iets zweemde naar eerbaarheid.","translation":"They showed each other the spots where they would breakfast, where little Max would play, where the library would stand, where in the evenings he would read aloud to her what he had written that day — for he was always busy unfolding his ideas on paper ... and: \"one day that shall be printed,\" thought Tine, \"and then people will see who her Max was!\" But he had never let anything be set in type of what went on in his head, because a certain bashfulness possessed him, something not unlike modesty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s156.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar ze zouden ontbyten, waar kleine Max spelen zou","title":"Stacked waar-relatives with future zou","body":"A chain of waar-clauses ('where they would breakfast, where Max would play') each ends in the future with zou(den) plus the infinitive — a roll of imagined domestic scenes."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy was altyd bezig met het ontwikkelen zyner denkbeelden","title":"bezig met + nominalized infinitive + genitive zyner","body":"Bezig met means 'busy with'; het ontwikkelen is a nominalized infinitive ('the unfolding'). Zyner denkbeelden is an old genitive possessive, 'of his ideas.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"nooit had hy iets ter-perse laten leggen","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"Laten + the bare infinitive leggen is causative: 'had let / had had (something) be laid.' Ter perse leggen means 'to send to press.' Fronted nooit forces inversion and is the lone negative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of toonden","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"toonden","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"elkaar","lemma":"elkaar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of toonden","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plekken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plekken","lemma":"plek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of toonden","gloss":"spots"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of ontbyten","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ontbyten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of ontbyten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ontbyten","lemma":"ontbijten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zouden","gloss":"breakfast"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of spelen","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of spelen","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"spelen","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"play"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of spelen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of staan","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bibliotheek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bibliotheek","lemma":"bibliotheek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"library"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of staan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative complement of voorlezen","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voorlezen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"'s","morphology":"adverbial genitive marker","role":"part of temporal phrase ’s avonds","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, genitive singular","role":"temporal modifier of voorlezen","gloss":"evenings"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of voorlezen","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorlezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"voorlezen","lemma":"voorlezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"read aloud"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of voorlezen and geschreven","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geschreven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal modifier of geschreven","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bezig","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to bezig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bezig","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"bezig","lemma":"bezig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"busy"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ontwikkelen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner substantivizing ontwikkelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontwikkelen","lemma":"ontwikkelen","morphology":"substantivized infinitive","role":"object of met","gloss":"unfolding"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive","role":"possessor of denkbeelden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of ontwikkelen","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking papier","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of papier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"papier","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op; modifies ontwikkelen","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Tine’s quoted thoughts","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedrukt","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedrukt","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of gedrukt worden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gedrukt","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive with worden","gloss":"printed"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gedrukt","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links coordinated quoted clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zien","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zien","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zou","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Max","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Max and wie","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of laten","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laten","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of laten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ter perse laten leggen","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"ter-perse","lemma":"ter perse","morphology":"prepositional phrase","role":"resultative complement of leggen","gloss":"into print","note":"Ter perse leggen is an older idiom meaning “to send to press” or “have printed.”"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by had","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"leggen","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of laten","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces partitive complement of iets","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of omging","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb in free relative wat er ... omging","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hoofd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of omging","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"omging","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of free relative wat er ... omging","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bezielde","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"zekere","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies schroom","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"schroom","lemma":"schroom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bezielde","gloss":"bashfulness"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of bezielde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"bezielde","lemma":"bezielen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of causal clause","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of zweemde; refers to schroom","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zweemde","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"degree complement of zweemde","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"zweemde","lemma":"zweemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on schroom","gloss":"resembled"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking eerbaarheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"eerbaarheid","lemma":"eerbaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zweemde","gloss":"modesty"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"h7-s157","source":"Hyzelf althans wist dezen schroom niet beter te beschryven, dan door aan wie hem aanspoorden tot publiciteit, te vragen: \"zoudt gy uw dochter op-straat laten loopen zonder hemd?\"","translation":"He himself, at any rate, knew no better way to describe this bashfulness than by asking those who urged him toward publicity: \"would you let your daughter walk out into the street without a shift?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s157.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoudt gy uw dochter op-straat laten loopen zonder hemd?","title":"Period pronoun gy + causative laten loopen","body":"Gy is the 1860 literary 'you,' with the matching verb form zoudt; uw is its possessive. Laten loopen is causative laten + bare infinitive ('let walk')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wist dezen schroom niet beter te beschryven, dan door ... te vragen","title":"Case remnant dezen + comparative niet beter ... dan","body":"Dezen schroom keeps the old accusative -en on the demonstrative. Niet beter ... dan ('no better ... than') is comparative, and te beschryven / te vragen are te-infinitives."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"He himself"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"at any rate"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"dezen","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, inflected","role":"modifies schroom","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"schroom","lemma":"schroom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beschryven","gloss":"bashfulness"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beter","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies beschryven","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beschryven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschryven","lemma":"beschrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wist","gloss":"describe"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison door ... te vragen","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means phrase","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"indirect object of vragen; antecedent of aanspoorden","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of aanspoorden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aanspoorden","lemma":"aanspoorden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on wie","gloss":"urged"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking publiciteit","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"publiciteit","lemma":"publiciteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aanspoorden","gloss":"publicity"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vragen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"object of door; means of beschryven","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"zoudt","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of laten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of laten","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of dochter","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"op-straat","lemma":"op straat","morphology":"prepositional phrase","role":"locative complement of loopen","gloss":"in the street"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zoudt","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"loopen","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of laten","gloss":"walk"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hemd","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"hemd","lemma":"hemd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of loopen","gloss":"a shift"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"h7-s158","source":"Dit was dan weer een van de vele boutades, die zyn omgeving deden zeggen dat \"die Havelaar toch een zonderling mensch was, en ik beweer het tegendeel niet. Maar als men de moeite nam zyn ongewone wyze van spreken te vertalen, zou men in die vreemde vraag over het toilet van een meisje, wellicht den tekst gevonden hebben voor een verhandeling over de kuisheid van den geest, die schuw is voor de blikken van den lompen voorbyganger, en zich terugtrekt in een hulsel van maagdelyke schroomvalligheid.","translation":"This, again, was one of the many boutades that made his circle say that \"this Havelaar was after all an odd sort of man,\" and I do not maintain the contrary. But if one took the trouble to translate his uncommon way of speaking, one would have found, in that strange question about a girl's toilet, perhaps the text for a discourse on the chastity of the mind — which is shy before the gaze of the boorish passer-by, and withdraws into a covering of maidenly modesty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s158.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die zyn omgeving deden zeggen dat ...","title":"Causative doen + bare infinitive","body":"Doen + the bare infinitive zeggen is causative, 'made (his circle) say.' Like laten, doen takes no te. The relative die refers back to boutades."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die schuw is voor de blikken ... en zich terugtrekt","title":"Relative die + reflexive zich terugtrekken","body":"Die ('which') opens a verb-final relative clause. Zich terugtrekken is reflexive and separable ('to withdraw'); zich is the reflexive object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"boutades","title":"boutade — a French loan","body":"A boutade is a witty, sudden sally or quip, often paradoxical. Multatuli's French loanwords (boutade, roman intime, rêve aux millions, grand seigneur) mark Havelaar's cultivated, cosmopolitan voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Dit to een","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of adverbial phrase dan weer","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"weer","lemma":"weer","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of adverbial phrase dan weer","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"één","morphology":"substantivized numeral","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces partitive complement boutades","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boutades","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, inflected","role":"modifies boutades","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"boutades","lemma":"boutade","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"boutades"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of deden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of omgeving","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"omgeving","lemma":"omgeving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of deden","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"deden","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on boutades","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of deden","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Havelaar","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"zonderling","lemma":"zonderling","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"odd"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Havelaar to mensch","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links was-clause and beweer-clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beweer","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"beweer","lemma":"beweren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"maintain"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tegendeel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tegendeel","lemma":"tegendeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of beweer","gloss":"contrary"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beweer","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting conditional sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of moeite","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"moeite","lemma":"moeite","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"trouble"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of conditional clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of wyze","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ongewone","lemma":"ongewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wyze","gloss":"uncommon"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vertalen","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of wyze","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"object of van","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vertalen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vertalen","lemma":"vertalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moeite nam","gloss":"translate"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of gevonden hebben","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevonden hebben","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces locative frame vraag","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vreemde","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vraag","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces topic toilet","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toilet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toilet","lemma":"toilet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"toilet"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessive complement meisje","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"wellicht","lemma":"wellicht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevonden hebben","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular accusative","role":"determiner of tekst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tekst","lemma":"tekst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"text"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of gevonden hebben","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect infinitive auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces intended use verhandeling","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verhandeling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verhandeling","lemma":"verhandeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"discourse"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces topic kuisheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kuisheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kuisheid","lemma":"kuisheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"chastity"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessive complement geest","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular dative","role":"determiner of geest","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geest","lemma":"geest","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is and terugtrekt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"schuw","lemma":"schuw","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"shy"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking die to schuw","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of schuw","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of blikken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"blikken","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"gazes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor voorbyganger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular dative","role":"determiner of voorbyganger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lompen","lemma":"lomp","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies voorbyganger","gloss":"boorish"},{"surface":"voorbyganger","lemma":"voorbijganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"passer-by","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch voorbijganger."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links is and terugtrekt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of terugtrekt","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"terugtrekt","lemma":"terugtrekken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated verb with is","gloss":"withdraws"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hulsel","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hulsel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hulsel","lemma":"hulsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"covering"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces material or quality schroomvalligheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"maagdelyke","lemma":"maagdelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies schroomvalligheid","gloss":"maidenly","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch maagdelijke."},{"surface":"schroomvalligheid","lemma":"schroomvalligheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"modesty"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"h7-s159","source":"Ja, ze zouden gelukkig zyn te Rangkas-Betoeng, Havelaar en zyn Tine!","translation":"Yes, they would be happy at Rangkas-Betoeng, Havelaar and his Tine!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s159.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze zouden gelukkig zyn te Rangkas-Betoeng","title":"Future/conditional zou + infinitive","body":"Zouden ... zyn is zou(den) + infinitive — the future-in-the-past or wishful conditional, 'they would be happy.' The exclamatory ja and trailing names heighten the hopeful tone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence-level affirmation","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"conditional auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gelukkig","lemma":"gelukkig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of zijn","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copula with gelukkig","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition identifying ze","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Havelaar and Tine","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Tine","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated apposition identifying ze","gloss":"Tine"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"h7-s160","source":"De eenige zorg die hen drukte, waren de schulden die zy in Europa hadden achtergelaten, verhoogd met de nog onbetaalde kosten der terugreis naar Indie, en met de uitgaven voor 't meubelen hunner woning. Maar nood was er niet.","translation":"The only care that weighed upon them was the debts they had left behind in Europe, swelled by the still unpaid costs of the return journey to the Indies, and by the outlay for the furnishing of their dwelling. But there was no real want.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s160.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De eenige zorg die hen drukte, waren de schulden","title":"Relative die + agreement with plural predicate","body":"Die refers back to zorg and is verb-final (drukte). The copula is plural (waren) because the predicate noun de schulden is plural — a notable agreement quirk."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar nood was er niet","title":"Existential er with niet negation","body":"Er is existential ('there'); fronting nood ('want, distress') inverts the verb. Nood was er niet means 'there was no real distress' — niet negates the existence."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zorg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zorg","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of drukte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of drukte","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"drukte","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on zorg","gloss":"weighed upon"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking zorg to schulden","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schulden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schulden","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicate complement of waren","gloss":"debts"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of achtergelaten","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of hadden achtergelaten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of achtergelaten","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of achtergelaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"achtergelaten","lemma":"achterlaten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in relative clause on schulden","gloss":"left behind"},{"surface":"verhoogd","lemma":"verhogen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial modifier of schulden","gloss":"increased"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kosten","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kosten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onbetaalde","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"onbetaalde","lemma":"onbetaald","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kosten","gloss":"unpaid"},{"surface":"kosten","lemma":"kost","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"costs"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, feminine singular genitive","role":"determiner of terugreis","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"terugreis","lemma":"terugreis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive dependent of kosten","gloss":"return journey"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Indie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"the Indies","note":"Modern spelling uses a diaeresis: Indië."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitgaven","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitgaven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitgaven","lemma":"uitgave","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"expenses"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose meubelen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"nominalizes meubelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meubelen","lemma":"meubelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"object of voor","gloss":"furnishing","note":"Here meubelen means furnishing a house, not pieces of furniture."},{"surface":"hunner","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person plural possessor, feminine singular genitive","role":"possessor of woning","gloss":"of their"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of meubelen","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"nood","lemma":"nood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"h7-s161","source":"Ze zouden immers leven van de helft, van een derde zyner inkomsten? Misschien ook, ja waarschynlyk, zou hy spoedig resident worden, en dan werd alles makkelyk geregeld in weinig tyds ...","translation":"Would they not, after all, live on the half, on a third of his income? Perhaps too — yes, probably — he would soon become resident, and then everything would be easily settled in a short time ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s161.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze zouden immers leven van de helft ... zyner inkomsten?","title":"Conditional zou + genitive zyner","body":"Zouden ... leven is the conditional ('they would live on'). Zyner inkomsten is the old genitive possessive, 'of his income.' Immers ('after all') reinforces the rhetorical question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zou hy spoedig resident worden, en dan werd alles makkelyk geregeld","title":"Future worden + worden-passive","body":"First worden is a copula-future ('would become resident'); then werd ... geregeld is a worden-passive ('was settled'). The same verb worden carries both meanings."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of leven","gloss":"they","note":"Ze is the unstressed form of zij."},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of leven","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal adverb reinforcing expectation","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zouden","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking helft","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of helft","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"helft","lemma":"helft","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"half"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces coordinated object derde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of derde","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"derde","lemma":"derde","morphology":"ordinal numeral used substantively","role":"object of van","gloss":"third"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person masculine singular possessor, genitive plural","role":"possessor of inkomsten","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"inkomsten","lemma":"inkomst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of helft and derde","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"Misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou worden","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou worden","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"marks emphatic correction","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"waarschynlyk","lemma":"waarschijnlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zou worden","gloss":"probably","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch waarschijnlijk."},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of worden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of worden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"spoedig","lemma":"spoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies worden","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of worden","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links worden-clause and geregeld-clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werd geregeld","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geregeld","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive geregeld","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"makkelyk","lemma":"makkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geregeld","gloss":"easily","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch makkelijk."},{"surface":"geregeld","lemma":"regelen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of passive werd geregeld","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time expression","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies tyds","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"tyds","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, masculine singular genitive","role":"partitive genitive dependent on weinig","gloss":"time","note":"Tyds is an older genitive form of tijd in the expression in weinig tijds."}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"h7-s162","source":"--Hoewel 't my erg spyten zou, Tine, Lebak te verlaten, want er is hier veel te doen.","translation":"--Although it would grieve me sorely, Tine, to leave Lebak, for there is much to be done here.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s162.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoewel 't my erg spyten zou, Tine, Lebak te verlaten","title":"Concessive hoewel + impersonal spijten","body":"Hoewel ('although') subordinates, sending the verb cluster spyten zou to the end. 't ... my spyten is impersonal ('it would grieve me'), and Lebak te verlaten is the te-infinitive subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoewel","lemma":"hoewel","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of zou spyten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative singular","role":"indirect object of spyten","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"erg","lemma":"erg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spyten","gloss":"sorely"},{"surface":"spyten","lemma":"spijten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"grieve"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of spyten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verlaten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"extraposed subject infinitive of spyten","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of existential clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of is","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"postmodifier of veel expressing obligation","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"h7-s163","source":"Je moet heel zuinig wezen, beste, dan kunnen wy misschien alles afdoen, ook zonder bevordering ... en dan hoop ik lang hier te blyven, heel lang!","translation":"You must be very thrifty, dearest, and then perhaps we can clear it all off, even without promotion ... and then I hope to stay here long, very long!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s163.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Je moet heel zuinig wezen, beste","title":"Familiar je + modal moeten","body":"Here Havelaar drops the literary gy for the intimate je ('you') with his wife — a register shift into tenderness. The modal moet sends wezen (the older infinitive of zijn) to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan kunnen wy misschien alles afdoen","title":"Fronted dan + modal kunnen + separable afdoen","body":"Fronting dan ('then') inverts to kunnen wy. The modal kunnen sends the separable afdoen ('to clear off, settle') to the end as a bare infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zuinig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"zuinig","lemma":"zuinig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of wezen","gloss":"thrifty"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"beste","lemma":"goed","morphology":"substantivized superlative adjective, vocative","role":"vocative term of endearment","gloss":"dearest"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks consequence","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of afdoen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of afdoen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afdoen","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of afdoen","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"afdoen","lemma":"afdoen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kunnen","gloss":"pay off"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zonder bevordering","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevordering","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"bevordering","lemma":"bevordering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of afdoen","gloss":"promotion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links afdoen-clause and hoop-clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoop","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoop","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyven","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of blyven","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive blyven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hoop","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies lang","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic repetition modifying blyven","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"h7-s164","source":"Een aansporing tot zuinigheid nu, behoefte hy tot háár niet te richten.","translation":"An exhortation to thrift, now, he had no need to address to her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"behoefde hy tot háár niet te richten","title":"behoeven + te-infinitive with niet","body":"Behoeven ('to need') governs the te-infinitive te richten ('to address'). Háár carries an accent for stress ('to her'). The fronted object Een aansporing inverts the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aansporing","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"aansporing","lemma":"aansporing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"fronted direct object of richten","gloss":"exhortation"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zuinigheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zuinigheid","lemma":"zuinigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot modifying aansporing","gloss":"thrift"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying clause","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"behoefte","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing richten","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative singular","role":"subject of behoefte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces addressee háár","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"háár","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative singular, emphatic","role":"object of tot","gloss":"her","note":"The accent marks emphatic ‘her.’"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies richten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive richten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"richten","lemma":"richten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of behoefte","gloss":"address"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"h7-s165","source":"Zy had er waarlyk geen schuld aan, dat spaarzaamheid noodig was geworden, doch ze had zich zoo vereenzelvigd met haar Max, dat ze die aansporing geenszins opvatte als een verwyt, wat het dan ook niet was. Want Havelaar wist zeer goed dat hy alleen gefaald had door zyn te ver gedreven vrygevigheid, en dat haar fout--àls er dan een fout bestond aan hare zyde--alleen hierin had gelegen, dat ze uit liefde voor Max altyd alles had goedgekeurd wat hy deed.","translation":"She was truly not to blame that economy had become necessary; yet she had so identified herself with her Max that she by no means took that exhortation as a reproach, which indeed it was not. For Havelaar knew very well that he alone had failed through his too-far-driven open-handedness, and that her fault — if indeed there was any fault on her side — had lain solely in this: that out of love for Max she had always approved everything he did.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s165.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze had zich zoo vereenzelvigd met haar Max","title":"Reflexive zich vereenzelvigen in the pluperfect","body":"Zich vereenzelvigen met means 'to identify oneself with'; zich is reflexive, and had ... vereenzelvigd is the pluperfect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"àls er dan een fout bestond aan hare zyde","title":"Conditional als + existential er","body":"Als ('if') opens a verb-final conditional clause; er is existential ('if there existed a fault'). Hare zyde shows the old inflected possessive hare ('her')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb in had er geen schuld aan","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of er ... aan, complement of had","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"waarlyk","lemma":"waarlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schuld","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"blame"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"second part of er ... aan, complement of had","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geworden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"spaarzaamheid","lemma":"spaarzaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was geworden","gloss":"economy"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of geworden","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the dat-clause","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of had vereenzelvigd","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vereenzelvigd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of vereenzelvigd","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vereenzelvigd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"vereenzelvigd","lemma":"vereenzelvigen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the doch-clause","gloss":"identified"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Max","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Max","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vereenzelvigd","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of vereenzelvigd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of opvatte","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of aansporing","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"aansporing","lemma":"aansporing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of opvatte","gloss":"exhortation"},{"surface":"geenszins","lemma":"geenszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opvatte","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"opvatte","lemma":"opvatten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the result clause","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the predicative complement verwyt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verwyt","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"verwyt","lemma":"verwijt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of opvatte","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of the relative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wist","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gefaald","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of had gefaald","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gefaald","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"gefaald","lemma":"falen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the first dat-clause","gloss":"failed"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gefaald","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrygevigheid","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vrygevigheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedreven","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"gedreven","lemma":"drijven","morphology":"adjectival participle","role":"modifies vrygevigheid","gloss":"driven"},{"surface":"vrygevigheid","lemma":"vrijgevigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"open-handedness"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second complement of wist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of fout","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"fout","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had gelegen","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"àls","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in er een fout bestond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestond","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fout","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fout","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bestond","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"bestond","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zijde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zyde","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"zyde","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses hierin","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"hierin","lemma":"hierin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of had gelegen","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelegen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gelegen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the second dat-clause","gloss":"lain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of goedgekeurd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of had goedgekeurd","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liefde","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Max","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had goedgekeurd","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of goedgekeurd","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of goedgekeurd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"goedgekeurd","lemma":"goedkeuren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the explanatory dat-clause","gloss":"approved"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on alles","gloss":"did"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"h7-s166","source":"Ja, zy had het goed gevonden, toen hy die beide arme vrouwen uit de Nieuwstraat, die nooit Amsterdam hadden verlaten, en nooit waren \"uitgeweest\" rondleidde op de Haarlemmer kermis, onder 't koddig voorwendsel dat de Koning hem belast had met: \"het amuzeeren van oude vrouwtjes die zich zoo goed gedragen hadden\". Zy vond het goed dat hy de weeskinderen uit alle gestichten te Amsterdam op koek en amandelmelk onthaalde, en ze overlaadde met speelgoed.","translation":"Yes, she had thought it good when he led those two poor women from the Nieuwstraat, who had never left Amsterdam and had never \"been out,\" about the Haarlem fair, under the droll pretext that the King had charged him with \"the amusing of old women who had behaved so well.\" She thought it good that he treated the orphans from all the institutions in Amsterdam to cake and almond-milk, and loaded them with toys.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s166.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen hy die beide arme vrouwen ... rondleidde","title":"toen-clause + separable rondleiden","body":"Toen ('when') subordinates, sending the verb to the end; rondleiden ('to lead around') is separable, here written as one word in the imperfect rondleidde."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zy vond het goed dat hy de weeskinderen ... onthaalde","title":"Anticipatory het + dat-clause","body":"Iets goed vinden takes an anticipatory het pointing forward to the dat-clause: 'she thought it good that...' Inside the dat-clause the verbs onthaalde and overlaadde stand at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of had gevonden","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of het","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of rondleidde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of rondleidde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of vrouwen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouwen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vrouwen","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of rondleidde","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Nieuwstraat","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Nieuwstraat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Nieuwstraat","lemma":"Nieuwstraat","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"Nieuwstraat"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of hadden verlaten and waren uitgeweest","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verlaten","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"Amsterdam","lemma":"Amsterdam","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on vrouwen","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitgeweest","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of uitgeweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"uitgeweest","lemma":"uit zijn","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with verlaten","gloss":"been out"},{"surface":"rondleidde","lemma":"rondleiden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"led around"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Haarlemmer","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Haarlemmer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Haarlemmer","lemma":"Haarlemmer","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kermis","gloss":"Haarlem"},{"surface":"kermis","lemma":"kermis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorwendsel","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorwendsel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koddig","lemma":"koddig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voorwendsel","gloss":"droll"},{"surface":"voorwendsel","lemma":"voorwendsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"pretext"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had belast","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Koning","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of belast","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of belast","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"belast","lemma":"belasten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the dat-clause","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of belast","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of belast","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of the nominalized infinitive amuzeeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amuzeeren","lemma":"amuseren","morphology":"nominalized infinitive","role":"object of met","gloss":"amusing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrouwtjes","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vrouwtjes","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"vrouwtjes","lemma":"vrouwtje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of hadden gedragen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of gedragen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedragen","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"gedragen","lemma":"gedragen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the relative clause","gloss":"behaved"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of gedragen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory object of vond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of vond","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of vond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of onthaalde and overlaadde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of weeskinderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weeskinderen","lemma":"weeskind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of onthaalde","gloss":"orphans"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gestichten","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gestichten","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"gestichten","lemma":"gesticht","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"institutions"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amsterdam","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Amsterdam","lemma":"Amsterdam","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Amsterdam"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koek","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"koek","lemma":"koek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of op","gloss":"cake"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"amandelmelk","lemma":"amandelmelk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second object of op","gloss":"almond milk"},{"surface":"onthaalde","lemma":"onthalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"treated"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"direct object of overlaadde","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"overlaadde","lemma":"overladen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with onthaalde","gloss":"loaded"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking speelgoed","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"speelgoed","lemma":"speelgoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"toys"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"h7-s167","source":"Zy begreep volkomen dat hy de logementsrekening van de familie arme zangers betaalde, die terug wilden naar hun land, maar niet gaarne de have achterlieten, waartoe de harp behoorde, en de viool, en de bas, die zy zoo noodig hadden voor hun schamel bedryf.","translation":"She fully understood that he paid the inn-bill of the family of poor singers who wanted to go back to their own country but were loath to leave behind their belongings, among which were the harp, and the fiddle, and the bass, that they so needed for their meager trade.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s167.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die terug wilden naar hun land, maar niet gaarne de have achterlieten","title":"Modal wilden + separable achterlaten with niet","body":"Wilden ('wanted') is a modal; achterlaten ('to leave behind') is separable. Maar ('but') coordinates the two predicates without sending the verb to the end. De have means 'belongings, goods.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waartoe de harp behoorde, en de viool, en de bas","title":"Pronominal relative waartoe","body":"Waartoe ('to which, among which') is a pronominal relative referring to the belongings. The repeated en ... en lists the instruments in a deliberately tender cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"volkomen","lemma":"volkomen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of betaalde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of betaalde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of logementsrekening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"logementsrekening","lemma":"logementsrekening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of betaalde","gloss":"inn bill"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking familie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zangers","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"zangers","lemma":"zanger","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of familie","gloss":"singers"},{"surface":"betaalde","lemma":"betalen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"clausal complement of begreep","gloss":"paid"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of wilden and achterlieten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilden","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"wilden","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of land","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"country"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaarne","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies achterlieten with niet","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of have","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"have","lemma":"have","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of achterlieten","gloss":"belongings"},{"surface":"achterlieten","lemma":"achterlaten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"coordinated with wilden","gloss":"left behind"},{"surface":"waartoe","lemma":"waartoe","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"complement of behoorde","gloss":"among which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of harp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"harp","lemma":"harp","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of behoorde","gloss":"harp"},{"surface":"behoorde","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"belonged"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of viool","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"viool","lemma":"viool","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject of behoorde","gloss":"fiddle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bas","lemma":"bas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated subject of behoorde","gloss":"bass"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of hadden","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bedryf","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of bedryf","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"schamel","lemma":"schamel","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bedryf","gloss":"meager"},{"surface":"bedryf","lemma":"bedrijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"trade"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"h7-s168","source":"Zy kon het niet afkeuren dat hy 't meisje tot haar bracht, dat 'savends op de straat hem had aangesproken ... dat hy haar te eten gaf en herbergde, en 't àl te goedkoop \"ga heen, en zondig niet meer!\" niet uitsprak, voor hy haar dat \"niet zondigen\" had mogelyk gemaakt.","translation":"She could not blame him for bringing to her the girl who had accosted him in the street at night ... that he gave her food and shelter, and did not speak the all-too-cheap \"go, and sin no more!\" before he had made that \"not sinning\" possible for her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s168.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"voor hy haar dat \"niet zondigen\" had mogelyk gemaakt","title":"voor (= voordat) + pluperfect","body":"Voor here is short for voordat ('before') and subordinates: the verb cluster had ... gemaakt lands at the end. Iets mogelijk maken means 'to make something possible.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het meisje ... dat 'savends op de straat hem had aangesproken","title":"Relative dat + separable aanspreken","body":"Dat is the relative for the het-word meisje (despite referring to a girl, the diminutive is neuter). Aanspreken ('to accost') is separable; the pluperfect is had ... aangesproken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of afkeuren","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of afkeuren","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory object of afkeuren","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afkeuren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"afkeuren","lemma":"afkeuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"blame"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of afkeuren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of bracht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisje","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meisje","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of had aangesproken","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"savends","lemma":"'s avonds","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"temporal modifier of had aangesproken","gloss":"at night","note":"Historical spelling of modern ’s avonds, ‘in the evening.’"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking straat","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of straat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"straat","lemma":"straat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of aangesproken","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, singular","role":"direct object of had aangesproken","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of aangesproken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"aangesproken","lemma":"aanspreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"accosted"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated content clause of afkeuren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of gaf and herbergde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, singular","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive eten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"eten","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of gaf","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of coordinated content clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"herbergde","lemma":"herbergen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with gaf","gloss":"sheltered"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"introduces quoted direct object of uitsprak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"àl","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb, emphatic","role":"modifies te goedkoop","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goedkoop","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"goedkoop","lemma":"goedkoop","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies quoted saying","gloss":"cheap"},{"surface":"ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative verb in quotation","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"particle of ga","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zondig","lemma":"zondigen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative verb coordinated with ga","gloss":"sin"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zondig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes niet meer","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitsprak","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"uitsprak","lemma":"uitspreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with bracht and gaf","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of gemaakt","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had gemaakt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, singular","role":"benefactive object of had gemaakt","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of nominalized zondigen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zondigen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zondigen","lemma":"zondigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive used as noun","role":"direct object of had gemaakt","gloss":"sinning"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"mogelyk","lemma":"mogelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of zondigen","gloss":"possible"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"h7-s169","source":"Zy vond het zeer schoon in haar Max, dat hy 't klavier liet terugbrengen in de voorkamer van den huisvader, dien hy had hooren zeggen hoe leed het hem deed dat de meisjes verstoken waren van muziek \"na dat bankroet.\" Zy begreep zeer goed dat haar Max de slavenfamilie vrykocht te Menado, die zoo bitter bedroefd was te moeten stygen op de tafel des afslagers.","translation":"She found it very fine in her Max that he had the piano carried back into the front room of the householder whom he had heard say how it grieved him that his daughters were deprived of music \"after that bankruptcy.\" She understood very well that her Max bought free the slave-family at Menado who were so bitterly distressed at having to mount the auctioneer's table.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s169.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy 't klavier liet terugbrengen","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive terugbrengen","body":"Laten + the bare infinitive terugbrengen is causative: 'had the piano brought back.' The agent is unstated — laten lets the action be done by someone else."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dien hy had hooren zeggen hoe leed het hem deed","title":"Perception horen + bare infinitive, dative experiencer","body":"Had hooren zeggen ('had heard say') is horen + bare infinitive in the perfect — note the infinitive hooren, not the participle, in this 'infinitivus pro participio.' Het deed hem leed is impersonal, 'it grieved him.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory object of vond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schoon","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of het","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Max","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of Max","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of vond","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of liet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klavier","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klavier","lemma":"klavier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of terugbrengen","gloss":"piano"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"terugbrengen","lemma":"terugbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of liet","gloss":"brought back"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voorkamer","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorkamer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorkamer","lemma":"voorkamer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of terugbrengen","gloss":"front room"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huisvader","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of huisvader","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huisvader","lemma":"huisvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"householder"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, object form","role":"direct object of had horen zeggen","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had horen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"perfect infinitive with had","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of horen","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leed","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"leed","lemma":"leed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of deed","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verstoken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meisjes","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of verstoken","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"verstoken","lemma":"verstoken","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"deprived"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking meisjes to verstoken","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking muziek","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"muziek","lemma":"muziek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verstoken","gloss":"music"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bankroet","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of bankroet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"bankroet","lemma":"bankroet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"bankruptcy"},{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vrykocht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of Max","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vrykocht","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of slavenfamilie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slavenfamilie","lemma":"slavenfamilie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vrykocht","gloss":"slave-family"},{"surface":"vrykocht","lemma":"vrijkopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"bought free"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Menado","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Menado","lemma":"Menado","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"locative complement of vrykocht","gloss":"Menado"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedroefd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"bitter","lemma":"bitter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedroefd","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"bedroefd","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"distressed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking slavenfamilie to bedroefd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces infinitival complement of bedroefd","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of stygen","gloss":"have to"},{"surface":"stygen","lemma":"stijgen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moeten","gloss":"mount"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tafel","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tafel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tafel","lemma":"tafel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of stygen","gloss":"table"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, genitive","role":"genitive determiner of afslager","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"afslagers","lemma":"afslager","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of tafel","gloss":"auctioneer"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"h7-s170","source":"Zy vond het natuurlyk dat Max paarden weergaf aan de Alfoeren in de Minahassa, wier paarden waren doodgereden door de officieren van de Bayonnaise.","translation":"She thought it natural that Max gave horses back to the Alfoers in the Minahassa, whose horses had been ridden to death by the officers of the Bayonnaise.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s170.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zy vond het natuurlyk dat Max paarden weergaf","title":"Anticipatory het + imperfect weergeven","body":"Het anticipates the dat-clause ('she thought it natural that...'). Weergaf is the imperfect of the separable weergeven ('to give back'), with the prefix fused in this single-word past form."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de Alfoeren ... wier paarden waren doodgereden","title":"Genitive relative wier + zijn-passive","body":"Wier ('whose') is the genitive relative for the plural Alfoeren. Waren doodgereden ('had been ridden to death') is a zijn-passive of the result."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory object of vond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of het","gloss":"natural"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of vond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of weergaf","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"paarden","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of weergaf","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"weergaf","lemma":"weergeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"gave back"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Alfoeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Alfoeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Alfoeren","lemma":"Alfoer","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"indirect object of weergaf","gloss":"Alfoers"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Minahassa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Minahassa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Minahassa","lemma":"Minahassa","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Minahassa"},{"surface":"wier","lemma":"wier","morphology":"relative possessive determiner","role":"possessor of paarden","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"paarden","lemma":"paard","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of doodgereden","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of doodgereden","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"doodgereden","lemma":"doodrijden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative passive clause","gloss":"ridden to death"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking officieren","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of officieren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"officieren","lemma":"officier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agent of doodgereden","gloss":"officers"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bayonnaise","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Bayonnaise","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Bayonnaise","lemma":"Bayonnaise","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Bayonnaise"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"h7-s171","source":"Zy had er niet tegen dat hy te Menado en te Amboina de schipbreukelingen der amerikaansche whalers by zich riep en verzorgde, en zich te grand seigneur achtte om een herbergiersrekening voorteleggen aan 't amerikaansch Gouvernement.","translation":"She had nothing against his calling to himself, at Menado and at Amboina, the shipwrecked crews of the American whalers and caring for them, and thinking himself too much the grand seigneur to present an innkeeper's bill to the American Government.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s171.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zy had er niet tegen dat hy ... by zich riep en verzorgde","title":"Split pronominal adverb er ... tegen + reflexive by zich","body":"Er ... tegen hebben means 'to object to'; the parts split across the clause. By zich riep means 'called to himself,' with zich the reflexive. Both verbs riep and verzorgde sit at the dat-clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zich te grand seigneur achtte om ... voorteleggen","title":"Reflexive zich achten + om ... te","body":"Zich ... achten om te means 'to consider oneself too (something) to do.' Voorteleggen = voor te leggen ('to present'), in joined 1860 spelling, completes the om-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement paired with tegen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"particle paired with er","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of riep","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of riep, verzorgde, and achtte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Menado","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Menado","lemma":"Menado","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Menado"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Amboina","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Amboina","lemma":"Amboina","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Amboina"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schipbreukelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schipbreukelingen","lemma":"schipbreukeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of riep","gloss":"castaways"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural, genitive","role":"genitive determiner of whalers","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"amerikaansche","lemma":"Amerikaans","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies whalers","gloss":"American"},{"surface":"whalers","lemma":"whaler","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies schipbreukelingen","gloss":"whalers"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"object of bij","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verzorgde","lemma":"verzorgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with riep","gloss":"cared for"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"direct object of achtte","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies grand seigneur","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"grand","lemma":"grand","morphology":"French adjective","role":"modifies seigneur","gloss":"grand"},{"surface":"seigneur","lemma":"seigneur","morphology":"French noun, masculine, singular","role":"object complement of zich","gloss":"lord","note":"Grand seigneur is French for a grand gentleman or great lord."},{"surface":"achtte","lemma":"achten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with riep and verzorgde","gloss":"considered"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"infinitive conjunction","role":"introduces result infinitive voor te leggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of herbergiersrekening","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"herbergiersrekening","lemma":"herbergiersrekening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voor te leggen","gloss":"innkeeper’s bill"},{"surface":"voorteleggen","lemma":"voorleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of te grand seigneur","gloss":"present","note":"The historical spelling voorteleggen writes modern voor te leggen as one word."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Gouvernement","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouvernement","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"amerikaansch","lemma":"Amerikaans","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies Gouvernement","gloss":"American"},{"surface":"Gouvernement","lemma":"gouvernement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Government"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"h7-s172","source":"Zy begreep volkomen waarom de officieren van byna elk aangekomen oorlogschip grootendeels by Max logeerden, en dat zyn huis hun geliefd pied-à-terre was. Was hy niet háár Max?","translation":"She fully understood why the officers of almost every man-of-war that put in lodged for the most part with Max, and why his house was their beloved pied-à-terre. Was he not her Max?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s172.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom de officieren ... by Max logeerden","title":"Indirect question waarom + verb-final","body":"Waarom ('why') opens an embedded question that behaves like a subordinate clause, sending logeerden to the end. Begreep volkomen waarom = 'fully understood why.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Was hy niet háár Max?","title":"Inverted yes/no question with stressed háár","body":"A yes/no question fronts the finite verb (Was hy...). Háár carries a stress accent — 'was he not her Max?' — the refrain that excuses all her indulgence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"She"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"volkomen","lemma":"volkomen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begreep","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies logeerden","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of officieren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"officieren","lemma":"officier","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of logeerden","gloss":"officers"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces modifier of officieren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"byna","lemma":"bijna","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elk","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"elk","lemma":"elk","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of oorlogschip","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"aangekomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies oorlogschip","gloss":"that put in"},{"surface":"oorlogschip","lemma":"oorlogsschip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"man-of-war"},{"surface":"grootendeels","lemma":"grotendeels","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies logeerden","gloss":"mostly"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Max","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"logeerden","lemma":"logeren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of indirect question introduced by waarom","gloss":"lodged"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces coordinated content clause of begreep","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"possessor of pied-à-terre","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"geliefd","lemma":"geliefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies pied-à-terre","gloss":"beloved"},{"surface":"pied-à-terre","lemma":"pied-à-terre","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"pied-à-terre","note":"Pied-à-terre is French for a temporary lodging or base."},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula of content clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"Was"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Was","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Was","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"háár","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular, emphatic","role":"possessor of Max","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of Was","gloss":"Max"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"h7-s173","source":"Was het niet te klein, te nietig, was 't niet ongerymd, hem die zoo vorstelyk dacht, te willen binden aan de regels van spaarzaamheid en huishoudelykheid die voor anderen gelden?","translation":"Was it not too petty, too trifling, was it not absurd, to wish to bind him — who thought so princely — to the rules of economy and household management that hold for others?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s173.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"was 't niet ongerymd, hem ... te willen binden","title":"Impersonal het + modal infinitive te willen binden","body":"'t ... was niet ongerymd is impersonal ('was it not absurd'). What is absurd is the te-infinitive te willen binden, in which the modal willen takes the bare infinitive binden ('to wish to bind')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hem die zoo vorstelyk dacht","title":"Relative die after a personal pronoun","body":"Die here relates back to hem ('him who thought so princely'), opening a verb-final clause (dacht). Zoo vorstelyk means 'so princely, in such a kingly way.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to klein","gloss":"Was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates klein and nietig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klein","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"petty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nietig","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"nietig","lemma":"nietig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"coordinated predicative complement of was","gloss":"trifling"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to ongerymd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ongerymd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ongerymd","lemma":"ongerijmd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"absurd"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of binden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dacht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dacht","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"vorstelyk","lemma":"vorstelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dacht","gloss":"princely"},{"surface":"dacht","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on hem","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces willen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"willen","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of extraposed subject clause anticipated by het and 't","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"binden","lemma":"binden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of willen","gloss":"bind"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces regels","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of regels","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regels","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"rules"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spaarzaamheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"spaarzaamheid","lemma":"spaarzaamheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"economy"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"huishoudelykheid","lemma":"huishoudelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with spaarzaamheid","gloss":"household management"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of gelden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anderen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"gelden","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause modifying regels","gloss":"hold"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"h7-s174","source":"En bovendien, al mocht er dan soms voor 't oogenblik iets onevenredigs wezen tusschen inkomsten en uitgaven, was Max, háár Max, niet bestemd voor een schitterende loopbaan? Moest hy niet weldra in omstandigheden verkeeren, die hem zouden in-staat stellen zonder overschryding zyner inkomsten den vryen loop te laten aan zyn groothartige neigingen?","translation":"And besides, even if for the moment there should sometimes be something disproportionate between income and outlay, was not Max, her Max, destined for a brilliant career? Must he not soon find himself in circumstances that would enable him, without exceeding his income, to give free rein to his magnanimous impulses?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s174.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"al mocht er ... iets onevenredigs wezen","title":"Concessive al + modal mocht + existential er","body":"Al ('even if') opens a concessive with inversion; the modal mocht ('might') and er existential combine: 'even if there might be something disproportionate.' Iets onevenredigs uses the partitive -s."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die hem zouden in-staat stellen ... den vryen loop te laten","title":"Relative + future zou + te-infinitive","body":"Die opens a verb-final relative clause; zouden ... stellen is the future ('would enable'). In staat stellen om te / te governs the te-infinitive te laten ('to give free rein')."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links with preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestemd","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with al","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"soms","lemma":"soms","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces oogenblik","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"onevenredigs","lemma":"onevenredig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of iets","gloss":"disproportionate"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of mocht","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces inkomsten and uitgaven","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"inkomsten","lemma":"inkomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"first object of tusschen","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"uitgaven","lemma":"uitgave","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated with inkomsten","gloss":"outlay"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to bestemd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"háár","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, stressed, singular","role":"possessor of second Max","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"apposition to Max","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestemd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bestemd","lemma":"bestemd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"destined"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loopbaan","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loopbaan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"schitterende","lemma":"schitterend","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies loopbaan","gloss":"brilliant"},{"surface":"loopbaan","lemma":"loopbaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"Moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verkeeren","gloss":"Must"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkeeren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkeeren","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking omstandigheden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"verkeeren","lemma":"verkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moest","gloss":"find himself"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zouden stellen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of stellen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of stellen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"in-staat","lemma":"in staat","morphology":"predicative phrase","role":"predicative complement of stellen","gloss":"able"},{"surface":"stellen","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zouden","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking overschryding","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"overschryding","lemma":"overschrijding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"exceeding"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive, singular","role":"possessor of inkomsten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"inkomsten","lemma":"inkomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of overschryding","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of loop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vryen","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"modifies loop","gloss":"free"},{"surface":"loop","lemma":"loop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"rein"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces laten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of in-staat stellen","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking neigingen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of neigingen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"groothartige","lemma":"groothartig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies neigingen","gloss":"magnanimous"},{"surface":"neigingen","lemma":"neiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"impulses"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"h7-s175","source":"Moest háár Max niet Gouverneur-generaal worden van dat lieve Indie, of ... een koning?","translation":"Must not her Max become Governor-General of that dear Indies, or ... a king?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s175.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Moest háár Max niet Gouverneur-generaal worden?","title":"Rhetorical question with modal moeten","body":"A yes/no question fronts the modal moest ('must not'), with worden ('become') at the end. Háár is stressed. The hyperbole — Governor-General, even a king — measures Tine's adoration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of worden","gloss":"Must"},{"surface":"háár","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, stressed, singular","role":"possessor of Max","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of worden","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies worden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moest","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Indië","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of Indië","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"lieve","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Indië","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"Indie","lemma":"Indië","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Indies"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koning","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated complement of worden","gloss":"king"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"h7-s176","source":"Wast 't niet vreemd zelfs, dat hy niet reeds koning wàs?","translation":"Was it not even strange that he was not a king already?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s176.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy niet reeds koning wàs","title":"Accent on wàs and verb-final dat-clause","body":"Inside the dat-clause the verb wàs lands at the end, and the grave accent marks emphatic stress ('was not already a king'). The opening Wast 't is the inverted Was het."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wast","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to vreemd","gloss":"Was","note":"‘Wast’ is an anomalous spelling of the past-tense copula ‘was’ here; the following ‘'t’ is its subject."},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreemd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vreemd","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vreemd","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wàs","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wàs","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wàs","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wàs","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"koning","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wàs","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"wàs","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"verb of dat-clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"h7-s177","source":"Als er een fout by haar kon gevonden worden, dan was haar ingenomenheid met Havelaar schuld daaraan, en zoo ooit, dan zou 't hier gelden: dat men veel vergeven moet aan wie veel heeft lief gehad!","translation":"If any fault could be found in her, then her infatuation with Havelaar was to blame for it; and if ever, then here it would hold good: that much must be forgiven to whoever has loved much!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s177.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als er een fout by haar kon gevonden worden","title":"Conditional als + worden-passive with modal","body":"Als ('if') subordinates; er is existential. Kon gevonden worden stacks the modal kon with a worden-passive infinitive: 'could be found.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men veel vergeven moet aan wie veel heeft lief gehad","title":"Free relative wie + perfect heeft lief gehad","body":"Wie ('whoever') is a free relative without antecedent. Heeft lief gehad is the perfect of liefhebben ('has loved much') — the sentence echoes Luke 7:47."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gevonden","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of fout","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"fout","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gevonden","gloss":"fault"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces haar","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, object form, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of passive construction","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelden","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ingenomenheid to schuld","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of ingenomenheid","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ingenomenheid","lemma":"ingenomenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"infatuation"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Havelaar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"schuld","lemma":"schuld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"to blame"},{"surface":"daaraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of schuld","gloss":"for it"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elliptical conditional clause","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelden","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gelden","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelden","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"gelden","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zou","gloss":"hold good"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vergeven","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of vergeven","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"vergeven","lemma":"vergeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moet","gloss":"forgive"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of vergeven","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, object form","role":"object of aan","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of liefgehad","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of liefgehad","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"lief","lemma":"lief","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"separable particle of liefgehad","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"liefhebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause","gloss":"loved","note":"‘Lief hebben’ is the separated form of liefhebben, ‘to love’."}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"h7-s178","source":"Doch men had haar niets te vergeven.","translation":"But there was nothing in her to forgive.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s178.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"men had haar niets te vergeven","title":"hebben te + infinitive with negative niets","body":"Had ... te vergeven is the obligation idiom hebben te + infinitive ('had to forgive'). Niets ('nothing') is the lone negative — 'there was nothing in her to forgive.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vergeven","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vergeven","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb governing infinitive vergeven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, indirect object, singular","role":"indirect object of vergeven","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vergeven","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces vergeven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vergeven","lemma":"vergeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of had","gloss":"forgive"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"h7-s179","source":"Zonder nu te deelen in de overdreven begrippen die zy van haren Max koesterde, mag men toch aannemen dat hy een goede loopbaan voor zich had, en wanneer dit gegrond uitzicht zich had verwezenlykt, zouden inderdaad de onaangename gevolgen zyner vrygevigheid weldra uit den weg te ruimen geweest zyn.","translation":"Without sharing the exaggerated notions she cherished of her Max, one may yet grant that he had a good career before him, and that, had this well-founded prospect been realized, the unpleasant consequences of his open-handedness would indeed soon have been cleared out of the way.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s179.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zonder nu te deelen in de overdreven begrippen die zy ... koesterde","title":"Preposition zonder + te-infinitive","body":"Zonder ('without') governs a te-infinitive: zonder te deelen, 'without sharing.' The relative die opens a verb-final clause (koesterde). Haren Max keeps the old inflected possessive haren."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer dit ... uitzicht zich had verwezenlykt, zouden ... de gevolgen ... geweest zyn","title":"Counterfactual wanneer + reflexive + conditional perfect","body":"Wanneer ('if/when') opens the condition; zich verwezenlijken ('to be realized') is reflexive. The main clause is conditional perfect: zouden ... uit den weg te ruimen geweest zyn ('would have been removable')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitive clause","gloss":"Without"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies deelen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces deelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"deelen","lemma":"delen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"share"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begrippen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of begrippen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"overdreven","lemma":"overdreven","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies begrippen","gloss":"exaggerated"},{"surface":"begrippen","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"notions"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of koesterde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of koesterde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Max","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haren","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"possessor of Max","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"koesterde","lemma":"koesteren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on begrippen","gloss":"cherished"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of aannemen","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of aannemen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aannemen","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"aannemen","lemma":"aannemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of mag","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loopbaan","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies loopbaan","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"loopbaan","lemma":"loopbaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"career"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, object form, reflexive","role":"object of voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of dat-clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of uitzicht","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"gegrond","lemma":"gegrond","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies uitzicht","gloss":"well-founded"},{"surface":"uitzicht","lemma":"uitzicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of had verwezenlykt","gloss":"prospect"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of verwezenlykt","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verwezenlykt","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verwezenlykt","lemma":"verwezenlijken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of conditional clause","gloss":"materialized"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geweest zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweest zyn","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gevolgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onaangename","lemma":"onaangenaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gevolgen","gloss":"unpleasant"},{"surface":"gevolgen","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of zouden geweest zyn","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive, singular","role":"possessor of vrygevigheid","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"vrygevigheid","lemma":"vrijgevigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"dependent genitive of gevolgen","gloss":"open-handedness"},{"surface":"weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ruimen","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces den weg","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces ruimen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ruimen","lemma":"ruimen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of geweest zyn","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past participle","role":"forms perfect infinitive with zyn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zouden","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"h7-s180","source":"Maar nog een reden van geheel anderen aard verontschuldigde hare en zyne schynbare zorgeloosheid.","translation":"But yet another reason of an entirely different kind excused her seeming carelessness, and his.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s180.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar nog een reden ... verontschuldigde hare en zyne schynbare zorgeloosheid","title":"Inflected possessives hare and zyne","body":"Hare ('her') and zyne ('his') are the old inflected possessive forms, here agreeing with the feminine zorgeloosheid in a coordinated phrase. Modern Dutch uses bare haar and zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verontschuldigde","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies reden","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reden","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verontschuldigde","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aard","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies anderen","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies aard","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"verontschuldigde","lemma":"verontschuldigen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"excused"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, feminine singular, archaic inflection","role":"first possessor of zorgeloosheid","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyne","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, feminine singular, archaic inflection","role":"coordinated possessor of zorgeloosheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schynbare","lemma":"schijnbaar","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies zorgeloosheid","gloss":"seeming"},{"surface":"zorgeloosheid","lemma":"zorgeloosheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verontschuldigde","gloss":"carelessness"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"h7-s181","source":"Ze had zeer jong haar beide ouders verloren, en was by hare familie opgevoed.","translation":"She had lost both her parents very young, and had been brought up by her relatives.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s181.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ze had zeer jong haar beide ouders verloren, en was ... opgevoed","title":"Pluperfect (hebben) coordinated with zijn-passive","body":"Had ... verloren is the pluperfect of verliezen; was ... opgevoed is a zijn-passive ('had been brought up'). The two auxiliaries hebben and zijn share the one subject across en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verloren","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies jong","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"jong","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"secondary predicate describing Ze","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of ouders","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"beide","lemma":"beide","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ouders","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ouders","lemma":"ouder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verloren","gloss":"parents"},{"surface":"verloren","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates had verloren and was opgevoed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgevoed","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent familie","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"hare","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, inflected","role":"possessor of familie","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of opgevoed","gloss":"relatives"},{"surface":"opgevoed","lemma":"opvoeden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by was","gloss":"brought up"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"h7-s182","source":"Toen ze huwde, deelde men haar mede dat zy een klein vermogen bezat, 'tgeen dan ook werd uitbetaald, doch Havelaar ontdekte uit enkele brieven van vroeger tyd, en uit eenige losse aanteekeningen die zy in een van haar moeder afkomstige kassette bewaarde, dat haar familie zoo van vaders- als van moeders-zyde zeer ryk was geweest, zonder dat hem evenwel duidelyk worden kon, wáár, waardoor of wanneer die rykdom was verloren gegaan.","translation":"When she married, she was told that she possessed a small fortune, which was then in fact paid out; but Havelaar discovered, from a few letters of an earlier time and from some loose notes that she kept in a casket inherited from her mother, that her family, on her father's side as on her mother's, had been very rich, without its becoming clear to him, however, where, how, or when that wealth had been lost.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s182.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen ze huwde, deelde men haar mede dat ...","title":"toen-clause + separable mededelen","body":"Toen ('when') subordinates (huwde at the end), and fronting it inverts the main clause (deelde men). Mededelen ('to inform') is separable; here mede splits off (deelde ... mede)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zonder dat hem ... duidelyk worden kon, wáár ... die rykdom was verloren gegaan","title":"zonder dat + impersonal worden + embedded wh-clause","body":"Zonder dat ('without ... -ing') subordinates. Duidelyk worden kon stacks the modal with worden ('could become clear'). The embedded wáár-clause keeps its verb cluster at the end (was verloren gegaan)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of huwde","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of huwde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"huwde","lemma":"huwen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal subordinate clause","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"deelde","lemma":"mededelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb, with particle mede","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of deelde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, indirect object","role":"indirect object of deelde mede","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"mede","lemma":"mede","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of deelde ... mede","gloss":"informed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bezat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of bezat","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vermogen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klein","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies vermogen","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"vermogen","lemma":"vermogen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bezat","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"bezat","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"possessed"},{"surface":"tgeen","lemma":"hetgeen","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of werd uitbetaald","gloss":"which","note":"’tgeen is a contracted form of hetgeen, ‘which/that which’."},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of uitbetaald","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"uitbetaald","lemma":"uitbetalen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by werd","gloss":"paid out"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ontdekte","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"ontdekte","lemma":"ontdekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb","gloss":"discovered"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking brieven","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"enkele","lemma":"enkel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of brieven","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of preposition uit","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tyd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeg","morphology":"adjective, comparative, attributive","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aanteekeningen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of aanteekeningen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"losse","lemma":"los","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies aanteekeningen","gloss":"loose"},{"surface":"aanteekeningen","lemma":"aantekening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of preposition uit","gloss":"notes","note":"Historical spelling of modern aantekeningen."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bewaarde","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of bewaarde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kassette","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of kassette","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source complement of afkomstige","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"afkomstige","lemma":"afkomstig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies kassette","gloss":"inherited"},{"surface":"kassette","lemma":"cassette","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"casket","note":"Here kassette means a small casket or strongbox."},{"surface":"bewaarde","lemma":"bewaren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying aanteekeningen","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of ontdekte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of familie","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was geweest","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"first half of zoo ... als","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition in van vaders-zyde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"vaders","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, genitive singular","role":"genitive element of vaders-zyde","gloss":"father’s side"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"second half of zoo ... als","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking moeders-zyde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"moeders-zyde","lemma":"moederszijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"mother’s side","note":"Historical y-spelling of modern moederszijde."},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ryk","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of was geweest","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle of zijn","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause with dat","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of worden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, indirect object","role":"experiencer of duidelyk worden","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"evenwel","lemma":"evenwel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies worden","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"clear","note":"Historical spelling of modern duidelijk."},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"wáár","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies verloren gegaan","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"waardoor","lemma":"waardoor","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies verloren gegaan","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies verloren gegaan","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of rykdom","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"rykdom","lemma":"rijkdom","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of was verloren gegaan","gloss":"wealth"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verloren gegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verloren","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative element of verloren gaan","gloss":"lost","note":"Verloren gaan is an idiom meaning “to be lost” or “to perish”."},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by was","gloss":"gone"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"h7-s183","source":"Zyzelf, die nooit belang gesteld had in zaken van geldelyken aard, wist weinig of niets te antwoorden, toen Havelaar by haar aandrong op eenige inlichtingen aangaande de vorige bezittingen van haar verwanten. Haar grootvader, de baron Van W., was met Willem den vyfden naar Engeland uitgeweken en ridmeester geweest by 't leger des hertogs van York.","translation":"She herself, who had never taken any interest in matters of a pecuniary kind, knew little or nothing to answer when Havelaar pressed her for some information concerning the former possessions of her kin. Her grandfather, the Baron Van W., had gone over to England with William the Fifth and had been a cavalry captain in the army of the Duke of York.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s183.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyzelf, die nooit belang gesteld had ... wist weinig of niets te antwoorden","title":"Embedded relative + negative nooit ... niets","body":"The relative die opens a verb-final clause (gesteld had). Note nooit and niets each negate their own clause — one negative per clause, never doubled. Belang stellen in means 'to take an interest in.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyzelf","lemma":"zijzelf","morphology":"emphatic personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"she herself"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of had gesteld","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesteld","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of had gesteld","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesteld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aard","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"geldelyken","lemma":"geldelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies aard","gloss":"pecuniary","note":"Historical spelling of modern geldelijke."},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of antwoorden","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of antwoorden","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive antwoorden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"antwoorden","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wist","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aandrong","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of aandrong","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"object of preposition by","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"aandrong","lemma":"aandringen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal subordinate clause","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking inlichtingen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of inlichtingen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"inlichtingen","lemma":"inlichting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of aandrong","gloss":"information"},{"surface":"aangaande","lemma":"aangaande","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bezittingen","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezittingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bezittingen","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"bezittingen","lemma":"bezitting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of preposition aangaande","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verwanten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of verwanten","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"verwanten","lemma":"verwant","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"relatives"},{"surface":"Haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of grootvader","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"grootvader","lemma":"grootvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitgeweken","gloss":"grandfather"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of baron","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"baron","lemma":"baron","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"in apposition to grootvader","gloss":"baron"},{"surface":"Van","lemma":"Van","morphology":"proper noun","role":"in apposition to baron","gloss":"Van"},{"surface":"W","lemma":"W","morphology":"proper noun, initial","role":"part of the name Van W.","gloss":"W"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of uitgeweken and geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Willem","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Willem","lemma":"Willem","morphology":"proper noun","role":"oblique complement of uitgeweken","gloss":"William"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of vyfden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vyfden","lemma":"vijfde","morphology":"ordinal numeral, inflected","role":"postmodifier of Willem","gloss":"Fifth","note":"Historical spelling of modern vijfde."},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Engeland","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Engeland","lemma":"Engeland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of uitgeweken","gloss":"England"},{"surface":"uitgeweken","lemma":"uitwijken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by was","gloss":"gone over"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ridmeester","lemma":"ritmeester","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"cavalry captain","note":"Historical spelling of modern ritmeester, a cavalry captain."},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by was","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leger","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leger","lemma":"leger","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition by","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive singular","role":"determiner of hertogs","gloss":"of the","note":"Archaic genitive form of de; des hertogs means “of the duke”."},{"surface":"hertogs","lemma":"hertog","morphology":"noun, masculine, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of leger","gloss":"duke"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking York","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"York","lemma":"York","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"York"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"h7-s184","source":"Hy scheen met de uitgeweken leden der stadhouderlyke familie een vroolyk leven geleid te hebben, wat dan ook door velen werd opgegeven als oorzaak van den ondergang zyner fortuin.","translation":"He seems to have led a merry life with the exiled members of the stadtholder's family, which was indeed given by many as the cause of the downfall of his fortune.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s184.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy scheen ... een vroolyk leven geleid te hebben","title":"schijnen + perfect te-infinitive","body":"Schijnen ('to seem') governs a perfect te-infinitive: geleid te hebben, 'to have led.' This is the literary way to report hearsay about the past."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat ... door velen werd opgegeven als oorzaak","title":"Free relative wat + worden-passive","body":"Wat ('which') is a free relative referring to the whole preceding fact. Werd opgegeven ('was given') is a worden-passive of the separable opgeven; door velen names the agent."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leden","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitgeweken","lemma":"uitwijken","morphology":"adjective, participial","role":"modifies leden","gloss":"exiled"},{"surface":"leden","lemma":"lid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of preposition met","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive singular","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"stadhouderlyke","lemma":"stadhouderlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies familie","gloss":"stadtholder’s"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of leden","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vroolyk","lemma":"vrolijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of geleid","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"geleid","lemma":"leiden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the perfect infinitive te hebben geleid","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of geleid","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of werd opgegeven","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom dan ook","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"agent of werd opgegeven","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgegeven","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"opgegeven","lemma":"opgeven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by werd","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the predicative complement oorzaak","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"oorzaak","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of opgegeven","gloss":"cause"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ondergang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of ondergang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ondergang","lemma":"ondergang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"downfall"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive singular","role":"possessor of fortuin","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"fortuin","lemma":"fortuin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of ondergang","gloss":"fortune"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"h7-s185","source":"Later, by Waterloo, sneuvelde hy in een charge onder de huzaren van Boreel.","translation":"Later, at Waterloo, he fell in a charge among the hussars of Boreel.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s185.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Later, by Waterloo, sneuvelde hy","title":"Weak imperfect sneuvelen + fronting","body":"Sneuvelde ('fell, was killed in battle') is the imperfect, the narrative past. Fronting the adverbials Later, by Waterloo inverts subject and verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Later","lemma":"later","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies sneuvelde","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Waterloo","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Waterloo","lemma":"Waterloo","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition by","gloss":"Waterloo"},{"surface":"sneuvelde","lemma":"sneuvelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of sneuvelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking charge","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of charge","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"charge","lemma":"charge","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huzaren","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huzaren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huzaren","lemma":"huzaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of preposition onder","gloss":"hussars"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Boreel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Boreel","lemma":"Boreel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"Boreel"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"h7-s186","source":"Aandoenlyk was het, de brieven te lezen van haar vader--toen een jongeling van achttien jaren, die als luitenant by dat korps in dezelfde charge een sabelhouw op 't hoofd bekwam, aan welks gevolgen hy acht jaren later krankzinnig sterven zou--brieven aan zyn moeder, waarin hy zich beklaagde hoe hy vruchteloos op het slagveld naar 't lyk zyns vaders had gezocht.","translation":"Moving it was to read the letters of her father — then a youth of eighteen, who as a lieutenant in that corps, in the very same charge, received a saber-cut to the head, of whose consequences he was to die insane eight years later — letters to his mother, in which he lamented how he had searched in vain over the battlefield for the body of his father.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s186.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Aandoenlyk was het, de brieven te lezen","title":"Fronted predicate + impersonal het + te-infinitive","body":"Fronting Aandoenlyk ('moving') inverts to was het, where het is the dummy subject pointing to the te-infinitive de brieven te lezen ('to read the letters')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"aan welks gevolgen hy ... krankzinnig sterven zou","title":"Formal relative welks + future zou","body":"Welks is the old genitive of the formal relative welk ('of whose'), a heavier, period form. The clause closes with the future-in-the-past sterven zou, 'was to die.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Aandoenlyk","lemma":"aandoenlijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicate complement of was","gloss":"Moving"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking het to Aandoenlyk","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of brieven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject associated with het","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor vader","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporally modifies implicit zijnde","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of jongeling","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"jongeling","lemma":"jongeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to vader","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces age complement jaren","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"achttien","lemma":"achttien","morphology":"numeral, cardinal","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"eighteen"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bekwam","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks role luitenant","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"luitenant","lemma":"luitenant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of als","gloss":"lieutenant"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces affiliation korps","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative, neuter singular","role":"determiner of korps","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"korps","lemma":"korps","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of by","gloss":"corps"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces circumstance charge","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dezelfde","lemma":"dezelfde","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative","role":"determiner of charge","gloss":"the very same"},{"surface":"charge","lemma":"charge","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"charge"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of sabelhouw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"sabelhouw","lemma":"sabelhouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bekwam","gloss":"saber-cut"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location hoofd","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"bekwam","lemma":"bekomen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying jongeling","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces causal complement gevolgen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"welks","lemma":"welk","morphology":"relative possessive pronoun, genitive, masculine singular","role":"possessor of gevolgen referring to sabelhouw","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"gevolgen","lemma":"gevolg","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"consequences"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of sterven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"acht","lemma":"acht","morphology":"numeral, cardinal","role":"quantifies jaren","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"measure phrase modifying later","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"temporally modifies sterven","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"krankzinnig","lemma":"krankzinnig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"depictive complement of sterven","gloss":"insane"},{"surface":"sterven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of sterven expressing future-in-past","gloss":"was to"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"apposition restating brieven","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces addressee moeder","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of moeder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying brieven","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of beklaagde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"reflexive object of beklaagde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"beklaagde","lemma":"beklagen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying brieven","gloss":"lamented"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of beklaagde","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of gezocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vruchteloos","lemma":"vruchteloos","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezocht","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location slagveld","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of slagveld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"slagveld","lemma":"slagveld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"battlefield"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object sought lyk","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of lyk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lyk","lemma":"lijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"zyns","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive, masculine singular","role":"possessor of vaders","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vaders","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"genitive dependent of lyk","gloss":"father's"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of gezocht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gezocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of content clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"searched"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"h7-s187","source":"Wat haar afkomst van moederszyde aangaat, herinnerde zy zich dat haar grootvader op zeer aanzienlyken voet geleefd had, en uit sommige papieren bleek dat deze in het bezit was geweest van de posteryen in Zwitserland, op de wyze zooals thans nog in een groot gedeelte van Duitschland en Italie, die tak van inkomst de apanage uitmaakt der vorsten van Turn en Taxis.","translation":"As for her descent on her mother's side, she remembered that her grandfather had lived in very considerable style, and from some papers it appeared that he had been in possession of the posts in Switzerland, in the way that even now, in a great part of Germany and Italy, that branch of revenue makes up the appanage of the Princes of Thurn and Taxis.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s187.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat haar afkomst van moederszyde aangaat","title":"Separable aangaan as a discourse opener","body":"Wat ... aangaat means 'as for, as regards' — the separable verb aangaan with its prefix at the end. It frames a topic shift to the maternal line. Note period spellings: moederszyde, aanzienlyken."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat deze in het bezit was geweest van de posteryen","title":"Demonstrative deze as subject + pluperfect","body":"Deze ('this one, he') refers back to the grandfather. In het bezit zijn van means 'to be in possession of'; was geweest is the pluperfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of aangaat","gloss":"as for"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of afkomst","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"afkomst","lemma":"afkomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aangaat","gloss":"descent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source moederszyde","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"moederszyde","lemma":"moederszijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"mother's side"},{"surface":"aangaat","lemma":"aangaan","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of framing clause modifying herinnerde","gloss":"concerns"},{"surface":"herinnerde","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of herinnerde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"reflexive object of herinnerde","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of herinnerde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of grootvader","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"grootvader","lemma":"grootvader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geleefd","gloss":"grandfather"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces idiomatic manner phrase voet","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanzienlyken","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"aanzienlyken","lemma":"aanzienlijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies voet","gloss":"considerable"},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op in idiom op ... voet","gloss":"style","note":"Op aanzienlijke voet leven means to live in considerable style or on a grand scale."},{"surface":"geleefd","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of geleefd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links herinnerde and bleek","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces evidential source papieren","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, plural","role":"determiner of papieren","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"papieren","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"bleek","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of bleek","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geweest referring to grootvader","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative phrase bezit","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of bezit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bezit","lemma":"bezit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in and predicate of deze","gloss":"possession"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of subject clause","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object possessed posteryen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of posteryen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"posteryen","lemma":"posterij","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"posts"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location Zwitserland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Zwitserland","lemma":"Zwitserland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"Switzerland"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner wyze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of wyze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause headed by uitmaakt","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporally modifies uitmaakt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies thans with continuative force","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location gedeelte","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of gedeelte","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies gedeelte","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"gedeelte","lemma":"gedeelte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces whole Duitschland en Italie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Duitschland","lemma":"Duitsland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"first complement of van","gloss":"Germany"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Duitschland and Italie","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Italie","lemma":"Italië","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"second complement coordinated with Duitschland","gloss":"Italy"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative, common gender singular","role":"determiner of tak","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"tak","lemma":"tak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of uitmaakt","gloss":"branch"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces type inkomst","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"inkomst","lemma":"inkomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying tak","gloss":"revenue"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of apanage","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"apanage","lemma":"apanage","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate complement of uitmaakt","gloss":"appanage"},{"surface":"uitmaakt","lemma":"uitmaken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of comparative clause introduced by zooals","gloss":"makes up"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, genitive plural","role":"determiner of vorsten","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"vorsten","lemma":"vorst","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural, genitive","role":"genitive complement of apanage","gloss":"Princes"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces dynastic name Turn en Taxis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Turn","lemma":"Turn","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of coordinated dynastic name","gloss":"Thurn"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Turn and Taxis","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Taxis","lemma":"Taxis","morphology":"proper noun","role":"second element of coordinated dynastic name","gloss":"Taxis"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"h7-s188","source":"Dit deed een groot vermogen veronderstellen, maar ook hiervan was door geheel onbekende oorzaken niets, of zeer weinig althans, overgegaan op het tweede geslacht.","translation":"This led one to suppose a great fortune; but of this too, through wholly unknown causes, nothing — or at any rate very little — had passed to the second generation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s188.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit deed een groot vermogen veronderstellen","title":"Causative doen + bare infinitive","body":"Doen + the bare infinitive veronderstellen is causative: 'this made (one) suppose / led one to suppose a great fortune.' Doen takes no te."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"was ... niets, of zeer weinig althans, overgegaan op het tweede geslacht","title":"Pluperfect of motion overgaan + negative niets","body":"Was ... overgegaan is the pluperfect of the separable overgaan ('to pass over'), with zijn. Niets ('nothing') is the single negative; door geheel onbekende oorzaken means 'through wholly unknown causes.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"causative main verb governing veronderstellen","gloss":"led one to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of vermogen","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies vermogen","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"vermogen","lemma":"vermogen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of veronderstellen","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"veronderstellen","lemma":"veronderstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of deed","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links contrasting clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds hiervan to prior matter","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"partitive complement of niets","gloss":"of this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of overgegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces cause oorzaken","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onbekende","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"onbekende","lemma":"onbekend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies oorzaken","gloss":"unknown"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of door","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of overgegaan","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links niets and weinig as alternatives","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weinig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"alternative subject coordinated with niets","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"qualifies correction weinig","gloss":"at any rate"},{"surface":"overgegaan","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces recipient geslacht","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of geslacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tweede","lemma":"tweede","morphology":"numeral, ordinal, attributive","role":"modifies geslacht","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"geslacht","lemma":"geslacht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"generation"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"h7-s189","source":"Havelaar vernam 't weinige dat daarvan te vernemen was, eerst na zyn huwelyk, en by zyn nasporingen wekte het zyn verwondering dat de kassette waarvan ik zoo-even sprak--met den inhoud uit een gevoel van pieteit bewaarde, zonder te gissen dat daarin misschien stukken waren, die belang hadden uit een geldelyk oogpunt--op onbegrypelyke wyze was verloren gegaan.","translation":"Havelaar learned the little that was to be learned of it only after his marriage, and in his inquiries it stirred his wonder that the casket of which I spoke just now — kept, with its contents, out of a feeling of piety, without her guessing that there might be papers in it of importance from a pecuniary point of view — had, in an unaccountable way, been lost.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s189.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wekte het zyn verwondering dat de kassette ... was verloren gegaan","title":"Anticipatory het + extraposed dat-clause","body":"Het anticipates the long dat-clause ('it stirred his wonder that...'). Far down, the subject clause ends in the pluperfect was verloren gegaan ('had been lost')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de kassette waarvan ik zoo-even sprak","title":"Pronominal relative waarvan","body":"Waarvan ('of which') fuses waar + van and serves as the relative for the casket. Zoo-even means 'just now.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of vernam","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"vernam","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of weinige","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weinige","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of vernam","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of te vernemen was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of vernemen","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vernemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vernemen","lemma":"vernemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative infinitival construction","gloss":"be learned"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb governing te vernemen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses temporal phrase na zyn huwelyk","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time huwelyk","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of huwelyk","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"huwelyk","lemma":"huwelijk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of na","gloss":"marriage"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links vernam and wekte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces circumstance nasporingen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of nasporingen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"nasporingen","lemma":"nasporing","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of by","gloss":"inquiries"},{"surface":"wekte","lemma":"wekken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"anticipatory subject of wekte","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of verwondering","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verwondering","lemma":"verwondering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wekte","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces extraposed subject clause of wekte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of kassette","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kassette","lemma":"cassette","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was verloren gegaan","gloss":"casket"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of sprak referring to kassette","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporally modifies sprak","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying kassette","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces accompaniment inhoud","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular","role":"determiner of inhoud","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"inhoud","lemma":"inhoud","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"contents"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces motive gevoel","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of gevoel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gevoel","lemma":"gevoel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"feeling"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces content pieteit","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pieteit","lemma":"piëteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"piety"},{"surface":"bewaarde","lemma":"bewaren","morphology":"past participle, adjectival, inflected","role":"postpositive participial modifier of kassette","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitival adjunct te gissen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive gissen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gissen","lemma":"gissen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zonder modifying bewaarde","gloss":"guessing"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause of gissen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"locative complement of waren","gloss":"in it"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"stukken","lemma":"stuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"importance"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying stukken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces viewpoint oogpunt","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of oogpunt","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geldelyk","lemma":"geldelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies oogpunt","gloss":"pecuniary"},{"surface":"oogpunt","lemma":"oogpunt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"point of view"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner wyze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"onbegrypelyke","lemma":"onbegrijpelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wyze","gloss":"unaccountable"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"auxiliary of verloren gegaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"verloren","lemma":"verloren","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"particle-like predicative element of verloren gaan","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of extraposed subject clause","gloss":"gone"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"h7-s190","source":"Hoe onbaatzuchtig ook, hy bouwde op deze en vele andere omstandigheden de meening dat hierachter een roman intime verscholen lag, en men mag 't hem niet euvel duiden dat hy, die voor zyn duren inborst veel behoefde, met vreugde dien roman een bly einde had zien nemen.","translation":"However disinterested he was, he built upon these and many other circumstances the opinion that behind all this lay hidden a roman intime, and one cannot take it amiss in him that he — who, for his costly disposition, needed a great deal — should have seen with joy that romance come to a happy end.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s190.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe onbaatzuchtig ook, hy bouwde ... de meening","title":"Elliptical concessive hoe ... ook","body":"Hoe onbaatzuchtig ook ('however disinterested') is a concessive with the verb elided. It sets up the contrast that even this selfless man indulged a dream of wealth."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"men mag 't hem niet euvel duiden dat hy ... had zien nemen","title":"Idiom euvel duiden + perception zien + bare infinitive","body":"Het iemand euvel duiden means 'to hold it against someone.' Had ... zien nemen is the perception verb zien + bare infinitive in the perfect (infinitivus pro participio), 'had seen (the romance) take.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"roman intime","title":"roman intime — French for 'private romance'","body":"A roman intime is a hidden domestic drama or secret family story. Havelaar imagines a concealed intrigue behind Tine's vanished inheritance — one of several French phrases lending the passage a worldly irony."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive phrase hoe ... ook","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"onbaatzuchtig","lemma":"onbaatzuchtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative adjective in concessive phrase","gloss":"disinterested"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes concessive phrase hoe ... ook","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of bouwde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bouwde","lemma":"bouwen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"built"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces basis op omstandigheden","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of bouwde","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meening","lemma":"mening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bouwde","gloss":"opinion"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of lag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hierachter","lemma":"hierachter","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lag","gloss":"behind all this"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of roman","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"roman","lemma":"roman","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of lag","gloss":"romance"},{"surface":"intime","lemma":"intime","morphology":"French adjective","role":"postpositive modifier of roman","gloss":"intimate","note":"French roman intime means an intimate or private romance."},{"surface":"verscholen","lemma":"verscholen","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of lag","gloss":"hidden"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of duiden","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of duiden","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory object referring to dat-clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object in idiom iemand iets euvel duiden","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates euvel duiden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"euvel","lemma":"euvel","morphology":"adjective used predicatively","role":"predicative element of idiom euvel duiden","gloss":"amiss","note":"Iemand iets euvel duiden means to take something amiss in someone."},{"surface":"duiden","lemma":"duiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by mag","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had zien nemen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of behoefde; refers to hy","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces reason voor zyn duren inborst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of inborst","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"duren","lemma":"duur","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies inborst","gloss":"costly"},{"surface":"inborst","lemma":"inborst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"disposition"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of behoefde","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"behoefde","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying hy","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vreugde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vreugde","lemma":"vreugde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met; manner adjunct of had zien nemen","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of roman","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"roman","lemma":"roman","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of nemen","gloss":"romance"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of einde","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bly","lemma":"blij","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies einde","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"einde","lemma":"einde","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of nemen","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zien","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by had; takes nemen as complement","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zien; roman is its subject","gloss":"come to","note":"Een einde nemen means to come to an end."}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"h7-s191","source":"Hoe 't nu wezen moog met het bestaan van dien roman, en of er al dan niet spoliatie had plaats gehad, zeker is 't dat er in Havelaars verbeelding iets geboren werd, wat men een rêve aux millions zou kunnen noemen.","translation":"However it may stand with the existence of that romance, and whether or not there had been any spoliation, certain it is that in Havelaar's imagination something was born which one might call a rêve aux millions.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s191.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe 't nu wezen moog ... zeker is 't dat ...","title":"Concessive subjunctive moog + impersonal het","body":"Hoe 't ... wezen moog is a concessive with the subjunctive moog ('however it may be'). The main clause fronts the predicate (zeker is 't), with het pointing to the following dat-clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"rêve aux millions","title":"rêve aux millions — 'dream of millions'","body":"Another French phrase: a fantasy of coming into millions. Multatuli names Havelaar's recurring illusion of a hidden fortune with deliberate, faintly mocking elegance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces free relative clause hoe ...","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moog","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"moog","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"may","note":"Moog is an older subjunctive form of mogen."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bestaan","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bestaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bestaan","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"existence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking roman","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of roman","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"roman","lemma":"roman","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"romance"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces indirect yes-or-no question","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential marker in er had plaats gehad","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of al dan niet ('whether or not')","gloss":"yes","note":"Al dan niet is the fixed expression ‘whether or not.’"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of al dan niet ('whether or not')","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of al dan niet ('whether or not')","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"spoliatie","lemma":"spoliatie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had plaats gehad","gloss":"spoliation"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of verbal expression plaatshebben","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"part of verbal expression plaats hebben","gloss":"taken","note":"Plaats hebben means ‘to take place.’"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking 't to zeker","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject referring to dat-clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geboren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential marker in the clause of werd","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaars","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, possessive","role":"possessor of verbeelding","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"verbeelding","lemma":"verbeelding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"imagination"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive geboren","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"geboren","lemma":"geboren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive lexical verb with werd","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geboren","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of noemen; refers to iets","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of noemen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rêve","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rêve","lemma":"rêve","morphology":"French noun, masculine singular","role":"head of predicative complement of noemen","gloss":"dream","note":"French rêve aux millions means a dream of millions."},{"surface":"aux","lemma":"à","morphology":"French preposition plus article","role":"introduces complement millions","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"millions","lemma":"million","morphology":"French noun, masculine plural","role":"complement of aux","gloss":"millions"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of noemen","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of noemen","gloss":"be able to"},{"surface":"noemen","lemma":"noemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of relative clause modifying iets","gloss":"call"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"h7-s192","source":"Doch alweer was 't eigenaardig dat hy die zoo nauwkeurig en scherp het recht van een ander--hoe diep ook begraven onder stoffige akten en dikwebbige chicanes--zou hebben nagespoord en verdedigd, dat hy hier waar zyn eigen belang in 't spel was, met slordigheid het oogenblik verwaarloosde, waarin misschien de zaak had moeten worden aangevat.","translation":"Yet once again it was peculiar that he, who would have tracked down and defended so meticulously and sharply the right of another — however deeply buried under dusty deeds and tangled chicaneries — should here, where his own interest was at stake, have with negligence let slip the moment at which the matter might have had to be taken in hand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s192.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"alweer was 't eigenaardig dat hy die ... zou hebben nagespoord en verdedigd","title":"Impersonal het + relative die + conditional perfect","body":"'t ... was eigenaardig is impersonal. The relative die ('he who') opens a verb-final clause; zou hebben nagespoord en verdedigd is the conditional perfect, 'would have tracked down and defended.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hy hier ... met slordigheid het oogenblik verwaarloosde, waarin ... de zaak had moeten worden aangevat","title":"Relative waarin + modal + worden-passive perfect","body":"Waarin ('in which') is a pronominal relative for het oogenblik. Had moeten worden aangevat stacks pluperfect, modal moeten, and a worden-passive infinitive: 'ought to have been taken in hand.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of eigenaardig","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"alweer","lemma":"alweer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking 't to eigenaardig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject referring to dat-clause","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"eigenaardig","lemma":"eigenaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause completed by second dat","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"antecedent modified by relative die","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou hebben nagespoord en verdedigd","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nauwkeurig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"nauwkeurig","lemma":"nauwkeurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nagespoord and verdedigd","gloss":"meticulously"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"scherp","lemma":"scherp","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with nauwkeurig","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of nagespoord and verdedigd","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ander","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive phrase hoe ... ook","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"diep","lemma":"diep","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begraven","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes concessive phrase hoe ... ook","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"begraven","lemma":"begraven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"reduced passive clause modifying recht","gloss":"buried"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking akten","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"stoffige","lemma":"stoffig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies akten","gloss":"dusty"},{"surface":"akten","lemma":"akte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dikwebbige","lemma":"dikwebbig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies chicanes","gloss":"tangled","note":"Dikwebbig literally means ‘thick-webbed’ and evokes a tangled cobweb."},{"surface":"chicanes","lemma":"chicane","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated object of onder","gloss":"chicaneries"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of nagespoord","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of nagespoord","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"nagespoord","lemma":"nasporen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb governed by zou hebben","gloss":"tracked down"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verdedigd","lemma":"verdedigen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"coordinated with nagespoord","gloss":"defended"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"resumes the subject clause after the relative aside","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of verwaarloosde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwaarloosde","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying hier","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of belang","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies belang","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"belang","lemma":"belang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"interest"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in het spel zijn","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"part of idiom in het spel zijn","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"spel","lemma":"spel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom in het spel zijn","gloss":"stake","note":"In het spel zijn means ‘to be at stake’ or ‘to be involved.’"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause introduced by waar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking slordigheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"slordigheid","lemma":"slordigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of verwaarloosde","gloss":"negligence"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verwaarloosde","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"verwaarloosde","lemma":"verwaarlozen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of resumed dat-clause","gloss":"let slip"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying oogenblik","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangevat","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive aangevat","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary governing moeten worden aangevat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal infinitive in substitute-infinitive construction","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of aangevat","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"aangevat","lemma":"aanvatten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"relative clause on oogenblik","gloss":"taken in hand"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"h7-s193","source":"Hy scheen iets als schaamte te gevoelen omdat het hier zyn eigen voordeel gold, en ik geloof zeker wanneer \"zyn Tine\" gehuwd ware geweest met een ander, met iemand die zich tot hem had gewend met het verzoek de spinrag te verbreken waarin haar voorouderlyk fortuin was blyven hangen, dat hy geslaagd zou zyn \"de interessante wees\" in 't bezit te stellen van het vermogen dat haar behoorde.","translation":"He seemed to feel something like shame because it was here his own advantage that was concerned; and I firmly believe that, had \"his Tine\" been married to another — to someone who had turned to him with the request to break the cobweb in which her ancestral fortune had remained entangled — he would have succeeded in putting \"the interesting orphan\" in possession of the fortune that belonged to her.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s193.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wanneer \"zyn Tine\" gehuwd ware geweest met een ander ... dat hy geslaagd zou zyn","title":"Counterfactual: subjunctive ware geweest + conditional perfect","body":"Ware geweest is the literary pluperfect subjunctive ('had been married'); the main clause answers with the conditional perfect zou ... geslaagd zyn ('would have succeeded'). A full unreal past conditional."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met iemand die zich tot hem had gewend met het verzoek de spinrag te verbreken","title":"Reflexive zich wenden tot + te-infinitive","body":"Zich wenden tot means 'to turn to'; zich is reflexive and had ... gewend is the pluperfect. The request is unfolded with te: de spinrag te verbreken, 'to break the cobweb.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of scheen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"head of direct object phrase iets als schaamte","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison als schaamte","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"schaamte","lemma":"schaamte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of als","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive gevoelen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gevoelen","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of scheen","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gold","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gold","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gold","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of voordeel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies voordeel","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"voordeel","lemma":"voordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gold","gloss":"advantage"},{"surface":"gold","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of clause introduced by omdat","gloss":"concerned"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geloof","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"geloof","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with scheen","gloss":"believe"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geloof","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces counterfactual conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Tine","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, feminine singular","role":"subject of ware geweest","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"gehuwd","lemma":"gehuwd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of ware geweest","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"auxiliary with geweest","gloss":"had","note":"Ware is the past subjunctive of zijn, used here in a counterfactual condition."},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"copula linking Tine to gehuwd","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ander","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of met","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of met; apposition to een ander","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had gewend","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of gewend","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of tot","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gewend","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gewend","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"lexical verb governed by had","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verzoek","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzoek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"request"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of spinrag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"spinrag","lemma":"spinrag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verbreken","gloss":"cobweb"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verbreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verbreken","lemma":"verbreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement specifying verzoek","gloss":"break"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause modifying spinrag","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of fortuin","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"voorouderlyk","lemma":"voorouderlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies fortuin","gloss":"ancestral"},{"surface":"fortuin","lemma":"fortuin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was blyven hangen","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of blyven hangen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by was in substitute-infinitive construction","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"hangen","lemma":"hangen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of blyven","gloss":"hanging"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause serving as object of geloof","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zou zyn geslaagd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geslaagd","lemma":"slagen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by perfect auxiliary zyn","gloss":"succeeded"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geslaagd","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary with geslaagd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wees","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"interessante","lemma":"interessant","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wees","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"wees","lemma":"wees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of stellen","gloss":"orphan"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of expression in het bezit stellen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezit in expression in het bezit stellen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bezit","lemma":"bezit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"part of expression in het bezit stellen","gloss":"possession","note":"Iemand in het bezit stellen van iets means to put someone in possession of something."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive stellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stellen","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of geslaagd","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vermogen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vermogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vermogen","lemma":"vermogen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of behoorde; refers to vermogen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of behoorde","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"behoorde","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on vermogen","gloss":"belonged"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"h7-s194","source":"Maar nu was die interessante wees zyn vrouw, háár vermogen was het zyne, hy vond er dus iets koopmansachtigs in, iets derogeerends, in haar naam te vragen: \"zyt ge my niet nog iets schuldig?\"","translation":"But now that interesting orphan was his wife, her fortune was his own; he found, therefore, something tradesmanlike in it, something demeaning, to ask in her name: \"do you not still owe me something?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s194.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy vond er dus iets koopmansachtigs in","title":"Split pronominal adverb er ... in + partitive -s","body":"Er ... in ('in it') is a split pronominal adverb. Iets koopmansachtigs ('something tradesmanlike') and iets derogeerends use the partitive -s after iets."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyt ge my niet nog iets schuldig?","title":"Archaic pronoun ge + inverted question","body":"Zyt ge is the 1860 second-person 'are you' (ge being the unstressed gij). The yes/no question fronts the verb. Iets schuldig zijn means 'to owe something.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrast with the preceding context","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking wees to vrouw","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of wees","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"interessante","lemma":"interessant","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies wees","gloss":"interesting"},{"surface":"wees","lemma":"wees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"orphan"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"háár","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular, emphatic","role":"possessor of vermogen","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"vermogen","lemma":"vermogen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking vermogen to het zijne","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"part of substantivized possessive het zijne","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zyne","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"substantivized possessive pronoun, third person singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of in, forming erin","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"koopmansachtigs","lemma":"koopmansachtig","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular, partitive -s","role":"complement of iets","gloss":"tradesmanlike"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"combines with er as erin, complement of vond","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"apposition to iets koopmansachtigs","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"derogeerends","lemma":"derogerend","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular, partitive -s","role":"complement of iets","gloss":"demeaning","note":"Historical spelling of 'derogerends', meaning disparaging or demeaning."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces adjunct in haar naam","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of naam","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vragen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"explanatory infinitive complement of vond","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second person plural or polite singular","role":"copula linking ge to schuldig","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person, nominative","role":"subject of zyt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of schuldig","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zyt schuldig","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schuldig","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"amount complement of schuldig","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"schuldig","lemma":"schuldig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyt","gloss":"indebted"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"h7-s195","source":"En toch kon hy dien millioenendroom niet van zich schudden, al ware het dan ook slechts om een verontschuldiging by de hand te hebben, by het dikwyls voorkomend zelfverwyt dat hy te veel geld uitgaf.","translation":"And yet he could not shake off that dream of millions, were it only to have an excuse at hand against the often-recurring self-reproach that he spent too much money.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s195.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kon hy dien millioenendroom niet van zich schudden","title":"Modal kon + reflexive van zich + niet","body":"The modal kon sends schudden to the end. Iets van zich afschudden means 'to shake something off oneself'; zich is reflexive and niet the clause negative. Dien keeps the old accusative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"al ware het dan ook slechts om ... by de hand te hebben","title":"Concessive subjunctive ware + om ... te","body":"Al ware het ('even if it were') is a concessive with the subjunctive ware. Om ... te hebben frames the purpose, 'only to have (an excuse) at hand.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of schudden","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kon schudden","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of schudden","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kon schudden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of millioenendroom","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"millioenendroom","lemma":"miljoenendroom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of schudden","gloss":"dream of millions"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kon schudden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces van zich, complement of schudden","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person","role":"object of van","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"schudden","lemma":"schudden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"shake"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause al ware het","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"copula in concessive clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive expression dan ook","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of concessive expression dan ook","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"restricts purpose clause","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces purpose infinitive te hebben","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of verontschuldiging","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"verontschuldiging","lemma":"verontschuldiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"excuse"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom bij de hand hebben","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij in idiom bij de hand hebben","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive introduced by om","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces adjunct bij het zelfverwijt","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of zelfverwyt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorkomend","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"voorkomend","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"present participle, attributive","role":"modifies zelfverwyt","gloss":"recurring"},{"surface":"zelfverwyt","lemma":"zelfverwijt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"self-reproach","note":"Old spelling of modern Dutch 'zelfverwijt'."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause explaining zelfverwyt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of uitgaf","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies veel","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies geld","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uitgaf","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"uitgaf","lemma":"uitgeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"spent"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"h7-s196","source":"Eerst kort voor het terugkeeren naar Java, toen hy reeds veel geleden had onder den druk van geldgebrek, toen hy zyn fier hoofd had moeten buigen onder de furca caudina van menigen schuldeischer, had hy zyn traagheid of zyn schroom kunnen overwinnen om werk te maken van de millioenen die hy meende nog te-goed te hebben.","translation":"Only shortly before the return to Java — when he had already suffered much under the pressure of lack of money, when he had had to bow his proud head beneath the furca caudina of many a creditor — had he been able to overcome his sloth, or his bashfulness, and set about the matter of the millions he believed were still owed to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s196.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen hy ... zyn fier hoofd had moeten buigen","title":"toen-clause + modal in the pluperfect","body":"Toen ('when') subordinates. Had moeten buigen stacks the pluperfect with the modal moeten ('had had to bow'), the verbs clustering at the clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had hy zyn traagheid ... kunnen overwinnen om werk te maken van de millioenen","title":"Pluperfect + modal kunnen + om ... te","body":"Had ... kunnen overwinnen is the pluperfect with modal kunnen ('had been able to overcome'). Om ... te maken ('in order to set about') frames the goal; werk maken van is the idiom 'to take in hand.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had kunnen overwinnen","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voor het terugkeren","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal adjunct","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of terugkeeren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"terugkeeren","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"return","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch 'terugkeren'."},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination Java","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of had geleden","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had geleden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had geleden","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"adverbial amount complement of geleden","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"geleden","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle governed by had","gloss":"suffered"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geleden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of geleden","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of druk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"druk","lemma":"druk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"pressure"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of druk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"geldgebrek","lemma":"geldgebrek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"lack of money"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of had moeten buigen","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had moeten buigen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of hoofd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"fier","lemma":"fier","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies hoofd","gloss":"proud"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of buigen","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary in had moeten buigen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of buigen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"buigen","lemma":"buigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moeten","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of buigen","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of furca","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"furca","lemma":"furca","morphology":"Latin noun, feminine singular","role":"object of onder","gloss":"yoke"},{"surface":"caudina","lemma":"caudinus","morphology":"Latin adjective, feminine singular","role":"modifies furca","gloss":"Caudine","note":"The Latin 'furca Caudina' evokes the humiliating Caudine Yoke."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor of furca caudina","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"menigen","lemma":"menig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of schuldeischer","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"schuldeischer","lemma":"schuldeiser","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"creditor","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch 'schuldeiser'."},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary in had kunnen overwinnen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had kunnen overwinnen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of traagheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"traagheid","lemma":"traagheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of overwinnen","gloss":"sloth"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates traagheid and schroom","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of schroom","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schroom","lemma":"schroom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of overwinnen","gloss":"bashfulness"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of overwinnen","gloss":"been able"},{"surface":"overwinnen","lemma":"overwinnen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"overcome"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces infinitive clause om werk te maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken in idiom werk maken van","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive introduced by om","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom werk maken van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of millioenen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"millioenen","lemma":"miljoen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"millions","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch 'miljoenen'."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of te goed hebben","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of meende","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on millioenen","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te goed hebben","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"te-goed","lemma":"tegoed","morphology":"adjective in fixed expression","role":"predicative element in te goed hebben","gloss":"owed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of meende","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"h7-s197","source":"En men antwoordde hem met eene oude rekening-courant ... een argument, zooals men weet, waartegen niets valt intebrengen.","translation":"And he was answered with an old current account ... an argument, as everyone knows, against which nothing can be urged.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s197.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"men antwoordde hem met eene oude rekening-courant","title":"Inflected article eene + indirect object hem","body":"Eene is the old inflected indefinite article ('an'), now simply een. Men is the impersonal subject, and hem is the dative recipient of antwoordde."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een argument ... waartegen niets valt intebrengen","title":"Pronominal relative waartegen + valt te + joined inbrengen","body":"Waartegen ('against which') is a pronominal relative. Niets valt in te brengen ('nothing can be urged') uses valt te + infinitive for possibility; intebrengen is the joined 1860 spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of antwoordde","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of antwoordde","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"antwoordde","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of antwoordde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces instrumental complement","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"eene","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular, inflected","role":"determiner of rekening-courant","gloss":"an","note":"Older inflected form of the indefinite article 'een'."},{"surface":"oude","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies rekening-courant","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"rekening-courant","lemma":"rekening-courant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"current account"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of argument","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"argument","lemma":"argument","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to eene oude rekening-courant","gloss":"argument"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause men weet","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"waartegen","lemma":"waartegen","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of intebrengen, referring to argument","gloss":"against which"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of valt","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"modal-like verb governing intebrengen","gloss":"can be"},{"surface":"intebrengen","lemma":"inbrengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of valt","gloss":"urged","note":"Historical closed spelling of 'in te brengen'."}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"h7-s198","source":"Maar ze zouden zoo spaarzaam wezen te Lebak!","translation":"But they would be so thrifty at Lebak!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s198.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze zouden zoo spaarzaam wezen","title":"zou(den) + infinitive","body":"The conditional zouden + the infinitive wezen ('to be', an older form of zijn) frames a hoped-for outcome — 'they would be so thrifty'. wezen is the literary/archaic infinitive of zijn, still common in 1860."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces contrast with the preceding context","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural, nominative","role":"subject of zouden wezen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zouden","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies spaarzaam","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"spaarzaam","lemma":"spaarzaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"thrifty"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"copular infinitive governed by zouden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location Lebak","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"h7-s199","source":"En waarom ook niet?","translation":"And why not, after all?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s199.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En waarom ook niet?","title":"ook niet — emphasizing the negation","body":"ook ('also, after all') sits before niet to soften and intensify the rhetorical question; niet negates the whole clause rather than a single noun. Compare geen, which would negate an indefinite noun instead."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces elliptical question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"questions the reason for the ellipted proposition","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"adds concessive emphasis to waarom niet","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the ellipted proposition","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"h7-s200","source":"Er dwalen in zoo'n onbeschaafd land, op den laten avend geen meisjes over straat, die een weinig eer te verkoopen hebben voor een weinig voedsel.","translation":"In such an uncivilized land there are no girls roaming the streets late in the evening with a little honor to sell for a little food.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s200.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er dwalen ... geen meisjes over straat","title":"Existential er with geen","body":"er introduces an existential statement ('there roam no girls...'), and geen negates the indefinite plural meisjes — Dutch uses geen, not niet, before an indefinite noun. Note the verb dwalen stands second after the fronted er."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op den laten avend","title":"Case remnant den + period spelling","body":"den is the frozen masculine accusative/dative article surviving in 1860 prose after the preposition op; the adjective takes -e (laten). avend is the older spelling of avond."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die een weinig eer te verkoopen hebben","title":"Relative die + te-infinitive","body":"The relative pronoun die ('who') refers back to the de-word plural meisjes, and te verkoopen hebben means 'have to sell / have for sale'. verkoopen shows the 1860 doubled-vowel spelling for verkopen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dwalen","lemma":"dwalen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"roam"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location land","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zoo'n","lemma":"zo'n","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"such an"},{"surface":"onbeschaafd","lemma":"onbeschaafd","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies land","gloss":"uncivilized"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal adjunct op den laten avend","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of avend","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, oblique, inflected","role":"modifies avend","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"avend","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of meisjes","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of dwalen","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces path straat","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"straat","lemma":"straat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"the street"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"part of quantifier een weinig","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies eer","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verkoopen","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verkoopen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verkoopen","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hebben","gloss":"sell","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch 'verkopen'."},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause, governing te verkoopen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces exchange complement voedsel","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"part of quantifier een weinig","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies voedsel","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"voedsel","lemma":"voedsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"food"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"h7-s201","source":"Er zwerven daar zoo geen menschen rond, die van problematische beroepen leven.","translation":"There are no people wandering about there who live by problematic trades.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s201.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er zwerven daar zoo geen menschen rond","title":"Existential er + separable verb","body":"rondzwerven ('to wander about') is separable: the prefix rond detaches to the clause end while zwerven stands second. geen negates the indefinite menschen (1860 spelling of mensen)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive introducing existential clause","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"zwerven","lemma":"zwerven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wander"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zwerven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"modifies negated existential clause","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zwerven","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"rond","lemma":"rond","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of rondzwerven","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of leven","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means of livelihood beroepen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"problematische","lemma":"problematisch","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies beroepen","gloss":"problematic"},{"surface":"beroepen","lemma":"beroep","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"trades"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on menschen","gloss":"live"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"h7-s202","source":"Daar valt het niet voor, dat een gezin op-eens te-gronde gaat door wisseling van fortuin ... en van zoodanigen aard toch waren gewoonlyk de klippen waarop de goede voornemens van Havelaar strandden.","translation":"There it does not happen that a household is suddenly ruined by a turn of fortune ... and yet it was of just such a kind that the reefs usually were on which Havelaar's good intentions ran aground.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s202.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar valt het niet voor, dat ...","title":"Separable voorvallen + dummy het","body":"voorvallen ('to occur, happen') splits, sending voor to the end; the het is an impersonal subject anticipating the dat-clause that follows. The construction reads 'There it does not occur that...'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op-eens te-gronde gaat door wisseling van fortuin","title":"te gronde gaan — fixed idiom","body":"te gronde gaan ('to be ruined, go to ruin') is a fixed expression preserving the old dative te + gronde. door + noun expresses the cause ('through/by a turn of fortune')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de klippen waarop de goede voornemens ... strandden","title":"Pronominal adverb waarop","body":"waarop fuses the relative 'which' with the preposition op ('on which') — Dutch routinely merges a preposition with a thing into waar- + preposition. strandden is the weak (regular) past plural of stranden, formed with the dental -de suffix."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of valt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"valt","lemma":"voorvallen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb; combines with voor","gloss":"occurs"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"dummy subject of valt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates valt voor","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of valt ... voor","gloss":"(particle)","note":"Together with “valt,” forms “valt voor”: “happens” or “occurs.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of valt voor","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of gezin","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gezin","lemma":"gezin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"household"},{"surface":"op-eens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies te gronde gaat","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"te-gronde","lemma":"te gronde","morphology":"adverbial expression","role":"particle phrase of gaat","gloss":"to ruin","note":"In “te gronde gaan,” this means “to be ruined.”"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the dat-clause; combines with te-gronde","gloss":"is ruined"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces cause wisseling","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"wisseling","lemma":"wisseling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"a turn"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement fortuin","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"fortuin","lemma":"fortuin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of wisseling","gloss":"fortune"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative phrase van zoodanigen aard","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zoodanigen","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaically inflected","role":"modifies aard","gloss":"just such a","note":"Archaic inflected spelling of modern “zodanige.”"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; predicative complement of waren","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking klippen to van zoodanigen aard","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waren","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of klippen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klippen","lemma":"klip","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren and antecedent of waarop","gloss":"reefs"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of strandden; refers to klippen","gloss":"on which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of voornemens","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies voornemens","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"voornemens","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of strandden","gloss":"intentions"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor Havelaar","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"possessor of voornemens","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"strandden","lemma":"stranden","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on klippen","gloss":"ran aground"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"h7-s203","source":"Het getal Europeanen in die Afdeeling was zoo gering dat het niet in aanmerking komen kon, en de javaan te Lebak te arm om--by welke lotwisseling ook--belangwekkend te worden door nog grooter armoede.","translation":"The number of Europeans in that Division was so small that it could not come into consideration, and the Javanese at Lebak too poor — under whatever turn of fate — to become of interest through still greater poverty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s203.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zoo gering dat het niet in aanmerking komen kon","title":"Subordinate clause word order","body":"dat opens a subordinate clause and drives the verbs to the end: the modal kon and the infinitive komen cluster finally as 'could not come into consideration'. in aanmerking komen is a fixed idiom."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Afdeeling","title":"Afdeeling — administrative 'Division'","body":"An Afdeeling (modern afdeling) was a colonial administrative division headed by an assistant-resident; here it names the district of Lebak. The -ee- spelling is the 1860 doubled vowel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of getal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"getal","lemma":"getal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"Europeanen","lemma":"Europeaan","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"postnominal complement of getal","gloss":"of Europeans"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Afdeeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Afdeeling","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; modifies getal","gloss":"Division"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking getal and gering","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of gering","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gering","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of komen kon; refers to getal","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates komen kon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of idiom in aanmerking komen","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"aanmerking","lemma":"aanmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"part of idiom in aanmerking komen","gloss":"consideration"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kon","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal governing komen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the descriptions of getal and javaan","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of javaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"javaan","lemma":"Javaan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of omitted was; head of second coordinate clause","gloss":"Javanese"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location Lebak","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te; modifies javaan","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"degree modifier of arm in te ... om","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of omitted was","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces om ... te infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces parenthetical circumstance lotwisseling","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"interrogative determiner","role":"determiner of lotwisseling","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"lotwisseling","lemma":"lotwisseling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"turn of fate"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms free-choice expression with welke","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"belangwekkend","lemma":"belangwekkend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"of interest"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks infinitive worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of om; dependent on te arm","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces cause armoede","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of grooter","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative, attributive","role":"modifies armoede","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"poverty"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"h7-s204","source":"Dit alles overdacht Tine zoo niet--hiertoe toch had zy zich, juister dan zy uit liefde voor Max doen wilde, rekenschap moeten geven van de oorzaken hunner min gunstige omstandigheden--maar er lag in hun nieuwe omgeving iets dat kalmte ademde, en afwezen van alle aanleidingen --met meer of min valsch-romanesken tint dan--die vroeger Havelaar zoo dikwyls hadden doen zeggen: --Niet waar, Tine, dàt is nu toch een geval waaraan ik me niet onttrekken kan?","translation":"All this Tine did not so reflect upon — for to do so she would have had to give herself, more exactly than out of love for Max she cared to do, an account of the causes of their less favorable circumstances — but there lay in their new surroundings something that breathed calm, and an absence of all those occasions — of more or less falsely romantic tint — that had so often made Havelaar say in earlier days: --Is it not so, Tine, that this, after all, is a case from which I cannot withdraw?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s204.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had zy zich ... rekenschap moeten geven","title":"Reflexive zich in a modal perfect","body":"zich is the 3rd-person reflexive ('to herself'); zich rekenschap geven van means 'to give oneself an account of'. The verb cluster moeten geven shows the modal driving the main verb to a bare infinitive at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de oorzaken hunner min gunstige omstandigheden","title":"Genitive hunner","body":"hunner is an inflected genitive possessive ('of their'), a 1860 case form modern Dutch replaces with van hun. The bare adverb min ('less') modifies gunstige — 'less favorable'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er lag in hun nieuwe omgeving iets dat kalmte ademde","title":"Existential er lag + relative dat","body":"er + the past-tense lag ('there lay') introduces the indefinite subject iets; the relative dat agrees with the neuter iets and closes its clause with the verb ademde. The whole reads 'there lay something that breathed calm'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of overdacht","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"overdacht","lemma":"overdenken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"reflected upon"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of overdacht","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overdacht; refers to the described manner","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates overdacht","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hiertoe","lemma":"hiertoe","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of rekenschap geven","gloss":"to do so"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse modifier of had moeten geven","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of had moeten geven","gloss":"would have"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had moeten geven","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"indirect reflexive object of geven","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"juister","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies rekenschap geven","gloss":"more exactly"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces motive liefde","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Max","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of voor; complement of liefde","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde; substitutes for rekenschap geven","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of comparative clause","gloss":"cared"},{"surface":"rekenschap","lemma":"rekenschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"an account"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal governing geven","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by had and moeten","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement oorzaken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of oorzaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorzaken","lemma":"oorzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van; complement of rekenschap","gloss":"causes"},{"surface":"hunner","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive pronoun, archaic genitive plural","role":"possessor of omstandigheden","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"min","lemma":"min","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of gunstige","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"gunstige","lemma":"gunstig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"favorable"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"possessed noun modified by hunner","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting main clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces existential construction with lag","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"lag","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of contrasting clause","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location omgeving","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of omgeving","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies omgeving","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"omgeving","lemma":"omgeving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; locative complement of lag","gloss":"surroundings"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of lag and antecedent of dat","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of ademde; refers to iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"kalmte","lemma":"kalmte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ademde","gloss":"calm"},{"surface":"ademde","lemma":"ademen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on iets","gloss":"breathed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates kalmte and afwezen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"afwezen","lemma":"afwezen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ademde, coordinated with kalmte","gloss":"an absence","note":"Archaic noun meaning “absence”; modern Dutch normally uses “afwezigheid.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement aanleidingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanleidingen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"aanleidingen","lemma":"aanleiding","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van and antecedent of die","gloss":"occasions"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces parenthetical modifier tint","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"first element of meer of min","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates meer and min","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"min","lemma":"min","morphology":"adverb","role":"second element of meer of min","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"valsch-romanesken","lemma":"vals-romanesk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, archaically inflected","role":"modifies tint","gloss":"falsely romantic"},{"surface":"tint","lemma":"tint","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met; modifies aanleidingen","gloss":"tint"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal particle closing the parenthetical aside","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hadden doen; refers to aanleidingen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of hadden doen zeggen","gloss":"in earlier days"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of causative doen and subject of zeggen","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of dikwijls","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency modifier of hadden doen zeggen","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"finite auxiliary of hadden doen zeggen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"causative infinitive governed by hadden","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doen","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of tag question niet waar","gloss":"is it not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative element of tag question niet waar","gloss":"so","note":"“Niet waar?” is a tag question meaning “is it not so?”"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, stressed","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dàt and geval","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse modifier of is","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatic modifier of is","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is; antecedent of waaraan","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"waaraan","lemma":"waaraan","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of onttrekken; refers to geval","gloss":"from which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of kan onttrekken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive direct object of onttrekken","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kan onttrekken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"onttrekken","lemma":"onttrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"withdraw"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing onttrekken","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"h7-s205","source":"En waarop zy altyd geantwoord had: --Wel neen, Max, dááraan kanje je niet onttrekken!","translation":"And to which she had always answered: --Why no, Max, from that you cannot withdraw!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s205.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarop zy altyd geantwoord had","title":"Pronominal adverb + pluperfect","body":"waarop ('to which') is a pronominal adverb relativizing the preposition op; geantwoord had is the pluperfect (imperfect of hebben + participle) — 'she had always answered'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dááraan kanje je niet onttrekken","title":"Reflexive zich onttrekken aan + clitic","body":"zich onttrekken aan means 'to withdraw from'; here je is both the clitic subject (kanje = kan je) and the reflexive object. The fronted, stressed dááraan is the pronominal adverb 'from that'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding quotation","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waarop","lemma":"waarop","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of geantwoord; refers to preceding words","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had geantwoord","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"frequency modifier of had geantwoord","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"geantwoord","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle governed by had","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary of geantwoord","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"discourse particle","role":"emphasizes neen","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"dááraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"demonstrative pronominal adverb, stressed","role":"prepositional complement of onttrekken","gloss":"from that"},{"surface":"kanje","lemma":"kunnen + je","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular, with enclitic subject pronoun","role":"finite modal of onttrekken; includes subject je","gloss":"can you","note":"The printing joins “kan” and subject “je” as one surface form."},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of onttrekken","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kan onttrekken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"onttrekken","lemma":"onttrekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kanje","gloss":"withdraw"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"h7-s206","source":"We zullen zien hoe't eenvoudige, schynbaar onbewogen Lebak Havelaar meer kostte dan alle vorige uitspattingen van zyn hart te-zamen genomen.","translation":"We shall see how the simple, seemingly unmoved Lebak cost Havelaar more than all the former extravagances of his heart taken together.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s206.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"We zullen zien hoe't ... Lebak Havelaar meer kostte","title":"Future with zullen","body":"zullen + the infinitive zien forms the explicit future, 'we shall see'. The following hoe-clause is subordinate, so its verb kostte ('cost') sits at the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"uitspattingen van zyn hart","title":"uitspattingen — 'extravagances'","body":"uitspatting normally means 'excess, debauchery'; here applied figuratively to the heart's impulsive generosity, 'extravagances of his heart'. zyn is the 1860 spelling of zijn."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zullen zien","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, present, plural","role":"finite auxiliary governing zien","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zullen","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"hoe't","lemma":"hoe + het","morphology":"interrogative adverb fused with determiner","role":"introduces embedded clause; het determines Lebak","gloss":"how the","note":"Contraction of “hoe het,” meaning “how the.”"},{"surface":"eenvoudige","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Lebak","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"schynbaar","lemma":"schijnbaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onbewogen","gloss":"seemingly"},{"surface":"onbewogen","lemma":"onbewogen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies Lebak","gloss":"unmoved"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of kostte","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of kostte","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"degree complement of kostte","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"kostte","lemma":"kosten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of embedded clause","gloss":"cost"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with uitspattingen","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitspattingen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies uitspattingen","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"uitspattingen","lemma":"uitspatting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"standard of comparison after dan","gloss":"extravagances"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement hart","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hart","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; modifies uitspattingen","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"te-zamen","lemma":"tezamen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genomen","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participial modifier of uitspattingen","gloss":"taken"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"h7-s207","source":"Maar dit wisten zy niet! Zy zagen de toekomst met vertrouwen te-gemoet, en voelden zich zoo gelukkig in hun liefde en in 't bezit van hun kind ...","translation":"But this they did not know! They looked toward the future with confidence, and felt themselves so happy in their love and in the possession of their child ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s207.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar dit wisten zy niet!","title":"Fronting + V2 inversion","body":"The object dit ('this') is fronted for emphasis, forcing subject–verb inversion: the finite verb wisten stays in second position and the subject zy follows. This is the hallmark V2 rule of Dutch main clauses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zy zagen de toekomst ... te-gemoet","title":"Separable tegemoetzien","body":"tegemoetzien ('to look forward to') is separable; its prefix tegemoet (here spelled te-gemoet) lands at the clause end while zagen stands second. voelden zich is reflexive — 'felt themselves'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of wisten","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"wisten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wisten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wisten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zagen and voelden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zagen","lemma":"tegemoetzien","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb; combines with te-gemoet","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of toekomst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toekomst","lemma":"toekomst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zagen","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner vertrouwen","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"vertrouwen","lemma":"vertrouwen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met; manner modifier of zagen","gloss":"confidence"},{"surface":"te-gemoet","lemma":"tegemoet","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zagen ... te-gemoet","gloss":"toward","note":"Historical hyphenated spelling of the particle in “tegemoetzien,” “to look forward/toward.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zagen and voelden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voelden","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb coordinated with zagen","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of voelden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of gelukkig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"gelukkig","lemma":"gelukkig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of voelden","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces liefde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of liefde","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in; complement of gelukkig","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two in-phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces bezit","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, elided","role":"determiner of bezit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bezit","lemma":"bezit","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in; coordinated with liefde","gloss":"possession"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement kind","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; complement of bezit","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"h7-s208","source":"--Wat al rozen in den tuin, riep Tine, en ziedaar ook rampeh en tjempaka, en zooveel melati, en zie eens al die schoone lelien ...","translation":"--What a lot of roses in the garden, cried Tine, and there too are rampeh and tjempaka, and so much melati, and just look at all those beautiful lilies ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s208.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat al rozen in den tuin","title":"Exclamative wat al","body":"wat al is an archaic exclamative meaning 'what a lot of', here 'what a lot of roses'. in den tuin shows the case-remnant den after the preposition."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"exclamative determiner","role":"determiner of rozen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying adverb","role":"modifies rozen","gloss":"a lot of"},{"surface":"rozen","lemma":"roos","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of exclamative phrase","gloss":"roses"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tuin","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of tuin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tuin","lemma":"tuin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"garden"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links riep and ziedaar","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ziedaar","lemma":"ziedaar","morphology":"presentative interjection","role":"introduces rampeh and tjempaka","gloss":"there are","note":"An archaic presentative meaning “look, there is/are.”"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ziedaar","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"rampeh","lemma":"rampeh","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"first item presented by ziedaar","gloss":"rampeh flowers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links rampeh and tjempaka","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tjempaka","lemma":"tjempaka","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"coordinated with rampeh","gloss":"champak"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links presentative phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of melati","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"melati","lemma":"melati","morphology":"mass noun","role":"item presented by ziedaar","gloss":"jasmine"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links ziedaar and zie","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of imperative clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens imperative zie","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"predeterminer of lelien","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of lelien","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"schoone","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies lelien","gloss":"beautiful","note":"Old inflected spelling of schoon."},{"surface":"lelien","lemma":"lelie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zie","gloss":"lilies","note":"Lelien is an old spelling of leliën."}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"h7-s209","source":"En, kinderen als ze waren, vermaakten zy zich met hun nieuw huis. En toen 's avends Duclari en Verbrugge, na een bezoek by Havelaar, terugkeerden naar hun gemeenschappelyke woning, spraken zy veel over de kinderlyke vroolykheid van de nieuw aangekomen familie.","translation":"And, children as they were, they amused themselves with their new house. And when in the evening Duclari and Verbrugge, after a visit to Havelaar, returned to their shared dwelling, they spoke much of the childlike cheerfulness of the newly arrived family.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s209.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kinderen als ze waren, vermaakten zy zich","title":"Concessive 'als ze waren' + reflexive","body":"The fronted concessive phrase 'children as they were' triggers V2 inversion in the main clause (vermaakten zy). zich vermaken is reflexive, 'to amuse oneself'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen 's avends Duclari en Verbrugge ... terugkeerden","title":"toen-clause sends verb to the end","body":"The subordinating conjunction toen ('when', past) pushes the finite verb terugkeerden to the clause end. 's avends is a frozen genitive ('in the evening', des avonds), here in 1860 spelling."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive comparison","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they","note":"Ze is the unstressed form of zij."},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of concessive clause","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"vermaakten","lemma":"vermaken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of first sentence","gloss":"amused"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of vermaakten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person plural","role":"reflexive object of vermaakten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"possessor of huis","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"nieuw","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter singular","role":"modifies huis","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"des","morphology":"contracted genitive determiner","role":"determiner in adverbial phrase s avonds","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, singular, fossilized genitive","role":"temporal adjunct of terugkeerden","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"Duclari","lemma":"Duclari","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"first subject of terugkeerden","gloss":"Duclari"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Duclari and Verbrugge","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"coordinated subject of terugkeerden","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bezoek","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of bezoek","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bezoek","lemma":"bezoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"visit"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"terugkeerden","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woning","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"possessor of woning","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"gemeenschappelyke","lemma":"gemeenschappelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies woning","gloss":"shared","note":"Old spelling of gemeenschappelijke."},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"dwelling"},{"surface":"spraken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of second sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural","role":"subject of spraken","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spraken","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vroolykheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vroolykheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kinderlyke","lemma":"kinderlijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies vroolykheid","gloss":"childlike","note":"Old spelling of kinderlijke."},{"surface":"vroolykheid","lemma":"vrolijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"cheerfulness","note":"Old spelling of vrolijkheid."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking familie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nieuw","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aangekomen","gloss":"newly"},{"surface":"aangekomen","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"past participle","role":"modifies familie","gloss":"arrived"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"family"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"h7-s210","source":"Havelaar begaf zich naar zyn kantoor, en bleef daar den nacht door, tot den volgenden morgen.","translation":"Havelaar betook himself to his office, and stayed there through the night, until the following morning.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h7-s210.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar begaf zich naar zyn kantoor","title":"Reflexive zich begeven","body":"zich begeven naar ('to betake oneself to, head for') requires the reflexive zich; begaf is the strong past of begeven. The structure is verb-second with the reflexive in the middle field."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"bleef daar den nacht door, tot den volgenden morgen","title":"Case remnants den ... den","body":"den nacht and den volgenden morgen both keep the old masculine accusative den (with adjective -en in volgenden), frozen relics of case that 1860 prose still uses after time expressions and prepositions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of begaf and bleef","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"begaf","lemma":"begeven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"betook"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"reflexive object of begaf","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kantoor","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of kantoor","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kantoor","lemma":"kantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links begaf and bleef","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bleef","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adjunct of bleef","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of nacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nacht","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of duration phrase den nacht door","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"postposition","role":"completes duration phrase den nacht door","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking morgen","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of morgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies morgen","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"morning"}]}]}