{"work":{"slug":"havelaar","title":{"source":"Max Havelaar","translated":"Max Havelaar"},"author":"Multatuli","language":"Dutch","languageCode":"nl","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"hoofdstuk-8","title":{"source":"Hoofdstuk 8","translated":"Chapter 8"},"section":"The Novel","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-8","lines":299},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-7","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/havelaar/hoofdstuk-9","license":"Source text: public domain (Multatuli / Eduard Douwes Dekker, d. 1887; Dutch 1860, Project Gutenberg #11024). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Dutch, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"h8-s1","source":"ACHTSTE HOOFDSTUK","translation":"EIGHTH CHAPTER","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ACHTSTE HOOFDSTUK","title":"Ordinal achtste","body":"achtste ('eighth') is the ordinal of acht, formed with -ste; hoofdstuk ('chapter') is a neuter compound of hoofd + stuk."}],"words":[{"surface":"ACHTSTE","lemma":"achtste","morphology":"ordinal adjective","role":"modifies HOOFDSTUK","gloss":"eighth"},{"surface":"HOOFDSTUK","lemma":"hoofdstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of title","gloss":"chapter"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"h8-s2","source":"Havelaar had den kontroleur verzocht, de hoofden die te Rangkas-Betoeng, aanwezig waren, uittenoodigen daar tot den volgenden dag te vertoeven om de Sebah bytewonen, die hy beleggen wilde.","translation":"Havelaar had asked the controller to invite the chiefs who were present at Rangkas-Betoeng to remain there until the following day, so as to attend the Sebah that he meant to convene.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ... verzocht ... uittenoodigen ... daar ... te vertoeven","title":"Stacked te-infinitives","body":"verzoeken governs a te-infinitive (uit te noodigen, here joined as uittenoodigen in 1860 style), which itself governs a further te vertoeven ('to remain'). Note uitnoodigen is separable, splitting around te."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de hoofden die te Rangkas-Betoeng aanwezig waren","title":"Relative clause with die","body":"die ('who') relativizes the de-word plural hoofden and sends its verb waren to the clause end. te is the formal/literary 'at' before a place name."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of had verzocht","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verzocht","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verzocht","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"verzocht","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle of the sentence","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of uittenoodigen","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Rangkas-Betoeng","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Rangkas-Betoeng","lemma":"Rangkas-Betoeng","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of te","gloss":"Rangkas-Betoeng"},{"surface":"aanwezig","lemma":"aanwezig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"present"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on hoofden","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"uittenoodigen","lemma":"uitnodigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of verzocht","gloss":"to invite","note":"Old fused spelling of uit te nodigen."},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adjunct of vertoeven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dag","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vertoeven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vertoeven","lemma":"vertoeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of uittenoodigen","gloss":"remain"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Sebah","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sebah","lemma":"sebah","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bytewonen","gloss":"Sebah"},{"surface":"bytewonen","lemma":"bijwonen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement introduced by om","gloss":"attend","note":"Old fused spelling of bij te wonen."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of beleggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"beleggen","lemma":"beleggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"convene"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on Sebah","gloss":"meant to"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"h8-s3","source":"Zulk een vergadering had gewoonlyk eens in de maand plaats, doch hetzyd-i aan sommige Hoofden die wat ver van de hoofdplaats woonden--want de Afdeeling Lebak is zeer uitgestrekt--het onnoodig heen-en weerreizen wilde besparen, hetzyd-i wenschte, terstond en zonder den vastgestelden dag aftewachten, hen op plechtige wyze toetespreken, hy had den eersten Sebah-dag op den volgenden morgen bepaald.","translation":"Such a meeting was ordinarily held once a month; but whether he wished to spare certain chiefs who lived rather far from the chief town — for the District of Lebak is very extensive — the needless journey there and back, or whether he wished, at once and without awaiting the appointed day, to address them in a solemn manner, he had fixed the first Sebah-day for the next morning.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zulk een vergadering had ... eens in de maand plaats","title":"Separable plaatshebben","body":"plaatshebben ('to take place') is separable; plaats stands at the clause end. zulk een ('such a') is an archaic determiner combination favored in formal 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hetzyd-i ... wilde besparen, hetzyd-i wenschte ...","title":"Correlative hetzy ... hetzy","body":"hetzy ... hetzy is the literary correlative 'whether ... or'. d-i is a clitic contraction of die/hy (he), so hetzyd-i = 'whether he'. doch ('but, yet') is an archaic adversative conjunction."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hen ... toetespreken","title":"Separable toespreken with te","body":"toespreken ('to address') is separable; with te it is written toetespreken in 1860 (modern: toe te spreken). hen is the object 'them', the verb pushed to the end of its te-phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vergadering","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vergadering","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vergadering","lemma":"vergadering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had plaats","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of idiom had plaats","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had plaats","gloss":"ordinarily"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies in de maand","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maand","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of maand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maand","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"fixed complement of had","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting main clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hetzyd-i","lemma":"hetzij dat hij","morphology":"correlative conjunction with contracted complementizer and pronoun","role":"introduces first alternative with wilde","gloss":"whether he","note":"The printed form compresses hetzij dat hij into one token."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofden","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"sommige","lemma":"sommig","morphology":"indefinite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"indirect object of besparen","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of woonden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies ver","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies van de hoofdplaats","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdplaats","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"woonden","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on Hoofden","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of Afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"apposition to Afdeeling","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"links Afdeeling to uitgestrekt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitgestrekt","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"uitgestrekt","lemma":"uitgestrekt","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"extensive"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of heen-en weerreizen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onnoodig","lemma":"onnodig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter singular","role":"modifies heen-en weerreizen","gloss":"needless","note":"Old spelling of onnodig."},{"surface":"heen-en","lemma":"heen-en","morphology":"first element of compound noun","role":"combines with weerreizen","gloss":"there and"},{"surface":"weerreizen","lemma":"heen-en-weerreizen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of besparen","gloss":"back journey","note":"The source splits heen-en-weerreizen across two tokens."},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of first alternative","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"besparen","lemma":"besparen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilde","gloss":"to spare"},{"surface":"hetzyd-i","lemma":"hetzij dat hij","morphology":"correlative conjunction with contracted complementizer and pronoun","role":"introduces second alternative with wenschte","gloss":"or whether he","note":"The printed form compresses hetzij dat hij into one token."},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of second alternative","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"terstond","lemma":"terstond","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toetespreken","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links terstond and zonder phrase","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces infinitive aftewachten","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vastgestelden","lemma":"vastgesteld","morphology":"past participial adjective, attributive","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aftewachten","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"aftewachten","lemma":"afwachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"awaiting","note":"Old fused spelling of af te wachten."},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative plural","role":"direct object of toetespreken","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wyze","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"plechtige","lemma":"plechtig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies wyze","gloss":"solemn"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"toetespreken","lemma":"toespreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wenschte","gloss":"to address","note":"Old fused spelling of toe te spreken."},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of had bepaald","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of bepaald","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of Sebah-dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eersten","lemma":"eerste","morphology":"ordinal adjective, attributive","role":"modifies Sebah-dag","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"Sebah-dag","lemma":"Sebah-dag","morphology":"compound noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bepaald","gloss":"Sebah-day"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking morgen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of morgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies morgen","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"bepaald","lemma":"bepalen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle of final main clause","gloss":"fixed"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"h8-s4","source":"Links voor zyn woning, doch op 'tzelfde \"erf\" en tegenover 't huis dat mevrouw Slotering bewoonde, stond een gebouw dat gedeeltelyk de bureaux der adsistent-residentie bevatte, waartoe tevens de landskas behoorde, en gedeeltelyk bestond in een vry ruime open galery, die een zeer goede gelegenheid tot zulk een vergadering aanbood.","translation":"To the left of his residence, but on the same \"yard\" and facing the house that Mevrouw Slotering occupied, stood a building that partly contained the offices of the assistant-residency — to which the public treasury also belonged — and partly consisted of a fairly spacious open gallery, which offered a very good place for such a meeting.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s4.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een gebouw dat gedeeltelyk de bureaux ... bevatte","title":"Relative dat for a het-word","body":"dat (not die) relativizes the neuter het-word gebouw ('building'), and its verb bevatte goes to the clause end. The matching pattern recurs with die ... aanbood for the de-word galery."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de bureaux der adsistent-residentie ... waartoe ... de landskas behoorde","title":"Genitive der + pronominal adverb","body":"der is the feminine/plural genitive article ('of the'), a 1860 case form; waartoe ('to which') is a pronominal adverb relativizing tot. landskas ('public treasury') is a noun compound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Links","lemma":"links","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adjunct of stond","gloss":"to the left"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woning","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of woning","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"residence"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links locative phrases","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking erf","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"tzelfde","lemma":"hetzelfde","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the same","note":"Contracted form of hetzelfde."},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links locative phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tegenover","lemma":"tegenover","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the","note":"Contracted form of het."},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tegenover","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of bewoonde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mevrouw","lemma":"mevrouw","morphology":"title noun, singular","role":"title of Slotering","gloss":"Mevrouw"},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of bewoonde with mevrouw","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"bewoonde","lemma":"bewonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on huis","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of gebouw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gebouw","lemma":"gebouw","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"building"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of bevatte and bestond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gedeeltelyk","lemma":"gedeeltelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevatte","gloss":"partly","note":"Old spelling of gedeeltelijk."},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bureaux","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bureaux","lemma":"bureau","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bevatte","gloss":"offices"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"genitive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-residentie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"adsistent-residentie","lemma":"assistent-residentie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of bureaux","gloss":"assistant-residency"},{"surface":"bevatte","lemma":"bevatten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb of relative clause on gebouw","gloss":"contained"},{"surface":"waartoe","lemma":"waartoe","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of behoorde","gloss":"to which"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behoorde","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of landskas","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landskas","lemma":"landskas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of behoorde","gloss":"public treasury"},{"surface":"behoorde","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on adsistent-residentie","gloss":"belonged"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links bevatte and bestond","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gedeeltelyk","lemma":"gedeeltelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestond","gloss":"partly"},{"surface":"bestond","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"second verb of relative clause on gebouw","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking galery","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of galery","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vry","lemma":"vrij","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies ruime","gloss":"fairly"},{"surface":"ruime","lemma":"ruim","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies galery","gloss":"spacious"},{"surface":"open","lemma":"open","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies galery","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"galery","lemma":"galerie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"gallery"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of aanbood","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goede","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular","role":"modifies gelegenheid","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanbood","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vergadering","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zulk","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vergadering","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner, singular","role":"determiner of vergadering","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vergadering","lemma":"vergadering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"meeting"},{"surface":"aanbood","lemma":"aanbieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on galery","gloss":"offered"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"h8-s5","source":"Daar waren dan ook den volgenden morgen de Hoofden vroegtydig vereenigd.","translation":"There, accordingly, the chiefs were assembled early the next morning.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s5.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar waren dan ook ... de Hoofden vroegtydig vereenigd","title":"Fronted adverb + passive/state","body":"The fronted Daar ('there') forces V2 inversion (waren before the subject). vereenigd ('assembled', participle of vereenigen) with waren gives a resulting-state reading. dan ook ≈ 'accordingly'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial of place modifying waren","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking Hoofden to vereenigd","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, modifying waren","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, modifying waren","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of morgen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volgenden","lemma":"volgend","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, inflected","role":"modifies morgen","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of waren","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of waren vereenigd","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"vroegtydig","lemma":"vroegtijdig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vereenigd","gloss":"early"},{"surface":"vereenigd","lemma":"verenigen","morphology":"adjective, predicative, participial","role":"subject complement of waren","gloss":"assembled"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"h8-s6","source":"Havelaar trad binnen, groette, en nam plaats.","translation":"Havelaar stepped in, greeted them, and took his seat.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar trad binnen, groette, en nam plaats","title":"Separable binnentreden + plaatsnemen","body":"Two separable verbs in a row: binnentreden splits (binnen to the end of trad binnen), and plaatsnemen ('to take a seat') splits as nam ... plaats. trad and nam are strong-verb pasts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of trad, groette, and nam","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"trad","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb with binnen","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of trad binnen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"groette","lemma":"groeten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with trad and nam","gloss":"greeted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links groette and nam","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with trad and groette","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nam in plaats nemen","gloss":"a seat","note":"Plaats nemen is the idiom “to take a seat.”"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"h8-s7","source":"Hy ontving de geschreven maandelyksche berichten over landbouw, veestapel, politie, en justitie, en legde die tot nader onderzoek ter-zyde.","translation":"He received the written monthly reports on agriculture, livestock, police, and justice, and laid them aside for closer examination.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"legde die tot nader onderzoek ter-zyde","title":"Separable terzijdeleggen","body":"terzijdeleggen ('to lay aside') is separable, sending ter-zyde to the clause end. die here is a demonstrative object pronoun standing for the reports. nader is a comparative ('closer')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"maandelyksche berichten over landbouw, veestapel","title":"Bureaucratic vocabulary","body":"maandelyksche ('monthly', 1860 -sche spelling) berichten are official reports; veestapel ('livestock', literally 'cattle-stock') is a compound noun typical of administrative Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ontving and legde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of berichten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies berichten","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"maandelyksche","lemma":"maandelijks","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural, inflected","role":"modifies berichten","gloss":"monthly"},{"surface":"berichten","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of berichten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"landbouw","lemma":"landbouw","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"agriculture"},{"surface":"veestapel","lemma":"veestapel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated object of over","gloss":"livestock"},{"surface":"politie","lemma":"politie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated object of over","gloss":"police"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links politie and justitie","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"justitie","lemma":"justitie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated object of over","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links ontving and legde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"legde","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, plural","role":"direct object of legde, referring to berichten","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose complement of legde","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"nader","lemma":"nader","morphology":"adjective, attributive, neuter singular, inflected","role":"modifies onderzoek","gloss":"closer"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"examination"},{"surface":"ter-zyde","lemma":"terzijde","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of legde terzijde","gloss":"aside"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"h8-s8","source":"Ieder verwachtte hierop een toespraak als die welke de resident op den vorigen dag had gehouden, en het is niet geheel-en-al zeker dat Havelaar zelf van voornemen was iets anders te zeggen, doch men moest hem by zulke gelegenheden gehoord en gezien hebben om zich voortestellen hoe hy, by toespraken als deze, zich opwond en door zyn eigenaardige wyze van spreken aan de bekendste zaken een nieuwe kleur meedeelde, hoe zich dan zyn houding oprichtte, hoe zyn blik vuur schoot, hoe zyn stem van 't vleiend zachte in 't vlymend scherpe overging, hoe de beelden van zyn lippen vloeiden als strooide hy iets kostbaars om zich heen dat toch hèm niets kostte, en hoe, als hy ophield, ieder hem aanstaarde met open mond als om te vragen: \"myn God, wie zyt ge?\"","translation":"Everyone expected an address like the one the resident had delivered the day before, and it is not altogether certain that Havelaar himself had intended to say anything different; yet one must have heard and seen him on such occasions to picture how he, in addresses like this, worked himself up and, by his peculiar manner of speaking, gave a fresh color to the most familiar matters; how his bearing then drew itself up, how his glance shot fire, how his voice passed from the flatteringly soft into the cuttingly sharp, how the images flowed from his lips as though he were scattering something precious about him that yet cost him nothing — and how, when he fell silent, everyone stared at him open-mouthed, as if to ask: \"my God, who are you?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een toespraak als die welke de resident ... had gehouden","title":"Formal relative welke","body":"als die welke ('like the one which') stacks a demonstrative die with the heavier formal relative welke — a deliberately weighty, period-formal construction. had gehouden is the pluperfect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"men moest hem ... gehoord en gezien hebben","title":"Modal perfect 'must have'","body":"moest + the perfect infinitive gehoord en gezien hebben expresses 'one must have heard and seen him' — a modal of inference over a past event, with the participles preceding hebben at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoe zyn stem van 't vleiend zachte in 't vlymend scherpe overging","title":"Present participle as adjective","body":"vleiend ('flattering') and vlymend ('cutting') are present participles (-end) used adjectivally, nominalized here as 't ... zachte / 't ... scherpe. overging is the strong past of separable overgaan."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, singular","role":"subject of verwachtte","gloss":"Everyone"},{"surface":"verwachtte","lemma":"verwachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"expected"},{"surface":"hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"adverb, pronominal","role":"temporal adverbial modifying verwachtte","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of toespraak","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"toespraak","lemma":"toespraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verwachtte","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces comparison modifying toespraak","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, singular","role":"object of comparison, standing for toespraak","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"welke","lemma":"welk","morphology":"pronoun, relative, singular","role":"direct object of had gehouden","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of had gehouden","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces temporal complement of had gehouden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic inflection","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorigen","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, inflected","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehouden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"verb of relative clause modifying die","gloss":"delivered"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links verwachtte and is","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, personal, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of is zeker","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to zeker","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is zeker","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geheel-en-al","lemma":"geheel en al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeker","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of is zeker","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"pronoun, emphatic","role":"emphasizes Havelaar","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of van voornemen zijn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van in van voornemen zijn","gloss":"intention"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of van voornemen zijn","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb used postpositively","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of van voornemen was","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links preceding clause to men moest","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, singular","role":"subject of moest hebben","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal governing gehoord and gezien hebben","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of gehoord and gezien","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces circumstantial complement of gehoord and gezien","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative, plural","role":"determiner of gelegenheden","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"gelegenheden","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"occasions"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"complement of moest hebben","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links gehoord and gezien","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated with gehoord","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gehoord and gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause with voortestellen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, third person","role":"reflexive object of voortestellen","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"voortestellen","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive, historical closed spelling","role":"verb of purpose clause introduced by om","gloss":"picture"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces complement clause of voortestellen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of opwond and meedeelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces circumstantial complement of opwond","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"toespraken","lemma":"toespraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of bij","gloss":"addresses"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces comparison modifying toespraken","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"pronoun, demonstrative, singular","role":"object of comparison, standing for toespraak","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, third person","role":"reflexive object of opwond","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"opwond","lemma":"opwinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"first verb of hoe-clause","gloss":"worked up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links opwond and meedeelde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means complement of meedeelde","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"determiner, possessive, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of wyze","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigenaardige","lemma":"eigenaardig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular, inflected","role":"modifies wyze","gloss":"peculiar"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of wyze","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive used nominally","role":"object of van","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces indirect object of meedeelde","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bekendste","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective, superlative, attributive, plural","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"most familiar"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of kleur","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular, inflected","role":"modifies kleur","gloss":"fresh"},{"surface":"kleur","lemma":"kleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of meedeelde","gloss":"color"},{"surface":"meedeelde","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with opwond","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces coordinated complement clause of voortestellen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, third person","role":"reflexive object of oprichtte","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies oprichtte","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"determiner, possessive, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of houding","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"houding","lemma":"houding","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of oprichtte","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"oprichtte","lemma":"oprichten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of hoe-clause","gloss":"drew up"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces coordinated complement clause of voortestellen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"determiner, possessive, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of blik","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of schoot","gloss":"glance"},{"surface":"vuur","lemma":"vuur","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schoot","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"schoot","lemma":"schieten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of hoe-clause","gloss":"shot"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces coordinated complement clause of voortestellen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"determiner, possessive, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of stem","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"stem","lemma":"stem","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of overging","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement of overging","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular, elided","role":"nominalizes zachte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vleiend","lemma":"vleiend","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zachte","gloss":"flatteringly"},{"surface":"zachte","lemma":"zacht","morphology":"adjective, nominalized, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces goal complement of overging","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular, elided","role":"nominalizes scherpe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vlymend","lemma":"vlijmend","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies scherpe","gloss":"cuttingly"},{"surface":"scherpe","lemma":"scherp","morphology":"adjective, nominalized, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"overging","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of hoe-clause","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces coordinated complement clause of voortestellen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, plural","role":"determiner of beelden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"beelden","lemma":"beeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of vloeiden","gloss":"images"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source complement of vloeiden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"determiner, possessive, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of lippen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"lippen","lemma":"lip","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"lips"},{"surface":"vloeiden","lemma":"vloeien","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of hoe-clause","gloss":"flowed"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces hypothetical comparison clause","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"strooide","lemma":"strooien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of hypothetical comparison clause","gloss":"were scattering"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of strooide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite","role":"direct object of strooide","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"kostbaars","lemma":"kostbaar","morphology":"adjective, nominalized, neuter singular, partitive inflection","role":"postpositive modifier of iets","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of circumposition om zich heen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive, third person","role":"object within om zich heen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"postposition","role":"completes circumposition om zich heen","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun, relative, neuter singular","role":"subject of kostte, referring to iets kostbaars","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"marks contrast in relative clause","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"hèm","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, dative, emphatic","role":"indirect object of kostte","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite","role":"direct object of kostte","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"kostte","lemma":"kosten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying iets kostbaars","gloss":"cost"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links final hoe-clause to preceding hoe-clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces final coordinated complement clause of voortestellen","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of ophield","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ophield","lemma":"ophouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"fell silent"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun, indefinite, singular","role":"subject of aanstaarde","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, accusative","role":"direct object of aanstaarde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"aanstaarde","lemma":"aanstaren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of final hoe-clause","gloss":"stared at"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner complement of aanstaarde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"open","lemma":"open","morphology":"adjective, attributive, singular, uninflected","role":"modifies mond","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"mond","lemma":"mond","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison of purpose","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitival purpose clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vragen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of infinitival purpose clause","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"determiner, possessive, first person singular","role":"possessive determiner of God","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, masculine, singular","role":"vocative in quoted question","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative","role":"subject complement of zyt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular, archaic","role":"copula linking ge to wie","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, second person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zyt","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"h8-s9","source":"Het is waar dat hyzelf, die by zulke gelegenheid sprak als een apostel, als een ziener, later niet juist wist hoe hy gesproken had, en zyn welsprekendheid had dan ook meer de eigenschap van te verbazen en te treffen, dan door bondigheid van redeneering te overtuigen.","translation":"It is true that he himself, who on such an occasion spoke like an apostle, like a seer, afterward did not quite know how he had spoken, and his eloquence had, in fact, more the property of astonishing and striking than of convincing through soundness of reasoning.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ... sprak als een apostel ... later niet juist wist","title":"Relative die in a long clause","body":"die relativizes hyzelf ('he himself') and governs a long verb-final clause; the finite verbs sprak and wist sit at its boundaries. hyzelf joins hy + zelf emphatically."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ... meer de eigenschap van te verbazen en te treffen","title":"te + infinitive after a noun","body":"The noun eigenschap ('property, quality') governs a van + te-infinitive complement: 'the quality of astonishing and striking'. Two te-infinitives are coordinated with en."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, personal, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of is waar","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces subject clause of is waar","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative, emphatic","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun, relative, singular","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces circumstantial complement of sprak","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner, demonstrative, singular","role":"determiner of gelegenheid","gloss":"such an"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying hyzelf","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces comparison modifying sprak","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of apostel","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"apostel","lemma":"apostel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison with als","gloss":"apostle"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces coordinated comparison modifying sprak","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner, indefinite, singular","role":"determiner of ziener","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ziener","lemma":"ziener","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of comparison with als","gloss":"seer"},{"surface":"later","lemma":"later","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist under negation","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first dat-clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces interrogative complement of wist","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, personal, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of had gesproken","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of complement clause with had","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links hyzelf wist and welsprekendheid had","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"determiner, possessive, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of welsprekendheid","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"welsprekendheid","lemma":"welsprekendheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"eloquence"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of second coordinated dat-clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, modifying had","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of dan ook, modifying had","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies had in comparison with dan","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, singular","role":"determiner of eigenschap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eigenschap","lemma":"eigenschap","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of eigenschap","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive verbazen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verbazen","lemma":"verbazen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of eigenschap van","gloss":"astonish"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links verbazen and treffen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive treffen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"treffen","lemma":"treffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with verbazen","gloss":"strike"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction of comparison","role":"introduces second term of comparison with meer","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means complement of overtuigen","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"bondigheid","lemma":"bondigheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"cogency"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of bondigheid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"redeneering","lemma":"redenering","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive overtuigen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"overtuigen","lemma":"overtuigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"second term of comparison introduced by dan","gloss":"convince"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"h8-s10","source":"Hy zou den krygslust der Atheners, zoodra tot den oorlog tegen Philippus besloten was, tot dolzinnigheid hebben kunnen aanvuren, maar minder goed waarschynlyk zou hy geslaagd zyn, als zyn taak geweest ware hen door redeneering tot dien oorlog te bewegen.","translation":"He could have fired the war-spirit of the Athenians to a frenzy once the war against Philip had been resolved upon, but less well, in all likelihood, would he have succeeded had his task been to move them to that war by reasoning.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy zou den krygslust ... tot dolzinnigheid hebben kunnen aanvuren","title":"Conditional perfect with a modal","body":"zou ... hebben kunnen aanvuren stacks the conditional zou, the perfect auxiliary hebben, the modal kunnen, and the main infinitive aanvuren — 'could have fired up' — a four-verb cluster at the clause end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als zyn taak geweest ware","title":"Past subjunctive ware","body":"ware is the past subjunctive of zijn ('had been / were'), an archaic mood form used in counterfactual conditions, here 'had his task been'. The verb sits at the end of the als-clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of aanvuren","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of hebben kunnen aanvuren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of krygslust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"krygslust","lemma":"krijgslust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanvuren","gloss":"war-spirit"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of Atheners","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Atheners","lemma":"Athener","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of krygslust","gloss":"Athenians"},{"surface":"zoodra","lemma":"zodra","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of besloten was","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorlog","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of oorlog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorlog","lemma":"oorlog","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of besloten","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Philippus","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Philippus","lemma":"Philippus","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"prepositional complement modifying oorlog","gloss":"Philip"},{"surface":"besloten","lemma":"besluiten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of besloten","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dolzinnigheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dolzinnigheid","lemma":"dolzinnigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"result complement of aanvuren","gloss":"frenzy"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of aanvuren","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of aanvuren","gloss":"been able to"},{"surface":"aanvuren","lemma":"aanvuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the contrasting main clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"minder","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies goed","gloss":"less"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geslaagd","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"waarschynlyk","lemma":"waarschijnlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying zou geslaagd zijn","gloss":"in all likelihood"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of geslaagd zijn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of geslaagd zijn","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geslaagd","lemma":"slagen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"succeeded"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of geslaagd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of ware","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of taak","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"taak","lemma":"taak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geweest ware","gloss":"task"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main predicate with ware","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"subjunctive auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person plural","role":"direct object of bewegen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking redeneering","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"redeneering","lemma":"redenering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of bewegen","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oorlog","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of oorlog","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"oorlog","lemma":"oorlog","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of bewegen","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces bewegen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewegen","lemma":"bewegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"predicative infinitival complement of taak","gloss":"move"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"h8-s11","source":"Zyn aanspraak tot de Lebaksche hoofden was natuurlyk in 't maleisch, en ontleende hieraan een eigenaardigheid temeer, daar de eenvoudigheid der oostersche talen aan veel uitdrukkingen een kracht verleent, die in ònze idiomen door litterarische gekunsteldheid is verloren gegaan, terwyl aan den anderen kant het zoetvloeiende van 't maleisch moeielyk in eenige andere taal is weertegeven.","translation":"His address to the chiefs of Lebak was naturally in Malay, and drew from this a peculiarity all its own, since the simplicity of the Eastern tongues lends to many expressions a force that in our own idioms has been lost through literary artifice, while on the other hand the mellifluous quality of Malay is hard to render in any other language.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ontleende hieraan een eigenaardigheid temeer, daar de eenvoudigheid ... verleent","title":"Causal daar + pronominal adverb hieraan","body":"daar here is a subordinating conjunction meaning 'since/because', sending its clause's verb (verleent) to the end. hieraan ('from this') is a pronominal adverb. der oostersche talen is a genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die in ònze idiomen ... is verloren gegaan","title":"Perfect of zijn-verb verloren gaan","body":"verloren gaan ('to be lost') takes zijn as its perfect auxiliary: is verloren gegaan, 'has been lost'. The stressed ònze ('our') is contrasted with the Eastern tongues."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of aanspraak","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"aanspraak","lemma":"aanspraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was and ontleende","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies hoofden","gloss":"of Lebak"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"prepositional complement modifying aanspraak","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking aanspraak to in het Maleis","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"naturally"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maleisch","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of maleisch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maleisch","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional complement of was","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links was and ontleende","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ontleende","lemma":"ontlenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"second main verb with subject aanspraak","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"hieraan","lemma":"hieraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of ontleende","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of eigenaardigheid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eigenaardigheid","lemma":"eigenaardigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontleende","gloss":"peculiarity"},{"surface":"temeer","lemma":"te meer","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"postpositive modifier of eigenaardigheid","gloss":"additional"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of verleent","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eenvoudigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eenvoudigheid","lemma":"eenvoudigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verleent","gloss":"simplicity"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of talen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"oostersche","lemma":"oosters","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies talen","gloss":"Eastern"},{"surface":"talen","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of eenvoudigheid","gloss":"tongues"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the indirect object uitdrukkingen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of uitdrukkingen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"uitdrukkingen","lemma":"uitdrukking","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"indirect object of verleent","gloss":"expressions"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verleent","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"verleent","lemma":"verlenen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"lends"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verloren is gegaan; antecedent kracht","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking idiomen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ònze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural, emphatic","role":"possessor of idiomen","gloss":"our own"},{"surface":"idiomen","lemma":"idioom","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"prepositional complement of verloren is gegaan","gloss":"idioms"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gekunsteldheid","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"litterarische","lemma":"literarisch","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies gekunsteldheid","gloss":"literary"},{"surface":"gekunsteldheid","lemma":"gekunsteldheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of verloren is gegaan","gloss":"artifice"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of verloren gegaan","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"verloren","lemma":"verliezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"first element of verloren gaan","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb in the idiom verloren gaan","gloss":"gone","note":"Verloren gaan is an idiom meaning “to be lost.”"},{"surface":"terwyl","lemma":"terwijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause of is weertegeven","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of aan den anderen kant","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of kant","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies kant","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement in aan den anderen kant","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"nominalizes zoetvloeiende","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoetvloeiende","lemma":"zoetvloeiend","morphology":"nominalized adjective, singular","role":"subject of is weertegeven","gloss":"mellifluous quality"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maleisch","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, contracted","role":"determiner of maleisch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maleisch","lemma":"Maleis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional complement modifying zoetvloeiende","gloss":"Malay"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking taal","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of taal","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies taal","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of weertegeven","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula in is weertegeven","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"weertegeven","lemma":"weergeven","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive with historically fused spelling","role":"infinitival complement of moeilijk","gloss":"to render","note":"Historically written together here; modern Dutch writes the infinitive as weer te geven in this construction."}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"h8-s12","source":"Men bedenke bovendien, dat het meerendeel zyner hoorders uit eenvoudige, doch geenszins domme menschen bestond, en tevens dat het Oosterlingen waren, wier indrukken zeer verschillen van de onze.","translation":"Let one consider, moreover, that the greater part of his listeners were simple yet by no means stupid men, and likewise that they were Easterners, whose impressions differ greatly from our own.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s12.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men bedenke ... dat het meerendeel ... bestond","title":"Hortative subjunctive bedenke","body":"bedenke is the present-subjunctive 'let one consider', an archaic exhortative formed with -e and no -t. The dat-clause that follows is verb-final (bestond ... at the end)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het meerendeel zyner hoorders","title":"Genitive zyner","body":"zyner is an inflected genitive possessive ('of his'), a 1860 form replaced today by van zijn. wier later in the sentence is the genitive relative 'whose'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, indefinite","role":"subject of bedenke","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"bedenke","lemma":"bedenken","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"consider","note":"The present subjunctive bedenke gives an exhortation: “let one consider.”"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedenke","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first object clause of bedenke","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of meerendeel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meerendeel","lemma":"merendeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bestond","gloss":"greater part"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of hoorders","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"hoorders","lemma":"hoorder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of meerendeel","gloss":"listeners"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menschen in bestaan uit","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"eenvoudige","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links eenvoudige and domme contrastively","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"geenszins","lemma":"geenszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies domme","gloss":"by no means"},{"surface":"domme","lemma":"dom","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"stupid"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"prepositional complement of bestond","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"bestond","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first object clause","gloss":"consisted"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two object clauses of bedenke","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tevens","lemma":"tevens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedenke and the second object clause","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second object clause of bedenke","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of waren, referring to the listeners","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"Oosterlingen","lemma":"Oosterling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject complement of waren","gloss":"Easterners"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking het to Oosterlingen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"wier","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative possessive determiner","role":"possessor of indrukken; antecedent Oosterlingen","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"indrukken","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of verschillen","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verschillen","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"verschillen","lemma":"verschillen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"differ"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onze","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"nominalizes onze","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"nominalized possessive pronoun, first person plural","role":"prepositional complement of verschillen","gloss":"our own"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"h8-s13","source":"Havelaar moet nagenoeg aldus gesproken hebben:","translation":"Havelaar must have spoken more or less as follows:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar moet nagenoeg aldus gesproken hebben","title":"Modal of inference + perfect infinitive","body":"moet ... gesproken hebben is 'must have spoken' — the modal moeten plus a perfect infinitive expressing inference about the past. aldus ('thus') is a literary connector."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of gesproken hebben","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of gesproken hebben","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"nagenoeg","lemma":"nagenoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aldus","gloss":"more or less"},{"surface":"aldus","lemma":"aldus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken","gloss":"as follows"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"h8-s14","source":"Mynheer de Radhen Adhipatti, Regent van Bantan-Kidoel, en gy, Radhens Dhemang die Hoofden zyt der distrikten in deze Afdeeling, en gy, Radhen Djaksa die de justitie tot uw ambt hebt, en ook gy, Radhen Kliwon die gezag voert op de hoofdplaats, en gy Radhens, Mantries, en allen die Hoofden zyt in de afdeeling Bantan-Kidoel, ik groet u!","translation":"Mynheer the Radhen Adhipatti, Regent of Bantan-Kidoel, and you, Radhens Dhemang who are chiefs of the districts in this District, and you, Radhen Djaksa who hold justice as your office, and you too, Radhen Kliwon who exercise authority in the chief town, and you, Radhens, Mantries, and all who are chiefs in the district of Bantan-Kidoel, I greet you!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gy, Radhens Dhemang die Hoofden zyt ... ik groet u!","title":"Archaic pronoun gy / u","body":"gy is the solemn second-person pronoun of 1860 (modern jij/u), taking the verb form zyt ('are'); the object form is u. Havelaar's whole oration uses this elevated, biblical register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative title for the Regent","gloss":"Sir"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Radhen Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Radhen","lemma":"raden","morphology":"title noun, singular","role":"first part of the title Radhen Adhipatti","gloss":"nobleman"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"adipati","morphology":"title noun, singular","role":"second part of the title Radhen Adhipatti","gloss":"regent"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to Radhen Adhipatti","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantan-Kidoel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantan-Kidoel","lemma":"Bantan-Kidoel","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"prepositional complement modifying Regent","gloss":"Bantan-Kidoel"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the vocative groups","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person plural","role":"head of the second vocative group","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Radhens","lemma":"raden","morphology":"title noun, plural","role":"apposition to gy","gloss":"noblemen"},{"surface":"Dhemang","lemma":"demang","morphology":"title noun, singular","role":"apposition specifying Radhens","gloss":"district chief"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zyt; antecedent gy Radhens Dhemang","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject complement of zyt","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second person plural","role":"copula linking die to Hoofden","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of distrikten","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"distrikten","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of Hoofden","gloss":"districts"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Afdeeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Afdeeling","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement modifying distrikten","gloss":"District"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the vocative groups","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"head of the third vocative group","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Radhen","lemma":"raden","morphology":"title noun, singular","role":"apposition to gy","gloss":"nobleman"},{"surface":"Djaksa","lemma":"jaksa","morphology":"title noun, singular","role":"apposition specifying Radhen","gloss":"prosecutor"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hebt; antecedent gy Radhen Djaksa","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of justitie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"justitie","lemma":"justitie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebt","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ambt as a predicative complement","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person","role":"possessor of ambt","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ambt","lemma":"ambt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of hebt","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the vocative groups","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses gy","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"head of the fourth vocative group","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Radhen","lemma":"raden","morphology":"title noun, singular","role":"apposition to gy","gloss":"nobleman"},{"surface":"Kliwon","lemma":"kliwon","morphology":"title noun, singular","role":"apposition specifying Radhen","gloss":"senior official"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of voert; antecedent gy Radhen Kliwon","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of voert","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"voert","lemma":"voeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"exercise"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdplaats","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement of voert","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the vocative groups","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person plural","role":"head of the final vocative group","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Radhens","lemma":"raden","morphology":"title noun, plural","role":"apposition to gy","gloss":"noblemen"},{"surface":"Mantries","lemma":"mantri","morphology":"title noun, plural","role":"apposition to gy coordinated with Radhens","gloss":"officials"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Radhens and Mantries with allen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"apposition to gy","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zyt; antecedent allen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject complement of zyt","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"zyt","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second person plural","role":"copula linking die to Hoofden","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afdeeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement modifying Hoofden","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"Bantan-Kidoel","lemma":"Bantan-Kidoel","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"apposition to afdeeling","gloss":"Bantan-Kidoel"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of groet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"groet","lemma":"groeten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"greet"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, second person","role":"direct object of groet","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"h8-s15","source":"En ik zeg u dat ik vreugde voel in myn hart, nu ik hier u allen vergaderd zie, luisterende naar de woorden van myn mond.","translation":"And I tell you that I feel joy in my heart, now that I see you all gathered here, listening to the words of my mouth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s15.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"nu ik hier u allen vergaderd zie, luisterende naar de woorden","title":"Present participle luisterende","body":"luisterende ('listening') is the present participle used adverbially to describe the chiefs. nu functions as 'now that', a subordinating link sending zie to the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding speech","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative, second person","role":"indirect object of zeg","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of zeg","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of voel","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vreugde","lemma":"vreugde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of voel","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"voel","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the object clause","gloss":"feel"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hart","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessor of hart","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"prepositional complement of voel","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of zie","gloss":"now that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zie","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, second person","role":"direct object of zie","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"apposition to u","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"vergaderd","lemma":"vergaderen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"object complement of u allen with zie","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"luisterende","lemma":"luisteren","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial modifier of u allen","gloss":"listening"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woorden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"prepositional complement of luisterende","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mond","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessor of mond","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"mond","lemma":"mond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"prepositional complement modifying woorden","gloss":"mouth"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"h8-s16","source":"Ik weet dat er onder u lieden zyn, die uitsteken in kennis en in braafheid van hart: ik hoop myn kennis door de uwe te vermeerderen, want zy is niet zoo groot als ik wenschte. En ik heb wel de braafheid lief, maar dikwyls bespeur ik dat er in myn gemoed fouten zyn, die de braafheid overschaduwen en daaraan den groei benemen ... gy allen weet hoe de groote boom den kleinen verdringt en doodt.","translation":"I know that there are among you men who excel in knowledge and in goodness of heart: I hope to increase my knowledge by means of yours, for it is not so great as I could wish. And though I do love goodness, yet often I perceive that there are faults in my soul which overshadow that goodness and rob it of its growth ... you all know how the great tree crowds out the small one and kills it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er onder u lieden zyn, die uitsteken","title":"Existential er + relative die","body":"er ... zyn is the existential 'there are', and die relativizes the implied antecedent 'men among you'. u lieden is the older expanded 'you people' (source of modern jullie)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb wel de braafheid lief","title":"Separable liefhebben","body":"liefhebben ('to love') is separable; lief stands at the clause end while heb is second. wel here is an affirmative particle ('indeed'), setting up the maar contrast. braafheid means 'goodness/integrity', not 'bravery'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"fouten ... die de braafheid overschaduwen en daaraan den groei benemen","title":"Relative die + pronominal adverb daaraan","body":"die relativizes the plural fouten and governs a verb-final clause; daaraan ('from it') is a pronominal adverb, and den groei keeps the case-remnant den."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential er ... zijn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"object of onder","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the existential clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of uitsteken","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"uitsteken","lemma":"uitsteken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying lieden","gloss":"excel"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kennis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking braafheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"braafheid","lemma":"braafheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in, coordinated with kennis","gloss":"goodness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hart","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van, modifying braafheid","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoop","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kennis","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"kennis","lemma":"kennis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vermeerderen","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks means: de uwe","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner in the nominalized phrase de uwe","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive pronoun, nominalized","role":"object of door; stands for uw kennis","gloss":"yours"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vermeerderen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vermeerderen","lemma":"vermeerderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hoop","gloss":"increase"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a clause giving the reason","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of is; refers to kennis","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking zij to groot","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groot","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies groot","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause ik wenste","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wenste","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of elliptical comparative clause","gloss":"could wish"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the next sentence","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb ... lief","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of idiom liefhebben","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"emphasizes heb ... lief in concessive contrast","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of braafheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"braafheid","lemma":"braafheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb ... lief","gloss":"goodness"},{"surface":"lief","lemma":"lief","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of heb ... lief","gloss":"love","note":"Hebben ... lief is the separated form of liefhebben, “to love.”"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bespeur","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"bespeur","lemma":"bespeuren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of contrasting clause","gloss":"perceive"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bespeur","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of bespeur","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential er ... zijn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gemoed","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of gemoed","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"gemoed","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"fouten","lemma":"fout","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"faults"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of existential clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of overschaduwen and benemen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of braafheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"braafheid","lemma":"braafheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of overschaduwen","gloss":"goodness"},{"surface":"overschaduwen","lemma":"overschaduwen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying fouten","gloss":"overshadow"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daaraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"indirect object of benemen; refers to braafheid","gloss":"from it"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of groei","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groei","lemma":"groei","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of benemen","gloss":"growth"},{"surface":"benemen","lemma":"benemen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated with overschaduwen","gloss":"rob"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, plural address","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"apposition to gy","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces object clause of weet","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies boom","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of verdringt","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of nominalized kleinen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, nominalized, masculine singular","role":"direct object of verdringt and doodt; stands for kleinen boom","gloss":"small one"},{"surface":"verdringt","lemma":"verdringen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of object clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"crowds out"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"doodt","lemma":"doden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with verdringt","gloss":"kills"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"h8-s17","source":"Daarom zal ik letten op degenen onder u, die uitstekend zyn in deugd, om te trachten beter te worden dan ik ben.","translation":"Therefore I shall heed those among you who are eminent in virtue, that I may strive to become better than I am.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"om te trachten beter te worden dan ik ben","title":"Purpose om ... te + comparative","body":"om ... te frames a purpose clause ('in order to try'), and trachten itself governs a further te worden. The comparative beter ... dan ('better than') uses dan for 'than'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies letten","gloss":"Therefore"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of letten","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of letten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"letten","lemma":"letten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"lexical verb governed by zal","gloss":"heed"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking degenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"degenen","lemma":"degene","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"object of onder","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"uitstekend","lemma":"uitstekend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of zijn","gloss":"eminent"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying degenen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking deugd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deugd","lemma":"deugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"virtue"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause om te trachten","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive trachten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"trachten","lemma":"trachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause modifying letten","gloss":"strive"},{"surface":"beter","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of worden","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"clausal complement of trachten","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause ik ben","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of comparative clause","gloss":"am"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"h8-s18","source":"Ik groet u allen zeer.","translation":"I greet you all most warmly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of groet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"groet","lemma":"groeten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"greet"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of groet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"apposition to u","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groet","gloss":"most warmly"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"h8-s19","source":"Toen de Gouverneur-generaal my gelastte tot u te gaan om adsistent-resident te zyn in deze afdeeling, was myn hart verheugd.","translation":"When the Governor-General charged me to go to you, to be assistant-resident in this district, my heart was glad.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen de Gouverneur-generaal my gelastte ... was myn hart verheugd","title":"Fronted toen-clause triggers inversion","body":"The subordinate toen-clause ('when the Governor-General charged me') fills the first slot, so the main clause inverts: was comes before its subject myn hart. te gaan is the te-infinitive complement of gelasten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause ending gelastte","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of gelastte","gloss":"Governor-General"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gelastte","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gelastte","lemma":"gelasten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of temporal clause","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, oblique","role":"object of tot","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive gaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"object complement governed by gelastte","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause om ... te zijn","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of zijn","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of purpose clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afdeeling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of afdeeling","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hart to verheugd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"verheugd","lemma":"verheugd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"glad"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"h8-s20","source":"Het kan u bekend zyn dat ik nooit Bantan-Kidoel had betreden. Ik liet my dus geschriften geven, die over uwe afdeeling handelen, en heb gezien dat er veel goeds is in Bantan-Kidoel.","translation":"It may be known to you that I had never set foot in Bantan-Kidoel. I therefore had documents brought to me that deal with your district, and I have seen that there is much that is good in Bantan-Kidoel.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ik nooit Bantan-Kidoel had betreden","title":"Negative nooit + pluperfect","body":"nooit ('never') is the single negative of the dat-clause (Dutch forbids double negation); had betreden is the pluperfect 'had set foot in', verb-final after dat."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik liet my dus geschriften geven","title":"Causative laten","body":"laten + a bare infinitive (geven) is causative: 'I had documents given to me'. The reflexive-like my is the recipient. The bare infinitive takes no te after laten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"anticipatory pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject; points ahead to the dat-clause","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing zijn","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of bekend","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of zijn","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause complementing bekend","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of betreden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies betreden","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"Bantan-Kidoel","lemma":"Bantan-Kidoel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of betreden","gloss":"Bantan-Kidoel"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of betreden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"betreden","lemma":"betreden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb governed by had","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite causative verb","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative","role":"recipient of geven","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies liet ... geven","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"geschriften","lemma":"geschrift","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"documents"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement governed by liet","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of handelen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afdeeling","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, inflected","role":"determiner of afdeling","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"handelen","lemma":"handelen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying geschriften","gloss":"deal"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates heb gezien with liet","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb governed by heb","gloss":"seen"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential er ... is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"goeds","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, nominalized, partitive genitive","role":"partitive complement of veel","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of object clause of gezien","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantan-Kidoel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Bantan-Kidoel","lemma":"Bantan-Kidoel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Bantan-Kidoel"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"h8-s21","source":"Uw volk bezit rystvelden in de dalen, en er zyn rystvelden op de bergen.","translation":"Your people possess rice-fields in the valleys, and there are rice-fields upon the mountains.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Uw volk bezit rystvelden ..., en er zyn rystvelden op de bergen","title":"Coordination en + existential er","body":"en is a coordinating conjunction joining two main clauses without sending any verb to the end; the second uses existential er zyn ('there are'). rystvelden ('rice-fields', 1860 ry- for rij-) is a compound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of volk","gloss":"Your"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of bezit","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"bezit","lemma":"bezitten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"possess"},{"surface":"rystvelden","lemma":"rijstveld","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"direct object of bezit","gloss":"rice fields"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dalen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dalen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dalen","lemma":"dal","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"valleys"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential er ... zijn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of existential clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"rystvelden","lemma":"rijstveld","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"rice fields"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bergen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bergen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bergen","lemma":"berg","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"mountains"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"h8-s22","source":"En ge wenscht in vrede te leven, en ge begeert niet te wonen in de landstreken die bewoond worden door anderen.","translation":"And you wish to live in peace, and you do not desire to dwell in the regions inhabited by others.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ge wenscht in vrede te leven, en ge begeert niet te wonen","title":"Archaic ge + te-infinitive","body":"ge is the clitic/literary form of gy ('you'), here governing te leven and te wonen. niet negates the verb te wonen ('do not desire to dwell')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de landstreken die bewoond worden door anderen","title":"worden-passive","body":"bewoond worden is the process passive: worden + the past participle bewoond ('are inhabited'), with the agent marked by door ('by others'). die relativizes the plural landstreken."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of leven","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wenst","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wenscht","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of first coordinated clause","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vrede","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vrede","lemma":"vrede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive leven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wenst","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begeert","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"begeert","lemma":"begeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of second coordinated clause","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates begeert te wonen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive wonen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wonen","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of begeert","gloss":"dwell"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landstreken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landstreken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landstreken","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of passive worden bewoond","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"bewoond","lemma":"bewonen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb in passive relative clause","gloss":"inhabited"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of bewoond","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking anderen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, nominalized, plural","role":"object of door; agent of passive","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"h8-s23","source":"Ja, ik weet dat er veel goeds is in Bantan-Kidoel!","translation":"Yes, I know that there is much that is good in Bantan-Kidoel!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s23.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse affirmation","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential er ... is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"goeds","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, nominalized, partitive genitive","role":"partitive complement of veel","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of object clause of weet","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantan-Kidoel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Bantan-Kidoel","lemma":"Bantan-Kidoel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Bantan-Kidoel"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"h8-s24","source":"Maar niet hierom alleen was myn hart verheugd. Want ook in andere streken zou ik veel goeds gevonden hebben.","translation":"But not for this reason alone was my heart glad. For in other regions too I should have found much that is good.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verheugd","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the phrase hierom alleen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"hierom","lemma":"hierom","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial reason modifying was verheugd","gloss":"for this reason"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"restricts hierom: for this reason alone","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking hart to verheugd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"verheugd","lemma":"verheugd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces clause giving an additional reason","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"modifies prepositional phrase in andere streken","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking streken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies streken","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, common gender plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gevonden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevonden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gevonden","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"goeds","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, nominalized, partitive genitive","role":"partitive complement of veel","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"gevonden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb governed by zou ... hebben","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary governed by zou","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"h8-s25","source":"Doch ik ontwaarde dat uwe bevolking arm is, en hierover was ik blyde in het binnenste myner ziel.","translation":"Yet I became aware that your population is poor, and over this I was glad in the innermost part of my soul.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hierover was ik blyde in het binnenste myner ziel","title":"Pronominal adverb hierover + genitive myner","body":"hierover ('over this') is a pronominal adverb fronted for emphasis, forcing inversion (was ik). myner ziel is a genitive ('of my soul'), a 1860 case form."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ik ontwaarde","title":"ontwaren — 'to become aware of'","body":"ontwaren is a literary verb meaning 'to perceive, become aware of', loftier than the everyday zien or merken — part of the elevated register of the speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ontwaarde","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontwaarde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ontwaarde","lemma":"ontwaren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"became aware"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of ontwaarde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking bevolking to arm","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hierover","lemma":"hierover","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of blyde","gloss":"over this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking ik to blyde","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of blyde","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"blyde","lemma":"blij","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"glad","note":"Historical spelling of modern blij."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the prepositional phrase modifying blyde","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, neuter singular","role":"determiner of binnenste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnenste","lemma":"binnenste","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, superlative used substantivally","role":"object of in","gloss":"innermost part"},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive singular","role":"possessive determiner of ziel","gloss":"of my"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the genitive phrase modifying binnenste","gloss":"soul"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"h8-s26","source":"Want ik weet dat Allah den arme liefheeft, en dat Hy rykdom geeft aan wien hy beproeven wil. Maar tot de armen zendt Hy wie zyn woord spreekt, opdat zy zich oprichten in hun ellende.","translation":"For I know that Allah loves the poor, and that He gives riches to whomever He would put to the test. But to the poor He sends those who speak His word, that they may rise up out of their misery.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s26.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy rykdom geeft aan wien hy beproeven wil","title":"Headless relative wien (dative)","body":"wien ('to whom') is a headless relative pronoun in the old dative case ('to whomever'); its clause is verb-final (beproeven wil). Frozen wie/wien distinctions survive in 1860 prose."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"opdat zy zich oprichten in hun ellende","title":"Purpose opdat + reflexive","body":"opdat ('so that') is a formal final conjunction sending its verb to the end; zich oprichten ('to raise themselves up') is reflexive. The clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of weet","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of liefheeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Allah","lemma":"Allah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of liefheeft","gloss":"Allah"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of arme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, singular, substantivized","role":"direct object of liefheeft","gloss":"poor person"},{"surface":"liefheeft","lemma":"liefhebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the first object clause","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second object clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"rykdom","lemma":"rijkdom","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"riches"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the second object clause","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the indirect object of geeft","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, oblique singular","role":"object of aan and understood direct object of beproeven","gloss":"whomever"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"beproeven","lemma":"beproeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wil","gloss":"test"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause on wien","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zendt","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination of zendt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of armen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armen","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, plural, substantivized","role":"object of tot","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"zendt","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"sends"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zendt","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular, substantivized","role":"direct object of zendt and subject of spreekt","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of woord","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"woord","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of spreekt","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on wie","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"opdat","lemma":"opdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of oprichten","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of oprichten","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of oprichten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"oprichten","lemma":"oprichten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"rise up"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the circumstances in which they rise","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"determiner of ellende","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ellende","lemma":"ellende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of oprichten","gloss":"misery"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"h8-s27","source":"Geeft Hy niet regen waar de halm verdort, en een dauwdrup in den bloemkelk die dorst heeft?","translation":"Does He not give rain where the stalk withers, and a drop of dew in the flower-cup that thirsts?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Geeft Hy niet regen ...?","title":"Rhetorical yes/no question (inversion)","body":"A yes/no question fronts the finite verb Geeft before the subject Hy; niet makes it a rhetorical 'does He not...?' expecting agreement. This question form recurs throughout the oration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een dauwdrup in den bloemkelk die dorst heeft","title":"Compounds + relative die","body":"dauwdrup ('dewdrop') and bloemkelk ('flower-cup') are right-headed noun compounds; die relativizes bloemkelk and closes with heeft. den keeps the case remnant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the interrogative sentence","gloss":"does give"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of Geeft","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates Geeft","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"regen","lemma":"regen","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"first direct object of Geeft","gloss":"rain"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces a locative clause modifying Geeft","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of halm","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"halm","lemma":"halm","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of verdort","gloss":"stalk"},{"surface":"verdort","lemma":"verdorren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the clause introduced by waar","gloss":"withers"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dauwdrup","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"dauwdrup","lemma":"dauwdruppel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"second direct object of Geeft","gloss":"dew drop","note":"Dauwdrup is an older variant of modern dauwdruppel."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of the dew drop","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of bloemkelk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bloemkelk","lemma":"bloemkelk","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"flower cup"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of heeft and refers to bloemkelk","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dorst","lemma":"dorst","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"thirst"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on bloemkelk","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"h8-s28","source":"En is het niet schoon, te worden uitgezonden om de vermoeiden te zoeken, die achterbleven na den arbeid en neerzonken langs den weg, daar hun knieën niet sterk meer waren om optegaan naar de plaats van het loon?","translation":"And is it not a fine thing to be sent out to seek the weary, who stayed behind after the labor and sank down beside the road, because their knees were no longer strong enough to climb up to the place of reward?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s28.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is het niet schoon, te worden uitgezonden","title":"Dummy het + passive infinitive","body":"het is the impersonal subject ('is it not fine'); te worden uitgezonden is a passive te-infinitive ('to be sent out'), with the separable uitzenden split around the cluster."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daar hun knieën niet sterk meer waren om optegaan","title":"Causal daar + om ... te","body":"daar is causal 'because', verb-final (waren at the end). om optegaan ('in order to climb up', separable opgaan) is a purpose clause; 1860 joins it as optegaan."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the interrogative sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to schoon","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"anticipatory subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schoon","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks worden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of uitgezonden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"uitgezonden","lemma":"uitzenden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive lexical verb with worden","gloss":"sent out"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive zoeken","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vermoeiden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vermoeiden","lemma":"vermoeid","morphology":"adjective, plural, substantivized","role":"direct object of zoeken","gloss":"weary"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zoeken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of uitgezonden","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of achterbleven and neerzonken","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"achterbleven","lemma":"achterblijven","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"first verb of the relative clause on vermoeiden","gloss":"stayed behind"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the time complement of achterbleven","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"neerzonken","lemma":"neerzinken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"second verb of the relative clause on vermoeiden","gloss":"sank down"},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"langs","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place complement of neerzonken","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, masculine singular, archaic oblique form","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of langs","gloss":"road"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction, causal","role":"introduces the causal clause of waren","gloss":"because","note":"Here daar means because, not there."},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"determiner of knieën","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"knieën","lemma":"knie","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates waren sterk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sterk in niet meer","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking knieën to sterk","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the infinitival complement of sterk","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"optegaan","lemma":"opgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"result complement of sterk","gloss":"climb up","note":"Optegaan is the old closed spelling of modern op te gaan."},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the goal of optegaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a modifier of plaats","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loon","lemma":"loon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"reward"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"h8-s29","source":"Zou ik niet verheugd wezen de hand te mogen reiken aan wie in de groeve viel, en een staf te geven aan wien de bergen beklimt?","translation":"Should I not rejoice to be allowed to reach out my hand to him who fell into the pit, and to give a staff to him who climbs the mountains?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s29.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zou ik niet verheugd wezen de hand te mogen reiken","title":"Conditional zou + modal te-infinitive","body":"zou ... wezen is the conditional ('should I not be...'), and te mogen reiken stacks the modal mogen inside a te-infinitive ('to be allowed to reach out'). wien is again the dative relative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal governing wezen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zou wezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verheugd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"verheugd","lemma":"verheugd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of Zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of reiken","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks mogen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"mogen","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal governing reiken","gloss":"be allowed to"},{"surface":"reiken","lemma":"reiken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"first infinitive complement of mogen","gloss":"reach"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient of reiken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular, substantivized","role":"object of aan and subject of viel","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking groeve","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of groeve","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"groeve","lemma":"groeve","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"pit"},{"surface":"viel","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on wie","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of staf","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"staf","lemma":"staf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geven","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement coordinated with te mogen reiken","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient of geven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, oblique singular","role":"object of aan and antecedent of beklimt","gloss":"whomever"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bergen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bergen","lemma":"berg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of beklimt","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"beklimt","lemma":"beklimmen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on wien","gloss":"climbs"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"h8-s30","source":"Zou niet myn hart opspringen als het ziet gekozen te zyn onder velen, om van klagen een gebed te maken en dankzegging van geween?","translation":"Should my heart not leap up when it sees itself chosen out of many, to make a prayer out of lamentation and a thanksgiving out of weeping?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zou niet myn hart opspringen als het ziet gekozen te zyn","title":"Conditional + separable opspringen","body":"Conditional zou with separable opspringen ('leap up'); the als-clause is verb-final. gekozen te zyn ('to be chosen') is a passive te-infinitive built on the participle gekozen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om van klagen een gebed te maken en dankzegging van geween","title":"Purpose om ... te + nominalized infinitives","body":"om ... te maken ('in order to make'); klagen ('to lament') is an infinitive used as a noun (a nominalized infinitive); geween ('weeping') is a separate ge-noun, formed with the ge- prefix from the stem of wenen (to weep) — a different word-formation process."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite modal governing opspringen","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opspringen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Zou opspringen","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"opspringen","lemma":"opspringen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of Zou","gloss":"leap up"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ziet","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ziet and refers to hart","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"gekozen","lemma":"kiezen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in the perfect passive infinitive complement of ziet","gloss":"chosen"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of gekozen","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the group from which it was chosen","gloss":"from among"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural, substantivized","role":"object of onder","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive maken","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the source material klagen","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"klagen","lemma":"klagen","morphology":"noun, neuter, verbal infinitive","role":"object of van","gloss":"lamentation"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebed","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gebed","lemma":"gebed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of gekozen","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dankzegging","lemma":"dankzegging","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second direct object of maken with ellipsis of maken","gloss":"thanksgiving"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the source material geween","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"geween","lemma":"geween","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"weeping"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"h8-s31","source":"Ja, ik ben zeer blyde geroepen te zyn in Bantan-Kidoel!","translation":"Yes, I am very glad to have been called to Bantan-Kidoel!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s31.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirms the statement","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to blyde","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyde","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"blyde","lemma":"blij","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"complement of te zyn","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect passive auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"have been"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of geroepen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Bantan-Kidoel","lemma":"Bantan-Kidoel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Bantan-Kidoel"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"h8-s32","source":"Ik heb gezegd tot de vrouw die myne zorgen deelt en myn geluk grooter maakt: \"verheug u, want ik zie dat Allah zegen geeft op het hoofd van ons kind!","translation":"I have said to the woman who shares my cares and makes my happiness greater: \"rejoice, for I see that Allah gives His blessing upon the head of our child!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s32.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de vrouw die myne zorgen deelt en myn geluk grooter maakt","title":"Relative die + comparative grooter","body":"die relativizes vrouw ('the woman who...'), the clause verb-final; grooter maken ('to make greater') uses the comparative grooter (1860 -oo- for groter). myne is the inflected possessive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb with heb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the addressee of gezegd","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vrouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot and antecedent of die","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of deelt and maakt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"determiner of zorgen","gloss":"my","note":"Historical spelling of modern mijn."},{"surface":"zorgen","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of deelt","gloss":"cares"},{"surface":"deelt","lemma":"delen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"first verb of the relative clause on vrouw","gloss":"shares"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of geluk","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"geluk","lemma":"geluk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"happiness"},{"surface":"grooter","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of maakt","gloss":"greater","note":"Historical spelling of modern groter."},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"second verb of the relative clause on vrouw","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"verheug","lemma":"verheugen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"rejoice"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of verheug","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of zie","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zie","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of zie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Allah","lemma":"Allah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"Allah"},{"surface":"zegen","lemma":"zegen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"blessing"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the object clause","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient/location of the blessing","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of hoofd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"h8-s33","source":"Hy heeft my gezonden naar een oord waar niet alle arbeid is afgeloopen, en Hy keurde my waardig daar te zyn vóór den tyd van den oogst.","translation":"He has sent me to a place where not all the labor is finished, and He deemed me worthy to be there before the time of the harvest.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy heeft my gezonden ... en Hy keurde my waardig","title":"Perfect vs imperfect side by side","body":"heeft ... gezonden is the present perfect ('has sent'), while keurde is the simple past of weak keuren ('deemed') — the speech shifts between the two narrative pasts. waardig keuren is 'to deem worthy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezonden","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezonden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of gezonden","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gezonden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oord","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oord","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oord","lemma":"oord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of gezonden","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on oord","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates alle arbeid","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of is afgeloopen","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of afgeloopen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"afgeloopen","lemma":"aflopen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"predicate of relative clause on oord","gloss":"finished","note":"Historical spelling of afgelopen."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of keurde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"keurde","lemma":"keuren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with heeft gezonden","gloss":"deemed"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of keurde","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"waardig","lemma":"waardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of mij","gloss":"worthy"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of zijn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of waardig","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces time phrase vóór den tijd","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of tijd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of vóór","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of tijd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of oogst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogst","lemma":"oogst","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"harvest"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"h8-s34","source":"Want niet in het snyden der padie is de vreugde: de vreugde is in het snyden der padie die men geplant heeft.","translation":"For the joy is not in the reaping of the padi: the joy is in the reaping of the padi that one has planted.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s34.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"in het snyden der padie die men geplant heeft","title":"Nominalized infinitive + genitive der","body":"het snyden ('the reaping') is a neuter nominalized infinitive; der padie is a genitive ('of the padi'). men ('one') is the impersonal subject, and geplant heeft is the perfect, verb-final after die."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vreugde","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates predicative prepositional phrase","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking snyden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of snyden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"snyden","lemma":"snijden","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"reaping","note":"Historical spelling of snijden; here used as a noun, “reaping.”"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, feminine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of padie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"padie","lemma":"padie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of snyden","gloss":"padi"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking vreugde to in het snyden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vreugde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vreugde","lemma":"vreugde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vreugde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vreugde","lemma":"vreugde","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking vreugde to in het snyden","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking snyden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of snyden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"snyden","lemma":"snijden","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"reaping","note":"Historical spelling of snijden; here used as a noun, “reaping.”"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, feminine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of padie","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"padie","lemma":"padie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"genitive complement of snyden","gloss":"padi"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of geplant","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of geplant","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"geplant","lemma":"planten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause on padie","gloss":"planted"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geplant","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"h8-s35","source":"En de ziel des menschen groeit niet van het loon, maar van den arbeid die het loon verdient.","translation":"And the soul of man does not grow from the reward, but from the labor that earns the reward.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de ziel des menschen groeit niet van het loon","title":"Genitive des menschen","body":"des menschen is the masculine singular genitive ('of man'), with the old -s on the article des and the -en ending — a textbook 1860 case remnant for modern van de mens."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of groeit","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ziel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of groeit","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of ziel","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"groeit","lemma":"groeien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grows"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groeit","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking loon","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loon","lemma":"loon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of groeit","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces coordinated complement van den arbeid","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of arbeid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van, coordinated with loon","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verdient","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loon","lemma":"loon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verdient","gloss":"reward"},{"surface":"verdient","lemma":"verdienen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on arbeid","gloss":"earns"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"h8-s36","source":"En ik zeide tot haar: Allah heeft ons een kind gegeven, dat eenmaal zeggen zal: \"weet ge dat ik zyn zoon ben?\" En dan zullen er wezen in het land, die hem groeten met liefde, en die de hand zullen leggen op zyn hoofd, en zeggen zullen: \"zet u neder aan ons maal, en bewoon ons huis, en neem uw deel aan wat wy hebben, want ik heb uwen vader gekend.\"","translation":"And I said to her: Allah has given us a child, who will one day say: \"do you know that I am his son?\" And then there will be those in the land who greet him with love, and who will lay their hand upon his head, and will say: \"sit down at our meal, and dwell in our house, and take your share of what we have, for I knew your father.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat eenmaal zeggen zal ... En dan zullen er wezen in het land, die ...","title":"Future with zullen (twice)","body":"zeggen zal and zullen ... wezen both build the future with zullen + infinitive; in the relative clause the verb-cluster goes final (zeggen zal). er wezen is existential 'there will be'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zet u neder ... en neem uw deel ... want ik heb uwen vader gekend","title":"Imperatives + reflexive zich neerzetten","body":"zet ... neder, bewoon, and neem are bare-stem imperatives (commands/invitations); zich nederzetten ('sit yourself down') is reflexive and separable. want is a coordinating 'for'. uwen keeps the case ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zeide","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking haar","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"haar","lemma":"haar","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of tot","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"Allah","lemma":"Allah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gegeven","gloss":"Allah"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of reported clause","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"eenmaal","lemma":"eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"depends on zeggen","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of relative clause on kind","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of quoted question","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you","note":"Ge is an unstressed form of gij, “you.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of zoon","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"zoon","lemma":"zoon","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to zoon","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wezen","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of groeten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of groeten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"groeten","lemma":"groeten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"greet"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking liefde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"liefde","lemma":"liefde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of groeten","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leggen and zeggen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of leggen","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of leggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"leggen","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zullen","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofd","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of leggen","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zullen","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zet","lemma":"zetten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"verbal component of separable nederzetten","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of zet","gloss":"yourself","note":"U functions reflexively here: “yourself.”"},{"surface":"neder","lemma":"neder","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of zet ... neder","gloss":"sit down"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maal","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of maal","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"maal","lemma":"maal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of zet","gloss":"meal"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bewoon","lemma":"bewonen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"coordinated imperative with zet","gloss":"dwell in"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bewoon","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"coordinated imperative with bewoon","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of deel","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"deel","lemma":"deel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"share"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement of deel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of free relative clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gekend","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gekend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"uwen","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of vader","gloss":"your","note":"Uwen is an archaic inflected form of uw."},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gekend","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"gekend","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of reason clause","gloss":"known"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"h8-s37","source":"Hoofden van Lebak, er is veel te arbeiden in uwe landstreek!","translation":"Chiefs of Lebak, there is much to be labored at in your land!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er is veel te arbeiden in uwe landstreek","title":"er is + te-infinitive ('there is much to do')","body":"The pattern er is veel te + infinitive means 'there is much to be done'; arbeiden ('to labor') is governed by te. uwe is the inflected possessive 'your'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"vocative of address","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive arbeiden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"arbeiden","lemma":"arbeiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of veel","gloss":"labor at"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking landstreek","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of landstreek","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"landstreek","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of arbeiden","gloss":"region"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"h8-s38","source":"Zegt my, is niet de landman arm?","translation":"Tell me, is the husbandman not poor?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zegt my, is niet de landman arm?","title":"Archaic plural imperative + rhetorical question","body":"Zegt (with -t) is the old plural/polite imperative 'tell (you all)'; the following yes/no question fronts is and uses niet for the rhetorical 'is the husbandman not poor?'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, imperative, plural/polite","role":"main verb of command","gloss":"Tell"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zegt","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking landman to arm","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates arm","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landman","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landman","lemma":"landman","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"husbandman"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"poor"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"h8-s39","source":"Rypt niet uw padie dikwerf ter voeding van wie niet geplant hebben?","translation":"Does your padi not often ripen for the feeding of those who have not planted?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Rypt niet uw padie dikwerf ter voeding van wie niet geplant hebben?","title":"Headless relative wie","body":"wie ('those who') is a headless relative with no antecedent, governing the verb-final hebben. dikwerf is an archaic 'often' (cf. dikwijls). Rypt fronts the verb for the rhetorical question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Rypt","lemma":"rijpen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"Ripens","note":"Historical spelling of rijpt."},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates rijpt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of padie","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"padie","lemma":"padie","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"subject of rijpt","gloss":"padi"},{"surface":"dikwerf","lemma":"dikwerf","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rijpt","gloss":"often","note":"Dikwerf is a literary word meaning “often.”"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with article","role":"introduces purpose phrase ter voeding","gloss":"for the","note":"Ter is a contraction of te der, “for the.”"},{"surface":"voeding","lemma":"voeding","morphology":"noun, feminine, singular","role":"object of ter","gloss":"feeding"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural sense","role":"subject of geplant hebben","gloss":"those who","note":"After a preposition, wie can mean “those who.”"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geplant","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geplant","lemma":"planten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"planted"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of geplant","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"h8-s40","source":"Zyn er niet vele verkeerdheden in uw land?","translation":"Are there not many wrongs in your land?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyn er niet vele verkeerdheden in uw land?","title":"Existential er in a question","body":"Zyn ... er ('are there') is the existential turned into a yes/no question by fronting the verb; niet makes it rhetorical. vele is the inflected 'many'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of existential question","gloss":"Are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zijn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of verkeerdheden","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"verkeerdheden","lemma":"verkeerdheid","morphology":"noun, feminine, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"wrongs"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"h8-s41","source":"Is niet het aantal uwer kinderen gering?","translation":"Is the number of your children not small?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking aantal to gering","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gering","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aantal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aantal","lemma":"aantal","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"number"},{"surface":"uwer","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive","role":"determiner of kinderen","gloss":"of your","note":"Uwer is an archaic genitive form of uw, “of your.”"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of aantal","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"gering","lemma":"gering","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"small"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"h8-s42","source":"Is er niet schaamte in uwe zielen, als de bewoner van Bandoeng dat daar ten-oosten ligt, uwe streken bezoekt, en vraagt: \"waar zyn de dorpen, en waar de landbouwers? En waarom hoor ik den gamlang niet, die blydschap spreekt met koperen mond, noch het gestamp der padie uwer dochters?\"","translation":"Is there not shame in your souls when the dweller of Bandoeng, which lies there to the east, visits your regions and asks: \"where are the villages, and where the husbandmen? And why do I not hear the gamlang, which speaks gladness with its mouth of copper, nor the pounding of the padi by your daughters?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s42.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als de bewoner van Bandoeng ... uwe streken bezoekt, en vraagt","title":"als-clause verb-final","body":"als ('when') subordinates the clause, sending bezoekt and vraagt to the end. dat daar ten-oosten ligt is a relative interjection ('which lies to the east'), itself verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of existential construction","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb with Is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"schaamte","lemma":"schaamte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zielen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"modifies zielen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"zielen","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of schaamte","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bewoner","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewoner","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bewoner","lemma":"bewoner","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bezoekt","gloss":"dweller"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bandoeng","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bandoeng","lemma":"Bandoeng","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Bandoeng"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of ligt; refers to Bandoeng","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ten-oosten","lemma":"ten oosten","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies ligt","gloss":"to the east","note":"Historical hyphenation of modern ten oosten, meaning “to the east.”"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on Bandoeng","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"modifies streken","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of bezoekt","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"bezoekt","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of als-clause","gloss":"visits"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vraagt","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated with bezoekt","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of quoted question","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorpen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"question adverb in elliptical clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landbouwers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landbouwers","lemma":"landbouwer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of omitted zyn","gloss":"husbandmen"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hoor","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoor","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"hoor","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hoor","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of gamlang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gamlang","lemma":"gamelan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hoor","gloss":"gamelan","note":"Gamlang is a historical Dutch form of gamelan, the Indonesian percussion orchestra."},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoor","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of spreekt","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"blydschap","lemma":"blijdschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of spreekt","gloss":"gladness","note":"Blydschap is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern blijdschap."},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on gamlang","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mond","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"koperen","lemma":"koperen","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies mond","gloss":"copper"},{"surface":"mond","lemma":"mond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"mouth"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gestamp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gestamp","lemma":"gestamp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hoor, coordinated with gamlang","gloss":"pounding"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of padie","gloss":"of the","note":"Der is an older genitive form of de: “of the.”"},{"surface":"padie","lemma":"padie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of gestamp","gloss":"padi"},{"surface":"uwer","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of dochters","gloss":"of your","note":"Uwer is an older genitive form of uw: “of your.”"},{"surface":"dochters","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"agentive genitive dependent of gestamp","gloss":"daughters"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"h8-s43","source":"Is het u niet bitter, te reizen van hier tot de Zuidkust, en de bergen te zien die geen water dragen op hunne zyden, of de vlakten waar nooit een buffel den ploeg trok?","translation":"Is it not bitter to you, to travel from here to the South Coast, and to see the mountains that bear no water on their flanks, or the plains where never a buffalo drew the plow?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de bergen te zien die geen water dragen op hunne zyden","title":"te-infinitive + relative die + geen","body":"te zien depends on bitter; die relativizes bergen and is verb-final (dragen). geen water ('no water') negates the indefinite noun — geen, not niet. hunne is the inflected possessive 'their'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de vlakten waar nooit een buffel den ploeg trok","title":"Relative waar + negative nooit","body":"waar functions as a relative 'where', and nooit ('never') is the single clause negative; the verb trok ('drew', strong past of trekken) sits clause-finally. den ploeg keeps the case remnant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to bitter","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"experiencer complement of bitter","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bitter","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bitter","lemma":"bitter","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the clause of reizen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"reizen","lemma":"reizen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject content of het","gloss":"travel"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hier","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of reizen","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Zuidkust","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Zuidkust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Zuidkust","lemma":"Zuidkust","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of tot","gloss":"South Coast"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bergen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bergen","lemma":"berg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zien","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the clause of zien","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive coordinated with reizen","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of dragen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of water","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"water","lemma":"water","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of dragen","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"dragen","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on bergen","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zyden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"hunne","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of zyden","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"zyden","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"oblique complement of dragen","gloss":"flanks","note":"Zyden is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern zijden."},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates vlakten with bergen","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vlakten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vlakten","lemma":"vlakte","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of zien, coordinated with bergen","gloss":"plains"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on vlakten","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies trok","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of trok","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of ploeg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ploeg","lemma":"ploeg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of trok","gloss":"plow"},{"surface":"trok","lemma":"trekken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on vlakten","gloss":"drew"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"h8-s44","source":"Ja, ja, ik zeg u dat uw en myn ziel daarover bedroefd is! En daarom juist zyn wy Allah dankbaar dat hy ons macht heeft gegeven om hier te arbeiden.","translation":"Yes, yes, I tell you that your soul and mine are grieved over this! And precisely for this reason are we thankful to Allah that He has given us power to labor here.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s44.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"daarom juist zyn wy Allah dankbaar","title":"Fronted daarom + inversion","body":"The fronted daarom ('for this reason') forces V2 inversion: zyn precedes the subject wy. Allah dankbaar zyn ('to be thankful to Allah') takes a bare dative-like object."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated discourse interjection","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zeg","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of bedroefd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"first coordinated possessor of ziel","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates uw and myn","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"second coordinated possessor of ziel","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"daarover","lemma":"daarover","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bedroefd","gloss":"over this"},{"surface":"bedroefd","lemma":"bedroefd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"grieved"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to bedroefd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"for this reason"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes daarom","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking wy to dankbaar","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"Allah","lemma":"Allah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of dankbaar","gloss":"Allah"},{"surface":"dankbaar","lemma":"dankbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"thankful"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gegeven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gegeven","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of heeft gegeven","gloss":"given"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arbeiden","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces the clause of arbeiden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"arbeiden","lemma":"arbeiden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose infinitive dependent on macht","gloss":"labor"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"h8-s45","source":"Want wy hebben in dit land akkers voor velen, schoon de bewoners weinig zyn.","translation":"For we have in this land fields for many, although the inhabitants are few.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s45.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"schoon de bewoners weinig zyn","title":"Concessive schoon","body":"schoon is an archaic/literary concessive conjunction ('although'), sending its verb zyn to the clause end — not to be confused with the adjective schoon ('beautiful')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hebben","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of hebben","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"akkers","lemma":"akker","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking velen","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"object of voor","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces concessive clause","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewoners","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bewoners","lemma":"bewoner","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"few"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking bewoners to weinig","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"h8-s46","source":"En het is niet de regen die ontbreekt, want de toppen der bergen zuigen de wolken des hemels ter aarde.","translation":"And it is not the rain that is wanting, for the summits of the mountains draw the clouds of heaven down to earth.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het is niet de regen die ontbreekt, want de toppen ... zuigen","title":"Cleft het is ... die + coordinating want","body":"het is niet ... die is a cleft ('it is not the rain that...'), the relative die verb-final on ontbreekt. want ('for') coordinates and does NOT send its verb to the end (zuigen stays second). der bergen / des hemels are genitives."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of regen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"dummy subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to regen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies regen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of regen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regen","lemma":"regen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative focus of is","gloss":"rain"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of ontbreekt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ontbreekt","lemma":"ontbreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on regen","gloss":"is wanting"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory main clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of toppen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toppen","lemma":"top","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zuigen","gloss":"summits"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"genitive determiner of bergen","gloss":"of the","note":"Der is an older genitive form of de: “of the.”"},{"surface":"bergen","lemma":"berg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of toppen","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"zuigen","lemma":"zuigen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of explanatory clause","gloss":"draw"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wolken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wolken","lemma":"wolk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zuigen","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"genitive determiner of hemels","gloss":"of","note":"Des is an older genitive form of de: “of.”"},{"surface":"hemels","lemma":"hemel","morphology":"noun, masculine singular, genitive","role":"genitive complement of wolken","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with article","role":"preposition marking aarde","gloss":"down to","note":"Ter contracts te der and here forms the idiom ter aarde, “down to earth.”"},{"surface":"aarde","lemma":"aarde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of ter","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"h8-s47","source":"En niet overal zyn rotsen die plaats weigeren aan den wortel, want op veel plaatsen is de grond week en vruchtbaar, en roept om de graankorrel die hy ons wil weergeven in gebogen halm.","translation":"And not everywhere are there rocks that refuse a place to the root, for in many spots the ground is soft and fertile, and cries out for the grain of corn that it will give back to us in the bending stalk.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s47.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet overal zyn rotsen die plaats weigeren aan den wortel","title":"Fronted niet overal + relative die","body":"The fronted negative phrase niet overal ('not everywhere') inverts the verb (zyn). die relativizes rotsen and closes verb-final (weigeren). aan den wortel keeps the case remnant den."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de graankorrel die hy ons wil weergeven in gebogen halm","title":"Modal wil + separable weergeven","body":"wil sends the separable main verb weergeven ('give back') to the end as a bare infinitive. gebogen ('bent') is a past participle used adjectivally. die relativizes graankorrel."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces existential clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates overal","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"overal","lemma":"overal","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying zyn","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"rotsen","lemma":"rots","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"rocks"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of weigeren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of weigeren","gloss":"a place"},{"surface":"weigeren","lemma":"weigeren","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on rotsen","gloss":"refuse"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wortel","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of wortel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wortel","lemma":"wortel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"root"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaatsen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaatsen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"plaatsen","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"spots"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to week","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is and roept","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"week","lemma":"week","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vruchtbaar","lemma":"vruchtbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement coordinated with week","gloss":"fertile"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"roept","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb coordinated with is","gloss":"cries out","note":"Roept om means “cries out for” or “calls for.”"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking graankorrel","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of graankorrel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"graankorrel","lemma":"graankorrel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"grain of corn"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of weergeven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil; refers to grond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of weergeven","gloss":"to us"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on graankorrel","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"weergeven","lemma":"weergeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"give back"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking halm","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"gebogen","lemma":"buigen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifies halm","gloss":"bent"},{"surface":"halm","lemma":"halm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of weergeven","gloss":"stalk"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"h8-s48","source":"En er is geen oorlog in het land die de padie vertreedt als ze nog groen is, noch ziekte die den patjol nutteloos maakt.","translation":"And there is no war in the land to trample the padi while it is still green, nor sickness to make the patjol useless.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er is geen oorlog ... noch ziekte die den patjol nutteloos maakt","title":"geen ... noch (negative coordination)","body":"geen negates the indefinite oorlog, and noch ('nor') extends the negation to ziekte — Dutch keeps one negation marker spread across coordinated items, not a double negative."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb with is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorlog","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"oorlog","lemma":"oorlog","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of is","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of vertreedt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of padie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"padie","lemma":"padie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vertreedt","gloss":"padi"},{"surface":"vertreedt","lemma":"vertreden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on oorlog","gloss":"tramples"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of groen","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is; refers to padie","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groen","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"groen","lemma":"groen","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"green"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to groen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ziekte","lemma":"ziekte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject coordinated with oorlog","gloss":"sickness"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of patjol","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"patjol","lemma":"patjol","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"hoe"},{"surface":"nutteloos","lemma":"nutteloos","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of patjol","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on ziekte","gloss":"makes"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"h8-s49","source":"Noch zyn er zonnestralen, heeter dan noodig is om het graan te doen rypen dat u en uw kinderen voeden moet, noch banjirs die u doen jammeren: \"wys my de plaats waar ik gezaaid heb!\"","translation":"Nor are there sunbeams hotter than is needed to ripen the grain that must feed you and your children, nor banjirs to make you wail: \"show me the place where I sowed!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s49.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Noch zyn er zonnestralen, heeter dan noodig is","title":"Fronted Noch + comparative dan","body":"The fronted noch ('nor') inverts the verb (zyn er, existential). heeter dan ('hotter than') is the comparative with dan introducing the standard. The clause continues a long negative chain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"first half of noch ... noch","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"existential verb with zonnestralen and banjirs","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"existential adverb with zijn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zonnestralen","lemma":"zonnestraal","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"sunbeams"},{"surface":"heeter","lemma":"heet","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate modifier of zonnestralen","gloss":"hotter"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with heeter","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to nodig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of graan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"graan","lemma":"graan","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"grain"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of nodig","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"rypen","lemma":"rijpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of doen","gloss":"ripen"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of moet; refers to graan","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of voeden","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kinderen","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated direct object of voeden","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"voeden","lemma":"voeden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"feed"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"second half of noch ... noch","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"banjirs","lemma":"banjir","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated subject of zijn","gloss":"floods","note":"A banjir is a sudden tropical flood."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of doen; refers to banjirs","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"jammeren","lemma":"jammeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doen","gloss":"wail"},{"surface":"wys","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of quoted command","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of wijs","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of wijs","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on plaats","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezaaid","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gezaaid","lemma":"zaaien","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle of relative clause","gloss":"sown"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezaaid","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"h8-s50","source":"Waar Allah waterstroomen zendt, die de akkers wegnemen ... waar Hy den grond hard maakt als dorre steen ... waar Hy Zyn zon doet gloeien ter verschroejing ... waar Hy oorlog zendt, die de velden omkeert ... waar Hy slaat met ziekten die de handen slap maken, of met droogte die de aren doodt ... daar, Hoofden van Lebak, buigen wy deemoedig het hoofd, en zeggen: \"Hy wil het zoo!\"","translation":"Where Allah sends torrents of water that carry off the fields ... where He makes the ground hard as barren stone ... where He makes His sun blaze down to scorching ... where He sends war to overturn the fields ... where He strikes with sicknesses that make the hands slack, or with drought that kills the ears of grain ... there, Chiefs of Lebak, we bow our heads in humility, and say: \"He wills it so!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s50.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waar Allah waterstroomen zendt, die de akkers wegnemen ...","title":"Relative waar + separable wegnemen","body":"Each clause opens with relative waar ('where'), verb-final (zendt, maakt, etc.); die de akkers wegnemen embeds a further relative with separable wegnemen ('carry off'). The anaphora builds to the climactic 'He wills it so!'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar Hy Zyn zon doet gloeien ter verschroejing","title":"Causative doen + bare infinitive","body":"doen + the bare infinitive gloeien is causative, 'makes (His sun) glow/blaze' — doen, like laten, takes no te. ter verschroejing ('to scorching') is a frozen te + der dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces first where-clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Allah","lemma":"Allah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zendt","gloss":"Allah"},{"surface":"waterstroomen","lemma":"waterstroom","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zendt","gloss":"torrents of water"},{"surface":"zendt","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of first where-clause","gloss":"sends"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of wegnemen; refers to waterstromen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of akkers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"akkers","lemma":"akker","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of wegnemen","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"wegnemen","lemma":"wegnemen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"carry off"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces second where-clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic accusative masculine singular","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the","note":"Den is an old inflected form of de."},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"hard","lemma":"hard","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of grond","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of second where-clause","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with steen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"dorre","lemma":"dor","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies steen","gloss":"barren"},{"surface":"steen","lemma":"steen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of comparison als","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces third where-clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of zon","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"zon","lemma":"zon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doet","gloss":"sun"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of third where-clause","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"gloeien","lemma":"gloeien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of doet","gloss":"blaze"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with article","role":"introduces purpose noun verschroeiing","gloss":"for","note":"Ter historically contracts te der."},{"surface":"verschroejing","lemma":"verschroeiing","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"purpose complement of gloeien","gloss":"scorching"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces fourth where-clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zendt","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"oorlog","lemma":"oorlog","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zendt","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"zendt","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of fourth where-clause","gloss":"sends"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of omkeert; refers to oorlog","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of velden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"velden","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of omkeert","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"omkeert","lemma":"omkeren","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"overturns"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces fifth where-clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of slaat","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"slaat","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of fifth where-clause","gloss":"strikes"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ziekten","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ziekten","lemma":"ziekte","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"sicknesses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of maken; refers to ziekten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of handen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"handen","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"slap","lemma":"slap","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of handen","gloss":"slack"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking droogte","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"droogte","lemma":"droogte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of met","gloss":"drought"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of doodt; refers to droogte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aren","lemma":"aar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of doodt","gloss":"ears of grain"},{"surface":"doodt","lemma":"doden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"kills"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"demonstrative adverb","role":"correlative with the preceding waar-clauses","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"vocative, modified by van Lebak","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"buigen","lemma":"buigen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb with subject wij","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of buigen and zeggen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"deemoedig","lemma":"deemoedig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies buigen","gloss":"humbly"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of buigen","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"coordinated main verb with buigen","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of quotation","gloss":"wills"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wil","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wil","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"h8-s51","source":"Maar niet aldus in Bantan-Kidoel!","translation":"But not so in Bantan-Kidoel!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"contrasts with preceding statement","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates omitted verb phrase","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aldus","lemma":"aldus","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner complement of omitted verb phrase","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantan-Kidoel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Bantan-Kidoel","lemma":"Bantan-Kidoel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Bantan-Kidoel"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"h8-s52","source":"Ik ben hier gezonden om uw vriend te zyn, uw ouder broeder.","translation":"I have been sent here to be your friend, your elder brother.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ben hier gezonden om uw vriend te zyn","title":"zijn-passive + purpose om ... te","body":"ben ... gezonden is a perfect/state passive with zijn ('have been sent'); om ... te zyn is the purpose clause ('in order to be'). uw ouder broeder apposes 'your elder brother'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezonden","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezonden","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezonden","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"gezonden","lemma":"zenden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle with ben","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of vriend","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"vriend","lemma":"vriend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicate noun with zijn","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive zijn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of gezonden","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of broeder","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ouder","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"modifies broeder","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"broeder","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to vriend","gloss":"brother"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"h8-s53","source":"Zoudt gy uw jongeren broeder niet waarschuwen als ge een tyger zaagt op zyn weg?","translation":"Would you not warn your younger brother if you saw a tiger on his path?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s53.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoudt gy uw jongeren broeder niet waarschuwen als ge een tyger zaagt","title":"Conditional zou + counterfactual als","body":"Zoudt gy ('would you') is the archaic conditional with the -t ending for gy; the als-clause uses the past zaagt ('saw') for a counterfactual condition, verb-final. jongeren keeps the case ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoudt","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of conditional question","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zoudt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"uw","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of broeder","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"jongeren","lemma":"jong","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies broeder","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"broeder","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of waarschuwen","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies waarschuwen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waarschuwen","lemma":"waarschuwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zoudt","gloss":"warn"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zaagt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tyger","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tyger","lemma":"tijger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zaagt","gloss":"tiger"},{"surface":"zaagt","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of conditional clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weg","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of weg","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"path"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"h8-s54","source":"Hoofden van Lebak, we hebben dikwyls misslagen begaan, en ons land is arm omdat we zooveel misslagen begingen.","translation":"Chiefs of Lebak, we have often committed offenses, and our land is poor because we committed so many offenses.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s54.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ons land is arm omdat we zooveel misslagen begingen","title":"Causal omdat verb-final","body":"omdat ('because') sends its verb begingen ('committed', strong past of begaan) to the clause end. The main-clause verb is is. misslagen ('blunders, offenses') is a compound."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"vocative, modified by van Lebak","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begaan","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of begaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begaan","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"misslagen","lemma":"misslag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of begaan","gloss":"offenses"},{"surface":"begaan","lemma":"begaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with hebben","gloss":"committed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to arm","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate complement of is","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of begingen","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begingen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of misslagen","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"misslagen","lemma":"misslag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of begingen","gloss":"offenses"},{"surface":"begingen","lemma":"begaan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of omdat-clause","gloss":"committed"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"h8-s55","source":"Want in Tjikandi en Bolang, en in het Krawangsche, en in de ommelanden van Batavia, zyn velen die geboren zyn in ons land, en die ons land verlaten hebben.","translation":"For in Tjikandi and Bolang, and in the Krawang country, and in the environs of Batavia, there are many who were born in our land, and who have left our land.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn velen die geboren zyn in ons land, en die ons land verlaten hebben","title":"zijn-passive geboren + perfect verlaten","body":"geboren zyn ('are/were born') uses zijn as auxiliary (birth always takes zijn); verlaten hebben ('have left') uses hebben. Two relative die-clauses, both verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tjikandi","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Tjikandi","lemma":"Tjikandi","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Tjikandi"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Bolang","lemma":"Bolang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated object of in","gloss":"Bolang"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Krawangsche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Krawangsche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Krawangsche","lemma":"Krawangs","morphology":"substantivized adjective","role":"object of in","gloss":"Krawang country","note":"The adjective is used substantivally for the Krawang region."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ommelanden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ommelanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ommelanden","lemma":"ommeland","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"environs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Batavia","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Batavia","lemma":"Batavia","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Batavia"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"existential main verb","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of geboren zijn; refers to velen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"geboren","lemma":"geboren","morphology":"adjective / past participle","role":"predicate complement of zijn","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking land","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of geboren","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of verlaten hebben; refers to velen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of land","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"land","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main participle with hebben","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"finite auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"h8-s56","source":"Waarom zoeken zy arbeid, ver van de plaats waar ze hun ouders begroeven?","translation":"Why do they seek work, far from the place where they buried their parents?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s56.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zoeken","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seek"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zoeken","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"arbeid","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zoeken","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"ver","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zoeken","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking plaats","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ver","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on plaats","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of begroeven","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of ouders","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ouders","lemma":"ouder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of begroeven","gloss":"parents"},{"surface":"begroeven","lemma":"begraven","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"buried"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"h8-s57","source":"Waarom vlieden zy de dessah waar zy de besnydenis ontvingen?","translation":"Why do they flee the dessah where they received their circumcision?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s57.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waarom vlieden zy de dessah waar zy de besnydenis ontvingen?","title":"Question inversion + relative waar","body":"The interrogative Waarom fronts the verb vlieden ('flee', archaic). waar relativizes dessah, sending ontvingen to the end. vlieden is a literary variant of vluchten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vlieden","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"vlieden","lemma":"vlieden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flee","note":"Literary verb meaning to flee."},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vlieden","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dessah","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dessah","lemma":"desa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vlieden","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on desa","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontvingen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of besnydenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"besnydenis","lemma":"besnijdenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ontvingen","gloss":"circumcision"},{"surface":"ontvingen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"received"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"h8-s58","source":"Waarom verkiezen zy de koelte van den boom die dáár groeit, boven de schaduw onzer bosschen?","translation":"Why do they prefer the coolness of the tree that grows yonder, above the shade of our own woods?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verkiezen zy de koelte ... boven de schaduw onzer bosschen","title":"Comparison with boven + genitive onzer","body":"verkiezen ... boven means 'prefer ... over', using boven rather than dan. onzer bosschen is a genitive plural ('of our woods'), with onzer the inflected 'our'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkiezen","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"verkiezen","lemma":"verkiezen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"prefer"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verkiezen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koelte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"koelte","lemma":"koelte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verkiezen","gloss":"coolness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boom","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic dative masculine singular","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of groeit; refers to boom","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groeit; emphatically stressed","gloss":"yonder"},{"surface":"groeit","lemma":"groeien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause on boom","gloss":"grows"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the less-preferred alternative","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schaduw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schaduw","lemma":"schaduw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of boven","gloss":"shade"},{"surface":"onzer","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural","role":"determiner of bossen","gloss":"of our","note":"Archaic genitive form meaning of our."},{"surface":"bosschen","lemma":"bos","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"dependent on onzer","gloss":"woods"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"h8-s59","source":"En ginds in 't noordwesten over de zee, zyn velen die ònze kinderen moesten zyn, maar die Lebak hebben verlaten om rondtedolen in vreemde streken met kris en klewang, en schietgeweer.","translation":"And over there in the northwest, beyond the sea, there are many who ought to be our own children, but who have left Lebak to roam in strange regions with kris and klewang, and firearm.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die Lebak hebben verlaten om rondtedolen ... met kris en klewang","title":"Perfect + purpose om ... te","body":"hebben verlaten is the present perfect; om rondtedolen ('to roam about', separable ronddolen, 1860-joined) is a purpose clause. ònze is stressed for contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating conjunction linking the clause to preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ginds","lemma":"ginds","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of zijn","gloss":"over there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking noordwesten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of noordwesten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"noordwesten","lemma":"noordwesten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"northwest"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zee","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"velen","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of moesten zijn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ònze","lemma":"onze","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"determiner of kinderen","gloss":"our own"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moesten","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben verlaten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of verlaten","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by hebben","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces purpose infinitive rond te dolen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"rondtedolen","lemma":"ronddolen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with incorporated te","role":"purpose complement of verlaten","gloss":"roam","note":"Historical spelling joins rond, te, and dolen in one word."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking streken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"vreemde","lemma":"vreemd","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies streken","gloss":"strange"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kris","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"kris","lemma":"kris","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"kris"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"klewang","lemma":"klewang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with kris","gloss":"klewang"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"schietgeweer","lemma":"schietgeweer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with kris","gloss":"firearm"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"h8-s60","source":"En ze komen ellendig om, want er is macht van de Regeering daar, die de opstandelingen verslaat.","translation":"And they come to a wretched end, for there is power of the Government there, which defeats the rebels.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ze komen ellendig om, want er is macht van de Regeering daar","title":"Separable omkomen + coordinating want","body":"omkomen ('to perish') is separable; om stands at the clause end. want ('for') coordinates and keeps its verb second (is). die de opstandelingen verslaat is a relative clause, verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of komen","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of komen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verbal part of omkomen","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ellendig","lemma":"ellendig","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of omkomen","gloss":"wretchedly"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of omkomen","gloss":"perish"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regeering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of is","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of verslaat","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opstandelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opstandelingen","lemma":"opstandeling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of verslaat","gloss":"rebels"},{"surface":"verslaat","lemma":"verslaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause modifying Regeering","gloss":"defeats"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"h8-s61","source":"Ik vraag u, Hoofden van Bantan-Kidoel, waarom zyn er zoovelen die weggingen, om niet begraven te worden waar ze geboren zyn?","translation":"I ask you, Chiefs of Bantan-Kidoel, why are there so many who went away, not to be buried where they were born?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s61.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom zyn er zoovelen die weggingen, om niet begraven te worden","title":"Negated passive purpose clause","body":"om niet begraven te worden is a negated passive te-infinitive ('not to be buried'); weggingen is the strong past of separable weggaan. die relativizes zoovelen ('so many')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form","role":"direct object of vraag","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"vocative","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantan-Kidoel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantan-Kidoel","lemma":"Bantan-Kidoel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Bantan-Kidoel"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative adverb modifying zijn","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with zijn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zoovelen","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of weggingen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"weggingen","lemma":"weggaan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"relative clause modifying zovelen","gloss":"went away"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces infinitival purpose clause","gloss":"so as"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begraven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"begraven","lemma":"begraven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle governed by worden","gloss":"buried"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks worden as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of begraven","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative subordinator of geboren zijn","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of geboren zijn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"geboren","lemma":"geboren","morphology":"adjective / past participle","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"born"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula with geboren","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"h8-s62","source":"Waarom vraagt de boom, waar de man is dien hy als kind zag spelen aan zyn voet? * * * * *","translation":"Why does the tree ask, where is the man it saw as a child playing at its foot? * * * * *","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s62.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar de man is dien hy als kind zag spelen aan zyn voet","title":"Accusative relative dien + perception verb","body":"dien is the old masculine accusative relative ('whom'); zag spelen pairs the perception verb zien with a bare infinitive ('saw playing'). The embedded clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vraagt","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"vraagt","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vraagt","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"interrogative adverb complement of vraagt","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative phrase als kind","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of dien","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying man","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"spelen","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of zag","gloss":"playing"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voet","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of voet","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"foot"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"h8-s63","source":"Havelaar hield hier een oogenblik op.","translation":"Here Havelaar paused for a moment.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar hield hier een oogenblik op","title":"Separable ophouden","body":"ophouden ('to stop, pause') is separable; the prefix op lands at the clause end while hield (strong past) stands second. een oogenblik ('a moment') is an adverbial of duration."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verbal part of ophouden","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative/discourse modifier of hield op","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogenblik","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"oogenblik","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial accusative of duration","gloss":"moment"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ophouden","gloss":"stopped"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"h8-s64","source":"Om eenigszins den indruk te begrypen dien zyn taal maakte, had men hem moeten hooren en zien.","translation":"To grasp in some degree the impression that his speech made, one would have had to hear and see him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"had men hem moeten hooren en zien","title":"Conditional inversion + modal perfect","body":"Fronting the purpose Om ... te ... clause inverts the main clause (had men). moeten hooren en zien is 'must have heard and seen', a modal with the perfect auxiliary had. den indruk dien is again the accusative relative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"introduces purpose infinitive","gloss":"In order"},{"surface":"eenigszins","lemma":"enigszins","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrijpen","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, historical oblique form","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of begrijpen","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks begrijpen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"begrypen","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose clause modifying had moeten horen","gloss":"grasp"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"determiner of taal","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying indruk","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"finite auxiliary in conditional construction","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had moeten horen","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object shared by horen and zien","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary governing horen and zien","gloss":"would have to"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moeten","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive governed by moeten","gloss":"see"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"h8-s65","source":"Toen hy sprak van zyn kind, was er in zyn stem iets zachts, iets onbeschryfelyk roerends, dat uitlokte tot de vraag: \"waar is de kleine?","translation":"When he spoke of his child, there was in his voice something tender, something indescribably moving, that drew forth the question: \"where is the little one?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s65.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen hy sprak van zyn kind, was er ... iets zachts","title":"Fronted toen-clause + existential er","body":"The toen-clause fills slot one, inverting was er; iets zachts ('something tender') shows the neuter -s ending adjectives take after iets/wat. onbeschryfelyk roerends repeats the pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of sprak","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"adverbial clause on was","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kind","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of sprak","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential marker with was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stem","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of stem","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"stem","lemma":"stem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"zachts","lemma":"zacht","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"postmodifier of iets","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"apposition to iets zachts","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"onbeschryfelyk","lemma":"onbeschrijfelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies roerends","gloss":"indescribably"},{"surface":"roerends","lemma":"roerend","morphology":"nominalized present participle, neuter singular","role":"postmodifier of iets","gloss":"moving"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of uitlokte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uitlokte","lemma":"uitlokken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying iets","gloss":"drew forth"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vraag","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vraag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"question"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of is","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of quoted question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kleine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"nominalized adjective, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"little one"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"h8-s66","source":"Reeds nu wil ik 't kind kussen, dat zyn vader zoo spreken doet!\" Maar toen hy kort daarna, schynbaar met weinig geleidelykheid, overging tot de vragen waarom Lebak arm was, en waarom er zooveel bewoners van die streken verhuisden naar elders, klonk er in zyn toon iets dat denken deed aan 't geluid dat een boor maakt, als ze met kracht wordt geschroefd in hard hout.","translation":"Even now I want to kiss the child that makes its father speak so!\" But when, shortly afterward, with seemingly little transition, he passed to the questions of why Lebak was poor, and why so many inhabitants of those regions were moving away elsewhere, there sounded in his tone something that called to mind the noise a drill makes when it is forcibly screwed into hard wood.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen hy ... overging tot de vragen ... klonk er in zyn toon iets","title":"Fronted toen + V2 inversion","body":"The long toen-clause is verb-final (overging at its end); the main clause then inverts (klonk er). zyn vader zoo spreken doet earlier uses causative doen + bare infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ze met kracht wordt geschroefd in hard hout","title":"worden-passive","body":"wordt geschroefd is the process passive ('is screwed'), worden + the participle geschroefd; the als-clause is verb-final. ze refers back to the de-word boor ('drill')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of wil","gloss":"Already"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kussen","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal verb governing kussen","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of kussen","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"kussen","lemma":"kussen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by wil","gloss":"to kiss"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of vader","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"vader","lemma":"vader","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of spreken","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreken","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of doet","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause modifying kind","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links quoted sentence to narrative","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of overging","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of overging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kort","lemma":"kort","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies daarna","gloss":"shortly"},{"surface":"daarna","lemma":"daarna","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of overging","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"schynbaar","lemma":"schijnbaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies met weinig geleidelijkheid","gloss":"seemingly"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geleidelykheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geleidelykheid","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"geleidelykheid","lemma":"geleidelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"transition","note":"Here geleidelijkheid means a smooth transition between topics."},{"surface":"overging","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of temporal clause","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vragen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vragen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tot","gloss":"questions"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces embedded question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces coordinated embedded question","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive marker with verhuisden","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of bewoners","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"bewoners","lemma":"bewoner","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of verhuisden","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking streken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of streken","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"verhuisden","lemma":"verhuizen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"main verb of embedded question","gloss":"moved away"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking elders","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"elders","lemma":"elders","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of naar","gloss":"elsewhere"},{"surface":"klonk","lemma":"klinken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of narrative clause","gloss":"sounded"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive marker with klonk","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toon","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, singular","role":"possessor of toon","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of klonk","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of deed","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause modifying iets","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geluid","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geluid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geluid","lemma":"geluid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"sound"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of maakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boor","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"boor","lemma":"boor","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of maakt","gloss":"drill"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"relative clause modifying geluid","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geschroefd","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wordt geschroefd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kracht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geschroefd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"geschroefd","lemma":"schroeven","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"passive participle governed by wordt","gloss":"screwed"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hout","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"hard","lemma":"hard","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies hout","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"hout","lemma":"hout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"wood"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"h8-s67","source":"Toch sprak hy niet luid, noch drukte hy byzonder op enkele woorden, en zelfs was er iets eentonigs in zyn stem, maar hetzy studie of natuur, juist deze eentonigheid maakte den indruk zyner woorden sterker op gemoederen die zoo byzonder ontvankelyk waren voor zulke taal.","translation":"Yet he did not speak loudly, nor did he lay any particular stress on single words, and there was even something monotonous in his voice; but whether by study or by nature, it was precisely this monotony that made the impression of his words the stronger upon temperaments so peculiarly receptive to such speech.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s67.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toch sprak hy niet luid, noch drukte hy byzonder op enkele woorden","title":"Fronted Toch / noch + inversion","body":"Both Toch ('yet') and noch ('nor') trigger V2 inversion (sprak hy, drukte hy). noch continues the negation across coordinated clauses without doubling it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hetzy studie of natuur, juist deze eentonigheid maakte den indruk ... sterker","title":"Comparative sterker + case remnant","body":"sterker maken ('make stronger') uses the comparative sterker; den indruk keeps the accusative den. hetzy ... of is the correlative 'whether ... or'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"luid","lemma":"luid","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of sprak","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"drukte","lemma":"drukken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with sprak","gloss":"stressed"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of drukte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"byzonder","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of drukte","gloss":"particularly"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking woorden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"enkele","lemma":"enkel","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woorden","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition op","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies was","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with sprak","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential complement of was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"eentonigs","lemma":"eentonig","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter, singular","role":"complement of iets","gloss":"monotonous"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stem","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of stem","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"stem","lemma":"stem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hetzy","lemma":"hetzij","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces alternative study or nature","gloss":"whether","note":"Historical spelling of modern hetzij, used here in the construction hetzij ... of (“whether ... or”)."},{"surface":"studie","lemma":"studie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first term of hetzij ... of","gloss":"study"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"natuur","lemma":"natuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second term of hetzij ... of","gloss":"nature"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of deze eentonigheid","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eentonigheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"eentonigheid","lemma":"eentonigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of maakte","gloss":"monotony"},{"surface":"maakte","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of contrasting clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maakte","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural","role":"possessor of woorden","gloss":"of his","note":"Zyner is an old genitive form of zijn, here meaning “of his.”"},{"surface":"woorden","lemma":"woord","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive complement of indruk","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"sterker","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"object complement of indruk","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gemoederen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"gemoederen","lemma":"gemoed","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of preposition op","gloss":"temperaments"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of bijzonder","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"byzonder","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of ontvankelijk","gloss":"peculiarly"},{"surface":"ontvankelyk","lemma":"ontvankelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"receptive"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking die to ontvankelijk","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking taal","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of taal","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition voor","gloss":"speech"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"h8-s68","source":"Zyn beelden, die altyd genomen waren uit het leven dat hem omringde, waren voor hem werkelyk hulpmiddelen tot begrypelyk maken van wat hy bedoelde, en niet, zooals vaak geschiedt, lastige aanhangsels die de zinsneden der redenaars bezwaren, zonder eenige duidelykheid toetevoegen aan 't begrip der zaak die men voorgeeft toetelichten.","translation":"His images, always drawn from the life that surrounded him, were for him true aids toward making intelligible what he meant, and not, as so often happens, troublesome appendages that burden the clauses of orators without adding any clarity to the understanding of the matter one pretends to elucidate.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s68.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyn beelden, die altyd genomen waren uit het leven dat hem omringde","title":"Relative die + zijn-passive (pluperfect)","body":"die relativizes beelden; genomen waren is a state passive in the past ('had been drawn'). A second relative dat (for the het-word leven) nests inside, verb-final on omringde."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"lastige aanhangsels die de zinsneden der redenaars bezwaren","title":"Genitive der + relative die","body":"der redenaars is a genitive plural ('of the orators'); die relativizes aanhangsels and is verb-final on bezwaren. toetevoegen later is separable toevoegen joined with te."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of beelden","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"beelden","lemma":"beeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"images"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of genomen","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"passive participle with waren","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of genomen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking leven","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of genomen","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of omringde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form","role":"direct object of omringde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"omringde","lemma":"omringen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on leven","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking beelden to hulpmiddelen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form","role":"object of preposition voor","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of waren","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"hulpmiddelen","lemma":"hulpmiddel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"aids"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces purpose phrase with maken","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"begrypelyk","lemma":"begrijpelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of wat","gloss":"intelligible"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"making"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object of maken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of bedoelde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bedoelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"bedoelde","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of object clause headed by wat","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates omitted waren","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"vaak","lemma":"vaak","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of geschiedt","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"geschiedt","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of parenthetical clause","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"lastige","lemma":"lastig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies aanhangsels","gloss":"troublesome"},{"surface":"aanhangsels","lemma":"aanhangsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"contrasting predicative complement of waren","gloss":"appendages"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of bezwaren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zinsneden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zinsneden","lemma":"zinsnede","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"direct object of bezwaren","gloss":"clauses"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"marks genitive modifier redenaars","gloss":"of the","note":"Der is an old genitive form of de, here meaning “of the.”"},{"surface":"redenaars","lemma":"redenaar","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"genitive possessor of zinsneden","gloss":"orators"},{"surface":"bezwaren","lemma":"bezwaren","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of relative clause on aanhangsels","gloss":"burden"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking duidelykheid","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"eenige","lemma":"enig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of duidelijkheid","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"duidelykheid","lemma":"duidelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of toe te voegen","gloss":"clarity"},{"surface":"toetevoegen","lemma":"toevoegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"complement of zonder","gloss":"adding","note":"Historical spelling writes modern toe te voegen as one word."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking begrip","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of begrip","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begrip","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of preposition aan","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"marks genitive modifier zaak","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of begrip","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common singular","role":"direct object of toe te lichten","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voorgeeft","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"voorgeeft","lemma":"voorgeven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on zaak","gloss":"pretends"},{"surface":"toetelichten","lemma":"toelichten","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitive complement of voorgeeft","gloss":"to elucidate","note":"Historical spelling writes modern toe te lichten as one word."}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"h8-s69","source":"We zyn thans gewoon aan de ongerymdheid van de uitdrukking: \"sterk als een leeuw\" maar wie in Europa dit beeld het eerst gebruikte, toonde dat hy zyn vergelyking niet had geput uit de zielepoëzie die beelden geeft voor redeneering en niet anders spreken kan, doch zyn aanvullende gemeenplaats eenvoudig had afgeschreven uit een of ander boek--uit den bybel misschien--waarin een leeuw voorkwam.","translation":"We are nowadays accustomed to the absurdity of the expression \"strong as a lion\"; but whoever in Europe first used this image showed that he had not drawn his comparison from the soul-poetry which gives images in place of reasoning and can speak in no other way, but had simply copied his stock phrase out of one book or another — out of the Bible, perhaps — in which a lion appeared.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s69.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie in Europa dit beeld het eerst gebruikte, toonde dat ...","title":"Headless relative wie + V2 main clause","body":"wie ('whoever') opens a headless relative that occupies slot one; the main verb toonde then stands second. The dat-clause is verb-final (afgeschreven had at the end)."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking we to gewoon","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"thans","lemma":"thans","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zyn","gloss":"nowadays"},{"surface":"gewoon","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"accustomed"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ongerymdheid","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ongerymdheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ongerymdheid","lemma":"ongerijmdheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition aan","gloss":"absurdity"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitdrukking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitdrukking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitdrukking","lemma":"uitdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"expression"},{"surface":"sterk","lemma":"sterk","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of quoted expression","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"conjunction of comparison","role":"introduces comparison with leeuw","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leeuw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"leeuw","lemma":"leeuw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"standard of comparison with sterk","gloss":"lion"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of gebruikte and toonde","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of preposition in","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of beeld","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"beeld","lemma":"beeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gebruikte","gloss":"image"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner in adverbial het eerst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eerst","lemma":"eerst","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"adverbial modifier of gebruikte","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"gebruikte","lemma":"gebruiken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of subject clause headed by wie","gloss":"used"},{"surface":"toonde","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of contrasting clause","gloss":"showed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geput","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had geput","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of vergelijking","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vergelyking","lemma":"vergelijking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geput","gloss":"comparison"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geput","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of geput","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"geput","lemma":"putten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"clausal complement of toonde","gloss":"drawn"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zielepoëzie","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zielepoëzie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zielepoëzie","lemma":"zielepoëzie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition uit","gloss":"soul-poetry"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of geeft and kan","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"beelden","lemma":"beeld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of geeft","gloss":"images"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on zielepoëzie","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking redeneering","gloss":"in place of"},{"surface":"redeneering","lemma":"redenering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition voor","gloss":"reasoning"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates anders spreken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of spreken","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated verb with geeft","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of gemeenplaats","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aanvullende","lemma":"aanvullend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies gemeenplaats","gloss":"supplementary"},{"surface":"gemeenplaats","lemma":"gemeenplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of afgeschreven","gloss":"stock phrase"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of afgeschreven","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of afgeschreven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"afgeschreven","lemma":"afschrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"coordinated participle with geput","gloss":"copied"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boek","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"modifies boek","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links een and ander in fixed phrase","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"second alternative in een of ander","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of afgeschreven","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces appositional source den bijbel","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of bijbel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bybel","lemma":"Bijbel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of preposition uit","gloss":"Bible"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies afgeschreven","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"relative adjunct referring to boek","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leeuw","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"leeuw","lemma":"leeuw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of voorkwam","gloss":"lion"},{"surface":"voorkwam","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause on boek","gloss":"appeared"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"h8-s70","source":"Want niemand zyner hoorders had ooit de sterkte des leeuws ondervonden, en 't ware dus veeleer noodig geweest hun die sterkte te doen beseffen door vergelyking van den leeuw met iets waarvan de kracht hun by ervaring bekend was, dan omgekeerd. Men erkenne dat Havelaar werkelyk dichter was.","translation":"For none of his listeners had ever experienced the strength of the lion, and it would therefore rather have been necessary to make them feel that strength by comparing the lion to something whose force was known to them by experience, than the reverse. Let it be granted that Havelaar was truly a poet.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t ware dus veeleer noodig geweest hun die sterkte te doen beseffen","title":"Counterfactual ware + causative doen","body":"'t ware ... geweest is the past subjunctive ('it would have been'); te doen beseffen is causative doen with a te-infinitive ('to make them realize'). veeleer is 'rather'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"iets waarvan de kracht hun by ervaring bekend was","title":"Pronominal adverb waarvan","body":"waarvan ('of which') is a pronominal adverb relativizing van — 'something of which the force was known to them'. The clause is verb-final on was. Men erkenne is a hortative subjunctive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces explanatory clause","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of had ondervonden","gloss":"none"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive plural","role":"introduces partitive hoorders","gloss":"of his","note":"Zyner is an old genitive form of zijn, here used after niemand to mean “of his.”"},{"surface":"hoorders","lemma":"hoorder","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"partitive genitive after niemand","gloss":"listeners"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ondervonden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"ooit","lemma":"ooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ondervonden","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sterkte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sterkte","lemma":"sterkte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of ondervonden","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"marks genitive leeuws","gloss":"of the","note":"Des is an old genitive form of de, here meaning “of the.”"},{"surface":"leeuws","lemma":"leeuw","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular","role":"genitive complement of sterkte","gloss":"lion"},{"surface":"ondervonden","lemma":"ondervinden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"participle with had","gloss":"experienced"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive with ware","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ware","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, singular","role":"finite verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"would have","note":"Ware is a past subjunctive auxiliary; with geweest it forms the conditional perfect ‘would have been.’"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodig","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"veeleer","lemma":"veeleer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies noodig","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ware geweest","gloss":"necessary"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle with ware","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative plural","role":"indirect object of doen beseffen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of sterkte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"sterkte","lemma":"sterkte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beseffen","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of nodig","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"beseffen","lemma":"beseffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of doen","gloss":"appreciate"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vergelyking","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"vergelyking","lemma":"vergelijking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition door","gloss":"comparison"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces first term of comparison","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine dative singular","role":"determiner of leeuw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leeuw","lemma":"leeuw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition van","gloss":"lion"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iets","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of preposition met","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"possessive relative modifier of kracht","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kracht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kracht","lemma":"kracht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"force"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative plural","role":"indirect complement of bekend","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner phrase ervaring","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ervaring","lemma":"ervaring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of preposition bij","gloss":"experience"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula in relative clause on iets","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"conjunction of comparison","role":"introduces omitted alternative","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"omgekeerd","lemma":"omgekeerd","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical comparative alternative","gloss":"the reverse"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of erkenne","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"erkenne","lemma":"erkennen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of optative sentence","gloss":"may grant","note":"Erkenne is a present subjunctive used optatively: “let one grant.”"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of erkenne","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of dichter","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"dichter","lemma":"dichter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"a poet"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Havelaar to dichter","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"h8-s71","source":"Ieder gevoelt dat hy, sprekende van de rystvelden die er waren op de bergen, de oogen daarheen richtte door de open zyde der zaal, en dat hy die velden inderdaad zag. Men beseft, als hy den boom liet vragen waar de man was die als kind aan zyn voet gespeeld had, dat die boom daar stond en voor de verbeelding van Havelaars toehoorders in werkelykheid vragend rondstaarde naar de heengegane bewoners van Lebak.","translation":"Everyone feels that, speaking of the rice-fields that lay upon the mountains, he turned his eyes thither through the open side of the hall, and that he really saw those fields. One senses that, when he made the tree ask where the man was who as a child had played at its foot, that tree stood there and, to the imagination of Havelaar's listeners, in very truth gazed questioningly about for the departed inhabitants of Lebak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"sprekende van de rystvelden ... richtte de oogen daarheen","title":"Present participle sprekende + daarheen","body":"sprekende ('speaking') is the present participle used adverbially; daarheen ('thither') is a directional pronominal adverb. The clause die er waren op de bergen embeds a relative with existential er."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als hy den boom liet vragen waar de man was","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive","body":"liet vragen is causative laten with the bare infinitive vragen ('made the tree ask'); no te follows laten. The embedded indirect question waar de man was is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevoelt","gloss":"Everyone"},{"surface":"gevoelt","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of richtte","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of richtte and zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sprekende","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"present participle","role":"adverbial participle modifying hy","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rystvelden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of rystvelden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rystvelden","lemma":"rijstveld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"rice-fields"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"locative adverb","role":"locative complement of waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of relative clause modifying rystvelden","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bergen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bergen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bergen","lemma":"berg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of richtte","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"daarheen","lemma":"daarheen","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of richtte","gloss":"thither"},{"surface":"richtte","lemma":"richten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of content clause introduced by dat","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zyde","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zyde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"open","lemma":"open","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifier of zyde","gloss":"open"},{"surface":"zyde","lemma":"zijde","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"side","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch zijde."},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular feminine","role":"genitive determiner of zaal","gloss":"of the","note":"Der is an old genitive form meaning “of the.”"},{"surface":"zaal","lemma":"zaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of zyde","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of velden","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"velden","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zag","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with richtte","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of beseft","gloss":"One"},{"surface":"beseft","lemma":"beseffen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"senses"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of liet","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of liet and subject of vragen","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of subordinate clause introduced by als","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of liet","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"locative complement of was","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of embedded question introduced by waar","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of had gespeeld","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces predicative phrase als kind","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of als","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voet","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessive determiner of voet","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gespeeld","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"gespeeld","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"past participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gespeeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of beseft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stond","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of object clause introduced by dat","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verbeelding","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verbeelding","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verbeelding","lemma":"verbeelding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"imagination"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaars","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessive modifier of toehoorders","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"toehoorders","lemma":"toehoorder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"listeners"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking werkelykheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"werkelykheid","lemma":"werkelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"reality"},{"surface":"vragend","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"present participle","role":"adverbial modifier of rondstaarde","gloss":"questioningly"},{"surface":"rondstaarde","lemma":"rondstaren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with stond","gloss":"gazed about"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bewoners","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bewoners","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heengegane","lemma":"heengaan","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally","role":"modifier of bewoners","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"bewoners","lemma":"bewoner","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of naar","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"h8-s72","source":"Ook verzon hy niets: hy hoorde den boom spreken, en meende slechts natezeggen wat hy in zyn dichterlyke opvatting zoo duidelyk verstaan had.","translation":"Nor did he invent anything: he heard the tree speak, and meant only to repeat what, in his poetic apprehension, he had understood so clearly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s72.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ook verzon hy niets","title":"Fronted Ook + negative niets","body":"The fronted Ook ('also') inverts the verb (verzon hy). niets ('nothing') is the single clause negative — Dutch uses one negative word, never a double. verzon is the strong past of verzinnen."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy hoorde den boom spreken, en meende slechts natezeggen","title":"Perception hoorde + bare infinitive; te-infinitive","body":"hoorde ... spreken pairs the perception verb with a bare infinitive ('heard the tree speak'); natezeggen is separable nazeggen joined with te ('to repeat'). den boom keeps the case remnant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds negative coordination to verzon niets","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"verzon","lemma":"verzinnen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"invented"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of verzon","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of verzon","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of hoorde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hoorde","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"parallel clause to verzon","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hoorde and subject of spreken","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hoorde","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"meende","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with hoorde","gloss":"meant"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies natezeggen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"natezeggen","lemma":"nazeggen","morphology":"separable verb, te-infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of meende","gloss":"to repeat","note":"Written as one word here; modern Dutch normally has na te zeggen."},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of verstaan","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had verstaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking opvatting","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessive determiner of opvatting","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dichterlyke","lemma":"dichterlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies opvatting","gloss":"poetic"},{"surface":"opvatting","lemma":"opvatting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"apprehension"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of duidelyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of verstaan","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"verstaan","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"past participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of verstaan","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"h8-s73","source":"Wanneer misschien iemand de opmerking maken mocht, dat het oorspronkelyke in Havelaars wyze van spreken niet zoo onbetwistbaar is, daar zyn taal denken doet aan den styl der profeten van 't Oude-Testament, moet ik herinneren reeds gezegd te hebben dat hy in oogenblikken van vervoering werkelyk iets had van een ziener. Gevoed door de indrukken die 't leven in wouden en op bergen hem had meegedeeld, omgeven door de poëzie-ademende atmosfeer van het oosten, en alzoo scheppende uit gelyksoortige bron als de Vermaners der Oudheid waarmee men soms zich genoopt voelde hem te vergelyken, gissen wy dat hy niet ànders zou gesproken hebben, ook wanneer hy nooit de heerlyke dichtstukken van het Oude-Testament gelezen had.","translation":"Should anyone perhaps make the observation that the originality in Havelaar's manner of speaking is not so incontestable, since his language calls to mind the style of the prophets of the Old Testament, I must recall that I have already said he had, in moments of rapture, truly something of a seer. Nourished by the impressions that life in forests and on mountains had imparted to him, surrounded by the poetry-breathing atmosphere of the East, and thus drawing from a source like that of the Admonishers of antiquity, with whom one sometimes felt compelled to compare him, we surmise that he would not have spoken any differently, even had he never read the glorious poems of the Old Testament.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wanneer ... iemand de opmerking maken mocht, dat ... moet ik herinneren","title":"Conditional wanneer + modal mocht","body":"The fronted wanneer-clause ('should anyone...') uses the past modal mocht for tentative possibility and is verb-final (maken mocht); the main clause then inverts (moet ik). Gevoed / omgeven / scheppende are participles building a long periodic sentence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Gevoed door de indrukken ... omgeven door de ... atmosfeer ... gissen wy","title":"Past participles as absolute phrases","body":"Gevoed ('nourished') and omgeven ('surrounded') are past participles opening absolute adjectival phrases describing Havelaar; door marks the agent. The main clause inverts to gissen wy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of mocht maken","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"misschien","lemma":"misschien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opmerking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opmerking","lemma":"opmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"observation"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by mocht","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of maken","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause modifying opmerking","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oorspronkelyke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oorspronkelyke","lemma":"oorspronkelijk","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"originality"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Havelaars","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessive modifier of wyze","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"wyze","lemma":"wijze","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"manner"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking spreken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verbal noun, infinitive","role":"object of van","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onbetwistbaar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onbetwistbaar","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"onbetwistbaar","lemma":"onbetwistbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"incontestable"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking oorspronkelyke and onbetwistbaar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of doet","gloss":"since","note":"Here daar is a causal conjunction meaning “since,” not the locative adverb “there.”"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessive determiner of taal","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"taal","lemma":"taal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"language"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of doet","gloss":"think"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of causal clause introduced by daar","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition governed by denken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of styl","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"style"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"genitive determiner of profeten","gloss":"of the","note":"Der is an old genitive form meaning “of the.”"},{"surface":"profeten","lemma":"profeet","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of styl","gloss":"prophets"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Oude-Testament","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Oude-Testament","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Oude-Testament","lemma":"Oude Testament","morphology":"proper noun, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Old Testament"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of herinneren","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of herinneren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"herinneren","lemma":"herinneren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"recall"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"past participle","role":"past participle governed by hebben","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oogenblikken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"oogenblikken","lemma":"ogenblik","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vervoering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"vervoering","lemma":"vervoering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"rapture"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of had","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of object clause introduced by dat","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ziener","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of ziener","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ziener","lemma":"ziener","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"seer"},{"surface":"Gevoed","lemma":"voeden","morphology":"past participle","role":"participial modifier referring to hy","gloss":"Nourished"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking indrukken","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of indrukken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indrukken","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"impressions"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of had meegedeeld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of had meegedeeld","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wouden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"wouden","lemma":"woud","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"forests"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bergen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"bergen","lemma":"berg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, third-person singular","role":"indirect object of meegedeeld","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of meegedeeld","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"meegedeeld","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"past participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"imparted"},{"surface":"omgeven","lemma":"omgeven","morphology":"past participle","role":"participial modifier referring to hy","gloss":"surrounded"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking atmosfeer","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of atmosfeer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"poëzie-ademende","lemma":"poëzie-ademend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifier of atmosfeer","gloss":"poetry-breathing"},{"surface":"atmosfeer","lemma":"atmosfeer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"atmosphere"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oosten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oosten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oosten","lemma":"oosten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"East"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"alzoo","lemma":"alzo","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of scheppende","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"scheppende","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"present participle","role":"participial modifier referring to hy","gloss":"drawing"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bron","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"gelyksoortige","lemma":"gelijksoortig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bron","gloss":"similar"},{"surface":"bron","lemma":"bron","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of uit","gloss":"source"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces comparison with Vermaners","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Vermaners","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Vermaners","lemma":"vermaner","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of als","gloss":"Admonishers"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular feminine","role":"genitive determiner of Oudheid","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"Oudheid","lemma":"oudheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of Vermaners","gloss":"Antiquity"},{"surface":"waarmee","lemma":"waarmee","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of vergelyken referring to Vermaners","gloss":"with whom"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of voelde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"soms","lemma":"soms","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies genoopt","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of voelde","gloss":"oneself"},{"surface":"genoopt","lemma":"nopen","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of voelde","gloss":"compelled"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of relative clause introduced by waarmee","gloss":"felt"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of vergelyken","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive vergelyken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"vergelyken","lemma":"vergelijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of genoopt","gloss":"compare"},{"surface":"gissen","lemma":"gissen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"surmise"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, first-person plural","role":"subject of gissen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gesproken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of zou gesproken hebben","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ànders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of gesproken","gloss":"differently","note":"The grave accent adds emphatic stress: “differently.”"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"past participle","role":"past participle in zou gesproken hebben","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary in zou gesproken hebben","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb modifying wanneer-clause","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gelezen","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had gelezen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gelezen","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heerlyke","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heerlyke","lemma":"heerlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifier of dichtstukken","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"dichtstukken","lemma":"dichtstuk","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"direct object of gelezen","gloss":"poems"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Oude-Testament","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Oude-Testament","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Oude-Testament","lemma":"Oude Testament","morphology":"proper noun, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Old Testament"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"past participle","role":"past participle governed by had","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"h8-s74","source":"Vinden we niet reeds in de verzen die van zyn jeugd dagteekenen, regels als deze, die geschreven waren op den Salak--een der reuzen, maar niet de grootste, onder de bergen van de Preanger Regentschappen--waarin alweder de aanhef de zachtheid zyner aandoeningen teekent, om op-eens overtegaan in 't naspreken van den donder dien hy onder zich hoort: 't Is zoeter hier zijn Maker luid te loven... 't Gebed klinkt schoon langs berg- en heuvelrij...","translation":"Do we not find already, in the verses dating from his youth, lines such as these, which were written on the Salak — one of the giants, though not the greatest, among the mountains of the Preanger Regencies — in which once again the opening marks the softness of his emotions, only to pass all at once into the echoing of the thunder he hears beneath him: 'Tis sweeter here to praise aloud one's Maker... The prayer rings fair along the ridge and hill...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s74.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vinden we niet reeds ... regels als deze, die geschreven waren op den Salak","title":"Rhetorical question + zijn-passive (past)","body":"Vinden we niet fronts the verb for a rhetorical question; geschreven waren is a past state passive ('had been written'). deze is the near demonstrative 'these'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vinden","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Vinden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Vinden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Vinden","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verzen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verzen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of Vinden","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of dagteekenen","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jeugd","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of jeugd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"jeugd","lemma":"jeugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"dagteekenen","lemma":"dagtekenen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on verzen","gloss":"date"},{"surface":"regels","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of Vinden","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces comparison with deze","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"object of als","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of geschreven waren; antecedent regels","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"past participle","role":"passive predicate with waren","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Salak","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of Salak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Salak","lemma":"Salak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of op","gloss":"Salak"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"één","morphology":"cardinal numeral, singular, substantivized","role":"apposition to Salak","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"determiner of reuzen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"reuzen","lemma":"reus","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of een","gloss":"giants"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates elliptical phrase de grootste","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies grootste","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grootste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grootste","lemma":"groot","morphology":"substantivized adjective, superlative","role":"elliptical apposition to Salak","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bergen","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bergen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bergen","lemma":"berg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Preanger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Preanger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Preanger","lemma":"Preanger","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first element of compound name Preanger Regentschappen","gloss":"Preanger"},{"surface":"Regentschappen","lemma":"regentschap","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of van; part of Preanger Regentschappen","gloss":"Regencies"},{"surface":"waarin","lemma":"waarin","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces relative clause on regels","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"alweder","lemma":"alweder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies teekent","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of aanhef","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aanhef","lemma":"aanhef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of teekent","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zachtheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of teekent","gloss":"softness"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"possessor of aandoeningen","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"aandoeningen","lemma":"aandoening","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"genitive complement of zachtheid","gloss":"emotions"},{"surface":"teekent","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause introduced by waarin","gloss":"marks"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces infinitive clause over te gaan","gloss":"only to"},{"surface":"op-eens","lemma":"opeens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies over te gaan","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"overtegaan","lemma":"overgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical fused spelling","role":"complement of om","gloss":"pass"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"fixed complement of overgaan; marks naspreken","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of naspreken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"naspreken","lemma":"naspreken","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"echoing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking donder","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine singular","role":"determiner of donder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"donder","lemma":"donder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"thunder"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"direct object of hoort; antecedent donder","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of hoort","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, reflexive","role":"object of onder","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"hoort","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"predicate of relative clause on donder","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"dummy subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to zoeter","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zoeter","lemma":"zoet","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"sweeter"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies loven","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"zijn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Maker","gloss":"one's"},{"surface":"Maker","lemma":"maker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of loven","gloss":"Maker"},{"surface":"luid","lemma":"luid","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies loven","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces loven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"loven","lemma":"loven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival subject complement of Is","gloss":"praise"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Gebed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gebed","lemma":"gebed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of klinkt","gloss":"prayer"},{"surface":"klinkt","lemma":"klinken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rings"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of klinkt","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"langs","lemma":"langs","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking berg-","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"berg","lemma":"berg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, first conjunct of compound","role":"first conjunct in berg- en heuvelrij","gloss":"mountain"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"heuvelrij","lemma":"heuvelrij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second conjunct in berg- en heuvelrij; object of langs","gloss":"hill range"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"h8-s75","source":"Veel meer dan ginds rijst hier het hart naar boven: Men is zijn God op bergen meer nabij! Hier schiep Hijzelf altaar en tempelkoren, Nog door geen tred van 's menschen voet ontwijd, Hier doet Hij zich in 't raat'lend onweer hooren...","translation":"Far more than yonder does the heart rise heavenward here: One is upon the mountains nearer to one's God! Here God Himself made altar and temple choirs, By tread of human foot not yet profaned, Here in the rattling tempest He makes Himself heard...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Men is zijn God op bergen meer nabij!","title":"Impersonal men + comparison meer nabij","body":"men ('one') is the impersonal subject; meer nabij ('nearer') is an analytic comparative. Note these verses use modern -ij spelling (rijst, Hij), unlike the surrounding 1860 prose's y."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hier schiep Hijzelf altaar ... Nog door geen tred ... ontwijd","title":"Fronted Hier + zijn-passive participle","body":"The fronted Hier inverts the verb (schiep Hij). ontwijd ('profaned') is a participle in a reduced passive; geen tred negates the indefinite noun. schiep is the strong past of scheppen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies meer","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies rijst","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces ginds","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ginds","lemma":"ginds","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"yonder"},{"surface":"rijst","lemma":"rijzen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rises"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rijst","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of rijst","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking boven","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"boven","lemma":"boven","morphology":"adverb","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"Men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Men to nabij","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zijn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of God","gloss":"one's"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of nabij","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bergen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"bergen","lemma":"berg","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"modifies nabij","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"nabij","lemma":"nabij","morphology":"adjective","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"Hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schiep","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"schiep","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"Hijzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schiep","gloss":"He Himself"},{"surface":"altaar","lemma":"altaar","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of schiep","gloss":"altar"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"tempelkoren","lemma":"tempelkoor","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated direct object with altaar","gloss":"temple choirs"},{"surface":"Nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontwijd","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tred","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of tred","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"tred","lemma":"tred","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"tread"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking menschen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, contracted genitive singular","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"genitive possessor of voet","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"voet","lemma":"voet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of tred","gloss":"foot"},{"surface":"ontwijd","lemma":"ontwijden","morphology":"past participle","role":"participial predicate modifying altaar and tempelkoren","gloss":"profaned"},{"surface":"Hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doet","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"causative auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"makes"},{"surface":"Hij","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of hooren","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onweer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onweer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"raat'lend","lemma":"ratelen","morphology":"present participle, elided spelling","role":"modifies onweer","gloss":"rattling"},{"surface":"onweer","lemma":"onweer","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of hooren","gloss":"tempest"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitive complement of doet","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"h8-s76","source":"En rollend roept Zijn donder: Majesteit!(*) (*)Frits zegt: ijd en eit rijmt niet, althans niet in Friesland en Zeeland.","translation":"And rolling His thunder cries: Majesty!(*) (*)Frits says: ijd and eit do not rhyme, at least not in Friesland and Zeeland.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s76.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"En rollend roept Zijn donder: Majesteit!","title":"Present participle rollend + inversion","body":"rollend ('rolling') is a present participle used adverbially; the fronted En rollend triggers inversion (roept Zijn donder). The footnote is Frits's pedantic objection about rhyme."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates with preceding poetic sentence","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rollend","lemma":"rollen","morphology":"present participle","role":"adverbial modifier of roept","gloss":"rolling"},{"surface":"roept","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cries"},{"surface":"Zijn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of donder","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"donder","lemma":"donder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of roept","gloss":"thunder"},{"surface":"Majesteit","lemma":"majesteit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"quoted direct object of roept","gloss":"Majesty"},{"surface":"Frits","lemma":"Frits","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zegt","gloss":"Frits"},{"surface":"zegt","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"says"},{"surface":"ijd","lemma":"ijd","morphology":"quoted letter sequence","role":"first conjunct of subject of rijmt","gloss":"-ijd ending","note":"The endings of ontwijd and Majesteit are being compared for rhyme."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eit","lemma":"eit","morphology":"quoted letter sequence","role":"second conjunct of subject of rijmt","gloss":"-eit ending"},{"surface":"rijmt","lemma":"rijmen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of reported clause","gloss":"rhymes"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rijmt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying in Friesland en Zeeland","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies implicit rijmt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Friesland","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Friesland","lemma":"Friesland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of rijmt","gloss":"Friesland"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Zeeland","lemma":"Zeeland","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with Friesland","gloss":"Zeeland"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"h8-s77","source":"Die Sjaalman schijnt dan niet eens verzen te maken, die deugen. 't Is waar, 't was in zijn jeugd. B.","translation":"That Sjaalman, it seems, cannot even write verses that are any good. True enough, it was in his youth. B.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Die Sjaalman ... verzen ... die deugen","title":"Sjaalman and deugen","body":"Sjaalman ('Shawl-man') is Droogstoppel's contemptuous name for the impoverished author of the manuscript (Havelaar's alter ego). deugen means 'to be any good, be worth something'; the demonstrative die ('that') drips with disdain."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of Sjaalman","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Sjaalman","lemma":"Sjaalman","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of schijnt","gloss":"Sjaalman"},{"surface":"schijnt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying schijnt","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies maken","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of schijnt","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of deugen; antecedent verzen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"deugen","lemma":"deugen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"relative clause on verzen","gloss":"are any good"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"dummy subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking jeugd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zijn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of jeugd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"jeugd","lemma":"jeugd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of was","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"B","lemma":"B","morphology":"proper noun, initial","role":"speaker attribution","gloss":"B"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"h8-s78","source":"Droogstoppel ... en gevoelt men niet, dat hy de laatste regels niet zóó had kunnen schryven, als hy niet werkelyk had meenen te hooren en te verstaan hoe Gods donder hem die regels in klaterende trilling tegen de wanden van 't gebergte toeriep?","translation":"Droogstoppel ... and does one not feel that he could not have written those last lines so, had he not really believed he heard and understood how God's thunder roared those lines to him in clattering vibration against the walls of the mountain range?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s78.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"gevoelt men niet, dat hy ... niet ... had kunnen schryven, als hy niet ...","title":"Modal perfect in a counterfactual","body":"had kunnen schryven is 'could have written' (modal kunnen + perfect had), inside a counterfactual: he could not have written so 'had he not really believed...'. The als-clause is verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Droogstoppel","lemma":"Droogstoppel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative addressing Droogstoppel","gloss":"Droogstoppel"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates question with preceding address","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gevoelt","lemma":"gevoelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"feels"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gevoelt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gevoelt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of gevoelt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of had kunnen schryven","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of regels","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative","role":"modifies regels","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"regels","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of schryven","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zóó","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zóó","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schryven","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of schryven","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"auxiliary of schryven","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"schryven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitive complement of kunnen","gloss":"write"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces counterfactual conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, historical spelling","role":"subject of had meenen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had meenen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"werkelyk","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"modifies had meenen","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of meenen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"meenen","lemma":"menen","morphology":"verb, infinitive in infinitivus-pro-participio construction, historical spelling","role":"complement of had","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces hooren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitive complement of meenen","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces verstaan","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verstaan","lemma":"verstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated infinitive complement of meenen","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"subordinating adverb","role":"introduces complement clause of hooren and verstaan","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"Gods","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of donder","gloss":"God's"},{"surface":"donder","lemma":"donder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of toeriep","gloss":"thunder"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of toeriep","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of regels","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"regels","lemma":"regel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of toeriep","gloss":"lines"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking trilling","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"klaterende","lemma":"klateren","morphology":"present participle, attributive","role":"modifies trilling","gloss":"clattering"},{"surface":"trilling","lemma":"trilling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"vibration"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wanden","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wanden","lemma":"wand","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gebergte","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gebergte","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gebergte","lemma":"gebergte","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"mountain range"},{"surface":"toeriep","lemma":"toeroepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"predicate of clause introduced by hoe","gloss":"roared"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"h8-s79","source":"Maar hy hield niet van verzen. \"Het was een leelyk ryglyf\" zeide hy, en als hy er toe gebracht werd iets te lezen van wat hy \"begaan\" had, zooals hy zich uitdrukte, schiep hy er vermaak in, zyn eigen werk te bederven, òf door 't voortedragen op een toon die 't belachelyk maken moest, òf door op-eenmaal, vooral by een hoogst-ernstigen passus, aftebreken, en er een kwinkslag tusschen te werpen, die de toehoorders pynlyk aandeed, maar die by hem niets anders was dan een bloedige satire op de onevenredigheid tusschen dat keurslyf en zyn ziel die zich daarin zoo benauwd voelde.","translation":"But he had no love for verses. \"It was an ugly corset,\" he would say, and when he was brought to read aloud something of what he had \"perpetrated,\" as he put it, he took pleasure in spoiling his own work — either by delivering it in a tone meant to make it ridiculous, or by breaking off all of a sudden, especially at a highly earnest passage, and throwing in some jest that pained the listeners, but that with him was nothing other than a savage satire on the disproportion between that strait-jacket and his soul, which felt itself so cramped within it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s79.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als hy er toe gebracht werd iets te lezen","title":"worden-passive (past) + pronominal er ... toe","body":"gebracht werd is the process passive in the past ('was brought'); er ... toe ('to it') is a split pronominal adverb. The als-clause is verb-final on werd."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"schiep hy er vermaak in, zyn eigen werk te bederven, òf door 't voortedragen ... òf door ...","title":"Correlative òf ... òf + nominalized infinitive","body":"òf ... òf is the correlative 'either ... or'; 't voortedragen and aftebreken are nominalized te-infinitives of separable verbs (voordragen, afbreken). schiep ... in is separable scheppen in ('took pleasure in')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the sentence with the preceding context","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb in hield niet van","gloss":"had a liking"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb of negation","role":"negates hield van","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement marker in houden van","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"verzen","lemma":"vers","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"verses"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking Het to ryglyf","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of ryglyf","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"leelyk","lemma":"lelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies ryglyf","gloss":"ugly"},{"surface":"ryglyf","lemma":"rijglijf","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"corset","note":"Historical spelling of “rijglijf,” literally a laced bodice or corset."},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"reporting verb governing the quotation","gloss":"said","note":"Archaic past form of zeggen; modern prose normally has “zei.”"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the clause of schiep to the preceding clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the subordinate clause of werd","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of the passive werd gebracht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of ertoe, complement of gebracht","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"second part of ertoe, marking what he was brought to do","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gebracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb of werd gebracht","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gebracht","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of lezen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks the infinitive lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of gebracht","gloss":"read aloud"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the partitive relative clause wat ... had begaan","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of begaan","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of had begaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"begaan","lemma":"begaan","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb of had begaan","gloss":"perpetrated"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of begaan","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause of uitdrukte","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of uitdrukte","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"reflexive object of uitdrukte","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"uitdrukte","lemma":"uitdrukken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical comparison","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"schiep","lemma":"scheppen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb in schiep ... vermaak in","gloss":"took","note":"The idiom “er vermaak in scheppen” means to take pleasure in something."},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of schiep","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"anticipatory complement paired with in","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"vermaak","lemma":"vermaak","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of schiep","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"completes er ... in and introduces the infinitive clause","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of werk","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies werk","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of bederven","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks the infinitive bederven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bederven","lemma":"bederven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of er vermaak in scheppen","gloss":"spoil"},{"surface":"òf","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"first member of the òf ... òf coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the first means of bederven","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, contracted","role":"direct object of voortedragen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"voortedragen","lemma":"voordragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"infinitival complement of door","gloss":"delivering aloud","note":"The older spelling writes te into “voortedragen”; the modern infinitive is “voordragen.”"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces toon","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of toon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of moest","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, contracted","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"belachelyk","lemma":"belachelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"object complement of het with maken","gloss":"ridiculous","note":"Historical spelling of modern “belachelijk.”"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moest","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause on toon","gloss":"was meant to"},{"surface":"òf","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"second member of the òf ... òf coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the second means of bederven","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"op eenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aftebreken","gloss":"all at once","note":"“Op eenmaal” is an older expression meaning suddenly or all at once."},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the prepositional phrase by een ... passus","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces passus","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of passus","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"hoogst-ernstigen","lemma":"hoogst-ernstig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies passus","gloss":"highly earnest"},{"surface":"passus","lemma":"passus","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"passage"},{"surface":"aftebreken","lemma":"afbreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"object of door and coordinated with te werpen","gloss":"breaking off","note":"Historical solid spelling of modern “af te breken.”"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates aftebreken and te werpen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of er ... tusschen, modifying werpen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of kwinkslag","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kwinkslag","lemma":"kwinkslag","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of werpen","gloss":"jest"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"second part of er ... tussen, giving werpen the sense “throw in”","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks the infinitive werpen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"werpen","lemma":"werpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with aftebreken and governed by door","gloss":"throw"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of aandeed and antecedent kwinkslag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of toehoorders","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"toehoorders","lemma":"toehoorder","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of aandeed","gloss":"listeners"},{"surface":"pynlyk","lemma":"pijnlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aandeed","gloss":"painfully","note":"Historical spelling of modern “pijnlijk.”"},{"surface":"aandeed","lemma":"aandoen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause on kwinkslag","gloss":"affected"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two relative clauses on kwinkslag","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of was and antecedent kwinkslag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hem","gloss":"with","note":"Historical spelling of modern “bij”; “bij hem” here means in his case or estimation."},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"object of bij","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niets","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking die to niets anders dan satire","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces satire after niets anders","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of satire","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bloedige","lemma":"bloedig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies satire","gloss":"savage","note":"Literally “bloody”; here it intensifies the harshness of the satire."},{"surface":"satire","lemma":"satire","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"complement after niets anders dan","gloss":"satire"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces onevenredigheid as the target of satire","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of onevenredigheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onevenredigheid","lemma":"onevenredigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"disproportion"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the two terms of the disproportion","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of keurslyf","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"keurslyf","lemma":"keurslijf","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"first coordinated object of tusschen","gloss":"strait-jacket","note":"Historical spelling of modern “keurslijf”; figuratively a constraining form."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates keurslyf and ziel","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of ziel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"second coordinated object of tusschen","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of voelde and antecedent ziel","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"reflexive object of voelde","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"locative modifier of voelde","gloss":"within it"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies benauwd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"benauwd","lemma":"benauwd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zich with voelde","gloss":"cramped"},{"surface":"voelde","lemma":"voelen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause on ziel","gloss":"felt"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"h8-s80","source":"Er waren onder de Hoofden slechts weinigen die van de rondgediende ververschingen iets gebruikten. Havelaar had namelyk met een wenk gelast, de by zoodanige gelegenheid onvermydelyke thee met maniessan rondtedienen.","translation":"There were among the chiefs only a few who partook of anything from the refreshments handed round. Havelaar had, namely, ordered by a sign that the tea with maniessan, unavoidable on such an occasion, be served round.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er waren onder de Hoofden slechts weinigen die ... iets gebruikten","title":"Existential er + relative die","body":"Er waren ... weinigen ('there were only few') is existential; die relativizes weinigen and is verb-final on gebruikten. de rondgediende ververschingen uses a participle rondgediend as an attributive adjective."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"had ... gelast, de ... thee met maniessan rondtedienen","title":"Causative gelasten + separable te-infinitive","body":"gelasten ('to order') governs a te-infinitive; rondtedienen is separable ronddienen ('serve round') joined with te. namelyk ('namely') is an explanatory connector."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb agreeing with weinigen","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Hoofden","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"modifies weinigen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"weinigen","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of gebruikten","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces ververschingen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of ververschingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rondgediende","lemma":"ronddienen","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally, inflected","role":"modifies ververschingen","gloss":"handed round"},{"surface":"ververschingen","lemma":"verversing","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"refreshments","note":"Historical spelling of modern “verversing.”"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of gebruikten","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"gebruikten","lemma":"gebruiken","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of the relative clause on weinigen","gloss":"partook","note":"“Iets gebruiken van” means to partake of or consume some of something."},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of had gelast","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gelast","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"namelyk","lemma":"namelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had gelast","gloss":"namely","note":"Historical spelling of modern “namelijk.”"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces wenk","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of wenk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"wenk","lemma":"wenk","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"gelast","lemma":"gelasten","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb of had gelast","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of thee","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces gelegenheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zoodanige","lemma":"zodanig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies gelegenheid","gloss":"such","note":"Historical spelling of modern “zodanig.”"},{"surface":"gelegenheid","lemma":"gelegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"onvermydelyke","lemma":"onvermijdelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies thee","gloss":"unavoidable","note":"Historical spelling of modern “onvermijdelijk.”"},{"surface":"thee","lemma":"thee","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of rondtedienen","gloss":"tea"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces maniessan","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"maniessan","lemma":"maniessan","morphology":"noun, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"sweetmeats","note":"A Malay loanword for preserves or sweetmeats served with tea."},{"surface":"rondtedienen","lemma":"ronddienen","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"clausal complement of gelast","gloss":"to serve round","note":"Historical solid spelling of modern “rond te dienen.”"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"h8-s81","source":"Het scheen dat hy met voordacht na de laatste zinsnede zyner toespraak een rustpunt wilde laten. En hier was reden toe.","translation":"It seemed that he wished, with deliberate purpose, to leave a pause after the last clause of his address. And there was reason for this.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s81.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het scheen dat hy ... een rustpunt wilde laten","title":"Impersonal het scheen + modal laten","body":"het scheen dat ('it seemed that') uses dummy het; the dat-clause is verb-final with the modal/causative cluster wilde laten ('wished to leave') at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"En hier was reden toe","title":"Split pronominal adverb hier ... toe","body":"hier ... toe ('reason for this') is a pronominal adverb whose two halves are split, with reden between them — 'there was reason for this'. The fronted hier inverts the verb (was)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"expletive pronoun","role":"expletive subject of scheen","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb governing the dat-clause","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces voordacht","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"voordacht","lemma":"voordacht","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"deliberate purpose"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces zinsnede","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of zinsnede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laatst","morphology":"adjective, superlative, attributive","role":"modifies zinsnede","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"zinsnede","lemma":"zinsnede","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"clause"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive singular","role":"possessor of toespraak","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"toespraak","lemma":"toespraak","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"complement of zyner","gloss":"address"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of rustpunt","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"rustpunt","lemma":"rustpunt","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"pause"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wilde","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the preceding one","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"first part of hier ... toe, complement of reden","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the existential clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"reden","lemma":"reden","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"second part of hier ... toe, completing reden","gloss":"for"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"h8-s82","source":"\"Hoe, moesten de Hoofden denken, hy weet reeds dat er zoovelen onze Afdeeling verlieten, met bitterheid in 't hart? Reeds is hem bekend hoeveel huisgezinnen naar naburige landstreken verhuisden, om de armoede te ontwyken die hier heerscht?","translation":"\"How,\" the chiefs must have thought, \"he already knows that so many left our District with bitterness in their hearts? Already it is known to him how many households moved away to neighboring regions, to escape the poverty that reigns here?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy weet reeds dat er zoovelen onze Afdeeling verlieten","title":"dat-clause verb-final + existential er","body":"dat sends the verb verlieten ('left', strong past of verlaten) to the end; er zoovelen ('so many') is existential. reeds ('already') stresses the chiefs' alarm."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om de armoede te ontwyken die hier heerscht","title":"Purpose om ... te + relative die","body":"om ... te ontwyken ('in order to escape') is a purpose clause; die relativizes armoede and is verb-final on heerscht ('reigns'). verhuisden is the weak past 'moved house'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"exclamation opening the chiefs’ thought","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, plural","role":"finite modal governing denken","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of moesten denken","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"denken","lemma":"denken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of moesten","gloss":"have thought"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the represented thought","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verlieten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"presentative adverb","role":"introduces zoovelen as the subject","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zoovelen","lemma":"zovelen","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, plural","role":"subject of verlieten","gloss":"so many","note":"Historical spelling of modern “zovelen.”"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural","role":"possessor of Afdeeling","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of verlieten","gloss":"District"},{"surface":"verlieten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces bitterheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"bitterheid","lemma":"bitterheid","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"bitterness"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces hart","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of hart","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hart","lemma":"hart","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"Reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bekend","gloss":"Already"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"copula linking the clause to bekend","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"experiencer complement of bekend","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"bekend","lemma":"bekend","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"hoeveel","lemma":"hoeveel","morphology":"interrogative determiner","role":"quantifies huisgezinnen","gloss":"how many"},{"surface":"huisgezinnen","lemma":"huisgezin","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of verhuisden","gloss":"households"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces landstreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"naburige","lemma":"naburig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies landstreken","gloss":"neighboring"},{"surface":"landstreken","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of naar","gloss":"regions"},{"surface":"verhuisden","lemma":"verhuizen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"finite verb of the embedded interrogative clause","gloss":"moved away"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating particle","role":"first part of om ... te, introducing a purpose clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of armoede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of ontwyken","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"second part of om ... te, marking ontwyken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ontwyken","lemma":"ontwijken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"verb of the purpose clause","gloss":"escape","note":"Historical spelling of modern “ontwijken.”"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of heerscht and antecedent armoede","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of heerscht","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"heerscht","lemma":"heersen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause on armoede","gloss":"reigns"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"h8-s83","source":"En zelfs weet hy dat er zooveel Bantammers zyn onder de benden die in de Lampongs de vaan des opstands hebben ontrold tegen 't nederlandsch gezag? Wat wil hy?","translation":"And he even knows that there are so many Bantammers among the bands that in the Lampongs have unfurled the banner of revolt against the Dutch authority? What does he want?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"weet hy dat er zooveel Bantammers zyn onder de benden die ... hebben ontrold","title":"Stacked verb-final clauses","body":"dat ... zyn is verb-final, and the nested relative die ... hebben ontrold ('that have unfurled') is also verb-final — Dutch routinely stacks such end-weighted clauses. de vaan des opstands keeps the genitive des."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"connects the question to the preceding thought","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"quantifies Bantammers","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"Bantammers","lemma":"Bantammer","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"Bantammers"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces benden","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of benden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"benden","lemma":"bende","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of onder","gloss":"bands"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben ontrold and antecedent benden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Lampongs","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Lampongs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lampongs","lemma":"Lampongs","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"Lampongs"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of vaan","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vaan","lemma":"vaan","morphology":"noun, common gender singular","role":"direct object of ontrold","gloss":"banner"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, genitive singular","role":"determiner of opstands","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"opstands","lemma":"opstand","morphology":"noun, common gender singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of vaan","gloss":"revolt"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"perfect auxiliary of ontrold","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ontrold","lemma":"ontrollen","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb of hebben ontrold","gloss":"unfurled"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces gezag","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, contracted","role":"determiner of gezag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nederlandsch","lemma":"Nederlands","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies gezag","gloss":"Dutch"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of tegen","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of wil","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"does want"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"h8-s84","source":"Wat bedoelt hy? Wien gelden zyne vragen?","translation":"What does he mean? At whom are his questions aimed?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wien gelden zyne vragen?","title":"Interrogative dative wien","body":"wien is the old dative interrogative ('at/to whom'); gelden ('to be aimed at, apply to') takes it. The fronted wien inverts the verb. This case form survives in 1860 questions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of bedoelt","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"bedoelt","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the first question","gloss":"does mean"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular","role":"subject of bedoelt","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, oblique form","role":"indirect object of gelden","gloss":"at whom","note":"Wien is the old oblique form of wie, used here for the person whom the questions concern."},{"surface":"gelden","lemma":"gelden","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the second question","gloss":"are aimed"},{"surface":"zyne","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of vragen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vraag","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of gelden","gloss":"questions"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"h8-s85","source":"En er waren er die Radhen Wiera Koesoema, het distriktshoofd van Parang-Koedjang aanzagen. Maar de meesten sloegen de oogen ter-aarde.","translation":"And there were some who looked at Radhen Wiera Koesoema, the district-chief of Parang-Koedjang. But the most of them cast their eyes to the ground.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s85.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er waren er die Radhen Wiera Koesoema ... aanzagen","title":"Double er + relative die","body":"The first Er is existential, the second er is the quantitative 'of them' (er waren er ≈ 'there were some'); die relativizes them, verb-final on aanzagen ('looked at'). de meesten sloegen de oogen ter-aarde follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of waren","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"existential expletive of waren","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"notional subject of waren, antecedent of die","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of aanzagen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Radhen","lemma":"Radhen","morphology":"proper noun","role":"first part of the direct object name","gloss":"Radhen"},{"surface":"Wiera","lemma":"Wiera","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the direct object name","gloss":"Wiera"},{"surface":"Koesoema","lemma":"Koesoema","morphology":"proper noun","role":"part of the direct object name","gloss":"Koesoema"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of distriktshoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distriktshoofd","lemma":"districtshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"apposition to Radhen Wiera Koesoema","gloss":"district chief"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of distriktshoofd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"aanzagen","lemma":"aanzien","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by die","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting second sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of meesten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meesten","lemma":"meest","morphology":"substantivized superlative, plural","role":"subject of sloegen","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"sloegen","lemma":"slaan","morphology":"verb, past, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of oogen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogen","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of sloegen","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"ter-aarde","lemma":"aarde","morphology":"fossilized prepositional phrase","role":"directional complement of sloegen","gloss":"to the ground","note":"Ter-aarde represents te der aarde, literally ‘to the earth’."}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"h8-s86","source":"\"Kom eens hier, Max!\" riep Havelaar, die zyn kind gewaar werd, spelende op het erf, en de Regent nam den kleine op den schoot. Maar deze was te wild om daar lang te blyven.","translation":"\"Come here a moment, Max!\" called Havelaar, who caught sight of his child playing on the yard, and the Regent took the little one upon his lap. But the boy was too wild to stay there long.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die zyn kind gewaar werd, spelende op het erf","title":"gewaar worden + present participle spelende","body":"gewaar worden is a fixed phrase 'to become aware of, catch sight of'; spelende ('playing') is the present participle modifying kind. de Regent nam den kleine op den schoot keeps two case remnants."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"deze was te wild om daar lang te blyven","title":"Demonstrative deze + om ... te","body":"deze ('this one') is the near demonstrative standing for the child; te wild om ... te blyven is the 'too X to Y' construction ('too wild to stay'). riep / nam are strong pasts."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens the command Kom","gloss":"a moment"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"directional complement of Kom","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative in the quoted command","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of werd","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gewaar werd","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"gewaar","lemma":"gewaar","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"predicative complement of werd in gewaar worden","gloss":"aware of","note":"Gewaar worden is an idiom meaning ‘to catch sight of’ or ‘to notice’."},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb completing gewaar worden","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"spelende","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"present participle","role":"supplementary modifier of kind","gloss":"playing"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of spelende","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates riep and nam","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb coordinated with riep","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular, old accusative","role":"determiner of kleine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"little one"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination of nam","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular, old accusative","role":"determiner of schoot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schoot","lemma":"schoot","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"lap"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking deze to wild","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"degree modifier of wild","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"wild","lemma":"wild","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result infinitive clause","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of blyven","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"duration modifier of blyven","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive blyven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"head of the result clause modifying wild","gloss":"stay"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"h8-s87","source":"Hy sprong weg, en liep den grooten kring rond, en vermaakte de Hoofden door zyn gekeuvel, en speelde met de gevesten van hun krissen. Toen hy by den Djaksa kwam, die de aandacht van 't kind trok omdat hy sierlyker dan de anderen gekleed was scheen deze iets op 't hoofd van kleinen Max te wyzen aan den Kliwon die naast hem zat en een gefluisterde opmerking daarover scheen te beamen.","translation":"He sprang away, and ran round the great circle, and entertained the chiefs with his prattle, and played with the hilts of their krisses. When he came to the Djaksa, who drew the child's attention because he was dressed more elegantly than the others, the latter seemed to point out something on little Max's head to the Kliwon, who sat beside him and seemed to confirm a whispered remark about it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy sprong weg, en liep den grooten kring rond, en vermaakte de Hoofden","title":"Separable wegspringen + rondlopen","body":"Two separable verbs: wegspringen splits (weg to the end) and the rond of rondlopen lands clause-finally (liep ... rond). The three main clauses are joined by coordinating en, none verb-final. krissen is the plural of kris."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die de aandacht van 't kind trok omdat hy sierlyker ... gekleed was","title":"Causal omdat + comparative sierlyker","body":"omdat ('because') sends gekleed was to the clause end; sierlyker dan de anderen ('more elegantly than the others') is the comparative with dan. die relativizes Djaksa."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular","role":"subject of sprong, liep, vermaakte and speelde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sprong","lemma":"springen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of sprong ... weg","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates sprong and liep","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"liep","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb coordinated with sprong","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular, old accusative","role":"determiner of kring","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grooten","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies kring","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"kring","lemma":"kring","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of rond","gloss":"circle"},{"surface":"rond","lemma":"rond","morphology":"postposition","role":"heads the postpositional path phrase","gloss":"round"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates liep and vermaakte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vermaakte","lemma":"vermaken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb coordinated with liep","gloss":"entertained"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of vermaakte","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means of vermaakte","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of gekeuvel","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gekeuvel","lemma":"gekeuvel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"prattle"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates vermaakte and speelde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"speelde","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb coordinated with vermaakte","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of speelde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of gevesten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gevesten","lemma":"gevest","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"hilts"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of gevesten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person plural","role":"determiner of krissen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"krissen","lemma":"kris","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"krisses"},{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of kwam","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the goal of kwam","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular, old dative","role":"determiner of Djaksa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Djaksa","lemma":"Djaksa","morphology":"title, common gender, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"Djaksa"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the temporal clause modifying scheen","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of trok; refers to Djaksa","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of aandacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"aandacht","lemma":"aandacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of trok","gloss":"attention"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of aandacht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of kind","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"trok","lemma":"trekken","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by die","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of was","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular","role":"subject of was; refers to Djaksa","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sierlyker","lemma":"sierlijk","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies gekleed","gloss":"more elegantly"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with anderen","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of anderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"gekleed","lemma":"kleden","morphology":"past participle","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking hy to gekleed","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of scheen; refers to Djaksa","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of wyzen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of iets","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of hoofd","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive, old inflection","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive wyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wyzen","lemma":"wijzen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of scheen","gloss":"point out"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient of wyzen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular, old dative","role":"determiner of Kliwon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kliwon","lemma":"Kliwon","morphology":"title, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Kliwon"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of zat and scheen; refers to Kliwon","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"naast","lemma":"naast","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of zat","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular, object form","role":"object of naast; refers to Djaksa","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"zat","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"first verb of the relative clause introduced by die","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates zat and scheen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of opmerking","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gefluisterde","lemma":"fluisteren","morphology":"past participle used attributively","role":"modifies opmerking","gloss":"whispered"},{"surface":"opmerking","lemma":"opmerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of beamen","gloss":"remark"},{"surface":"daarover","lemma":"daarover","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"modifies opmerking","gloss":"about it"},{"surface":"scheen","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"verb coordinated with zat","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive beamen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beamen","lemma":"beamen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of scheen","gloss":"confirm"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"h8-s88","source":"--Ga nu heen, Max, zei Havelaar, papa heeft iets aan die heeren te zeggen. De kleine liep weg nadat hy met kushandjes gegroet had.","translation":"\"Go away now, Max,\" said Havelaar; \"papa has something to say to these gentlemen.\" The little one ran off after he had greeted them with blown kisses.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s88.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ga nu heen, Max ... De kleine liep weg nadat hy ... gegroet had","title":"Imperative + separable heengaan; nadat-clause","body":"Ga ... heen is an imperative of separable heengaan ('go away'); liep weg is separable weglopen. nadat ('after') sends gegroet had to the clause end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"kushandjes","title":"kushandjes — blown kisses (diminutive)","body":"kushandjes is the diminutive plural of kushand ('a kiss thrown from the hand'); the -je suffix here conveys the small, endearing gesture of the child. Diminutives are always neuter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted command","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ga","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of Ga ... heen","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative in the quoted command","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"papa","lemma":"papa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"papa"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb governing iets and zeggen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipients of zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of heeren","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"heeren","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"gentlemen"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zeggen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of heeft","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common singular","role":"determiner of kleine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"subject of liep","gloss":"little one"},{"surface":"liep","lemma":"lopen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"weg","lemma":"weg","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of liep ... weg","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"nadat","lemma":"nadat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the anterior temporal clause","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular","role":"subject of gegroet had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means of gegroet","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"kushandjes","lemma":"kushandje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"blown kisses"},{"surface":"gegroet","lemma":"groeten","morphology":"past participle","role":"main participle of the temporal clause","gloss":"greeted"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gegroet","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"h8-s89","source":"Hierop ging Havelaar aldus voort: --Hoofden van Lebak!","translation":"Hereupon Havelaar continued thus: \"Chiefs of Lebak!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hierop ging Havelaar aldus voort","title":"Fronted Hierop + separable voortgaan","body":"Hierop ('hereupon') is a pronominal adverb fronted to slot one, inverting the verb (ging Havelaar); voortgaan ('to continue') is separable, voort landing at the clause end. aldus means 'thus'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"temporal modifier of ging ... voort","gloss":"hereupon"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite base of ging ... voort","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of ging ... voort","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"aldus","lemma":"aldus","morphology":"adverb","role":"manner modifier of ging ... voort","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of ging ... voort","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"vocative opening Havelaar's address","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of Hoofden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"h8-s90","source":"Wy allen staan in dienst des Konings van Nederland. Maar Hy, die rechtvaardig is, en wil dat wy onzen plicht doen, is vèr van hier.","translation":"We all stand in the service of the King of the Netherlands. But He, who is just, and wills that we do our duty, is far from here.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wy allen staan in dienst des Konings van Nederland","title":"Genitive des Konings","body":"des Konings is the masculine singular genitive ('of the King'), with the -s on both article and noun — a frozen case form. Hy, die rechtvaardig is ... uses a relative die referring to the King."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying pronoun, plural","role":"apposition to Wy","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, first-person plural","role":"main verb of the first sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of staan","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, genitive","role":"determiner of Konings","gloss":"of the","note":"Des is an old genitive form of the definite article."},{"surface":"Konings","lemma":"koning","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular, genitive","role":"possessive complement of dienst","gloss":"King"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of Konings","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Nederland","lemma":"Nederland","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"the Netherlands"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting second sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular","role":"subject of the final is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is and wil","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"rechtvaardig","lemma":"rechtvaardig","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"subject complement of the relative-clause is","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking die to rechtvaardig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates is and wil","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb coordinated with the relative-clause is","gloss":"wills"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of wil","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first-person plural","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"onzen","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person plural, inflected","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person plural","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by dat","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vèr","lemma":"ver","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"subject complement of the final is","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of vèr","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of van","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"h8-s91","source":"Dertig-maal duizend-maal duizend zielen, ja, meer dan zooveel, zyn gehouden zyn bevelen te gehoorzamen, maar hy kan niet wezen naby allen die afhangen van zynen wil.","translation":"Thirty times a thousand times a thousand souls, yes, more than so many, are bound to obey his commands, but he cannot be near all who depend upon his will.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s91.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn gehouden zyn bevelen te gehoorzamen","title":"zijn-passive gehouden + te-infinitive","body":"gehouden zyn te ('to be bound to') is a fixed passive-of-obligation; te gehoorzamen ('to obey') is the te-infinitive. naby allen die afhangen van zynen wil uses a relative die. zynen keeps the case ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dertig-maal","lemma":"dertigmaal","morphology":"multiplicative numeral","role":"first factor in the numeral modifying zielen","gloss":"thirty times"},{"surface":"duizend-maal","lemma":"duizendmaal","morphology":"multiplicative numeral","role":"second factor in the numeral modifying zielen","gloss":"a thousand times"},{"surface":"duizend","lemma":"duizend","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"final factor in the numeral modifying zielen","gloss":"a thousand"},{"surface":"zielen","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of zyn gehouden","gloss":"souls"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the emphatic correction meer dan zooveel","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"indefinite quantifier, comparative","role":"head of the parenthetical quantity phrase","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the complement of meer","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite numeral","role":"complement of dan","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"copula linking zielen to gehouden","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"gehouden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"bound"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"determiner of bevelen","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"bevelen","lemma":"bevel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of gehoorzamen","gloss":"commands"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive gehoorzamen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"gehoorzamen","lemma":"gehoorzamen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of gehouden","gloss":"obey"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause of kan","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third-person singular","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite modal auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kan wezen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"naby","lemma":"nabij","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"subject complement of wezen","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying pronoun, plural","role":"complement of naby and antecedent of die","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of afhangen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"afhangen","lemma":"afhangen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by die","gloss":"depend"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of afhangen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"zynen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular, inflected","role":"determiner of wil","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"wil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"h8-s92","source":"De Groote-Heer te Buitenzorg is rechtvaardig, en wil dat ieder zyn plicht doe. Maar ook deze, machtig als hy is, en gebiedende over al wat gezag heeft in de steden en over allen die in de dorpen de oudsten zyn, en beschikkende over de macht des legers en over de schepen die op zee varen ook hy kan niet zien waar onrecht gepleegd is, want het onrecht blyft verre van hem.","translation":"The Great Lord at Buitenzorg is just, and wills that each do his duty. But even he, mighty as he is, and commanding over all that holds authority in the cities and over all who are the elders in the villages, and disposing over the power of the armies and over the ships that sail upon the sea — even he cannot see where injustice has been done, for the injustice stays far from him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s92.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"machtig als hy is, en gebiedende over al ... en beschikkende over de macht","title":"Present participles gebiedende / beschikkende","body":"gebiedende ('commanding') and beschikkende ('disposing') are present participles forming long adverbial phrases; concessive 'machtig als hy is' ('mighty as he is') inverts after itself. des legers / des Konings are genitives."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Groote-Heer","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Groote-Heer","lemma":"grote heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is and wil","gloss":"Great Lord"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Buitenzorg","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Buitenzorg","lemma":"Buitenzorg","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"prepositional complement modifying Groote-Heer","gloss":"Buitenzorg"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Groote-Heer to rechtvaardig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"rechtvaardig","lemma":"rechtvaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates is and wil","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with is","gloss":"wills"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of wil","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"each person"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessive determiner of plicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"head of the complement clause of wil","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting main clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of deze","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"resumptive subject, elaborated by the parenthetical phrases","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"machtig","lemma":"machtig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative supplement modifying deze","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive comparison clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula with machtig understood","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates gebiedende with machtig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gebiedende","lemma":"gebieden","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial supplement modifying deze","gloss":"commanding"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of gebiedende","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying pronoun","role":"head of the prepositional complement, modified by wat gezag heeft","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of the relative clause modifying al","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a locative complement of heeft","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of steden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"steden","lemma":"stad","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"cities"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the complements of gebiedende","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a coordinated complement of gebiedende","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"all those"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a locative complement of zyn","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorpen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oudsten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oudsten","lemma":"oudste","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"elders"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"head of the relative clause modifying allen","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates beschikkende with gebiedende","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"beschikkende","lemma":"beschikken","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial supplement modifying deze","gloss":"disposing"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of beschikkende","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of macht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"macht","lemma":"macht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive singular","role":"determiner of legers","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"legers","lemma":"leger","morphology":"noun, neuter, genitive singular","role":"genitive modifier of macht","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the complements of beschikkende","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a coordinated complement of beschikkende","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of schepen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schepen","lemma":"schip","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of varen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a locative complement of varen","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"zee","lemma":"zee","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"varen","lemma":"varen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"head of the relative clause modifying schepen","gloss":"sail"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of hy","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"resumptive subject of kan zien","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zien","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates kan zien","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"locative adjunct of gepleegd is","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the passive gepleegd is","gloss":"injustice"},{"surface":"gepleegd","lemma":"plegen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle in the passive verb phrase","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gepleegd","gloss":"has been"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a causal coordinate clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onrecht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of blyft","gloss":"injustice"},{"surface":"blyft","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"stays"},{"surface":"verre","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of blyft","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of verre","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third-person singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"h8-s93","source":"En de resident te Serang, die heer is over de landstreek Bantam, waar vyf-maal-honderd-duizend menschen wonen, wil dat er recht geschiede in zyn gebied, en dat er rechtvaardigheid heersche in de landschappen die hem gehoorzamen.","translation":"And the resident at Serang, who is lord over the region of Bantam, where five times a hundred thousand people dwell, wills that justice be done in his territory, and that righteousness reign in the lands that obey him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s93.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wil dat er recht geschiede ... en dat er rechtvaardigheid heersche","title":"Subjunctive geschiede / heersche after wil","body":"geschiede and heersche are present-subjunctive forms ('that justice be done / reign'), used after wil to express a wish; the dat-clauses are verb-final. existential er introduces each."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Serang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"prepositional complement modifying resident","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of the relative clause modifying resident","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a complement of heer","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landstreek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landstreek","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"appositive modifier of landstreek","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"locative adjunct of wonen","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"vyf-maal-honderd-duizend","lemma":"vijfmaal honderdduizend","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifier of menschen","gloss":"five hundred thousand"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of wonen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"wonen","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"head of the relative clause modifying Bantam","gloss":"dwell"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wills"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first complement clause of wil","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the clause of geschiede","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of geschiede","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"geschiede","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"head of the first complement clause of wil","gloss":"be done"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a locative complement of geschiede","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessive determiner of gebied","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gebied","lemma":"gebied","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"territory"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two complement clauses of wil","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second complement clause of wil","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"presentational adverb in the clause of heersche","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"rechtvaardigheid","lemma":"rechtvaardigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heersche","gloss":"righteousness"},{"surface":"heersche","lemma":"heersen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"head of the second complement clause of wil","gloss":"reign"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a locative complement of heersche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landschappen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landschappen","lemma":"landschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"lands"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of gehoorzamen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, third-person singular","role":"object of gehoorzamen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gehoorzamen","lemma":"gehoorzamen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"head of the relative clause modifying landschappen","gloss":"obey"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"h8-s94","source":"Doch waar onrecht is, woont hy verre.","translation":"Yet where injustice is, he dwells far off.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s94.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting main clause","gloss":"Yet"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating relative adverb","role":"locative adjunct of is and marker of the subordinate clause","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"injustice"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of the locative subordinate clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"woont","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dwells"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of woont","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verre","lemma":"ver","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of woont","gloss":"far off"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"h8-s95","source":"En wie boosheid doet, verschuilt zich voor zyn aangezicht omdat hy straffe vreest.","translation":"And whoever does evil hides himself from his face, because he fears punishment.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s95.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie boosheid doet, verschuilt zich voor zyn aangezicht omdat hy straffe vreest","title":"Headless wie + reflexive + omdat","body":"wie ('whoever') opens a headless relative filling slot one; zich verschuilen ('to hide oneself') is reflexive; omdat ('because') sends vreest to the end. straffe is an archaic accusative of straf."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"free relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of doet and head of the subject clause of verschuilt","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"boosheid","lemma":"boosheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doet","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the free relative subject clause","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"verschuilt","lemma":"verschuilen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hides"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third-person singular","role":"reflexive object of verschuilt","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a complement of verschuilt","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessive determiner of aangezicht","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"aangezicht","lemma":"aangezicht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause of vreest","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of vreest","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"straffe","lemma":"straf","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, archaically inflected","role":"direct object of vreest","gloss":"punishment","note":"Straffe is an archaically inflected form of modern Dutch straf."},{"surface":"vreest","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of the causal clause","gloss":"fears"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"h8-s96","source":"En de heer Adhipatti, die Regent is van Zuid-Bantam, wil dat ieder leve die het goede betracht, en dat er geen schande zy over de landstreek die zyn regentschap is.","translation":"And the lord Adhipatti, who is Regent of South Bantam, wills that everyone live who pursues the good, and that there be no disgrace over the region that is his regency.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wil dat ieder leve ... en dat er geen schande zy","title":"Subjunctives leve / zy + geen","body":"leve and zy are present subjunctives after wil ('that everyone live / that there be no disgrace'); geen schande negates the indefinite noun. die zyn regentschap is uses a relative die, verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the subject noun phrase of wil","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"appositive modifier of heer","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of the relative clause modifying Adhipatti","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a complement of Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Zuid-Bantam","lemma":"Zuid-Bantam","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"South Bantam"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wills"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first complement clause of wil","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun, singular","role":"subject of leve","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"leve","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"head of the first complement clause of wil","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of betracht","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of the substantivized goede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of betracht","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"betracht","lemma":"betrachten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of the relative clause modifying ieder","gloss":"pursues"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two complement clauses of wil","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second complement clause of wil","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the clause of zy","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of schande","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"schande","lemma":"schande","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zy","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"head of the second complement clause of wil","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a complement of zy","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of landstreek","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landstreek","lemma":"landstreek","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"region"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third-person singular","role":"possessive determiner of regentschap","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"regentschap","lemma":"regentschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"regency"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of the relative clause modifying landstreek","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"h8-s97","source":"En ik, die gisteren den Almachtigen God tot getuige nam dat ik rechtvaardig zou zyn en goedertieren, dat ik recht zou doen zonder vrees en zonder haat, dat ik zal zyn: \"een goed adsistent-resident\" ... ook ik wensch te doen wat myn plicht is.","translation":"And I, who yesterday took Almighty God as my witness that I would be just and merciful, that I would do justice without fear and without hatred, that I would be \"a good assistant-resident\" ... I too wish to do what is my duty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik, die gisteren ... tot getuige nam dat ik rechtvaardig zou zyn","title":"Relative die + reported conditional zou","body":"die relativizes ik, governing a long verb-final clause (nam at its end); the embedded oaths use the conditional zou ... zyn ('would be') in indirect speech. den Almachtigen God keeps the case remnant."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"connects the sentence to the preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"left-dislocated subject resumed by ik before wensch","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gisteren","lemma":"gisteren","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal adjunct of nam","gloss":"yesterday"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of God","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Almachtigen","lemma":"almachtig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"attributive modifier of God","gloss":"Almighty"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"God","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement getuige","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"getuige","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of God with nam","gloss":"witness"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"head of the relative clause modifying ik","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first content clause dependent on getuige nam","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of zou zyn","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"rechtvaardig","lemma":"rechtvaardig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates goedertieren with rechtvaardig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"goedertieren","lemma":"goedertieren","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn coordinated with rechtvaardig","gloss":"merciful"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second content clause dependent on getuige nam","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of zou doen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of doen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a manner adjunct of doen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two zonder phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a coordinated manner adjunct of doen","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"haat","lemma":"haat","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"hatred"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the third content clause dependent on getuige nam","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of zal zyn","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"attributive modifier of adsistent-resident","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"assistant-resident"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of ik","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"resumptive subject of wensch","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wensch","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitival complement doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wensch","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is and head of the object clause of doen","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first-person singular","role":"possessive determiner of plicht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"head of the free relative clause introduced by wat","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"h8-s98","source":"Hoofden van Lebak! Dit wenschen wy allen!","translation":"Chiefs of Lebak! This we all wish!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s98.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces a modifier of Hoofden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"fronted direct object of wenschen","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"wenschen","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person plural","role":"subject of wenschen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"pronoun, plural","role":"emphatic modifier of wy","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"h8-s99","source":"Maar als er soms onder ons mochten zyn, die hun plicht verwaarloozen voor gewin, die het recht verkoopen voor geld, of die den buffel van den arme nemen, en de vruchten die behooren aan wie honger hebben ... wie zal ze straffen? Als een van u het wist, hy zou 't beletten.","translation":"But if there should sometimes be among us those who neglect their duty for gain, who sell justice for money, or who take the buffalo of the poor man, and the fruits that belong to those who hunger ... who shall punish them? If one of you knew of it, he would prevent it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als er soms onder ons mochten zyn, die hun plicht verwaarloozen","title":"Conditional modal mochten + relative die","body":"mochten zyn ('there should be', tentative modal) makes the condition hypothetical; three relative die-clauses follow, each verb-final (verwaarloozen, verkoopen, nemen). The als-clause sets up the central question."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als een van u het wist, hy zou 't beletten","title":"Counterfactual als + conditional zou","body":"wist (past) in the als-clause is counterfactual ('if one of you knew'), and the main clause uses zou ... beletten ('would prevent it'). beletten is 'to prevent'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this conditional passage to the preceding speech","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of mochten zijn","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"provisional subject with mochten zijn","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"soms","lemma":"soms","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mochten zijn","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person plural, object form","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"mochten","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, past subjunctive, third person plural","role":"finite auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of mochten","gloss":"be","note":"Older spelling of modern Dutch ‘zijn’. In this conditional construction, ‘mochten zijn’ means ‘should there be’."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of verwaarloozen; its free relative clause is the logical subject of mochten zijn","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessor of plicht","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verwaarloozen","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"verwaarloozen","lemma":"verwaarlozen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on die","gloss":"neglect"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gewin","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"gewin","lemma":"gewin","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"gain"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of verkoopen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verkoopen","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"verkoopen","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on die","gloss":"sell"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geld","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates relative clauses","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of nemen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique archaic form","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den arme","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique archaic form","role":"determiner of arme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"substantivized adjective, masculine singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"poor man"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on die","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates buffel and vruchten","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of vruchten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vruchten","lemma":"vrucht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of nemen, coordinated with buffel","gloss":"fruits"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of behooren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"behooren","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause on vruchten","gloss":"belong"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie honger hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"honger","lemma":"honger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"verb of the free relative clause governed by aan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of straffen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, third person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of straffen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person plural, object form","role":"direct object of straffen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"straffen","lemma":"straffen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"punish"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of wist","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person plural, object form","role":"complement of van","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past indicative, third person singular","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of beletten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, third person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of beletten","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular, elided","role":"direct object of beletten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"beletten","lemma":"beletten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"prevent"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"h8-s100","source":"En de Regent zou niet dulden dat zoo-iets geschiedde in zyn regentschap. En ook ik zal het tegengaan waar ik kan.","translation":"And the Regent would not tolerate that such a thing happened in his regency. And I too shall counter it wherever I can.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s100.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De Regent zou niet dulden dat zoo-iets geschiedde","title":"Conditional zou + subjunctive geschiedde","body":"zou ... dulden is the conditional ('would not tolerate'); the dat-clause uses geschiedde (past subjunctive 'should happen'), verb-final. ook ik fronts for emphasis, inverting (zal ik) implicitly."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding statement","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of dulden","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, past, third person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of dulden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates dulden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dulden","lemma":"dulden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"tolerate"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of geschiedde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of geschiedde","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"geschiedde","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, third person singular","role":"verb of the complement clause of dulden","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking regentschap","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of regentschap","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"regentschap","lemma":"regentschap","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"regency"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding statement","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"modifies ik","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of tegengaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, first person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of tegengaan","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of tegengaan","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"tegengaan","lemma":"tegengaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"counter"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"indefinite relative adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of kan","gloss":"wherever","note":"Here ‘waar’ means ‘wherever’, introducing a free relative clause."},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"verb of the free relative clause","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"h8-s101","source":"Maar als noch gy noch de Adhipatti noch ik het wisten ... Hoofden van Lebak!","translation":"But if neither you, nor the Adhipatti, nor I knew of it ... Chiefs of Lebak!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als noch gy noch de Adhipatti noch ik het wisten","title":"noch ... noch ... noch (spread negation)","body":"The triple noch ('neither ... nor ... nor') spreads a single negation across three subjects without doubling it — 'if neither you, nor the Adhipatti, nor I knew'. The als-clause is verb-final on wisten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this conditional question to the preceding statement","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause of wisten","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"first element of the correlative coordination","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person plural, nominative","role":"first coordinated subject of wisten","gloss":"you","note":"Older spelling of ‘gij’; here it addresses the chiefs collectively."},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates gy and de Adhipatti","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"adhipatti","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second coordinated subject of wisten","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates de Adhipatti and ik","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"third coordinated subject of wisten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of wisten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"wisten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past subjunctive, plural","role":"verb of the conditional clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"vocative","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"h8-s102","source":"Wie toch zal dan recht doen in Bantan-Kidoel? Hoort naar my, als ik u zeggen zal hoe er dan recht zal gedaan worden.","translation":"Who then shall do justice in Bantan-Kidoel? Listen to me, as I shall tell you how justice shall then be done.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoort naar my, als ik u zeggen zal hoe er dan recht zal gedaan worden","title":"Imperative Hoort + future passive","body":"Hoort is the archaic plural imperative 'listen (you all)'; zal gedaan worden is a future passive ('shall be done'), stacking zal + the passive worden. The als- and hoe-clauses are verb-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of doen","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"emphasizes the question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, third person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of doen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantan-Kidoel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Bantan-Kidoel","lemma":"Bantan-Kidoel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of in","gloss":"Bantan-Kidoel"},{"surface":"Hoort","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, imperative, second person plural","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mij","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, object form","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of zeggen zal","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"personal pronoun, first person singular, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen zal","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"personal pronoun, second person plural, object form","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, first person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the subordinate question of gedaan worden","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in the passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan worden","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the passive gedaan worden","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, third person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of gedaan worden","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb of the passive construction","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary governed by zal","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"h8-s103","source":"Er komt een tyd dat onze vrouwen en kinderen schreien zullen by het gereedmaken van ons doodkleed, en de voorbyganger zal zeggen: \"daar is een mensch gestorven.\" Dan zal wie aankomt in de dorpen, tyding brengen van den dood desgenen die gestorven is, en wie hem herbergt zal vragen: \"wie was de man die gestorven is?\" En men zal zeggen:","translation":"There comes a time when our wives and children will weep at the making-ready of our shroud, and the passerby will say: \"there a man has died.\" Then whoever arrives in the villages will bring tidings of the death of him who has died, and whoever takes him in will ask: \"who was the man who has died?\" And they will say:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s103.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er komt een tyd dat onze vrouwen en kinderen schreien zullen","title":"Existential er + relative dat + future","body":"Er komt een tyd ('there comes a time') is existential; the relative dat introduces a verb-final clause with the future schreien zullen. by het gereedmaken is a nominalized separable infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"tyding brengen van den dood desgenen die gestorven is","title":"Genitive desgenen + zijn-perfect","body":"desgenen is the genitive of degene ('of him who'), a heavy 1860 case form; gestorven is uses zijn as auxiliary (death always takes zijn). den dood keeps the case remnant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"provisional subject with komt","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of tijd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative temporal clause on tijd","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural","role":"possessor of vrouwen and kinderen","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"vrouwen","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of schreien zullen","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates vrouwen and kinderen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated subject of schreien zullen","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"schreien","lemma":"schreien","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zullen","gloss":"weep"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, third person plural","role":"finite auxiliary of schreien","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking het gereedmaken","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of gereedmaken","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gereedmaken","lemma":"gereedmaken","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"complement of bij","gloss":"making-ready"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons doodkleed","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural","role":"possessor of doodkleed","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"doodkleed","lemma":"doodkleed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"shroud"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses of schreien and zeggen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of voorbijganger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorbyganger","lemma":"voorbijganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"passerby"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, third person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"locative adverb","role":"locative complement in the quoted clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"perfect auxiliary, present, third person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gestorven","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the perfect construction","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies brengen","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, third person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of brengen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"subject of aankomt and bringing clause","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"aankomt","lemma":"aankomen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the free relative subject clause","gloss":"arrives"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking de dorpen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of dorpen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"tyding","lemma":"tijding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"tidings"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den dood","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique archaic form","role":"determiner of dood","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"desgenen","lemma":"degene","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, masculine singular, genitive archaic form","role":"genitive modifier of dood","gloss":"of him","note":"Archaic genitive ‘desgenen’ means ‘of him’ or ‘of the one’."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"subject of gestorven is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the perfect relative clause","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"perfect auxiliary, present, third person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the clauses of brengen and vragen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"subject of herbergt and vragen","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"direct object of herbergt","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"herbergt","lemma":"herbergen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the free relative subject clause","gloss":"takes in"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, third person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of vragen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking man and wie","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular","role":"subject of gestorven is","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the perfect relative clause","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"perfect auxiliary, present, third person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this sentence to the preceding question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary, present, third person singular","role":"finite auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"h8-s104","source":"\"Hy was goed en rechtvaardig.","translation":"\"He was good and just.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s104.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, past, third person singular","role":"copula linking hij to goed and rechtvaardig","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"first predicative complement of was","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates goed and rechtvaardig","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"rechtvaardig","lemma":"rechtvaardig","morphology":"predicative adjective","role":"predicative complement coordinated with goed","gloss":"just"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"h8-s105","source":"Hy sprak recht en verstootte den klager niet van zyn deur.","translation":"He spoke justice and did not turn the complainant away from his door.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"verstootte den klager niet van zyn deur","title":"niet negating the verb + case remnant","body":"niet negates the verb verstootte ('did not turn away'); den klager keeps the old accusative den. verstootte is the weak past of verstoten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of sprak and verstootte","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"first main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of sprak","gloss":"justice","note":"The fixed expression ‘recht spreken’ means ‘to administer or pronounce justice’."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates sprak and verstootte","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verstootte","lemma":"verstoten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"second main verb, coordinated with sprak","gloss":"turned away"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, oblique archaic form","role":"determiner of klager","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klager","lemma":"klager","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of verstootte","gloss":"complainant"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates verstootte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zijn deur","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of deur","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"deur","lemma":"deur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"door"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"h8-s106","source":"Hy hoorde geduldig aan, wie tot hem kwam, en gaf weder wat ontnomen was.","translation":"He listened patiently to whoever came to him, and gave back what had been taken away.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy hoorde geduldig aan, wie tot hem kwam, en gaf weder wat ontnomen was","title":"Separable aanhoren + headless wie/wat + passive","body":"aanhoren ('to listen to') is separable (aan to the end); wie ('whoever') and wat ('what(ever)') are headless relatives. wat ontnomen was is a past state passive ('what had been taken'). weder is archaic 'again/back'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, nominative","role":"subject of hoorde and gaf","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"hoorde","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite base of hoorde ... aan","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"geduldig","lemma":"geduldig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoorde ... aan","gloss":"patiently"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing hoorde ... aan","gloss":"listened to"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"direct object of hoorde ... aan and subject of kwam","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hem","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, third person singular, object form","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the free relative clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates hoorde and gaf","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb coordinated with hoorde","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle-like modifier of gaf","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of the passive ontnomen was and object of gaf","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ontnomen","lemma":"ontnemen","morphology":"past participle","role":"lexical verb of the passive relative clause","gloss":"taken away"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"passive auxiliary, past, third person singular","role":"finite passive auxiliary of ontnomen","gloss":"had been"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"h8-s107","source":"En wie den ploeg niet dryven kon door den grond omdat de buffel uit den stal was gehaald, hielp hy zoeken naar den buffel. En waar de dochter was geroofd uit het huis der moeder, zocht hy den dief en bracht de dochter weder.","translation":"And whoever could not drive the plow through the ground because the buffalo had been hauled out of the stall, he helped to search for the buffalo. And where the daughter had been carried off from the mother's house, he sought the thief and brought the daughter back.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s107.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie den ploeg niet dryven kon ... hielp hy zoeken","title":"Fronted free relative resets the verb","body":"The whole 'wie ... kon' clause fills the first position, so the main clause inverts to put the finite verb 'hielp' second, before the subject 'hy'. This verb-second rule is the backbone of Dutch main-clause order."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den ploeg ... den grond ... den buffel ... den stal ... den dief","title":"Frozen accusative -n: den","body":"1860 prose still marks masculine nouns as direct objects (or objects of a preposition) with den, a leftover of the old case system that modern Dutch has dropped. Here den ploeg, den grond, den buffel are all objects."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de buffel uit den stal was gehaald ... de dochter was geroofd","title":"Pluperfect passive","body":"'was gehaald' and 'was geroofd' pair the past tense of zijn with a past participle to say the action had been done to the subject before the main events. It is the past form of the worden/zijn passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"uit het huis der moeder","title":"Genitive der","body":"'der moeder' is an old genitive ('of the mother'), where der marks a feminine/possessive form that modern Dutch would render as van de moeder. These inflected genitives give the speech its biblical weight."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"weder","title":"weder = 'back, again'","body":"An archaic adverb meaning 'back' or 'again' (modern terug / weer); 'bracht de dochter weder' means 'brought the daughter back'. It survives today only in compounds like wederkeren."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of dryven","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative","role":"subject of dryven and antecedent resumed by hy","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of ploeg","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ploeg","lemma":"ploeg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of dryven","gloss":"plow"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dryven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"dryven","lemma":"drijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kon","gloss":"drive","note":"Historical dryven is the older spelling of modern drijven."},{"surface":"kon","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of dryven","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking grond","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of dryven","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of gehaald","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive gehaald","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stal","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of stal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stal","lemma":"stal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of gehaald","gloss":"stall"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gehaald","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"gehaald","lemma":"halen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"hauled"},{"surface":"hielp","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"helped"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of hielp","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zoeken","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hielp","gloss":"search"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking buffel","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zoeken","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zocht","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the locative clause of geroofd","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dochter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive geroofd","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geroofd","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"geroofd","lemma":"roven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the locative clause","gloss":"carried off"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of geroofd","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, feminine genitive singular","role":"determiner of moeder","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"moeder","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive modifier of huis","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zocht and bracht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of dief","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dief","lemma":"dief","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zocht","gloss":"thief"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bracht","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated main verb with zocht","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dochter","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dochter","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bracht","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bracht","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"h8-s108","source":"En waar men gearbeid had onthield hy het loon niet, en hy ontnam de vruchten niet aan wie den boom geplant hadden.","translation":"And where men had labored, he did not withhold the wages, and he did not take the fruits from those who had planted the tree.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s108.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar men gearbeid had","title":"Impersonal 'men' + pluperfect","body":"'men' is the generic 'one/people', and 'had gearbeid' is the pluperfect (imperfect of hebben + participle) describing labour completed before the main verb. The subordinate clause sends 'had' to the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"onthield hy het loon niet","title":"niet negates the whole clause","body":"Because 'het loon' is already a definite object, full negation falls to niet placed late in the clause: 'he did not withhold the wage'. Compare geen, which would be needed only for an indefinite object."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ontnam ... aan","title":"iets ontnemen aan iemand","body":"ontnemen means to take (something) away from someone, governed by the preposition aan: 'hy ontnam de vruchten niet aan wie ...' = he did not take the fruits away from those who ... The past tense ontnam is strong."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of onthield","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the locative clause of gearbeid","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gearbeid","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"gearbeid","lemma":"arbeiden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the locative clause","gloss":"labored"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gearbeid","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"onthield","lemma":"onthouden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"withheld"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of onthield","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of loon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"loon","lemma":"loon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of onthield","gloss":"wages"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onthield","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of ontnam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ontnam","lemma":"ontnemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with onthield","gloss":"took away"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vruchten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vruchten","lemma":"vrucht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of ontnam","gloss":"fruits"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontnam","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun, relative, plural","role":"object of aan and subject of geplant","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of boom","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"boom","lemma":"boom","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of geplant","gloss":"tree"},{"surface":"geplant","lemma":"planten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"planted"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of geplant","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"h8-s109","source":"Hy kleedde zich niet met het kleed dat anderen dekken moest, noch voedde zich met voedsel dat den arme behoorde.\"","translation":"He did not clothe himself with the garment that was meant to cover others, nor feed himself with the food that belonged to the poor.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy kleedde zich niet ... noch voedde zich","title":"Reflexive zich","body":"zich is the third-person reflexive pronoun: 'kleedde zich' = clothed himself, 'voedde zich' = fed himself. Dutch uses zich for he/she/it/they; the other persons use me/je/ons."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"het kleed dat anderen dekken moest","title":"Modal pushes the verb to the clause end","body":"In the relative clause the modal 'moest' carries the tense while the main verb 'dekken' stands as a bare infinitive at the very end: 'that was meant to cover others'. Modals always send their verb to the end as an infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voedsel dat den arme behoorde","title":"Dative den arme","body":"behoren ('to belong to') takes a dative object, here marked by the old -n: 'dat den arme behoorde' = that belonged to the poor man. The case ending is a remnant preserved in 1860 prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"noch","title":"noch = 'nor'","body":"A literary correlative conjunction meaning 'nor'. Here it links the two things the just man did not do; in pairs it appears as noch ... noch ('neither ... nor')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of kleedde and voedde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"kleedde","lemma":"kleden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"clothed","note":"Historical kleeden is the older spelling of modern kleden."},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of kleedde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kleedde","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kleed","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kleed","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleed","lemma":"kleed","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of kleedde","gloss":"garment"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of dekken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"direct object of dekken","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"dekken","lemma":"dekken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of moest","gloss":"cover"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of dekken","gloss":"was meant to"},{"surface":"noch","lemma":"noch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"voedde","lemma":"voeden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with kleedde","gloss":"fed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of voedde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking voedsel","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"voedsel","lemma":"voedsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of voedde","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of behoorde","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of arme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"substantivized adjective, masculine singular","role":"indirect object of behoorde","gloss":"poor person"},{"surface":"behoorde","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"belonged"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"h8-s110","source":"Dan zal men zeggen in de dorpen--\"Allah is groot, Allah heeft hem tot zich genomen.","translation":"Then they will say in the villages — \"Allah is great, Allah has taken him to Himself.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan zal men zeggen","title":"Future with zullen + V2","body":"'zal ... zeggen' is the future (zullen + infinitive), and because the adverb 'Dan' opens the sentence the finite 'zal' inverts to second position before 'men'. The infinitive zeggen waits at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Allah heeft hem tot zich genomen","title":"Present perfect + reflexive 'tot zich'","body":"'heeft ... genomen' is the present perfect, with the participle at the end; 'tot zich nemen' literally 'to take to oneself' uses the reflexive zich to mean 'has taken him to Himself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dorpen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorpen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of zeggen","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"Allah","lemma":"Allah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Allah"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to groot","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Allah","lemma":"Allah","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of heeft genomen","gloss":"Allah"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of genomen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of genomen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zich","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"oblique complement of genomen","gloss":"Himself"},{"surface":"genomen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"taken"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"h8-s111","source":"Zyn wil geschiedde ... er is een goed mensch gestorven.\"","translation":"His will was done ... a good man has died.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zyn wil geschiedde","title":"Weak imperfect 'geschiedde'","body":"geschiedde is the simple past of geschieden ('to come to pass, be done'), a solemn verb echoing scripture ('His will was done'). The narrative past drives this whole funereal passage."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"er is een goed mensch gestorven","title":"Presentative 'er' with the perfect","body":"er fills the subject slot to introduce something new: 'er is ... gestorven' = 'there has died ...'. The real subject 'een goed mensch' follows, and the participle gestorven closes the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Zyn / myn","title":"Period spelling: y for ij","body":"1860 print writes the ij-sound as a plain y: Zyn = zijn ('his'), myn = mijn ('my'). Expect this throughout Multatuli's page."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of wil","gloss":"His"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"wil","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geschiedde","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"geschiedde","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was done"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gestorven","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"h8-s112","source":"Doch andermaal zal de voorbyganger stilstaan voor een huis, en vragen, \"wat is dit, dat de gamlang zwygt, en het gezang der meisjes?\" En wederom zal men zeggen: er is een man gestorven.\"","translation":"But another time the passerby will halt before a house, and ask, \"what is this, that the gamlang is silent, and the singing of the girls?\" And again they will say: \"there a man has died.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s112.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Doch andermaal zal de voorbyganger stilstaan","title":"Separable verb stilstaan","body":"stilstaan ('to halt, stand still') is separable, but here the future zal keeps the infinitive whole at the end: 'zal ... stilstaan'. In a finite main clause the prefix stil would instead split off to the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Doch / andermaal / wederom","title":"Archaic register markers","body":"doch ('but, yet'), andermaal ('another time'), and wederom ('again') are solemn, literary words chosen to lend the speech a scriptural tone. Modern Dutch would say maar, nog een keer, opnieuw."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat is dit, dat de gamlang zwygt","title":"Relative dat for a neuter idea","body":"'dit, dat ...' uses the relative pronoun dat to expand on the neuter 'dit': 'what is this, that the gamelan falls silent'. Subordinate dat sends its verb zwygt toward the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting sentence","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"andermaal","lemma":"andermaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies stilstaan","gloss":"another time"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of stilstaan","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voorbyganger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorbyganger","lemma":"voorbijganger","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stilstaan and vragen","gloss":"passerby"},{"surface":"stilstaan","lemma":"stilstaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"halt"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of stilstaan","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with stilstaan","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to wat","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gamlang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gamlang","lemma":"gamelan","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zwygt","gloss":"gamelan"},{"surface":"zwygt","lemma":"zwijgen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the explanatory clause","gloss":"is silent"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gezang","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gezang","lemma":"gezang","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"elliptical subject coordinated with gamlang","gloss":"singing"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of meisjes","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"meisjes","lemma":"meisje","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"genitive modifier of gezang","gloss":"girls"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zeggen","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wederom","lemma":"wederom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"introduces the existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gestorven","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"h8-s113","source":"En wie rondreist in de dorpen, zal 's avends zitten by zyn gastheer, en om hem heen de zonen en dochteren van het huis, en de kinderen van wie het dorp bewonen, en hy zal zeggen:","translation":"And whoever travels round the villages will sit of an evening with his host, and around him the sons and daughters of the house, and the children of those who inhabit the village, and he will say:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie rondreist in de dorpen, zal 's avends zitten","title":"Free relative subject + V2 inversion","body":"The headless relative 'wie rondreist in de dorpen' is the whole subject; because it occupies first position the future 'zal' inverts before the infinitive zitten. rondreist itself is a separable verb (rond + reizen) here kept together in its subordinate clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'s avends","title":"Frozen genitive 's avends","body":"'s avends (modern 's avonds) is a fossilized genitive of de avond meaning 'of an evening, in the evenings'. The 's is a worn-down des, a relic of the old case system."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de zonen en dochteren ... de kinderen van wie het dorp bewonen","title":"Headless relative 'wie' = 'those who'","body":"wie without an antecedent means 'those who': 'de kinderen van wie het dorp bewonen' = the children of those who inhabit the village. The verb bewonen sits at the end of its relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of rondreist","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative","role":"subject of rondreist and zitten; antecedent resumed by hy","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"rondreist","lemma":"rondreizen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"travels around"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dorpen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorpen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of rondreist","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zitten","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"'s","lemma":"de","morphology":"contracted genitive article","role":"part of the adverbial phrase ’s avends","gloss":"in the","note":"’s is a fossilized contraction of the genitive article des in the time expression ’s avonds."},{"surface":"avends","lemma":"avond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"time adjunct of zitten","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"zitten","lemma":"zitten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gastheer","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of gastheer","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gastheer","lemma":"gastheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of zitten","gloss":"host"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of circumposition om ... heen","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"complement of om ... heen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"completes the circumposition om ... heen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zonen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zonen","lemma":"zoon","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"elliptical subject of zitten","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dochteren","lemma":"dochter","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with zonen","gloss":"daughters"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of huis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van modifying zonen and dochteren","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kinderen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kinderen","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with zonen and dochteren","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun, relative, plural","role":"object of van and subject of bewonen","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dorp","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorp","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bewonen","gloss":"village"},{"surface":"bewonen","lemma":"bewonen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"inhabit"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"h8-s114","source":"\"Daar stierf een man die beloofde rechtvaardig te zyn, en hy verkocht het recht aan wie hem geld gaf.","translation":"\"There died a man who promised to be just, and he sold justice to whoever gave him money.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s114.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een man die beloofde rechtvaardig te zyn","title":"te + infinitive after beloven","body":"beloven ('to promise') governs a following infinitive with te: 'beloofde ... te zyn' = promised to be. The te-infinitive closes the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy verkocht het recht aan wie hem geld gaf","title":"Strong past verkocht / gaf","body":"Both verbs are simple past: verkocht (from verkopen) and gaf (from geven), a strong verb that changes its vowel e>a. The narrative past carries this villainous portrait."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"oblique complement of stierf","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"stierf","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of stierf","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of beloofde","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"beloofde","lemma":"beloven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"rechtvaardig","lemma":"rechtvaardig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive zyn","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of beloofde","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of verkocht","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"verkocht","lemma":"verkopen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with stierf","gloss":"sold"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of recht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verkocht","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wie","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"pronoun, relative, nominative","role":"object of aan and subject of gaf","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gaf","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"h8-s115","source":"Hy mestte zyn akker met het zweet van den arbeider dien hy had afgeroepen van den akker des arbeids.","translation":"He manured his field with the sweat of the laborer whom he had called away from the field of labor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den arbeider dien hy had afgeroepen","title":"Relative dien (accusative)","body":"dien is the old accusative of the relative die, used because 'the labourer' is the object of had afgeroepen: 'the labourer whom he had called away'. Modern Dutch keeps only die. afroepen is separable, here in the pluperfect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"van den akker des arbeids","title":"Genitive des","body":"des arbeids is a masculine/neuter genitive ('of labour'), with both des and the noun's -s ending inflected. It is a deliberately archaic, biblical-sounding 'field of labour'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"mestte ... met het zweet","title":"mesten = 'to manure'","body":"mesten literally means to dung or fatten land; 'hy mestte zyn akker met het zweet van den arbeider' is a savage image — he fertilized his field with the worker's sweat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of mestte","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"mestte","lemma":"mesten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"manured"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of akker","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"akker","lemma":"akker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of mestte","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zweet","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zweet","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zweet","lemma":"zweet","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of mestte","gloss":"sweat"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arbeider","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of arbeider","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arbeider","lemma":"arbeider","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van modifying zweet","gloss":"laborer"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine accusative singular","role":"direct object of afgeroepen","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had afgeroepen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of afgeroepen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"afgeroepen","lemma":"afroepen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"called away"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking akker","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, oblique masculine singular","role":"determiner of akker","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"akker","lemma":"akker","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of afgeroepen","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"des","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine genitive singular","role":"determiner of arbeids","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"arbeids","lemma":"arbeid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of akker","gloss":"labor"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"h8-s116","source":"Hy onthield den werkman zyn loon, en voedde zich met het voedsel van den arme.","translation":"He withheld the workman's wages, and fed himself with the food of the poor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy onthield den werkman zyn loon","title":"Dative den werkman","body":"onthouden ('to withhold from') takes a dative object: den werkman ('from the workman'), marked with the old -n, while zyn loon is the thing withheld. A double-object construction frozen in period case."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"voedde zich met het voedsel van den arme","title":"Reflexive zich voeden","body":"zich voeden ('to feed oneself') again uses the reflexive zich; van den arme keeps the -n of the substantivized adjective 'the poor man'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of onthield and voedde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"onthield","lemma":"onthouden","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"withheld"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of werkman","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"werkman","lemma":"werkman","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of onthield","gloss":"workman"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of loon","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"loon","lemma":"loon","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of onthield","gloss":"wages"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links onthield and voedde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"voedde","lemma":"voeden","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb coordinated with onthield","gloss":"fed"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person singular","role":"reflexive object of voedde","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the instrumental complement of voedde","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of voedsel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voedsel","lemma":"voedsel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"food"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of voedsel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of arme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"substantivized adjective, masculine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"poor man"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"h8-s117","source":"Hy is ryk geworden van de armoede der anderen.","translation":"He grew rich from the poverty of others.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy is ryk geworden","title":"Perfect with zijn: worden","body":"Verbs of change of state form the perfect with zijn, not hebben: 'is ... geworden' = has become. ryk geworden = 'grown rich'. The participle geworden is strong."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"van de armoede der anderen","title":"Genitive der anderen","body":"der anderen marks the plural genitive 'of the others' — an inflected form modern Dutch replaces with van de anderen. It heightens the formal register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of is geworden","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geworden","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"ryk","lemma":"rijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement with geworden","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"geworden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source complement of geworden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of armoede","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"armoede","lemma":"armoede","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"poverty"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of anderen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of armoede","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"h8-s118","source":"Hy had veel gouds en zilvers en edele steenen in menigte, doch de landbouwer die in de nabuurschap woont, wist den honger niet te stillen van zyn kind.","translation":"He had much gold and silver and precious stones in abundance, yet the husbandman who dwells in the neighborhood could not still the hunger of his child.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s118.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy had veel gouds en zilvers","title":"Partitive genitive: gouds, zilvers","body":"After veel ('much'), the old partitive genitive adds -s to the noun: veel gouds = 'much (of) gold', veel zilvers = 'much silver'. This inflection survives now only in fixed phrases like iets lekkers."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de landbouwer ... wist den honger niet te stillen","title":"wisten te + infinitive","body":"weten te + infinitive means 'to manage / be able to': 'wist ... niet te stillen' = could not still. The te-infinitive te stillen closes the clause, with the object den honger fronted before it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die in de nabuurschap woont","title":"Relative die for a de-word","body":"die introduces a relative clause modifying de landbouwer (a de-word/common gender), and the verb woont moves to the end of that subordinate clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies gouds, zilvers, and steenen","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"gouds","lemma":"goud","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, partitive genitive","role":"first part of the direct object of had","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links gouds and zilvers","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zilvers","lemma":"zilver","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, partitive genitive","role":"coordinated direct object with gouds","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links zilvers and steenen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"edele","lemma":"edel","morphology":"adjective, attributive, plural","role":"modifies steenen","gloss":"precious"},{"surface":"steenen","lemma":"steen","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"coordinated direct object with gouds and zilvers","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the abundance phrase modifying the objects of had","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"menigte","lemma":"menigte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"abundance"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the contrasting clauses","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of landbouwer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"landbouwer","lemma":"landbouwer","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"husbandman"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of woont; refers to landbouwer","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place complement of woont","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of nabuurschap","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nabuurschap","lemma":"nabuurschap","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"neighborhood"},{"surface":"woont","lemma":"wonen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying landbouwer","gloss":"dwells"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the contrasting clause; governs te stillen","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of honger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"honger","lemma":"honger","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of stillen","gloss":"hunger"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb of negation","role":"negates wist te stillen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks the infinitive stillen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"stillen","lemma":"stillen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wist","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of honger","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of kind","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kind","lemma":"kind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van; possessive modifier of honger","gloss":"child"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"h8-s119","source":"Hy glimlachte als een gelukkig mensch, maar men hoorde gekners tusschen de tanden van den klager die recht zocht.","translation":"He smiled like a happy man, but one heard the grinding of teeth from the complainant who sought justice.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s119.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"men hoorde gekners ... van den klager die recht zocht","title":"Imperfect hoorde + relative clause","body":"hoorde is the weak simple past of horen (stem + de). 'den klager die recht zocht' has the relative die opening a clause whose verb zocht (strong past of zoeken) lands at the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gekners tusschen de tanden","title":"gekners = 'gnashing'","body":"gekners is the grinding or gnashing of teeth; the ge-...-s pattern (a verbal noun of knersen) names a repeated sound. tusschen is the period spelling of tussen."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of glimlachte","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"glimlachte","lemma":"glimlachen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the first coordinated clause","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition of comparison","role":"introduces the comparative phrase modifying glimlachte","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"gelukkig","lemma":"gelukkig","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"happy"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the contrasting clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of hoorde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"hoorde","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the contrasting clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"gekners","lemma":"gekners","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hoorde","gloss":"grinding"},{"surface":"tusschen","lemma":"tussen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of gekners","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of tanden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"tanden","lemma":"tand","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of tusschen","gloss":"teeth"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of tanden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of klager","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"klager","lemma":"klager","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"complainant"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zocht; refers to klager","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of zocht","gloss":"justice"},{"surface":"zocht","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying klager","gloss":"sought"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"h8-s120","source":"Er was tevredenheid op zyn gelaat, maar geen zog in de borsten der moeders die zoogden.\"","translation":"There was contentment on his face, but no milk in the breasts of the mothers who suckled.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Er was tevredenheid op zyn gelaat","title":"Existential er was","body":"er + a form of zijn states existence: 'Er was tevredenheid' = 'There was contentment'. The dummy er holds the front field so the real subject can follow."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"geen zog in de borsten der moeders die zoogden","title":"geen negates an indefinite noun","body":"geen ('no, not any') is required to negate the indefinite zog ('milk'): 'geen zog' = no milk. der moeders is again a genitive plural, and the relative die zoogden ends in its verb."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zog ... zoogden","title":"zog / zogen = breast-milk / to suckle","body":"zog is mother's milk and zogen (here past zoogden) is to suckle; the bitter contrast is the tyrant's full face against nursing mothers who have run dry."}],"words":[{"surface":"Er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the existential construction","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb shared by the coordinated clauses","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"tevredenheid","lemma":"tevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"contentment"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of tevredenheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of gelaat","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the contrasting existential clauses","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of zog","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"zog","lemma":"zog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated subject of elliptical was","gloss":"milk"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of zog","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of borsten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"borsten","lemma":"borst","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"breasts"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of moeders","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"moeders","lemma":"moeder","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of borsten","gloss":"mothers"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of zoogden; refers to moeders","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"zoogden","lemma":"zogen","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying moeders","gloss":"suckled"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"h8-s121","source":"Dan zullen de bewoners der dorpen zeggen: \"Allah is groot ... wy vloeken niemand!\"","translation":"Then the people of the villages will say: \"Allah is great ... we curse no one!\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan zullen de bewoners der dorpen zeggen","title":"Future zullen with fronted 'Dan'","body":"The opening adverb Dan forces inversion, so plural zullen stands second before its subject; the infinitive zeggen waits at the end. der dorpen is once more a genitive plural."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"wy vloeken niemand","title":"Negative word niemand","body":"niemand ('no one') is a single inherent negative; Dutch allows only one negative per clause, so no extra niet appears. 'wy vloeken niemand' = we curse no one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of zullen zeggen","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person plural","role":"future auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of bewoners","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bewoners","lemma":"bewoner","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of zullen zeggen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, genitive plural","role":"determiner of dorpen","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of bewoners","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zullen","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Allah","lemma":"Allah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Allah"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third person singular","role":"links Allah to groot","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"groot","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of Allah","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person plural","role":"subject of vloeken","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"vloeken","lemma":"vloeken","morphology":"verb, present, first person plural","role":"main verb of the second quoted clause","gloss":"curse"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of vloeken","gloss":"no one"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"h8-s122","source":"Hoofden van Lebak, eens sterven wy allen!","translation":"Chiefs of Lebak, one day we shall all die!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s122.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"eens sterven wy allen","title":"Fronted adverb 'eens' triggers inversion","body":"With the time-adverb eens ('one day, once') in first position, the verb sterven precedes the subject wy — verb-second inversion. eens here means 'someday', not 'once upon a time'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"vocative addressing the chiefs","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the affiliation of Hoofden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of sterven","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"sterven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, present, first person plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shall die"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person plural","role":"subject of sterven","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying pronoun, plural","role":"subject-oriented quantifier modifying wy","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"h8-s123","source":"Wat zal er gezegd worden in de dorpen waar wy gezag hadden?","translation":"What will be said in the villages where we held authority?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat zal er gezegd worden","title":"worden-passive in the future","body":"'zal ... gezegd worden' is the process passive (worden + past participle) set in the future with zullen: 'what will be said'. The impersonal er fills the subject slot since there is no agent."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de dorpen waar wy gezag hadden","title":"Relative adverb waar","body":"waar ('where') introduces a relative clause about a place; the verb hadden moves to the end. 'de dorpen waar wy gezag hadden' = the villages where we held authority."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of passive gezegd worden","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"future auxiliary of gezegd worden","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverbial pronoun","role":"expletive in the passive question","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"lexical verb of the passive construction","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place complement of gezegd worden","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of dorpen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dorpen","lemma":"dorp","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"villages"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"place adjunct of hadden; refers to dorpen","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person plural","role":"subject of hadden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hadden","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"hadden","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, first person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying dorpen","gloss":"held"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"h8-s124","source":"En wàt door de voorbygangers die de begrafenis aanschouwen?","translation":"And what by the passers-by who watch the burial?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s124.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die de begrafenis aanschouwen","title":"Separable aanschouwen in a relative clause","body":"aanschouwen ('to behold') is separable, but in the verb-final relative clause it stays whole at the end: 'die de begrafenis aanschouwen' = who watch the burial."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"wàt door de voorbygangers","title":"Elliptical 'wàt' with grave accent","body":"The grave accent on wàt marks contrastive stress — 'and WHAT (will be said) by the passers-by'. The verb 'zal gezegd worden' is gapped from the previous sentence."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this elliptical question to the preceding question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wàt","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, emphatic","role":"subject of omitted gezegd worden from the preceding sentence","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent of omitted gezegd worden","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of voorbygangers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorbygangers","lemma":"voorbijganger","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of door; agent of omitted gezegd worden","gloss":"passers-by"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of aanschouwen; refers to voorbygangers","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of begrafenis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"begrafenis","lemma":"begrafenis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aanschouwen","gloss":"burial"},{"surface":"aanschouwen","lemma":"aanschouwen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying voorbygangers","gloss":"watch"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"h8-s125","source":"En wat zullen wy antwoorden, als er na onzen dood een stem spreekt tot onze ziel, en vraagt: \"waarom is er geween in de velden, en waarom verbergen zich de jongelingen?","translation":"And what shall we answer when, after our death, a voice speaks to our soul and asks: \"Why is there weeping in the fields, and why do the young men hide themselves?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s125.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als er na onzen dood een stem spreekt","title":"Subordinator als sends the verb back","body":"als ('when, if') opens a subordinate clause, so the verb spreekt would normally close it; here the presentative er and the time-phrase na onzen dood precede the late-standing real subject een stem. onzen keeps the old accusative -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom verbergen zich de jongelingen","title":"Reflexive verbergen zich","body":"zich verbergen = 'to hide oneself'; the question word waarom triggers inversion so the verb verbergen stands before the subject de jongelingen, with reflexive zich close behind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom is er geween in de velden","title":"Existential er with geween","body":"'is er geween' uses er to assert existence: 'is there weeping'. geween is a ge-...-noun naming the act of weeping."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this question to the preceding discourse","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of antwoorden","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person plural","role":"future auxiliary of antwoorden","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person plural","role":"subject of zullen antwoorden","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"antwoorden","lemma":"antwoorden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zullen","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause headed by spreekt","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverbial pronoun","role":"expletive introducing the subject een stem","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal complement of spreekt","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"onzen","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural","role":"possessor of dood","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of stem","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"stem","lemma":"stem","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of spreekt and vraagt","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"spreekt","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"speaks"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the addressee of spreekt","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural","role":"possessor of ziel","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ziel","lemma":"ziel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"soul"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links spreekt and vraagt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vraagt","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb coordinated with spreekt","gloss":"asks"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"reason adjunct of is","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb of the first quoted question","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"existential adverb","role":"expletive in the existential construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geween","lemma":"geween","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location of geween","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of velden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"velden","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two quoted questions","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"reason adjunct of verbergen","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"verbergen","lemma":"verbergen","morphology":"verb, present, third person plural","role":"main verb of the second quoted question","gloss":"hide"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person plural","role":"reflexive object of verbergen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of jongelingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"jongelingen","lemma":"jongeling","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"subject of verbergen","gloss":"young men"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"h8-s126","source":"Wie nam den oogst uit de schuren, en uit de stallen den buffel die het veld ploegen zou?","translation":"Who took the harvest from the barns, and from the stalls the buffalo that was to plough the field?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s126.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie nam den oogst uit de schuren","title":"Strong past nam","body":"nam is the strong simple past of nemen (e>a). 'Wie nam ...' = 'Who took ...'. den oogst carries the old accusative -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den buffel die het veld ploegen zou","title":"Conditional/future zou at the end","body":"'die het veld ploegen zou' = 'that was to plough the field'. In this relative clause the finite zou (past of zullen) follows its infinitive ploegen, both stacked at the verb-final position."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"Who"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence, shared by both objects","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of oogst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oogst","lemma":"oogst","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"first direct object of nam","gloss":"harvest"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source of oogst","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of schuren","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"schuren","lemma":"schuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"barns"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two objects of nam","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source of buffel","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, plural","role":"determiner of stallen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stallen","lemma":"stal","morphology":"noun, masculine, plural","role":"object of uit","gloss":"stalls"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, accusative","role":"determiner of buffel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"buffel","lemma":"buffel","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"second direct object of nam","gloss":"buffalo"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ploegen zou; refers to buffel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of veld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"veld","lemma":"veld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of ploegen","gloss":"field"},{"surface":"ploegen","lemma":"ploegen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zou","gloss":"plough"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of ploegen in the relative clause","gloss":"was to"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"h8-s127","source":"Wat hebt gy gedaan met den broeder dien ik u gaf te bewaken?","translation":"What have you done with the brother whom I gave you to watch over?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s127.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat hebt gy gedaan","title":"Archaic pronoun gy","body":"gy (also ge) is the literary/biblical 'you' of 1860, used for solemn address; modern Dutch uses jij/u. 'Wat hebt gy gedaan' = 'What have you done', in the present perfect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"den broeder dien ik u gaf te bewaken","title":"Accusative relative dien + te-infinitive","body":"dien is the old accusative of die ('whom'), the object of gaf; 'te bewaken' is a te-infinitive of purpose, 'to watch over'. Together: 'the brother whom I gave you to guard'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of gedaan","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gy","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of hebt gedaan","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of gedaan","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, dative","role":"determiner of broeder","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"broeder","lemma":"broeder","morphology":"noun, masculine, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of gaf; refers to broeder","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of gaf","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, second person singular, dative","role":"indirect object of gaf","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"gaf","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"verb of the relative clause modifying broeder","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"marks the infinitive bewaken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewaken","lemma":"bewaken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of gaf, with u as understood subject","gloss":"watch over"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"h8-s128","source":"Waarom is de arme treurig en vloekt de vruchtbaarheid zyner vrouw?\"","translation":"Why is the poor man sorrowful, and why does he curse the fruitfulness of his wife?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s128.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waarom is de arme treurig en vloekt de vruchtbaarheid","title":"Question-word inversion across a conjunction","body":"waarom fronts the question and inverts both verbs: 'is de arme treurig' and (waarom) 'vloekt de vruchtbaarheid'. The single waarom governs both coordinated clauses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de vruchtbaarheid zyner vrouw","title":"Genitive possessive zyner","body":"zyner is an inflected genitive of zijn ('his'): 'de vruchtbaarheid zyner vrouw' = the fruitfulness of his wife. This declined possessive is purely literary/archaic."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"reason adjunct of is and vloekt","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"copular verb, present, third person singular","role":"links arme to treurig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of arme","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"substantivized adjective, masculine singular","role":"subject of is and vloekt","gloss":"poor man"},{"surface":"treurig","lemma":"treurig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of arme","gloss":"sorrowful"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links is and vloekt","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"vloekt","lemma":"vloeken","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"main verb coordinated with is","gloss":"curses"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, common gender singular","role":"determiner of vruchtbaarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vruchtbaarheid","lemma":"vruchtbaarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vloekt","gloss":"fruitfulness"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, feminine singular, genitive","role":"possessor of vrouw","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"vrouw","lemma":"vrouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, genitive","role":"genitive modifier of vruchtbaarheid","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"h8-s129","source":"Hier hield Havelaar weder op, en na eenig zwygen ging hy op de eenvoudigsten toon van de wereld, en als had er volstrekt niets dat indruk maken moest, voort:","translation":"Here Havelaar broke off once more, and after some silence he went on, in the plainest tone in the world, and as though nothing at all in it were meant to make an impression:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hier hield Havelaar weder op","title":"Separable verb ophouden splits","body":"ophouden ('to stop, break off') splits in a finite main clause: the stem hield goes second (after fronted Hier) and the prefix op lands later — 'Hier hield Havelaar weder op'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ging hy ... voort","title":"Separable voortgaan around a clause","body":"voortgaan ('to continue') wraps the whole sentence: finite ging stands early, and its prefix voort waits all the way at the end after several intervening phrases. A vivid example of the separable-verb bracket."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op de eenvoudigsten toon van de wereld","title":"Superlative eenvoudigste(n)","body":"eenvoudigsten is the superlative of eenvoudig ('simplest, plainest'), here with an old inflectional -n. The construction 'de ...ste van de wereld' = 'the ...est in the world'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als had er volstrekt niets ... indruk maken moest","title":"Counterfactual 'als had' (subjunctive-style inversion)","body":"'als had er ...' inverts the verb to express 'as if there had been ...', a literary counterfactual with als-of suppressed. The modal moest sends maken to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hield","gloss":"Here"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of hield ... op","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"weder","lemma":"weder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hield","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing hield ... op","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zwygen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"eenig","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of zwygen","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"zwygen","lemma":"zwijgen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"silence"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of ging ... voort","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toon","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of eenvoudigsten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eenvoudigsten","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies toon","gloss":"plainest"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking wereld","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of wereld","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"wereld","lemma":"wereld","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van; completes van de wereld","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces counterfactual comparative clause","gloss":"as though"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of counterfactual existential clause","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niets","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of existential had","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of moest maken","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"an impression"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moest","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of maken","gloss":"was meant to"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing ging ... voort","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"h8-s130","source":"--Ik wenschte gaarne in goede verstandhouding met u te leven, en daarom verzoek ik u my te beschouwen als een vriend.","translation":"--I should gladly live on good terms with you, and so I ask you to regard me as a friend.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s130.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik wenschte gaarne ... met u te leven","title":"Conditional-softening imperfect + te-infinitive","body":"wenschte ('should wish/would like') is a past form used to soften a wish, and te leven is the governed te-infinitive: 'I should gladly live'. gaarne is the archaic word for 'gladly'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daarom verzoek ik u my te beschouwen als een vriend","title":"verzoeken + object + te-infinitive","body":"verzoeken ('to request') takes an object u and a te-infinitive (te beschouwen): 'I ask you to regard me ...'. The fronted daarom triggers inversion (verzoek ik)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wenschte","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wenschte","lemma":"wensen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of first clause","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leven","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verstandhouding","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"goede","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verstandhouding","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"verstandhouding","lemma":"verstandhouding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, oblique","role":"object of met","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive leven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wenschte","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzoek","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of verzoek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verzoek and understood subject of beschouwen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of beschouwen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive beschouwen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschouwen","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of verzoek","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces predicative complement vriend","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vriend","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vriend","lemma":"vriend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of beschouwen","gloss":"friend"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"h8-s131","source":"Wie gedwaald mocht hebben kan op een zacht oordeel van myn kant staat-maken, want daar ik zelf zo menig keer dwaal, zal ik niet streng zyn ... niet althans in de gewone dienstvergrypen of nalatigheden.","translation":"Whoever may have erred can count on a gentle judgment from me, for since I myself stray so many a time, I shall not be harsh ... not, at least, in the ordinary failings or neglects of duty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wie gedwaald mocht hebben kan ... staat-maken","title":"Modal in the perfect: mocht hebben","body":"'gedwaald mocht hebben' stacks a participle, the past modal mocht, and the infinitive hebben — 'may have erred'. The whole free relative is subject of the main verb kan."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want daar ik zelf zo menig keer dwaal, zal ik niet streng zyn","title":"Causal daar = 'since/because'","body":"daar here is a subordinating conjunction meaning 'since/because', sending its verb dwaal to the end; the following main clause then inverts (zal ik). want before it is a coordinating 'for'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dienstvergrypen / nalatigheden","title":"Compound 'dienstvergrypen'","body":"dienstvergrypen glues dienst ('service, duty') + vergrijpen ('offences') = breaches of duty; nalatigheden are 'negligences'. Both are the small lapses Havelaar promises to judge mildly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"indefinite relative pronoun","role":"subject of mocht hebben gedwaald","gloss":"Whoever"},{"surface":"gedwaald","lemma":"dwalen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by hebben","gloss":"erred"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of hebben gedwaald","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gedwaald","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of staat-maken","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking oordeel","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of oordeel","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"zacht","lemma":"zacht","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies oordeel","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"oordeel","lemma":"oordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"judgment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking myn","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of kant","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"kant","lemma":"kant","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"staat-maken","lemma":"staat maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kan","gloss":"count","note":"The now usually unhyphenated idiom staat maken op means “to count on.”"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of dwaal","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of dwaal","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying pronoun","role":"emphasizes ik","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"zo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies menig","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"menig","lemma":"menig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of keer","gloss":"many a"},{"surface":"keer","lemma":"keer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial accusative modifying dwaal","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"dwaal","lemma":"dwalen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"err"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zijn","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zal zijn","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies streng","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"streng","lemma":"streng","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"repeats negation of streng zijn","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"althans","lemma":"althans","morphology":"adverb","role":"qualifies the repeated niet","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking dienstvergrypen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of dienstvergrypen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gewone","lemma":"gewoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies dienstvergrypen","gloss":"ordinary"},{"surface":"dienstvergrypen","lemma":"dienstvergrijp","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"breaches of duty"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"nalatigheden","lemma":"nalatigheid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated object of in","gloss":"neglects"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"h8-s132","source":"Alleen waar nalatigheid zou worden tot gewoonte, zal ik die tegengaan.","translation":"Only where neglect would become a habit shall I move against it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar nalatigheid zou worden tot gewoonte, zal ik die tegengaan","title":"Conditional zou + worden-passive sense","body":"'zou worden tot gewoonte' = 'would become a habit', with conditional zou and the becoming-verb worden. The relative pronoun die (= nalatigheid) then heads the main clause object, and separable tegengaan stays whole after the future zal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"focuses the conditional clause","gloss":"Only"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional circumstance","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"nalatigheid","lemma":"nalatigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of worden","gloss":"neglect"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of worden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gewoonte","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"gewoonte","lemma":"gewoonte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of worden","gloss":"a habit"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of tegengaan","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of tegengaan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of tegengaan; refers to nalatigheid","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"tegengaan","lemma":"tegengaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"oppose"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"h8-s133","source":"Over misslagen van groveren aard ... over knevelary en onderdrukking, spreek ik niet.","translation":"Of offences of a grosser kind ... of extortion and oppression, I do not speak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s133.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Over misslagen ... spreek ik niet","title":"Fronted PP forces inversion","body":"The whole prepositional phrase 'Over misslagen van groveren aard ... over knevelary en onderdrukking' fills first position, so the verb spreek inverts before ik. niet negates the verb."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"van groveren aard","title":"Comparative grover + old -en","body":"groveren is the comparative of grof ('coarser, grosser') with an archaic inflectional ending: 'of a grosser kind'. Today this would simply be van grovere aard."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"knevelary","title":"knevelary = extortion","body":"knevelarij is the abuse of power to extort money or labour — the very crime the novel exposes. Multatuli pairs it with onderdrukking ('oppression') as the grave offences he pointedly will not name aloud."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misslagen","gloss":"Of"},{"surface":"misslagen","lemma":"misslag","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of over","gloss":"offences"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking aard","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"groveren","lemma":"grof","morphology":"adjective, comparative, inflected","role":"modifies aard","gloss":"grosser"},{"surface":"aard","lemma":"aard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking knevelary","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"knevelary","lemma":"knevelarij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"extortion"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"onderdrukking","lemma":"onderdrukking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with knevelarij","gloss":"oppression"},{"surface":"spreek","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of spreek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies spreek","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"h8-s134","source":"Zoo-iets zal niet voorkomen niet waar, m'nheer de Adhipatti?","translation":"Such a thing will not occur, will it, sir Regent?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s134.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoo-iets zal niet voorkomen","title":"Separable voorkomen in the future","body":"voorkomen ('to occur') is separable, but the future zal keeps the infinitive whole at the end: 'zal niet voorkomen' = will not occur. The tag 'niet waar?' invites agreement."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of voorkomen","gloss":"Such a thing"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorkomen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorkomen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occur"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of tag question niet waar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative part of tag question niet waar","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative form of address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipati","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"appositive title in vocative","gloss":"Regent"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"h8-s135","source":"--O neen, mynheer de adsistent-resident, zoo-iets zal niet voorkomen in Lebak.","translation":"--Oh no, sir Assistant-Resident, such a thing will not occur in Lebak.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s135.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"adsistent-resident","title":"Assistant-Resident","body":"The adsistent-resident was the Dutch colonial officer in charge of a regency, ranking below the Resident — Havelaar's (and Multatuli's own) post in Lebak. The spelling adsistent is period."}],"words":[{"surface":"O","lemma":"o","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces exclamation","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative form of address","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"appositive title in vocative","gloss":"Assistant-Resident"},{"surface":"zoo-iets","lemma":"zoiets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of voorkomen","gloss":"such a thing"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorkomen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies voorkomen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"occur"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in; locative adjunct","gloss":"Lebak"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"h8-s136","source":"--Welnu dan, myne heeren Hoofden van Bantan-Kidoel, laat ons verheugd zyn dat onze Afdeeling zoo verachterd en zoo arm is.","translation":"--Well then, my lords, Chiefs of Bantan-Kidoel, let us rejoice that our District is so backward and so poor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"laat ons verheugd zyn","title":"Hortative laten ('let us')","body":"laat ons + infinitive forms the first-person plural exhortation 'let us ...'. Here 'laat ons verheugd zyn' = 'let us rejoice/be glad'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat onze Afdeeling zoo verachterd en zoo arm is","title":"dat-clause sends 'is' to the end","body":"The complementizer dat opens a subordinate clause whose finite verb is moves to the very end, after the predicate adjectives verachterd and arm."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"myne heeren Hoofden van Bantan-Kidoel","title":"Bantan-Kidoel","body":"Bantan-Kidoel ('South Bantam') is the division of Lebak Havelaar administers; the chiefs gathered are its district heads. myne heeren is the formal 'my lords/gentlemen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well then"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"reinforces welnu","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"myne","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, plural","role":"possessor of heeren","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"heeren","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"vocative form of address","gloss":"lords"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"apposition to heeren","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bantan-Kidoel","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantan-Kidoel","lemma":"Bantan-Kidoel","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Bantan-Kidoel"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative","role":"introduces hortative laat ons zijn","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject accusative of zijn","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"verheugd","lemma":"verheugd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laat","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of verheugd","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of Afdeeling","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Afdeeling","lemma":"afdeling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"District"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verachterd","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"verachterd","lemma":"verachterd","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"backward"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies arm","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated predicative complement of is","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Afdeeling to verachterd and arm","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"h8-s137","source":"Wy hebben iets schoons te doen.","translation":"We have something fine to do.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wy hebben iets schoons te doen","title":"hebben ... te + infinitive (obligation)","body":"hebben te + infinitive expresses 'to have to / be set to': 'we have something fine to do'. iets schoons keeps the partitive -s after iets ('something')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"schoons","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"partitive complement of iets","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive modifying iets schoons","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"h8-s138","source":"Als Allah ons in 't leven spaart, zullen wy zorg dragen dat er welvaart kome.","translation":"If Allah spares us our lives, we shall see to it that prosperity comes.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s138.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als Allah ons in 't leven spaart, zullen wy zorg dragen","title":"Conditional als + main-clause inversion","body":"The als-clause ('If Allah spares us') sends its verb spaart to the end; the main clause then inverts (zullen wy). It is a clear V2-after-subordinate-clause pattern."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat er welvaart kome","title":"Subjunctive 'kome' in a dat-clause","body":"kome (rather than komt) is an archaic/optative subjunctive, 'that prosperity may come'. The presentative er introduces the new subject welvaart, and the verb stands clause-final."}],"words":[{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of spaart","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"Allah","lemma":"Allah","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of spaart","gloss":"Allah"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of spaart","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces idiom in het leven sparen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of leven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"spaart","lemma":"sparen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of conditional clause","gloss":"spares","note":"Iemand in het leven sparen means “to spare someone’s life.”"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of dragen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zullen dragen","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object in zorg dragen","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"dragen","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zullen","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kome","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive introducing the subject welvaart","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"welvaart","lemma":"welvaart","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kome","gloss":"prosperity"},{"surface":"kome","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present subjunctive, singular","role":"main verb of complement clause","gloss":"come","note":"Kome is a formal present subjunctive used after zorg dragen dat."}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"h8-s139","source":"De grond is vruchtbaar genoeg, en de bevolking gewillig. Als ieder in 't genot wordt gelaten van de vruchten zyner inspanning, lydt het geen twyfel dat binnen weinig tyds de bevolking zal toenemen, zoo in zielental als in bezittingen en beschaving, want dit gaat veelal hand-aan-hand.","translation":"The soil is fertile enough, and the people willing. If each is left to enjoy the fruits of his own labour, there can be no doubt that within a short time the population will increase, in number of souls as well as in possessions and civilization, for these for the most part go hand in hand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s139.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Als ieder in 't genot wordt gelaten van de vruchten zyner inspanning","title":"worden-passive: wordt gelaten","body":"'wordt gelaten' is the process passive (worden + participle): 'is left'. The als-clause sends the verb cluster to the end, and zyner inspanning is an archaic genitive 'of his effort'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"lydt het geen twyfel dat ... de bevolking zal toenemen","title":"Impersonal het + geen + separable toenemen","body":"'het lydt geen twyfel dat ...' = 'it admits of no doubt that ...', with impersonal het as subject and geen negating twyfel. In the dat-clause the future zal holds the separable infinitive toenemen whole at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"want dit gaat veelal hand-aan-hand","title":"Coordinating want","body":"want ('for, because') is a coordinating conjunction: it gives a reason but, unlike omdat, does NOT send its verb to the end — gaat stays in second position."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of grond","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"grond","lemma":"grond","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"soil"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to vruchtbaar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"vruchtbaar","lemma":"vruchtbaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"fertile"},{"surface":"genoeg","lemma":"genoeg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vruchtbaar","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of implied is","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"gewillig","lemma":"gewillig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of implied is","gloss":"willing"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces conditional clause of gelaten","gloss":"If"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of passive gelaten","gloss":"each person"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking genot","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of genot","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"genot","lemma":"genot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"enjoyment"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gelaten","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gelaten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of conditional passive clause","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vruchten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vruchten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vruchten","lemma":"vrucht","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"fruits"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive singular","role":"possessor of inspanning","gloss":"of his","note":"Zyner is the old genitive form of zijn, here meaning “of his.”"},{"surface":"inspanning","lemma":"inspanning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of vruchten","gloss":"labour"},{"surface":"lydt","lemma":"lijden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of impersonal expression","gloss":"admits","note":"Geen twijfel lijden is a formal idiom meaning “to admit of no doubt.”"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"expletive subject of lydt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of twyfel","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"twyfel","lemma":"twijfel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of lydt","gloss":"doubt"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause dependent on twyfel","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"binnen","lemma":"binnen","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking weinig","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"weinig","lemma":"weinig","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"modifies tyds","gloss":"a short"},{"surface":"tyds","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, genitive singular","role":"object of binnen","gloss":"time","note":"Tyds is an old partitive-genitive form in binnen weinig tijds, “within a short time.”"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of toenemen","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of toenemen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"toenemen","lemma":"toenemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of content clause","gloss":"increase"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"first element of correlative zoo ... als","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zielental","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zielental","lemma":"zielental","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"correlative conjunction","role":"second element of correlative zoo ... als","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bezittingen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"bezittingen","lemma":"bezitting","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of second in","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"beschaving","lemma":"beschaving","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with bezittingen","gloss":"civilization"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of gaat","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"gaat","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of causal clause","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"veelal","lemma":"veelal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gaat","gloss":"generally"},{"surface":"hand-aan-hand","lemma":"hand aan hand","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"manner complement of gaat","gloss":"hand in hand"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"h8-s140","source":"Ik verzoek u nogmaals my te beschouwen als een vriend die u helpen zal waar hy kan, vooral waar onrecht moet worden te-keer gegaan.","translation":"Once again I ask you to regard me as a friend who will help you wherever he can, above all wherever injustice must be opposed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"een vriend die u helpen zal waar hy kan","title":"Future zal in a relative clause","body":"In the relative clause 'die u helpen zal' the finite zal joins its infinitive helpen at the end (verb-final), giving 'a friend who will help you'. waar hy kan = 'wherever he can'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar onrecht moet worden te-keer gegaan","title":"Modal + worden-passive of separable tegengaan","body":"'moet worden te-keer gegaan' stacks modal moet, passive worden, and the participle of separable tegengaan: 'must be opposed'. A dense verb cluster at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of verzoek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"verzoek","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of verzoek","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nogmaals","lemma":"nogmaals","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verzoek","gloss":"once again"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, first person singular","role":"direct object of beschouwen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks beschouwen as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"beschouwen","lemma":"beschouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verzoek","gloss":"regard"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the predicative complement vriend","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of vriend","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vriend","lemma":"vriend","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of beschouwen","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of helpen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of helpen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"helpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the relative clause on vriend","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third person singular","role":"future auxiliary of helpen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the free relative clause with kan","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"governs an omitted helpen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the following waar-clause","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the free relative clause with moet","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of the passive te-keer gegaan worden","gloss":"injustice"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of worden","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of gegaan","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"te-keer","lemma":"te keer","morphology":"adverbial particle","role":"particle of the idiom te keer gaan","gloss":"opposed","note":"The idiom te keer gaan tegen means ‘oppose’ or ‘resist.’"},{"surface":"gegaan","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"gone"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"h8-s141","source":"En hiermede beveel ik my zeer aan in uwe medewerking.","translation":"And with that I commend myself warmly to your cooperation.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s141.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hiermede beveel ik my zeer aan","title":"Pronominal adverb hiermede + separable aanbevelen","body":"hiermede ('with this', archaic for hiermee) is a pronominal adverb fusing met + this; it fronts the clause and inverts the verb (beveel ik). The separable aanbevelen splits, its prefix aan landing late with reflexive my."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the sentence to the preceding speech","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hiermede","lemma":"hiermee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of beveel aan","gloss":"with that"},{"surface":"beveel","lemma":"aanbevelen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite base of beveel ... aan","gloss":"command"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of beveel aan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, accusative, first person singular","role":"reflexive direct object of beveel aan","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies beveel aan","gloss":"warmly"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing aanbevelen","gloss":"commend"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement medewerking","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"uwe","lemma":"uw","morphology":"possessive determiner, second person, inflected","role":"possessive determiner of medewerking","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"medewerking","lemma":"medewerking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"cooperation"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"h8-s142","source":"Ik zal u de ontvangen berichten over Landbouw, Veeteelt, Politie en justitie met myn beschikkingen doen teruggeworden.","translation":"I shall send back to you the reports I have received on Agriculture, Livestock, Police, and Justice, together with my rulings.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"doen teruggeworden","title":"Causative doen + infinitive","body":"doen + infinitive is a causative ('to cause to ...'): 'doen teruggeworden' = 'cause to be returned, send back'. It parallels laten, both letting one verb govern another bare infinitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"berichten over Landbouw, Veeteelt, Politie en justitie","title":"Colonial administrative departments","body":"These were the standard reporting categories of Indies district government: Landbouw (Agriculture), Veeteelt (Livestock), Politie and Justitie. myn beschikkingen are the Resident's formal rulings on them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of zal doen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"future auxiliary of doen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of teruggeworden","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, plural","role":"determiner of berichten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past participle, attributive","role":"modifies berichten","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"berichten","lemma":"bericht","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of doen teruggeworden","gloss":"reports"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the topics of berichten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Landbouw","lemma":"landbouw","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"first object of over","gloss":"Agriculture"},{"surface":"Veeteelt","lemma":"veeteelt","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of over","gloss":"Livestock"},{"surface":"Politie","lemma":"politie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of over","gloss":"Police"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links Politie and justitie","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"justitie","lemma":"justitie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated object of over","gloss":"Justice"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the accompanying beschikkingen","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessive determiner of beschikkingen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"beschikkingen","lemma":"beschikking","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of met","gloss":"rulings"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"causative verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"teruggeworden","lemma":"teruggeworden","morphology":"verb, infinitive, archaic","role":"causative complement of doen","gloss":"sent back","note":"Archaic doen teruggeworden means ‘cause to be returned’ or ‘send back.’"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"h8-s143","source":"Hoofden van Bantan-Kidoel!","translation":"Chiefs of Bantan-Kidoel!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s143.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"head of the vocative phrase","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place complement of Hoofden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantan-Kidoel","lemma":"Bantan-Kidoel","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Bantan-Kidoel"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"h8-s144","source":"Ik heb gezegd.","translation":"I have spoken.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s144.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb gezegd","title":"Present perfect 'I have spoken'","body":"'heb gezegd' is the present perfect (hebben + participle gezegd). As a formula closing an oration it deliberately echoes a ritual, prophetic ending."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of heb gezegd","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"spoken"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"h8-s145","source":"Ge kunt terugkeeren, ieder naar zyne woning.","translation":"You may return, each to his own dwelling.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge kunt terugkeeren","title":"Modal kunnen + bare infinitive","body":"kunt is the modal kunnen ('can/may'); it takes the bare infinitive terugkeeren with no te. Subject Ge is the archaic 'you'. ieder naar zyne woning = 'each to his own dwelling'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person plural","role":"subject of kunt terugkeeren","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"kunt","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, second person plural","role":"modal auxiliary of terugkeeren","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"terugkeeren","lemma":"terugkeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by kunt","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, singular","role":"distributive supplement referring to Ge","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination woning","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"zyne","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular, inflected","role":"possessive determiner of woning","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"woning","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"dwelling"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"h8-s146","source":"Ik groet u allen zeer!","translation":"I greet you all warmly!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s146.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of groet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"groet","lemma":"groeten","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"greet"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of groet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"allen","lemma":"allen","morphology":"quantifying pronoun, plural","role":"postmodifier of u","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies groet","gloss":"warmly"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"h8-s147","source":"Hy boog, bood den ouden Regent den arm, en geleidde hem over het erf naar 't woonhuis, waar Tine hem stond te wachten in de voorgalery.","translation":"He bowed, offered the old Regent his arm, and led him across the yard to the residence, where Tine stood waiting for him on the front veranda.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s147.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy boog, bood den ouden Regent den arm, en geleidde hem","title":"Chain of imperfects (strong + weak)","body":"boog (strong, from buigen) and bood (strong, from bieden) change their vowel, while geleidde is weak (stem + de). The simple past drives this brisk sequence of actions. den ouden Regent / den arm carry the old accusative -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar Tine hem stond te wachten","title":"staan te + infinitive (durative)","body":"staan te + infinitive expresses an ongoing action: 'stond te wachten' = 'stood waiting'. The relative waar opens a clause whose verbs stack at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of boog, bood, and geleidde","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"boog","lemma":"buigen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"first main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bowed"},{"surface":"bood","lemma":"bieden","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"coordinated with boog","gloss":"offered"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, dative, archaic","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ouden","lemma":"oud","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, dative, inflected","role":"modifies Regent","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of bood","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, accusative, archaic","role":"determiner of arm","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bood","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links bood and geleidde","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"geleidde","lemma":"geleiden","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"coordinated with bood","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"direct object of geleidde","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the path erf","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination woonhuis","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of woonhuis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woonhuis","lemma":"woonhuis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar and antecedent of waar","gloss":"residence"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on woonhuis","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of stond","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"direct object of wachten","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the relative clause","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks wachten as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of stond","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location voorgalery","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of voorgalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voorgalery","lemma":"voorgalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"front veranda"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"h8-s148","source":"--Kom, Verbrugge, ga nog niet naar huis!","translation":"--Come, Verbrugge, don't go home yet!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s148.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ga nog niet naar huis","title":"Imperative with separable verb","body":"ga is the imperative of gaan; naar huis gaan ('to go home') is an idiom. 'ga nog niet naar huis' = 'don't go home yet', a command softened by Kom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"first imperative verb","gloss":"Come"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"second imperative verb","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms nog niet with niet","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negating adverb","role":"negates ga","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination huis","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"home"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"h8-s149","source":"Kom ... een glas Madera?","translation":"Come ... a glass of Madeira?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s149.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative introducing an elliptical invitation","gloss":"Come"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article, singular","role":"determiner of glas","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"glas","lemma":"glas","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"head of the elliptical offer","gloss":"glass"},{"surface":"Madera","lemma":"madeira","morphology":"noun, mass","role":"postnominal modifier of glas","gloss":"of Madeira"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"h8-s150","source":"En ... ja, dit moet ik weten, Radhen Djaksa, hoor eens!","translation":"And ... yes, this I must know, Radhen Djaksa, listen here!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s150.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hoor eens","title":"Imperative + flavouring eens","body":"hoor is the imperative of horen; the particle eens ('just') softens it into 'listen here, just listen'. dit moet ik weten inverts because dit is fronted (moet ik)."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the utterance to the preceding invitation","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"fronted direct object of weten","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"modal auxiliary of weten","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of moet weten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moet","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Radhen","lemma":"raden","morphology":"title, singular","role":"first part of the vocative title Radhen Djaksa","gloss":"Raden"},{"surface":"Djaksa","lemma":"djaksa","morphology":"title, singular","role":"second part of the vocative title Radhen Djaksa","gloss":"Djaksa"},{"surface":"hoor","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative verb","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"softens the imperative hoor","gloss":"a moment"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"h8-s151","source":"Havelaar riep dit, toen alle Hoofden na veel buigingen zich gereed maakten naar hun woningen terug te keeren.","translation":"Havelaar called this out just as all the Chiefs, after many bows, were making ready to return to their dwellings.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s151.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen alle Hoofden ... zich gereed maakten","title":"toen + reflexive zich gereed maken","body":"toen ('when', past) opens a subordinate clause and sends maakten to the end; 'zich gereed maken' = 'to make oneself ready, get ready', with reflexive zich."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"na veel buigingen ... terug te keeren","title":"te-infinitive of separable terugkeren","body":"'gereed maken ... terug te keeren' uses a te-infinitive; with the separable verb terugkeren the te slots between prefix and verb: terug te keeren = 'to return'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of riep","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause with maakten","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner, plural","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"subject of maakten","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the prior circumstance buigingen","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of buigingen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"buigingen","lemma":"buiging","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of na","gloss":"bows"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, third person plural","role":"reflexive object of maakten","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"gereed","lemma":"gereed","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of maakten","gloss":"ready"},{"surface":"maakten","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past, third person plural","role":"finite verb of the temporal clause","gloss":"were making"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the destination woningen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person plural","role":"possessive determiner of woningen","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"woningen","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of naar","gloss":"dwellings"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing terugkeren","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks keeren as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"keeren","lemma":"keren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of gereed maakten","gloss":"turn"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"h8-s152","source":"Ook Verbrugge stond op 't punt het erf te verlaten, doch keerde met den Djaksa terug.","translation":"Verbrugge too was on the point of leaving the yard, but turned back with the Djaksa.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s152.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stond op 't punt het erf te verlaten","title":"op het punt staan te + infinitive","body":"'op 't punt staan te ...' is the idiom 'to be on the point of ...'; te verlaten is the governed te-infinitive. doch ('but') then introduces the contrasting clause keerde ... terug."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"focuses Verbrugge","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of stond and keerde","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"stond","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"first main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"begins the idiom op het punt staan","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular, elided","role":"determiner of punt","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"punt","lemma":"punt","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op in op het punt staan","gloss":"point"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of erf","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"erf","lemma":"erf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of verlaten","gloss":"yard"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verlaten as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verlaten","lemma":"verlaten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of op het punt stond","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links stood and keerde terug adversatively","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"keerde","lemma":"keren","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite base of keerde ... terug","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the companion Djaksa","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of Djaksa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Djaksa","lemma":"djaksa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"Djaksa"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing terugkeren","gloss":"turned back"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"h8-s153","source":"--Tine, ik wil madera drinken, Verbrugge ook.","translation":"--Tine, I want to drink Madeira, and Verbrugge too.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s153.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of wil drinken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"modal verb governing drinken","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"madera","lemma":"madeira","morphology":"noun, mass","role":"direct object of drinken","gloss":"Madeira"},{"surface":"drinken","lemma":"drinken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of the elliptical wil drinken","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"marks addition in the elliptical clause","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"h8-s154","source":"Djaksa, laat hooren, wat hebt ge toch aan den Kliwon over myn kleinen jongen gezegd?","translation":"Djaksa, let us hear it, what did you say to the Kliwon about my little boy?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s154.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat hebt ge toch ... gezegd","title":"Perfect with archaic ge + particle toch","body":"'hebt ge ... gezegd' is the present perfect with the literary pronoun ge; the modal particle toch adds insistence ('whatever did you say'). The participle gezegd stands at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"myn kleinen jongen","title":"Adjective inflection + old accusative -n","body":"kleinen is klein + the attributive -e, here further carrying the archaic accusative -n because 'my little boy' is governed by the preposition over: 'about my little boy'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Djaksa","lemma":"djaksa","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Djaksa"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"causative imperative governing hooren","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laat","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"fronted direct object of gezegd","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of hebt gezegd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"adds insistent emphasis to the question","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the addressee Kliwon","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of Kliwon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kliwon","lemma":"kliwon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"Kliwon"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the topic jongen","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person singular","role":"possessive determiner of jongen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies jongen","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the interrogative clause","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"h8-s155","source":"--Mintah ampong mynheer de adsistent-resident, ik bezag zyn hoofd omdat mynheer gesproken had.","translation":"--Mintah ampong, sir Assistant-Resident, I looked at his head because your honour had spoken.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s155.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik bezag zyn hoofd omdat mynheer gesproken had","title":"omdat sends the cluster to the end","body":"omdat ('because') is a subordinating conjunction; its clause is verb-final, so the pluperfect cluster gesproken had lands at the very end: 'because the gentleman had spoken'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mintah","lemma":"minta","morphology":"verb, Malay, uninflected","role":"first word of the formula mintah ampong","gloss":"I beg"},{"surface":"ampong","lemma":"ampun","morphology":"noun, Malay","role":"object of Mintah in the formula mintah ampong","gloss":"pardon","note":"Malay minta ampun, spelled mintah ampong here, is a formula meaning ‘I beg pardon.’"},{"surface":"mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, singular","role":"determiner of adsistent-resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to mynheer","gloss":"Assistant-Resident"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of bezag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"bezag","lemma":"bezien","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of hoofd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bezag","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the causal clause with gesproken had","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gesproken had","gloss":"your honour"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the causal clause","gloss":"spoken"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, third person singular","role":"pluperfect auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"had"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"h8-s156","source":"--Wat drommel heeft zyn hoofd daarmee te maken.","translation":"--What the devil has his head to do with it?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s156.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat ... heeft zyn hoofd daarmee te maken","title":"Pronominal adverb daarmee","body":"daarmee ('with that') fuses met + the previous topic; the idiom 'iets te maken hebben met' = 'to have to do with'. 'Wat heeft zyn hoofd daarmee te maken' = 'What has his head to do with it?'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"first word of the exclamation wat drommel","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"drommel","lemma":"drommel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"emphatic element in wat drommel","gloss":"the devil","note":"Wat drommel is an emphatic expression equivalent to ‘what the devil.’"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb in the idiom te maken hebben met","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessive determiner of hoofd","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"daarmee","lemma":"daarmee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of te maken hebben","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks maken as infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of heeft","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"h8-s157","source":"Ik weet zelf al niet meer wat ik gezegd heb.","translation":"I no longer know myself what I said.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s157.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik weet zelf al niet meer wat ik gezegd heb","title":"Embedded question is verb-final","body":"The indirect question 'wat ik gezegd heb' puts the perfect cluster gezegd heb at the end. niet ... meer = 'no longer', and zelf reinforces the subject ('I myself')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic adverb","role":"emphasizes Ik","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"al","lemma":"al","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the negative phrase niet meer","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"negating adverb","role":"negates weet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"meer","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niet meer with niet","gloss":"anymore"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of gezegd","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of gezegd heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the embedded clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"have"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"h8-s158","source":"--Mynheer, ik zeide tot den Kliwon ...","translation":"--Sir, I said to the Kliwon ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s158.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Sir"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, first person singular, archaic form","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the addressee Kliwon","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, archaic","role":"determiner of Kliwon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kliwon","lemma":"kliwon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"Kliwon"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"h8-s159","source":"Tine schoof by: er werd over kleinen Max gesproken.","translation":"Tine drew nearer: little Max was being spoken of.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s159.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er werd over kleinen Max gesproken","title":"Impersonal worden-passive","body":"'er werd ... gesproken' is a subjectless passive — 'there was talk of', literally 'it was spoken about'. Dutch builds such agentless passives freely with er + worden + participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Tine schoof by","title":"Separable verb bijschuiven","body":"bijschuiven ('to draw nearer, scoot over') splits in the past main clause: stem schoof second, prefix by at the end. by is the period spelling of bij."}],"words":[{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of schoof by","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"schoof","lemma":"bijschuiven","morphology":"verb, past, third person singular","role":"finite base of schoof by","gloss":"slid"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing bijschuiven","gloss":"drew nearer"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in the passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"passive auxiliary, past, third person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"was being"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the topic Max","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"kleinen","lemma":"klein","morphology":"adjective, attributive, masculine singular, inflected","role":"modifies Max","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of over","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"spoken"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"h8-s160","source":"--Mynheer, ik zeide tot den Kliwon dat de Sienjo een koningskind was.","translation":"--Sir, I said to the Kliwon that the Sienjo was a king's child.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s160.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik zeide tot den Kliwon dat de Sienjo een koningskind was","title":"Reported dat-clause, verb to the end","body":"After zeide ('said', archaic past of zeggen), the dat-clause is verb-final, so was moves to the end: 'that the Sienjo was a king's child'. koningskind is a right-headed compound (koning + kind)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative form of address","gloss":"Sir"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the reporting clause","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Kliwon","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Kliwon","lemma":"Kliwon","morphology":"title noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"Kliwon"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Sienjo","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sienjo","lemma":"sinjo","morphology":"title noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"young master"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of koningskind","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"koningskind","lemma":"koningskind","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"king's child"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking Sienjo to koningskind","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"h8-s161","source":"Dàt deed Tine goed: zy vond het ook!","translation":"That pleased Tine: she thought so too!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s161.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dàt deed Tine goed","title":"Stressed subject Dàt in V2","body":"The stressed Dàt (grave accent for emphasis) is the subject in first position; the finite verb deed follows it in normal V2 position: 'deed Tine goed' = 'pleased Tine'. The idiom iemand goed doen = 'to do someone good, please' — here Tine is the dative object, not the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dàt","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of deed","gloss":"That","note":"The grave accent marks emphatic stress: dát, ‘that.’"},{"surface":"deed","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb in the idiom iemand goeddoen","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of deed","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing deed ... goed","gloss":"pleased","note":"Iemand goeddoen means ‘to please someone’ or ‘do someone good.’"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vond","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"vond","lemma":"vinden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vond","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vond","gloss":"too"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"h8-s162","source":"De Adhipatti bezag 't hoofd van den kleine, en inderdaad, ook hy zag op de kruin den dubbelen haarwervel die, naar 't bygeloof op Java, bestemd is een kroon te dragen.","translation":"The Regent looked at the little one's head, and indeed, he too saw on the crown the double whorl of hair which, according to the Javanese superstition, is destined to wear a crown.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s162.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den dubbelen haarwervel die ... bestemd is een kroon te dragen","title":"zijn-passive 'bestemd is' + te-infinitive","body":"'bestemd is ... te dragen' = 'is destined to wear', a state passive (zijn + participle) plus a purpose te-infinitive. The relative die opens a long clause, verb-final."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"haarwervel / kruin","title":"haarwervel = hair-whorl","body":"A haarwervel is the spiral crown where hair grows from a point; kruin is the crown of the head. A double whorl (dubbele haarwervel) was read as an omen of future royalty."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"title noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of bezag","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"bezag","lemma":"bezien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"looked at"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of bezag","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of kleine","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kleine","lemma":"klein","morphology":"substantivized adjective, masculine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"little one"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying zag","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hy","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zag","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zag","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the coordinated clause","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kruin","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kruin","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kruin","lemma":"kruin","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op; location of haarwervel","gloss":"crown"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of haarwervel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dubbelen","lemma":"dubbel","morphology":"adjective, inflected masculine singular","role":"modifies haarwervel","gloss":"double"},{"surface":"haarwervel","lemma":"haarwervel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zag","gloss":"hair whorl"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the parenthetical authority bygeloof","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bygeloof","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bygeloof","lemma":"bijgeloof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of naar","gloss":"superstition","note":"Bygeloof is the historical spelling of modern bijgeloof."},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Java","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Java","lemma":"Java","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of op; modifies bygeloof","gloss":"Java"},{"surface":"bestemd","lemma":"bestemmen","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"destined"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking die to bestemd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kroon","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"kroon","lemma":"kroon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of dragen","gloss":"crown"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces dragen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"dragen","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of bestemd","gloss":"wear"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"h8-s163","source":"Daar de etikette niet toeliet den Djaksa een plaats aantebieden in tegenwoordigheid van den Regent, nam hy afscheid, en men was eenigen tyd by-een zonder iets aanteroeren dat betrekking had op den \"dienst.\" Maar op-eenmaal--en dus in stryd met den zoo uitermate hoffelyken volksaard --vroeg de Regent of zekere gelden die de belasting-kollekteur te-goed had, niet konden worden uitbetaald?","translation":"Since etiquette did not permit a seat to be offered to the Djaksa in the presence of the Regent, he took his leave, and for some time they sat together without touching on anything bearing on \"the service.\" But all at once--and thus against the so exceedingly courteous temper of the people--the Regent asked whether certain monies that were owing to the tax-collector might not be paid out?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s163.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar de etikette niet toeliet den Djaksa een plaats aantebieden","title":"Causal daar + te-infinitive of separable aanbieden","body":"daar ('since') sends toeliet toward the end; aantebieden writes the te inside the separable aanbieden ('to offer'), an 1860 joined spelling for aan te bieden. den Djaksa carries the old dative -n."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"men was eenigen tyd by-een zonder iets aanteroeren dat betrekking had","title":"zonder + te-infinitive","body":"zonder governs a te-infinitive of result/manner: 'zonder iets aanteroeren' (= aan te roeren) means 'without touching on anything'. The relative dat betrekking had is verb-final."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"vroeg de Regent of zekere gelden ... niet konden worden uitbetaald","title":"Indirect yes/no question with of + modal passive","body":"of ('whether') opens an embedded question, verb-final; 'konden worden uitbetaald' stacks modal konden, passive worden, and participle uitbetaald — 'might not be paid out'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of toeliet","gloss":"Since"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of etikette","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"etikette","lemma":"etiquette","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of toeliet","gloss":"etiquette"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toeliet","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"toeliet","lemma":"toelaten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the causal subordinate clause","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Djaksa","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Djaksa","lemma":"Djaksa","morphology":"title noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of aantebieden","gloss":"Djaksa"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of plaats","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"plaats","lemma":"plaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of aantebieden","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"aantebieden","lemma":"aanbieden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of toeliet","gloss":"to offer","note":"Aantebieden is the older closed spelling of modern aan te bieden."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking tegenwoordigheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"tegenwoordigheid","lemma":"tegenwoordigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"presence"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"Regent","morphology":"title noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"afscheid","lemma":"afscheid","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of was","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking men to bijeen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"eenigen","lemma":"enig","morphology":"indefinite adjective, inflected","role":"modifies tyd","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"tyd","lemma":"tijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial duration of was","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"by-een","lemma":"bijeen","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"subordinating preposition","role":"introduces the infinitival phrase aanteroeren","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of aanteroeren","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"aanteroeren","lemma":"aanroeren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zonder","gloss":"to mention","note":"Aanteroeren is an older spelling of aan te roeren, ‘to mention’ or ‘touch upon.’"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"betrekking","lemma":"betrekking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"bearing"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on iets","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition completing betrekking hebben op","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of dienst","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dienst","lemma":"dienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"service"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting main clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"op-eenmaal","lemma":"opeenmaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of vroeg","gloss":"all at once"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical comment","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb modifying in stryd","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking stryd","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"stryd","lemma":"strijd","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"conflict","note":"Stryd is the historical spelling of modern strijd."},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking volksaard","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of volksaard","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of hoffelyken","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"uitermate","lemma":"uitermate","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hoffelyken","gloss":"exceedingly"},{"surface":"hoffelyken","lemma":"hoffelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected masculine singular","role":"modifies volksaard","gloss":"courteous","note":"Hoffelyken is an inflected historical spelling of modern hoffelijke."},{"surface":"volksaard","lemma":"volksaard","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"national character"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the contrasting clause","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"Regent","morphology":"title noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the indirect question of konden","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"zekere","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies gelden","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"gelden","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of konden worden uitbetaald","gloss":"monies"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of belasting-kollekteur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belasting-kollekteur","lemma":"belastingcollecteur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"tax collector"},{"surface":"te-goed","lemma":"tegoed","morphology":"adverb","role":"particle completing had ... te-goed","gloss":"owing","note":"Iets tegoed hebben means that something is owed to you."},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on gelden","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates konden worden uitbetaald","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"konden","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, past, plural","role":"finite modal governing worden uitbetaald","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of uitbetaald","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"uitbetaald","lemma":"uitbetalen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the passive construction","gloss":"paid out"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"h8-s164","source":"--Wel neen, riep Verbrugge, mynheer de Adhipatti weet dat dit niet geschieden mag voor zyn verantwoording afgeloopen is.","translation":"--Why no, cried Verbrugge, sir the Regent knows that this may not be done before his accounts have been settled.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit niet geschieden mag voor zyn verantwoording afgeloopen is","title":"voor(dat) clause, verb-final","body":"voor here = 'before' (voordat), a subordinator: 'voor zyn verantwoording afgeloopen is' sends the zijn-passive afgeloopen is to the end. The main clause keeps modal mag with infinitive geschieden at its own end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"interjection","role":"intensifies the reply neen","gloss":"Why"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative reply","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"honorific modifying Adhipatti","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"title noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quoted statement","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geschieden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geschieden","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschieden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geschieden","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of mag","gloss":"happen"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing geschieden","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause of is","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of verantwoording","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"verantwoording","lemma":"verantwoording","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"accounting"},{"surface":"afgeloopen","lemma":"aflopen","morphology":"past participle used predicatively","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"settled"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking verantwoording to afgeloopen","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"h8-s165","source":"Havelaar speelde met Max.","translation":"Havelaar played with Max.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s165.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of speelde","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"speelde","lemma":"spelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Max","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of met","gloss":"Max"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"h8-s166","source":"Maar er bleek dat dit hem niet belette op 't gelaat van den Regent te lezen dat Verbrugge's antwoord hem niet aanstond.","translation":"But it became plain that this did not keep him from reading in the Regent's face that Verbrugge's answer did not please him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s166.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar er bleek dat dit hem niet belette ... te lezen","title":"Impersonal er bleek + dat-clause","body":"'er bleek dat ...' = 'it became plain that ...', with presentative er and a verb-final dat-clause. beletten te + infinitive ('to prevent from') governs te lezen, stacked at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat Verbrugge's antwoord hem niet aanstond","title":"Separable aanstaan, verb-final","body":"aanstaan ('to please, suit') is separable; in this dat-clause it stays whole at the end (aanstond). 'hem niet aanstond' = 'did not please him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive pronoun","role":"anticipatory subject of bleek","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"bleek","lemma":"blijken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb with dat-clause complement","gloss":"became plain"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of belette","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of belette","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of belette","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies belette","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"belette","lemma":"beletten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the subject clause introduced by dat","gloss":"prevented"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gelaat","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of gelaat","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gelaat","lemma":"gelaat","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of lezen","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regent","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, oblique","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"Regent","morphology":"title noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces lezen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"lezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of belette","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of aanstond","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Verbrugge's","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, possessive singular","role":"possessor of antwoord","gloss":"Verbrugge's"},{"surface":"antwoord","lemma":"antwoord","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of aanstond","gloss":"answer"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of aanstond","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aanstond","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"aanstond","lemma":"aanstaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the object clause of lezen","gloss":"pleased"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"h8-s167","source":"--Kom, Verbrugge, laat ons niet lastig wezen, zeide hy. En hy liet een klerk van 't kantoor roepen.","translation":"--Come, Verbrugge, let us not be difficult, he said. And he had a clerk summoned from the office.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s167.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"laat ons niet lastig wezen","title":"Hortative laten ons","body":"laat ons + infinitive = 'let us ...'; 'laat ons niet lastig wezen' = 'let us not be difficult'. wezen is an archaic infinitive of zijn."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy liet een klerk ... roepen","title":"Causative laten","body":"laten + bare infinitive = 'to have something done': 'hy liet een klerk roepen' = 'he had a clerk summoned'. The agent who does the calling is left unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, imperative singular","role":"imperative opening the address","gloss":"Come"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative form of address","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"laat","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, imperative singular","role":"finite verb governing ons wezen","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wezen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"lastig","lemma":"lastig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies wezen","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laat","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"zeide","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeide","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of liet","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of liet","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"liet","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"causative verb governing roepen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klerk","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"klerk","lemma":"klerk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of roepen in the causative construction","gloss":"clerk"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking kantoor","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kantoor","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kantoor","lemma":"kantoor","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"office"},{"surface":"roepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of liet","gloss":"summoned"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"h8-s168","source":"We zullen dat maar uitbetalen ... die verantwoording zal wel goedgekeurd worden.","translation":"We shall simply pay it out ... that accounting will surely be approved.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s168.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die verantwoording zal wel goedgekeurd worden","title":"Future worden-passive","body":"'zal ... goedgekeurd worden' is a future passive (zullen + worden + participle): 'will be approved'. The particle wel softens it to 'surely, no doubt'."}],"words":[{"surface":"We","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of uitbetalen","gloss":"We"},{"surface":"zullen","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"auxiliary of uitbetalen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of uitbetalen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverb softening uitbetalen","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"uitbetalen","lemma":"uitbetalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zullen","gloss":"pay out"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verantwoording","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"verantwoording","lemma":"verantwoording","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive goedgekeurd","gloss":"accounting"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of goedgekeurd","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies goedgekeurd","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"goedgekeurd","lemma":"goedkeuren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the passive construction","gloss":"approved"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"passive auxiliary of goedgekeurd","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"h8-s169","source":"Nadat de Adhipatti vertrokken was, zei Verbrugge, die veel hield van de staatsbladen:","translation":"After the Regent had departed, Verbrugge, who set great store by the official regulations, said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s169.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Nadat de Adhipatti vertrokken was","title":"nadat + pluperfect","body":"nadat ('after') opens a verb-final clause with the pluperfect vertrokken was ('had departed'), sequencing it before the main verb zei. vertrekken forms its perfect with zijn (motion)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die veel hield van de staatsbladen","title":"Relative die for de-word Verbrugge","body":"die opens a relative clause about Verbrugge; the idiom houden van ('to be fond of') splits across the clause, with hield second and the verb-final order otherwise typical of relatives."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"staatsbladen","title":"Staatsblad","body":"The Staatsblad was the official gazette in which colonial laws and regulations were published; Verbrugge, a stickler, sets great store by them. A right-headed compound: staat + blad."}],"words":[{"surface":"Nadat","lemma":"nadat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vertrokken","gloss":"After"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"title noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was vertrokken","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"vertrokken","lemma":"vertrekken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the perfect construction","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of vertrokken","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of hield","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of hield","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"hield","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on Verbrugge","gloss":"was fond"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition completing hield van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of staatsbladen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"staatsbladen","lemma":"staatsblad","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"official gazettes"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"h8-s170","source":"--Maar, m'nheer Havelaar, dat mag niet!","translation":"--But, sir Havelaar, that is not allowed!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s170.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat mag niet","title":"Modal mag for permission","body":"mogen ('may, to be allowed') in 'dat mag niet' = 'that is not allowed'. With the main verb (doen) understood, the modal stands alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the objection","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"honorific in the vocative address","gloss":"sir","note":"M'nheer is a contracted form of mijnheer, ‘sir.’"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative name following m'nheer","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of mag","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"mag","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"main modal verb; omitted infinitive is understood","gloss":"is allowed"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies mag","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"h8-s171","source":"De verantwoording van den kollekteur is nog altyd te Serang in onderzoek ... als nu eens daaraan iets ontbreekt?","translation":"The collector's accounts are still under examination at Serang ... what if something should be found wanting in them?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s171.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is nog altyd te Serang in onderzoek","title":"zijn-passive sense 'in onderzoek'","body":"'is ... in onderzoek' states a resulting state ('is under examination'). te Serang uses te for 'at/in' a place, an older preposition usage for towns."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als nu eens daaraan iets ontbreekt","title":"Conditional als + pronominal adverb daaraan","body":"'als nu eens ... iets ontbreekt' floats a hypothetical ('what if something is wanting'); daaraan ('to/in it') is a pronominal adverb (aan + that). The verb ontbreekt closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verantwoording","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"verantwoording","lemma":"verantwoording","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"account"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor kollekteur","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of kollekteur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kollekteur","lemma":"collecteur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"collector"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms nog altijd with altyd","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms nog altijd with nog","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Serang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Serang","lemma":"Serang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of te","gloss":"Serang"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderzoek","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"onderzoek","lemma":"onderzoek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in; predicative complement of is","gloss":"examination"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces hypothetical question","gloss":"what if"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontbreekt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds tentative emphasis to ontbreekt","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"daaraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of ontbreekt","gloss":"in them"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of ontbreekt","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"ontbreekt","lemma":"ontbreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is lacking"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"h8-s172","source":"--Dan leg ik 't er by, zei Havelaar.","translation":"--Then I will make up the difference, said Havelaar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s172.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan leg ik 't er by","title":"Pronominal adverb erbij split","body":"erbij ('to it, in addition') splits in the finite clause: er fronts the middle field, by lands at the end — 'Dan leg ik 't er by' = 'Then I'll make up the difference / add it'. The fronted Dan also inverts (leg ik)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies leg","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"leg","lemma":"leggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of separable erbij leggen","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of leg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of leg","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal complement of bij","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of leg ... erbij","gloss":"make up"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb introducing the quotation","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"h8-s173","source":"Verbrugge begreep maar niet waaruit deze groote inschikkelykheid voor den belasting-kollekteur geboren werd.","translation":"Verbrugge simply could not grasp where this great indulgence toward the tax-collector was born from.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s173.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"begreep maar niet waaruit deze ... inschikkelykheid ... geboren werd","title":"Embedded waaruit-question + worden-passive","body":"waaruit ('from what') heads a verb-final indirect question; 'geboren werd' is a worden-passive ('was born/sprang'). begreep maar niet = 'simply could not grasp'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"inschikkelykheid","title":"inschikkelijkheid = accommodating indulgence","body":"inschikkelijkheid is willingness to oblige, complaisance — here Havelaar's unexpected leniency toward the tax-collector that puzzles Verbrugge. The -heid suffix turns the adjective into an abstract noun."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of begreep","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"begreep","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms maar niet with niet","gloss":"simply"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates begreep","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waaruit","lemma":"waaruit","morphology":"interrogative pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of geboren","gloss":"from what"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of inschikkelykheid","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"groote","lemma":"groot","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies inschikkelijkheid","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"inschikkelykheid","lemma":"inschikkelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of geboren werd","gloss":"indulgence"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces beneficiary belasting-collecteur","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine oblique form","role":"determiner of belasting-kollekteur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"belasting-kollekteur","lemma":"belastingcollecteur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of voor","gloss":"tax collector"},{"surface":"geboren","lemma":"geboren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"born","note":"Geboren worden literally means “to be born,” here figuratively “to arise.”"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geboren","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"h8-s174","source":"De klerk kwam weldra met eenig geschryf terug. Havelaar teekende, en zei dat men spoed moest maken met die uitbetaling.","translation":"The clerk soon came back with some papers. Havelaar signed, and said that the payment must be made with all speed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s174.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"kwam ... terug ... teekende ... zei","title":"Simple-past narration","body":"kwam (strong, komen), teekende (weak, tekenen), and zei (irregular, zeggen) are all imperfects driving the action. terugkomen is separable: kwam ... terug."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat men spoed moest maken met die uitbetaling","title":"dat-clause with modal cluster","body":"In the dat-clause the modal moest plus infinitive maken close the clause: 'that one had to make haste'. spoed maken = idiom 'to hurry'."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of klerk","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"klerk","lemma":"klerk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"clerk"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of kwam ... terug","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"weldra","lemma":"weldra","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies kwam","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geschryf","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"eenig","lemma":"enig","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geschrijf","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"geschryf","lemma":"geschrijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"papers"},{"surface":"terug","lemma":"terug","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of kwam ... terug","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of teekende and zei","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"teekende","lemma":"tekenen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the second sentence","gloss":"signed"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"coordinated with teekende","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the object clause of zei","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"spoed","lemma":"spoed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"haste"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of maken","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the object clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking uitbetaling","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitbetaling","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"uitbetaling","lemma":"uitbetaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"payment"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"h8-s175","source":"--Verbrugge, ik zal je zeggen waarom ik dit doe!","translation":"--Verbrugge, I will tell you why I do this!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s175.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik zal je zeggen waarom ik dit doe","title":"Future + embedded waarom-clause","body":"'zal ... zeggen' is the future; the embedded question waarom ik dit doe is verb-final (doe at the end). je is the familiar 'you', a shift from the formal speech earlier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces object clause of zeggen","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of doe","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of doe","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"doe","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the object clause","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"h8-s176","source":"De Regent heeft geen duit in huis: zyn schryver heeft het my gezegd, en bovendien ... dat brusque vragen!","translation":"The Regent hasn't a penny in the house: his secretary told me so, and besides ... that abrupt asking!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s176.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De Regent heeft geen duit in huis","title":"geen with an indefinite object","body":"geen negates the indefinite duit: 'heeft geen duit in huis' = 'hasn't a penny in the house'. A duit was a tiny copper coin, so geen duit is 'not a red cent'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"dat brusque vragen","title":"brusque (French loan)","body":"brusque ('abrupt, blunt') is a French borrowing colouring the cultured Indies Dutch of the officials. 'dat brusque vragen' = 'that abrupt asking', the Regent's tactless request."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of duit","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"duit","lemma":"duit","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"penny"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of schrijver","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schryver","lemma":"schrijver","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of heeft gezegd","gloss":"secretary"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezegd","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying the following exclamation","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of vragen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"brusque","lemma":"bruusk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies vragen","gloss":"abrupt","note":"Brusque is a French-derived spelling meaning abrupt or curt."},{"surface":"vragen","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"substantivized infinitive, neuter","role":"head of the exclamatory noun phrase","gloss":"asking"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"h8-s177","source":"De zaak is duidelyk. Hyzelf heeft dat geld noodig, en de kollekteur wil 't hem voorschieten.","translation":"The matter is plain. He himself needs that money, and the collector wants to advance it to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s177.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de kollekteur wil 't hem voorschieten","title":"Modal wil + separable voorschieten","body":"wil (willen, 'wants') sends the separable infinitive voorschieten ('to advance money') whole to the end. The clitics 't (it) and hem (him) sit in the middle field."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking zaak to duidelijk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"Hyzelf","lemma":"hijzelf","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"He himself"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite verb of heeft ... nodig","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"predicative complement in heeft ... nodig","gloss":"needs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kollekteur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kollekteur","lemma":"collecteur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"collector"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of voorschieten","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of voorschieten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of voorschieten","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"voorschieten","lemma":"voorschieten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wil","gloss":"advance"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"h8-s178","source":"Ik overtreed liever op eigen verantwoordelykheid een vorm, dan dat ik een man van zyn rang en jaren in verlegenheid laten zou.","translation":"I would rather, on my own responsibility, breach a formality than put a man of his rank and years in an awkward position.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s178.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik overtreed liever ... een vorm, dan dat ik ... in verlegenheid laten zou","title":"Comparative liever ... dan","body":"liever ('rather') is the comparative of graag; 'liever X dan dat Y' = 'rather X than that Y'. In the dan-dat clause the conditional laten zou stacks at the end."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"op eigen verantwoordelykheid","title":"Idiom: op eigen verantwoordelijkheid","body":"'op eigen verantwoordelijkheid' = 'on one's own responsibility'. Havelaar will personally answer for breaching a formality — a key trait of his character."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of overtreed","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"overtreed","lemma":"overtreden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"breach"},{"surface":"liever","lemma":"liever","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies overtreed","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verantwoordelykheid","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies verantwoordelykheid","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"verantwoordelykheid","lemma":"verantwoordelijkheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"responsibility"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vorm","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"vorm","lemma":"vorm","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of overtreed","gloss":"formality"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"first part of dan dat","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"second part of dan dat; introduces comparative clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou laten","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of laten","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of rang and jaren","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with rang","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking verlegenheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"verlegenheid","lemma":"verlegenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"an awkward position"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of laten","gloss":"would"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"h8-s179","source":"Bovendien, Verbrugge, er wordt in Lebak gruwelyk misbruik gemaakt van gezag. Dit moet je weten.","translation":"Besides, Verbrugge, there is appalling abuse of authority going on in Lebak. This you must know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s179.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er wordt in Lebak gruwelyk misbruik gemaakt van gezag","title":"Impersonal worden-passive of an idiom","body":"misbruik maken van ('to abuse') is passivized impersonally: 'er wordt ... misbruik gemaakt van gezag' = 'authority is being abused'. The dummy er supplies the empty subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive introducing the passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"gruwelyk","lemma":"gruwelijk","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies misbruik","gloss":"appalling"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"nominal part of idiom misbruik maken van","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking gezag","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"gezag","lemma":"gezag","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of weten","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"h8-s180","source":"Weet je 't?","translation":"Do you know it?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s180.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Weet je 't?","title":"Inversion drops the -t of weet je","body":"Before the subject je, the verb loses its -t ending: not 'weet jij het', but the inverted 'weet je 't'. A small but constant feature of Dutch present-tense inversion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Know"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of Weet","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"h8-s181","source":"Verbrugge zweeg. Hy wist het.","translation":"Verbrugge was silent. He knew it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s181.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Verbrugge zweeg. Hy wist het.","title":"Strong past zweeg, irregular wist","body":"zweeg is the strong past of zwijgen ('to be silent', ij>ee), and wist the irregular past of weten. These curt imperfects punctuate the interrogation throughout the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of zweeg","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"zweeg","lemma":"zwijgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"h8-s182","source":"--Ik weet het, ging Havelaar voort, ik weet het!","translation":"--I know it, Havelaar went on, I know it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s182.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ging Havelaar voort","title":"Separable voortgaan as a quotative","body":"voortgaan ('to go on') splits: ging early, voort at the end — 'ging Havelaar voort' = 'Havelaar went on'. It works like an inserted 'he continued'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quotation","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of ging ... voort; reporting verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ging ... voort","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the resumed quotation","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"h8-s183","source":"Is niet m'nheer Slotering gestorven in November?","translation":"Did not sir Slotering die in November?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s183.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Is niet m'nheer Slotering gestorven in November?","title":"Yes/no question by inversion + perfect","body":"A yes/no question fronts the finite verb: 'Is ... gestorven?' = 'Did ... die?'. sterven forms its perfect with zijn (a verb of change of state), so is, not heeft."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gestorven","gloss":"Did"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is gestorven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun used as title, singular","role":"title modifying Slotering","gloss":"sir"},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"head of subject m'nheer Slotering","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"gestorven","lemma":"sterven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb governed by is","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking November","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"November","lemma":"november","morphology":"noun, proper name of month","role":"object of in","gloss":"November"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"h8-s184","source":"Welnu, den dag na zyn dood heeft de regent volk opgeroepen om zyn Sawahs te bewerken ... zonder betaling!","translation":"Well, the day after his death the Regent called up people to work his sawahs ... without pay!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s184.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den dag na zyn dood heeft de regent volk opgeroepen","title":"Fronted time-phrase + perfect inversion","body":"The time-phrase 'den dag na zyn dood' fills first position, inverting the auxiliary heeft before the subject; the participle opgeroepen (separable oproepen) closes the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om zyn Sawahs te bewerken","title":"Purpose clause om ... te","body":"om ... te frames purpose ('in order to'): 'om zyn Sawahs te bewerken' = 'to work his sawahs'. The te-infinitive te bewerken closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historical masculine accusative form","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"adverbial time complement of opgeroepen","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"na","lemma":"na","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement dood","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of dood","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of na","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of opgeroepen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of opgeroepen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of opgeroepen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"opgeroepen","lemma":"oproepen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb governed by heeft","gloss":"called up"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of Sawahs","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"Sawahs","lemma":"sawah","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bewerken","gloss":"rice fields"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive bewerken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"bewerken","lemma":"bewerken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of purpose clause","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking betaling","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"betaling","lemma":"betaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"pay"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"h8-s185","source":"Ge hadt dit moeten weten, Verbrugge. Wist je 't?","translation":"You should have known this, Verbrugge. Did you know it?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s185.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge hadt dit moeten weten","title":"Modal in the pluperfect: hadt moeten weten","body":"'hadt ... moeten weten' = 'should have known': pluperfect hadt + the bare-infinitive modal moeten + main infinitive weten (the 'infinitivus pro participio' construction). hadt is the old 2nd-person form with archaic ge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hadt moeten weten","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"hadt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of moeten weten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal infinitive governing weten","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moeten","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"Wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Knew"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Wist","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of Wist","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"h8-s186","source":"Dit wist Verbrugge niet. Als kontroleur hadt je 't moeten weten!","translation":"This Verbrugge did not know. As controller you ought to have known it!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s186.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dit wist Verbrugge niet","title":"Fronted object Dit + inversion","body":"The object Dit ('this') is fronted for emphasis, so the verb wist inverts before the subject Verbrugge: 'This Verbrugge did not know'. A very common Dutch topicalization."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of wist","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wist","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces role complement kontroleur","gloss":"As"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als; subject complement of je","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"hadt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of moeten weten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal infinitive governing weten","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by moeten","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"h8-s187","source":"Ik weet het, ging Havelaar voort.","translation":"I know it, Havelaar went on.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s187.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the quotation","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of ging ... voort; reporting verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle of ging ... voort","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"h8-s188","source":"Dáár liggen de maandstaten van de distrikten--en hy toonde 't pak geschryf dat hy ontvangen had in de vergadering--zie, ik heb niets geopend. Daarin zyn, onder andere zaken, de opgaven van op de hoofdplaats geleverde arbeiders tot heeredienst.","translation":"There lie the monthly returns of the districts--and he pointed to the bundle of papers he had received at the assembly--look, I have opened nothing. Among other matters, they contain the figures for the labourers furnished at the chief town for statute-labour.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s188.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dáár liggen de maandstaten","title":"Fronted locative Dáár + inversion","body":"The stressed adverb Dáár ('there') fronts and inverts the verb: 'Dáár liggen de maandstaten' = 'There lie the monthly returns'. The acute-accented á marks the deictic emphasis (distinct from grave-accented forms like Dàt)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daarin zyn ... de opgaven van op de hoofdplaats geleverde arbeiders","title":"Pronominal adverb daarin + participial modifier","body":"daarin ('in them') is a pronominal adverb fronting the clause and inverting zyn. 'geleverde arbeiders' uses the past participle geleverd as an attributive adjective ('furnished labourers')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dáár","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying liggen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"liggen","lemma":"liggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maandstaten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"maandstaten","lemma":"maandstaat","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of liggen","gloss":"monthly returns"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking distrikten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of distrikten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"distrikten","lemma":"district","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"modifies maandstaten","gloss":"districts"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of toonde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"toonde","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"pointed"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pak","lemma":"pak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of toonde","gloss":"bundle"},{"surface":"geschryf","lemma":"geschrijf","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"partitive complement of pak","gloss":"of papers","note":"Geschrijf is a collective noun here meaning a quantity of written papers."},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ontvangen; relative pronoun referring to pak geschrijf","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontvangen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ontvangen","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in relative clause modifying pak geschrijf","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of ontvangen","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking vergadering","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vergadering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vergadering","lemma":"vergadering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of ontvangen","gloss":"assembly"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"imperative introducing the following statement","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb geopend","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geopend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of geopend","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"geopend","lemma":"openen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by heb","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"Daarin","lemma":"daarin","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative adverb modifying zijn","gloss":"in them"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb with inverted subject opgaven","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking zaken","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies zaken","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of onder","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgaven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"figures"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking arbeiders","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking hoofdplaats","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofdplaats","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofdplaats","lemma":"hoofdplaats","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"chief town"},{"surface":"geleverde","lemma":"leveren","morphology":"verb, participle, used adjectivally","role":"modifies arbeiders","gloss":"furnished"},{"surface":"arbeiders","lemma":"arbeider","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"labourers"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking heeredienst","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"heeredienst","lemma":"herendienst","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"purpose complement of geleverde arbeiders","gloss":"statute-labour"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"h8-s189","source":"Welnu, zyn die opgaven juist? --Ik heb ze nog niet gezien ...","translation":"Well, are those figures correct? --I have not yet seen them ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s189.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn die opgaven juist?","title":"Yes/no question by inversion","body":"A polar question fronts the verb: 'zyn die opgaven juist?' = 'are those figures correct?'. juist here means 'accurate, correct'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse interjection introducing the question","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking opgaven to juist","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgaven","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"figures"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"correct"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gezien","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezien","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezien","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle governed by heb","gloss":"seen"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"h8-s190","source":"--Ik ook niet! Maar toch vraag ik je of ze juist zyn?","translation":"--Neither have I! But even so I ask you whether they are correct?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s190.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Maar toch vraag ik je of ze juist zyn","title":"Adverbial toch fronted + of-question","body":"The fronted 'Maar toch' inverts vraag ik; the embedded of-question 'of ze juist zyn' is verb-final (zyn at the end). of = 'whether'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject in elliptical clause ik ook niet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies niet","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates elliptical heb gezien","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vraag","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vraag","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"vraag","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vraag","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of vraag","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zyn","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"correct"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula in indirect question governed by of","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"h8-s191","source":"Waren de opgaven van de vorige maand juist?","translation":"Were the figures for the previous month correct?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s191.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking opgaven to juist","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of opgaven","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"opgaven","lemma":"opgave","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"figures"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking maand","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of maand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorige","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies maand","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"maand","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"correct"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"h8-s192","source":"Verbrugge zweeg. --Ik zal 't je zeggen: ze waren valsch!","translation":"Verbrugge was silent. --I will tell you: they were false!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s192.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zweeg","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"zweeg","lemma":"zwijgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeggen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking ze to vals","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"valsch","lemma":"vals","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"false"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"h8-s193","source":"Want er was driemaal meer volk opgeroepen om voor den Regent te werken dan de bepalingen op de heerediensten toelaten, en dit durfde men natuurlyk in de staten niet opgeven. Is 't waar, wat ik zeg?","translation":"For three times as many people had been called up to work for the Regent as the regulations on statute-labour permit, and this, of course, one dared not enter in the returns. Is it true, what I say?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s193.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er was driemaal meer volk opgeroepen ... dan de bepalingen ... toelaten","title":"Comparative meer ... dan","body":"'driemaal meer ... dan' = 'three times more ... than'; dan introduces the standard of comparison, and the comparison clause 'dan de bepalingen toelaten' is verb-final. opgeroepen is a pluperfect-passive participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dit durfde men ... in de staten niet opgeven","title":"durven + bare infinitive, fronted object","body":"Fronted dit inverts durfde; durven ('to dare') takes the bare infinitive opgeven, which (separable) lands at the end. 'one dared not enter this in the returns'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive in existential passive construction","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of opgeroepen","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"driemaal","lemma":"driemaal","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies meer","gloss":"three times"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies volk","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive opgeroepen","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"opgeroepen","lemma":"oproepen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in passive construction","gloss":"called up"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the purpose infinitive werken","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Regent","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive werken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"werken","lemma":"werken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"purpose complement of opgeroepen","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bepalingen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bepalingen","lemma":"bepaling","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of toelaten","gloss":"regulations"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking heerediensten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heerediensten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heerediensten","lemma":"herendienst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of op","gloss":"statute-labour"},{"surface":"toelaten","lemma":"toelaten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of comparative clause with subject bepalingen","gloss":"permit"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of opgeven","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"durfde","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb governing opgeven","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of durfde","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"natuurlyk","lemma":"natuurlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying durfde opgeven","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking staten","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of staten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"staten","lemma":"staat","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of in","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opgeven","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"opgeven","lemma":"opgeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of durfde","gloss":"enter"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking het to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of zeg","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeg","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of relative clause modifying het","gloss":"say"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"h8-s194","source":"Verbrugge zweeg. --Ook de staten die ik vandaag ontving, zyn valsch, ging Havelaar voort.","translation":"Verbrugge was silent. --The returns I received today are false as well, Havelaar went on.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s194.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zweeg","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"zweeg","lemma":"zwijgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was silent"},{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus adverb modifying vals","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of staten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"staten","lemma":"staat","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"returns"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ontving","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ontving","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"vandaag","lemma":"vandaag","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontving","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"ontving","lemma":"ontvangen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"relative clause on staten","gloss":"received"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking staten to vals","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"valsch","lemma":"vals","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb governing the quotation","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"adverb","role":"separable particle of ging voort","gloss":"on"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"h8-s195","source":"De Regent is arm. De Regenten van Bogor (Buitenzorg) en Tjiandjoer zyn leden van 't geslacht waarvan hy 't hoofd is.","translation":"The Regent is poor. The Regents of Bogor (Buitenzorg) and Tjiandjoer are members of the family of which he is the head.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s195.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t geslacht waarvan hy 't hoofd is","title":"Pronominal relative adverb waarvan","body":"waarvan ('of which') is a relative pronominal adverb replacing van + a thing: 'het geslacht waarvan hy 't hoofd is' = 'the family of which he is the head'. The verb is closes the relative clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Regent to arm","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regenten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regenten","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zijn","gloss":"Regents"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Bogor and Tjiandjoer","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bogor","lemma":"Bogor","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Bogor"},{"surface":"Buitenzorg","lemma":"Buitenzorg","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical alternative name for Bogor","gloss":"Buitenzorg"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Tjiandjoer","lemma":"Tjiandjoer","morphology":"proper noun","role":"coordinated with Bogor","gloss":"Tjiandjoer"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking Regenten to leden","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"leden","lemma":"lid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zijn","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geslacht","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geslacht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"geslacht","lemma":"geslacht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"waarvan","lemma":"waarvan","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"complement of hoofd in relative clause","gloss":"of which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hoofd","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking hy to hoofd","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"h8-s196","source":"Die laatste heeft slechts rang van Tommongong, onze Regent is Adhipatti, en toch laten zyn inkomsten, omdat Lebak niet geschikt is voor koffi en hem dus geen emolumenten opbrengt, niet toe in praal en luister te wedyveren met een eenvoudigen Dhemang in de Preanger, die den stygbeugel houden zou als zyn neven te-paard stygen. Is dit waar?","translation":"The latter holds only the rank of Tommongong, our Regent is Adhipatti, and yet his income, because Lebak is unsuited to coffee and so yields him no emoluments, does not allow him to vie in pomp and splendour with a plain Dhemang in the Preanger, who would hold the stirrup as his cousins mounted their horses. Is this true?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s196.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"laten zyn inkomsten ... niet toe ... te wedyveren","title":"Separable toelaten wrapping a long clause + te-infinitive","body":"toelaten ('to permit') splits across the whole sentence: laten near the front, toe far at the end, governing te wedyveren ('to vie'). A textbook separable-verb bracket with an embedded reason-clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"die den stygbeugel houden zou als zyn neven te-paard stygen","title":"Conditional zou + als-clause","body":"'houden zou' is the conditional ('would hold'); the als-clause 'als zyn neven te-paard stygen' is verb-final (stygen at the end). The vivid image: a lesser Demang holding the stirrup for his mounting cousins."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of laatste","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatste","lemma":"laatst","morphology":"substantivized adjective, superlative, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"latter"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"holds"},{"surface":"slechts","lemma":"slechts","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies rang","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Tommongong","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Tommongong","lemma":"Tommongong","morphology":"title, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Tommongong"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Regent to Adhipatti","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"Adhipatti","morphology":"title, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies laten","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"finite base of separable verb laten ... toe","gloss":"let"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of inkomsten","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"inkomsten","lemma":"inkomst","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of laten ... toe","gloss":"income"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of geschikt","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geschikt","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"geschikt","lemma":"geschikt","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"suited"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Lebak to geschikt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking koffi","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"koffi","lemma":"koffie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"coffee"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hem","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of opbrengt","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opbrengt","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of emolumenten","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"emolumenten","lemma":"emolument","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of opbrengt","gloss":"emoluments"},{"surface":"opbrengt","lemma":"opbrengen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb coordinated with is geschikt","gloss":"yields"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates laten ... toe","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable particle","role":"separable particle completing laten ... toe","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking praal","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"praal","lemma":"praal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of wedyveren","gloss":"pomp"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"luister","lemma":"luister","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated with praal","gloss":"splendour"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive wedyveren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wedyveren","lemma":"wedijveren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of laten ... toe","gloss":"vie"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Dhemang","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Dhemang","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"eenvoudigen","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies Dhemang","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"Dhemang","lemma":"Dhemang","morphology":"title, singular","role":"complement of met","gloss":"Dhemang"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Preanger","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Preanger","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Preanger","lemma":"Preanger","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"Preanger"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of zou houden","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic masculine form","role":"determiner of stijgbeugel","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"stygbeugel","lemma":"stijgbeugel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of houden","gloss":"stirrup"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by zou","gloss":"hold"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of houden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause headed by stygen","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of neven","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"neven","lemma":"neef","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of stijgen","gloss":"cousins"},{"surface":"te-paard","lemma":"te paard","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"adverbial modifier of stijgen","gloss":"on horseback"},{"surface":"stygen","lemma":"stijgen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of temporal clause introduced by als","gloss":"mount"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"h8-s197","source":"--Ja, dit is zoo.","translation":"--Yes, that is so.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s197.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to zoo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative adverb complement of is","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"h8-s198","source":"--Hy heeft niets dan zyn traktement, en hierop is een korting ter afbetaling van een voorschot dat de Regeering hem gegeven heeft, toen hy ... weet je 't?","translation":"--He has nothing but his salary, and from this a deduction is made toward repayment of an advance the Government granted him, when he ... do you know it?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s198.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hy heeft niets dan zyn traktement","title":"Negative niets + dan ('nothing but')","body":"niets ('nothing') is the inherent negative; 'niets dan' = 'nothing but'. 'Hy heeft niets dan zyn traktement' = 'He has nothing but his salary'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"een voorschot dat de Regeering hem gegeven heeft","title":"Relative dat (het-word) + perfect","body":"voorschot is a het-word, so the relative pronoun is dat; the clause is verb-final, the perfect cluster gegeven heeft at the end. 'an advance the Government gave him'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heeft","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of heeft","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms niets dan: nothing but","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of traktement","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"traktement","lemma":"traktement","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of dan in niets dan zyn traktement","gloss":"salary"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two main clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hierop","lemma":"hierop","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of korting","gloss":"from this"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"existential verb with korting as subject","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of korting","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"korting","lemma":"korting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"deduction"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"contracted preposition and article","role":"introduces the purpose phrase ter afbetaling","gloss":"toward","note":"Ter contracts te der and means “for/toward the.”"},{"surface":"afbetaling","lemma":"afbetaling","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of ter","gloss":"repayment"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement een voorschot","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of voorschot","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"voorschot","lemma":"voorschot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"advance"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of gegeven; refers to voorschot","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gegeven heeft","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of gegeven","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gegeven","lemma":"geven","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gegeven","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the interrupted clause continued in h8-s200","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of the omitted wilde in the interrupted clause","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical question","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"h8-s199","source":"--Ja, ik weet het.","translation":"--Yes, I know it.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s199.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"h8-s200","source":"--Toen hy een nieuwe medsjid wilde laten bouwen, waartoe veel geld noodig was.","translation":"--When he wanted to have a new mosque built, which required a great deal of money.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s200.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Toen hy een nieuwe medsjid wilde laten bouwen","title":"toen + modal + causative laten","body":"toen ('when') opens a verb-final clause stacking modal wilde, causative laten, and bouwen: 'wanted to have a mosque built'. Three verbs at the end — modal, causative auxiliary, main infinitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waartoe veel geld noodig was","title":"Relative pronominal adverb waartoe","body":"waartoe ('for which') is a relative pronominal adverb (tot + which): 'waartoe veel geld noodig was' = 'for which a great deal of money was needed'. The verb was closes the clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"resumes the interrupted toen-clause in h8-s198","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of medsjid","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"nieuwe","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies medsjid","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"medsjid","lemma":"medsjid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bouwen","gloss":"mosque","note":"Medsjid is an older Dutch transliteration for a mosque."},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"to have"},{"surface":"bouwen","lemma":"bouwen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of laten","gloss":"built"},{"surface":"waartoe","lemma":"waartoe","morphology":"relative pronominal adverb","role":"introduces a relative clause referring to the building project","gloss":"for which"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies geld","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass","role":"subject of noodig was","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"noodig","lemma":"nodig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking geld and noodig","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"h8-s201","source":"Bovendien, veel leden zyner familie ... weet je 't?","translation":"Besides, many members of his family ... do you know it?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s201.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"adds another unfinished consideration","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies leden","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"leden","lemma":"lid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"head of the unfinished noun phrase","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"zyner","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, genitive, singular","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"of his"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of leden","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical question","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"h8-s202","source":"--Ja, dat weet ik.","translation":"--Yes, that I know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s202.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"fronted direct object of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"h8-s203","source":"--Veel leden van zyn familie--die eigenlyk niet in 't Lebaksche te-huis behoort, en daarom ook by 't volk niet gezien is--scharen zich als een plunderbende om hem heen, en persen hem geld af.","translation":"--Many members of his family--who properly speaking do not belong in Lebak, and for that reason are not well regarded by the people either--gather round him like a band of plunderers and squeeze money out of him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s203.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die eigenlyk niet in 't Lebaksche te-huis behoort","title":"Relative die + 'niet ... behoort'","body":"The relative die opens a non-restrictive clause, verb-final (behoort at the end); 't Lebaksche is the substantivized neuter 'the Lebak region'. te-huis behooren = 'to belong, be at home'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"scharen zich als een plunderbende om hem heen, en persen hem geld af","title":"Reflexive scharen zich + separable afpersen","body":"zich scharen om ... heen = 'to gather around', reflexive with the circumposition om ... heen. afpersen ('to extort') is separable: persen ... af. plunderbende is a compound (plunder + bende, 'plundering gang')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies leden","gloss":"Many"},{"surface":"leden","lemma":"lid","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of scharen and persen","gloss":"members"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement zyn familie","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of familie","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"familie","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"family"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of behoort and is; refers to familie","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies behoort","gloss":"properly speaking"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates behoort","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location het Lebaksche","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Lebaksche","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Lebaksche","lemma":"Lebaks","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Lebak region","note":"Het Lebaksche means the district or region of Lebak."},{"surface":"te-huis","lemma":"thuis","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of te-huis behoort","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"behoort","lemma":"behoren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the first relative clause","gloss":"belongs"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links behoort and gezien is","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"daarom","lemma":"daarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezien is","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"focus adverb","role":"reinforces the second negation","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent-like phrase by het volk","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of volk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gezien is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gezien","lemma":"zien","morphology":"past participle","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"well regarded","note":"Niet gezien zijn means “not to be well regarded.”"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking die and gezien","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"scharen","lemma":"scharen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb; agrees with leden","gloss":"gather"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"reflexive object of scharen","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison een plunderbende","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of plunderbende","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"plunderbende","lemma":"plunderbende","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"band of plunderers"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"first part of om hem heen","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"heen","lemma":"heen","morphology":"postposition","role":"completes om hem heen","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links scharen and persen","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"persen","lemma":"persen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"finite base of persen ... af","gloss":"squeeze"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, object form, singular","role":"indirect object of persen ... af","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass","role":"direct object of persen ... af","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of persen ... af: extort","gloss":"extort"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"h8-s204","source":"Is dit waar?","translation":"Is this true?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s204.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula in the question","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"h8-s205","source":"--'t Is de waarheid, zei Verbrugge. --En als zyn kas ledig is, wat dikwyls gebeurt, nemen zy in zyn naam de bevolking af, wat hun aanstaat.","translation":"--It is the truth, said Verbrugge. --And when his coffers are empty, which often happens, they take from the people in his name whatever suits them.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s205.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"als zyn kas ledig is, wat dikwyls gebeurt, nemen zy ... af","title":"Fronted als-clause + main inversion","body":"The conditional als-clause ('when his coffers are empty') fills first position, so the main clause inverts: nemen zy. afnemen ('to take from') is separable, its af landing at the end. ledig is the archaic word for leeg ('empty')."}],"words":[{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"It"},{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking het and waarheid","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of waarheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"waarheid","lemma":"waarheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"truth"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links this statement to the preceding one","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the condition zyn kas ledig is","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of kas","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"kas","lemma":"kas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"coffer"},{"surface":"ledig","lemma":"ledig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking kas and ledig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of gebeurt; refers to the preceding situation","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gebeurt","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"gebeurt","lemma":"gebeuren","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the parenthetical relative clause","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"finite base of nemen ... af","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of nemen","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the phrase in zyn naam","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of naam","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"naam","lemma":"naam","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"name"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of nemen ... af","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of nemen ... af: take from","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"direct object of nemen ... af and subject of aanstaat","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of aanstaat","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"aanstaat","lemma":"aanstaan","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"verb of the free relative clause","gloss":"suits"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"h8-s206","source":"Is dit zoo?","translation":"Is this so?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s206.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula in the question","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"h8-s207","source":"--Ja, het is zoo. --Ik ben dus goed onderricht, doch daarover nader.","translation":"--Yes, it is so. --So I am well informed, but more of that later.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s207.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik ben dus goed onderricht, doch daarover nader","title":"zijn-passive onderricht + conjunction doch","body":"'ben ... onderricht' is a state passive ('am informed'); doch ('but', archaic) signals contrast, and 'daarover nader' = 'more on that later' with the pronominal adverb daarover (over + that)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking het and zoo","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"copula linking Ik and onderricht","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"sentence adverb","role":"modifies the clause","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies onderricht","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"onderricht","lemma":"onderrichten","morphology":"past participle","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"informed"},{"surface":"doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces an elliptical contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"daarover","lemma":"daarover","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of the elliptical nader","gloss":"about that"},{"surface":"nader","lemma":"nader","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"elliptical predicate: more about that later","gloss":"more later","note":"Daarover nader is an elliptical expression meaning “more about that later.”"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"h8-s208","source":"De Regent, die in jaren klimmende den dood vreest, wordt beheerscht door de zucht zich verdienstelyk te maken door giften aan geestelyken. Hy geeft veel geld uit voorreiskosten van pelgrims naar Mekka, die hem allerlei vodden van relieken, talismans en djimats terugbrengen.","translation":"The Regent, who as the years mount fears death, is ruled by the craving to make himself deserving through gifts to holy men. He spends a great deal of money on the travel costs of pilgrims to Mecca, who bring him back all manner of rubbishy relics, talismans, and djimats.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s208.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De Regent, die in jaren klimmende ..., wordt beheerscht door de zucht","title":"worden-passive with door-agent + present participle","body":"'wordt beheerscht door ...' is the process passive naming the agent with door: 'is ruled by the craving'. 'in jaren klimmende' uses the present participle klimmende ('climbing in years') as an adverbial."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de zucht zich verdienstelyk te maken","title":"Reflexive zich + te-infinitive","body":"'zich verdienstelyk maken' ('to make oneself deserving') is reflexive, and te maken is governed by the noun zucht. The reflexive zich sits before the te-infinitive at the clause end."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wordt beheerscht","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vreest and understood subject of klimmende","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement jaren","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"jaren","lemma":"jaar","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"klimmende","lemma":"klimmen","morphology":"present participle","role":"supplementary participle modifying die","gloss":"advancing","note":"In jaren klimmende is an older expression for advancing in age."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, archaic masculine accusative singular","role":"determiner of dood","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"dood","lemma":"dood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of vreest","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"vreest","lemma":"vrezen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"fears"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"passive auxiliary of beheerscht","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"beheerscht","lemma":"beheersen","morphology":"past participle","role":"main verb of the passive clause","gloss":"ruled","note":"Beheerscht is the older spelling of modern beheerst."},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the agent zucht","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of zucht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zucht","lemma":"zucht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"agent of wordt beheerscht","gloss":"craving"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"reflexive pronoun","role":"direct object of maken","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"verdienstelyk","lemma":"verdienstelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"object complement of zich","gloss":"deserving","note":"Verdienstelyk is the older spelling of modern verdienstelijk."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks the infinitive maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zucht","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the means giften","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"giften","lemma":"gift","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of door","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces recipients of giften","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"geestelyken","lemma":"geestelijke","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"holy men","note":"Geestelyken is the older spelling of geestelijken, meaning clergy or religious men."},{"surface":"Hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of geeft","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"geeft","lemma":"geven","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite base of geeft ... uit","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifier","role":"modifies geld","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass","role":"direct object of geeft ... uit","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable verbal particle","role":"particle of geeft ... uit: spends","gloss":"spends"},{"surface":"voorreiskosten","lemma":"reiskosten","morphology":"preposition + noun, plural, fused in source","role":"prepositional complement of geeft ... uit","gloss":"on travel costs","note":"The source fuses voor and reiskosten; modern Dutch writes voor reiskosten."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement pelgrims","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"pelgrims","lemma":"pelgrim","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"pilgrims"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination Mekka","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Mekka","lemma":"Mekka","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Mecca"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of terugbrengen; refers to pelgrims","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"personal pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of terugbrengen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"allerlei","lemma":"allerlei","morphology":"indefinite determiner","role":"determiner of vodden","gloss":"all manner of"},{"surface":"vodden","lemma":"vod","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of terugbrengen","gloss":"rubbishy things"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces relieken, talismans en djimats","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"relieken","lemma":"reliek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"relics"},{"surface":"talismans","lemma":"talisman","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with relieken","gloss":"talismans"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links talismans and djimats","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"djimats","lemma":"djimat","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"coordinated with relieken","gloss":"amulets","note":"A djimat is an Indonesian protective amulet."},{"surface":"terugbrengen","lemma":"terugbrengen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person plural","role":"main verb of the relative clause","gloss":"bring back"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"h8-s209","source":"Is 't niet zoo?","translation":"Is it not so?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s209.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula in the question","gloss":"Is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"personal pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates zoo","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"so"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"h8-s210","source":"--Ja, dat is waar.","translation":"--Yes, that is true.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s210.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"Yes"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking dat and waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"h8-s211","source":"--Welnu, door dit alles is hy zoo arm.","translation":"--Well, through all of this he is so poor.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s211.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the conclusion","gloss":"Well then"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the cause dit alles","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of door","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking hy and arm","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies arm","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"arm","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"poor"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"h8-s212","source":"De Dhemang van Parang-Koedjang, is zyn schoonzoon.","translation":"The Dhemang of Parang-Koedjang is his son-in-law.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s212.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Dhemang","gloss":"The"},{"surface":"Dhemang","lemma":"demang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"district chief","note":"Dhemang is a Javanese administrative title."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces Parang-Koedjang","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking Dhemang and schoonzoon","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of schoonzoon","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schoonzoon","lemma":"schoonzoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"son-in-law"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"h8-s213","source":"Waar de Regent zelf uit schaamte voor zyn rang niet durft nemen, is het die--Dhemang,--maar hy is 't niet alléén--die aan den Adhipatti zyn hof maakt door 't afpersen van geld en goed aan de arme bevolking, en door de lieden wegtehalen van hun eigen rystvelden om ze heentedryven naar de sawahs van den Regent.","translation":"Where the Regent himself, out of shame for his rank, does not dare to take, it is that--Dhemang--but he is not the only one--who courts the Adhipatti's favour by wringing money and goods from the poor people, and by carrying the men off from their own rice-fields to drive them to the Regent's sawahs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s213.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Waar de Regent zelf ... niet durft nemen, is het die ... Dhemang ... die ... zyn hof maakt","title":"Fronted waar-clause + cleft 'is het die'","body":"The locative waar-clause is fronted (verb durft ... nemen at its end), inverting the main clause to a cleft: 'is het die Dhemang ... die ...' = 'it is that Demang who ...'. The first die is the demonstrative head, the second the relative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"door 't afpersen van geld ... en door de lieden wegtehalen ... om ze heentedryven","title":"Nominal te-infinitive + om ... te purpose","body":"'door ... wegtehalen' (= weg te halen) is a te-infinitive used substantivally after door; 'om ze heentedryven' (= heen te drijven) is a purpose om ... te clause. Both are 1860 joined spellings of separable verbs with te."}],"words":[{"surface":"Waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial complement of nemen","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of durft","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"intensifying adverb","role":"intensifies Regent","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schaamte","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"schaamte","lemma":"schaamte","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of uit","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking rang","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of rang","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"rang","lemma":"rang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of voor","gloss":"rank"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates durft nemen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"durft","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of subordinate clause","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of durft","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main copula","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"that man"},{"surface":"Dhemang","lemma":"dhemang","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"apposition to die","gloss":"Dhemang","note":"Dhemang is a Javanese administrative title below the regent."},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces parenthetical contrast","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking hij and 't","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, reduced","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates is","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"alléén","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies predicative 't","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of maakt; refers to Dhemang","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Adhipatti","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historical dative masculine singular","role":"determiner of Adhipatti","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Adhipatti","lemma":"adhipatti","morphology":"noun title, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"Adhipatti"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of hof","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"hof","lemma":"hof","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maakt in hof maken","gloss":"court"},{"surface":"maakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"makes","note":"Iemand zijn hof maken means to court or seek that person's favour."},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means expressed by afpersen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner, definite, reduced","role":"determiner of afpersen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afpersen","lemma":"afpersen","morphology":"verbal noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of door","gloss":"wringing"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks object of afpersen","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass","role":"first object of van","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates geld and goed","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"noun, neuter, collective","role":"second object of van","gloss":"goods"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks victim of afpersen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, attributive, inflected","role":"modifies bevolking","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two door-phrases","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces means expressed by wegtehalen","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of lieden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lieden","lemma":"lieden","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of wegtehalen","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"wegtehalen","lemma":"weghalen","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive, historical solid spelling","role":"verbal complement of door","gloss":"carrying off","note":"Historical solid spelling of weg te halen, the te-infinitive of weghalen."},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks source of wegtehalen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of rystvelden","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"eigen","lemma":"eigen","morphology":"adjective, attributive","role":"modifies rystvelden","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"rystvelden","lemma":"rijstveld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural, historical spelling","role":"complement of van","gloss":"rice-fields"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose infinitive heentedryven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third-person plural","role":"direct object of heentedryven","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"heentedryven","lemma":"heendrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"purpose complement introduced by om","gloss":"drive"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking sawahs","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of sawahs","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"sawahs","lemma":"sawah","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"complement of naar","gloss":"sawahs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks possessor of sawahs","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historical masculine singular","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"Regent"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"h8-s214","source":"En deze ... zie, ik wil gelooven dat hy gaarne anders wilde, maar de nood dwingt hem gebruik te maken van zulke middelen.","translation":"And this man ... look, I am willing to believe that he would gladly act otherwise, but need compels him to make use of such means.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s214.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik wil gelooven dat hy gaarne anders wilde","title":"Counterfactual imperfect wilde","body":"wilde here is an imperfect used counterfactually ('would gladly act otherwise'), the verb-final close of the dat-clause. gaarne is archaic 'gladly'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"de nood dwingt hem gebruik te maken van zulke middelen","title":"dwingen + object + te-infinitive","body":"dwingen ('to compel') takes an object hem and a te-infinitive: 'dwingt hem ... te maken' = 'compels him to make'. gebruik maken van = idiom 'to make use of'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"continues the discourse","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"elliptical topic meaning this man","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, second-person singular","role":"parenthetical discourse marker","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of reporting clause","gloss":"am willing"},{"surface":"gelooven","lemma":"geloven","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"to believe"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of gelooven","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wilde","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of dat-clause","gloss":"would wish"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of nood","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"nood","lemma":"nood","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of dwingt","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"dwingt","lemma":"dwingen","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of contrasting clause","gloss":"compels"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third-person singular","role":"direct object of dwingt","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"gebruik","lemma":"gebruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maken in gebruik maken","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces maken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of dwingt","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"complement of gebruik maken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zulke","lemma":"zulk","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, plural","role":"determiner of middelen","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"middelen","lemma":"middel","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"complement of van","gloss":"means"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"h8-s215","source":"Is dit alles niet waar, Verbrugge?","translation":"Is all this not true, Verbrugge?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s215.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula in interrogative clause","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates waar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"h8-s216","source":"--Ja, 't is waar, zei Verbrugge, die hoe langer hoe meer begon intezien dat Havelaars blik scherp was.","translation":"--Yes, it is true, said Verbrugge, who was beginning more and more to see that Havelaar's eye was sharp.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s216.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die hoe langer hoe meer begon intezien","title":"Correlative 'hoe ... hoe ...' + te-infinitive","body":"'hoe langer hoe meer' = 'more and more' (literally 'the longer the more'), a correlative comparison. intezien (= in te zien) is the te-infinitive of separable inzien ('to come to see')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat Havelaars blik scherp was","title":"Genitive -s + verb-final dat-clause","body":"Havelaars uses the modern possessive -s ('Havelaar's'); the dat-clause is verb-final, with was at the end: 'that Havelaar's eye was sharp'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular, reduced","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking 't and waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of begon; refers to Verbrugge","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"first element of hoe langer hoe meer","gloss":"the","note":"Hoe langer hoe meer is a comparative idiom meaning increasingly or more and more."},{"surface":"langer","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"first comparative in hoe langer hoe meer","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"adverb","role":"second element of hoe langer hoe meer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"second comparative in hoe langer hoe meer","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"intezien","lemma":"inzien","morphology":"verb, te-infinitive, historical solid spelling","role":"infinitival complement of begon","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of intezien","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Havelaars","lemma":"havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, genitive","role":"possessor of blik","gloss":"Havelaar's"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"scherp","lemma":"scherp","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of was","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"copula linking blik and scherp","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"h8-s217","source":"--Ik wist, vervolgde deze, dat hy geen geld in huis had, toen hy zoo-even over de afrekening met den onderkollekteur begon te spreken.","translation":"--I knew, the latter went on, that he had no money in the house, when just now he began to speak about the settlement with the under-collector.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s217.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vervolgde deze","title":"Demonstrative deze as a pronoun","body":"deze ('this one, the latter') stands in for Havelaar as subject of the quotative vervolgde ('continued'). Demonstratives like deze/die routinely substitute for full nouns in narrative."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"toen hy ... begon te spreken","title":"toen-clause + beginnen te + infinitive","body":"toen ('when') opens a verb-final clause; beginnen te + infinitive ('begin to') closes it with te spreken. 'when just now he began to speak'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, first-person singular","role":"main verb of quoted clause","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"vervolgde","lemma":"vervolgen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"parenthetical reporting verb","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, common gender singular","role":"subject of vervolgde","gloss":"the latter"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of wist","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of geld","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking huis","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"huis","lemma":"huis","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of dat-clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"toen","lemma":"toen","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces temporal clause of begon","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of begon","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb, historical spelling","role":"temporal modifier of begon","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking afrekening","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite","role":"determiner of afrekening","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"afrekening","lemma":"afrekening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of over","gloss":"settlement"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking onderkollekteur","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historical masculine singular","role":"determiner of onderkollekteur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onderkollekteur","lemma":"ondercollecteur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, historical spelling","role":"complement of met","gloss":"under-collector","note":"Historical spelling of ondercollecteur, a subordinate revenue collector."},{"surface":"begon","lemma":"beginnen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of temporal clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces spreken","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of begon","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"h8-s218","source":"Ge hebt heden morgen gehoord dat het myn voornemen is, myn plicht te doen.","translation":"This morning you heard that it is my purpose to do my duty.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s218.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge hebt heden morgen gehoord dat het myn voornemen is, myn plicht te doen","title":"Perfect + dat-clause with impersonal het","body":"'hebt ... gehoord' is the perfect; the dat-clause 'dat het myn voornemen is' uses anticipatory het pointing forward to 'myn plicht te doen' ('to do my duty'). heden morgen = 'this morning' (archaic heden)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second-person singular","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, second-person singular","role":"auxiliary of gehoord","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"heden","lemma":"heden","morphology":"adverb","role":"with morgen, temporal modifier of gehoord","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular, adverbial","role":"with heden, temporal modifier of gehoord","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"gehoord","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of matrix clause","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of gehoord","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"possessor of voornemen","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject complement of is","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"copula linking het and voornemen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"possessor of plicht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival phrase in apposition to voornemen","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"h8-s219","source":"Onrecht duld ik niet, by God, dat duld ik niet!","translation":"Injustice I will not tolerate, by God, that I will not tolerate!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s219.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Onrecht duld ik niet ... dat duld ik niet","title":"Fronted object for emphasis (twice)","body":"Both Onrecht ('injustice') and dat are fronted objects, inverting the verb duld before ik. The doubling — object first, then resumptive dat — is a passionate spoken emphasis."}],"words":[{"surface":"Onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, mass","role":"fronted direct object of duld","gloss":"injustice"},{"surface":"duld","lemma":"dulden","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of first clause","gloss":"will tolerate"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of duld","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates duld","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"part of oath formula by God","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"God","lemma":"god","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of by","gloss":"God"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"fronted direct object of second duld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"duld","lemma":"dulden","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of second clause","gloss":"will tolerate"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of duld","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates duld","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"h8-s220","source":"En hy sprong op, en er was in zyn toon geheel iets anders dan den vorigen dag by zyn officieelen eed.","translation":"And he sprang up, and there was in his tone something altogether different from the day before at his official oath.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s220.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er was in zyn toon geheel iets anders dan den vorigen dag","title":"Existential er + comparison 'anders dan'","body":"'er was ... iets anders dan ...' = 'there was something different from ...', with existential er and the comparative anders dan. den vorigen dag keeps the old accusative -n in the time-phrase 'the day before'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"officieelen eed","title":"officieele eed = official oath","body":"Havelaar's officieele eed was the formal oath of office he had sworn the previous day; the narrator contrasts its stiff tone with the fire now in his voice. officieelen carries adjectival -e plus the old -n."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the first clause","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of sprong","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"sprong","lemma":"springen","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite base of sprong op","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"completes sprong op","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates the two clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive with existential was","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of second clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking toon","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"possessor of toon","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"toon","lemma":"toon","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"tone"},{"surface":"geheel","lemma":"geheel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies anders","gloss":"altogether"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"different"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparison with vorigen dag","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, definite, historical masculine singular","role":"determiner of dag","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vorigen","lemma":"vorig","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical inflection","role":"modifies dag","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"dag","lemma":"dag","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of comparison introduced by dan","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition, historical spelling","role":"preposition marking eed","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"possessor of eed","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"officieelen","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adjective, attributive, historical inflection","role":"modifies eed","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"eed","lemma":"eed","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of by","gloss":"oath"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"h8-s221","source":"--Maar, ging hy voort, ik wil myn plicht doen met zachtheid.","translation":"--But, he went on, I want to do my duty with gentleness.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s221.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ging hy voort","title":"Separable voortgaan as quotative","body":"Again 'ging hy voort' = 'he went on', the separable voortgaan splitting around the inserted subject. A recurring narrative tag in this dialogue."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces a qualification","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ging","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, past, third-person singular","role":"finite base of ging voort","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third-person singular","role":"subject of ging","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"voort","lemma":"voort","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"completes ging voort","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"finite verb of quoted clause","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, historical spelling","role":"possessor of plicht","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces manner phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, mass","role":"complement of met","gloss":"gentleness"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"h8-s222","source":"Ik wil niet te nauwkeurig weten wat geschied is.","translation":"I do not want to know too precisely what has happened.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s222.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik wil niet te nauwkeurig weten wat geschied is","title":"Modal wil + bare infinitive + embedded clause","body":"wil ('want') takes the bare infinitive weten; the embedded 'wat geschied is' is verb-final, with the zijn-perfect geschied is at the end. te nauwkeurig = 'too precisely'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of wil","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wil","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"want"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates wil weten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"degree adverb","role":"modifies nauwkeurig","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"nauwkeurig","lemma":"nauwkeurig","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of wil","gloss":"to know"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of geschied","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"geschied","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of embedded perfect clause","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, third-person singular","role":"auxiliary of geschied","gloss":"has"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"h8-s223","source":"Doch wat van heden af geschiedt, is ter myner verantwoording, daarvoor zal ik zorg dragen!","translation":"But whatever happens from this day on is on my own responsibility, and for that I shall take care!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s223.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat van heden af geschiedt, is ter myner verantwoording","title":"Free relative subject + genitive 'ter myner'","body":"The headless 'wat van heden af geschiedt' ('whatever happens from today') is the subject; ter myner verantwoording is a frozen dative-genitive ('to/on my responsibility'). van heden af = 'from this day on'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"daarvoor zal ik zorg dragen","title":"Pronominal adverb daarvoor + future","body":"daarvoor ('for that') fronts and inverts the clause (zal ik); zorg dragen voor = idiom 'to take care of'. The future zal holds the infinitive dragen at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting sentence","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"free relative pronoun","role":"subject of geschiedt and head of subject clause","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"first half of circumposition van heden af","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"heden","lemma":"heden","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular, adverbial","role":"complement of van ... af","gloss":"this day"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"postposition","role":"second half of circumposition van heden af","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"geschiedt","lemma":"geschieden","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"finite verb of free relative clause","gloss":"happens"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third-person singular","role":"main copula","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ter","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition fused with feminine article der","role":"preposition marking verantwoording","gloss":"on","note":"Ter contracts te + der and here means on or under one's responsibility."},{"surface":"myner","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive pronoun, genitive, archaic","role":"possessor of verantwoording","gloss":"my own"},{"surface":"verantwoording","lemma":"verantwoording","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"responsibility"},{"surface":"daarvoor","lemma":"daarvoor","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"complement of zorg dragen","gloss":"for that"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first-person singular","role":"auxiliary of dragen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of dragen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zorg","lemma":"zorg","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of dragen in zorg dragen","gloss":"care"},{"surface":"dragen","lemma":"dragen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in zorg dragen","gloss":"take"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"h8-s224","source":"Ik hoop lang hier te blyven.","translation":"I hope to stay here a long time.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s224.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik hoop lang hier te blyven","title":"hopen te + infinitive","body":"hopen ('to hope') governs a te-infinitive: 'hoop ... te blyven' = 'hope to stay'. The adverbs lang hier fill the middle field before te blyven."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first-person singular","role":"subject of hoop","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hoop","lemma":"hopen","morphology":"verb, present, first-person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"duration modifier of blyven","gloss":"a long time"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"place modifier of blyven","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"introduces blyven","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"blyven","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive, historical spelling","role":"infinitival complement of hoop","gloss":"stay"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"h8-s225","source":"Weet je wel, Verbrugge dat onze roeping heerlyk schoon is? Maar weet je ook wel dat ik alles wat ik je zoo-even zei, eigenlyk van u had moeten hooren?","translation":"Do you know, Verbrugge, that our calling is gloriously fine? But do you also know that everything I told you just now I really ought to have heard from you?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s225.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat onze roeping heerlyk schoon is","title":"dat-clause sends 'is' to the end","body":"After 'Weet je wel' the dat-clause 'dat onze roeping heerlyk schoon is' is verb-final, with is closing after the predicate. heerlyk schoon = 'gloriously fine'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alles wat ik je zoo-even zei, eigenlyk van u had moeten hooren","title":"Modal in the pluperfect: had moeten hooren","body":"'had moeten hooren' = 'ought to have heard': pluperfect had + bare-infinitive modal moeten + main infinitive hooren. Note the pointed switch from familiar je to formal u within one sentence — Havelaar's reproach turns ceremonious."}],"words":[{"surface":"Weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"Do know"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes Weet","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"onze","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural","role":"possessor of roeping","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"roeping","lemma":"roeping","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"heerlyk","lemma":"heerlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies schoon","gloss":"gloriously"},{"surface":"schoon","lemma":"schoon","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking roeping to schoon","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting question","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do know"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes weet","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of hooren","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of had moeten hooren","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of hooren and antecedent of wat","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"direct object of zei","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of zei","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoo-even","lemma":"zo-even","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zei","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on alles","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"eigenlyk","lemma":"eigenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies had moeten hooren","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the source u","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object","role":"object of van","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of moeten hooren","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"moeten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"ought to"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"hear"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"h8-s226","source":"Ik ken u even goed als ik weet wie er garem glap maken aan de zuidkust.","translation":"I know you as well as I know who makes garem glap on the south coast.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s226.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wie er garem glap maken","title":"Existential 'er' before a relative subject","body":"Here 'er' fills the existential slot ('who there make...'), a flavour of the versatile little word that signals presence or indefinite subjects. Modern Dutch would say 'wie garem glap maakt'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ken","lemma":"kennen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object","role":"direct object of ken","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the comparative even goed als","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ken","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause of weet","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"wie","lemma":"wie","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"subject of maken","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in the embedded question","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"garem","lemma":"garem","morphology":"noun, part of compound expression","role":"first element of the direct object garem glap","gloss":"salt","note":"Garem glap means contraband salt, illegally produced or smuggled in defiance of the colonial salt monopoly."},{"surface":"glap","lemma":"glap","morphology":"noun, part of compound expression","role":"second element of the direct object garem glap","gloss":"illicit"},{"surface":"maken","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"verb of the embedded question governed by weet","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the location de zuidkust","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of zuidkust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zuidkust","lemma":"zuidkust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"south coast"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"h8-s227","source":"Je bent een braaf mensch ... ook dit weet ik.","translation":"You are an honest man ... this too I know.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s227.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"een braaf mensch","title":"braaf = honest, decent (not 'brave')","body":"A classic false friend: Dutch 'braaf' means upright or well-behaved, never 'brave'. Note the period spelling 'mensch' with the silent -ch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of bent","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking je to mensch","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of mensch","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"braaf","lemma":"braaf","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies mensch","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"mensch","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of bent","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"focus modifier of dit","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"h8-s228","source":"Maar waarom heb je my niet gezegd dat hier zooveel verkeerds was?","translation":"But why did you not tell me that there was so much wrong here?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s228.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heb je my niet gezegd","title":"Present perfect with the participle at the end","body":"'heb ... gezegd' frames a present perfect: the auxiliary hebben stands second after the question word, and the past participle 'gezegd' is held to the very end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat hier zooveel verkeerds was","title":"dat-clause sends its verb to the end","body":"The subordinating conjunction 'dat' opens a subclause and pushes the finite verb 'was' to the final position. 'zooveel verkeerds' shows period spelling (doubled oo) and the partitive -s on 'verkeerd' after a quantity word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"my","title":"Period spelling: my for mij","body":"1860 prose writes the pronoun 'mij' as 'my', using y for the ij digraph throughout the text (myn, zyn, byzonder)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting question","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"adverbial modifier of gezegd","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"did"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb gezegd","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of gezegd","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates gezegd","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of was","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"quantifies verkeerds","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"verkeerds","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"h8-s229","source":"Gedurende twee maanden ben je waarnemend adsistent-resident geweest, en bovendien reeds lang hier als kontroleur ... je moest het dus weten, niet waar?","translation":"For two months you served as acting Assistant-Resident, and besides that you had been here a long time already as controller ... so you must have known it, mustn't you?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s229.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ben je ... geweest","title":"Perfect of zijn uses zijn as auxiliary","body":"'ben je ... geweest' is the present perfect of 'zijn' itself: zijn takes zijn (not hebben) as its auxiliary, with the participle 'geweest' at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"je moest het dus weten","title":"Modal moeten sends the verb to the end","body":"The modal 'moest' (past of moeten) governs the bare infinitive 'weten', which closes the clause — the standard modal-plus-infinitive frame."}],"words":[{"surface":"Gedurende","lemma":"gedurende","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the duration twee maanden","gloss":"For"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies maanden","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"maanden","lemma":"maand","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of Gedurende","gloss":"months"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben geweest","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"waarnemend","lemma":"waarnemend","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies adsistent-resident","gloss":"acting"},{"surface":"adsistent-resident","lemma":"assistent-resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"Assistant-Resident"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the perfect construction","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the two descriptions of service","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the ellipted second clause","gloss":"besides that"},{"surface":"reeds","lemma":"reeds","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies lang","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"lang","lemma":"lang","morphology":"adverb","role":"duration modifier of ellipted geweest","gloss":"a long time"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative modifier of ellipted geweest","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the role kontroleur","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of als","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moest weten","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"moest","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of weten","gloss":"must have"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moest weten","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moest","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the tag question niet waar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicate of the elliptical tag question niet waar","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"h8-s230","source":"--M'nheer Havelaar, ik heb nooit gediend onder iemand als u.","translation":"--Sir Havelaar, I have never served under anyone like you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s230.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb nooit gediend","title":"One negative per clause: nooit","body":"'nooit' (never) carries the whole negation — Dutch allows only one negative word per clause, so no extra 'niet' appears."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"M'nheer","title":"M'nheer = mijnheer (Sir / Mr.)","body":"A contracted spelling of 'mijnheer', the polite term of address. The apostrophe marks the dropped 'ij'."}],"words":[{"surface":"M'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title in the vocative M'nheer Havelaar","gloss":"Sir"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"part of the vocative M'nheer Havelaar","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb gediend","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of gediend","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gediend","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"gediend","lemma":"dienen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"served"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the superior iemand","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"object of onder","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison with u","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, object","role":"object of als","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"h8-s231","source":"Ge hebt iets zeer byzonders, neem het me niet kwalyk.","translation":"You have something very singular about you, do not take it amiss.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s231.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ge hebt","title":"The literary pronoun ge/gij","body":"'Ge' (unstressed) and 'gij' are the 19th-century literary 'you', here used by Verbrugge respectfully. Modern Dutch would use 'je' or 'u'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"neem het me niet kwalyk","title":"Imperative with a fixed idiom","body":"'neem' is the bare-stem imperative of nemen; 'iets kwalijk nemen' is the set phrase 'to take something amiss'. 'kwalyk' shows the y-spelling for 'kwalijk'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"iets zeer byzonders","title":"byzonders = bijzonders (something singular)","body":"'bijzonder' means special or singular; the partitive -s ('iets bijzonders') is required after 'iets'. Period spelling drops to 'byzonders'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"ge","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of the direct object of hebt","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies byzonders","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"byzonders","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"singular"},{"surface":"neem","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of neem","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of neem kwalijk","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates neem kwalijk","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"kwalyk","lemma":"kwalijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"completes the idiom iets kwalijk nemen","gloss":"amiss","note":"Iets iemand kwalijk nemen means to take offense at something said or done."}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"h8-s232","source":"--Volstrekt niet!","translation":"--Not at all!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s232.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Volstrekt","lemma":"volstrekt","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies niet","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the elliptical negative reply","gloss":"Not"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"h8-s233","source":"Ik weet wel dat ik niet ben als alle menschen, maar wat doet dit tot de zaak?","translation":"I know well enough that I am not like other men, but what has that to do with the matter?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s233.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat doet dit tot de zaak?","title":"Idiomatic 'doen tot de zaak' (to bear on the matter)","body":"'iets tot de zaak doen' is a fixed period expression, 'to have to do with the matter'. Verbrugge's reply 'Dat doet er dit toe' (s234) answers it with the pronominal adverb 'er ... toe'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes weet","gloss":"well enough"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ben","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates ben","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the comparison alle menschen","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"alle","lemma":"al","morphology":"quantifying determiner","role":"determiner of menschen","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of als","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting question","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"complement of the idiom doet tot","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom wat doet dit tot","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of zaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"zaak","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of tot","gloss":"matter"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"h8-s234","source":"--Dat doet er dit toe, dat u iemand begrippen en denkbeelden meedeelt, die vroeger niet bestonden. --Neen!","translation":"--It has this to do with it, that you impart to a man notions and ideas that did not exist before. --No!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s234.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dat doet er dit toe","title":"Split pronominal adverb 'er ... toe'","body":"The preposition 'tot' fuses with a placeholder into 'er ... toe', which splits around the middle field. It answers s233's 'wat doet dit tot de zaak?'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"begrippen en denkbeelden, die vroeger niet bestonden","title":"Relative 'die' for a plural antecedent","body":"'die' relativises the plural de-word phrase 'begrippen en denkbeelden'; the subclause sends its verb 'bestonden' (strong imperfect of bestaan) to the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of doet","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"doet","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"finite base of the expression ertoe doen","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"pronominal element of ertoe doen referring to de zaak","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"degree complement of doet ertoe","gloss":"this much"},{"surface":"toe","lemma":"toe","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle completing ertoe doen","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the explanatory clause of meedeelt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of meedeelt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of meedeelt","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"begrippen","lemma":"begrip","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"first coordinated direct object of meedeelt","gloss":"notions"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links begrippen and denkbeelden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"denkbeelden","lemma":"denkbeeld","morphology":"noun, neuter, plural","role":"second coordinated direct object of meedeelt","gloss":"ideas"},{"surface":"meedeelt","lemma":"meedelen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the subordinate clause","gloss":"impart"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of bestonden; antecedents begrippen and denkbeelden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vroeger","lemma":"vroeger","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bestonden","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates bestonden","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"bestonden","lemma":"bestaan","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"existed"},{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent negative reply","gloss":"No"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"h8-s235","source":"Die ingesluimerd waren door den vervloekten officieelen slender die zyn styl zoekt in \"ik heb de eer\" en de rust van zyn geweten in \"de hooge tevredenheid van de Regeering.\" Neen, Verbrugge! laster jezelf niet!","translation":"Notions that had been lulled to sleep by the accursed official routine that seeks its style in \"I have the honour\" and the peace of its conscience in \"the high satisfaction of the Government.\" No, Verbrugge! do not slander yourself!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s235.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"door den vervloekten officieelen slender","title":"Case remnant: dative 'den' after door","body":"'door den ... slender' shows the frozen masculine dative/accusative ending -en on the article and adjective, still alive in 1860 prose. Modern Dutch writes 'door de'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Die ingesluimerd waren","title":"Passive/stative with zijn + participle","body":"'ingesluimerd waren' (were lulled asleep) pairs 'waren' with the participle of the separable verb 'insluimeren' — the resulting-state reading. The prefix 'in-' reattaches in the participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"laster jezelf niet!","title":"Imperative + reflexive jezelf","body":"'laster' is the bare-stem imperative of lasteren (to slander); 'jezelf' is the emphatic reflexive for the 2nd person, the je-series counterpart to 3rd-person 'zich'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of waren ingesluimerd; antecedents begrippen and denkbeelden","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ingesluimerd","lemma":"insluimeren","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb with auxiliary waren","gloss":"fallen asleep"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"auxiliary of ingesluimerd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the cause den ... slender","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"determiner of slender","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vervloekten","lemma":"vervloekt","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"modifies slender","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"officieelen","lemma":"officieel","morphology":"adjective, masculine singular, historical inflection","role":"modifies slender","gloss":"official"},{"surface":"slender","lemma":"slenter","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of door","gloss":"routine","note":"Slender is a historical spelling of slenter, here meaning a deadening routine."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of zoekt; antecedent slender","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of styl","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"styl","lemma":"stijl","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of zoekt","gloss":"style"},{"surface":"zoekt","lemma":"zoeken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause on slender","gloss":"seeks"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the formula ik heb de eer","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb within the quoted formula","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb within the quoted formula","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of eer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"eer","lemma":"eer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"honour"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links styl and rust","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of rust","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rust","lemma":"rust","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"second direct object of zoekt","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor zyn geweten","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"possessor of geweten","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"geweten","lemma":"geweten","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"conscience"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces de hooge tevredenheid","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of tevredenheid","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hooge","lemma":"hoog","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies tevredenheid","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"tevredenheid","lemma":"tevredenheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"satisfaction"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor de Regeering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent exclamation","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"laster","lemma":"lasteren","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"slander"},{"surface":"jezelf","lemma":"jezelf","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, object","role":"direct object of laster","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates laster","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"h8-s236","source":"Je behoeft van my niets te leeren. Heb ik je by-voorbeeld heden morgen in de Sebah iets nieuws verteld?","translation":"You have no need to learn anything from me. Did I, for instance, tell you anything new this morning at the Sebah?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s236.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Je behoeft van my niets te leeren","title":"behoeven + te-infinitive (need to)","body":"'behoeven' governs a 'te'-infinitive ('niets te leeren', nothing to learn). The single negative is carried by 'niets'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Heb ik je ... iets nieuws verteld?","title":"Inverted perfect in a yes/no question","body":"A yes/no question inverts to verb-first: auxiliary 'Heb' leads, the participle 'verteld' closes. 'iets nieuws' again takes the partitive -s."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of behoeft","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"behoeft","lemma":"behoeven","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"main modal verb governing te leeren","gloss":"need"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the source my","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, object","role":"object of van","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"niets","lemma":"niets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of leeren","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitival particle","role":"introduces leeren","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"leeren","lemma":"leren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of behoeft","gloss":"learn"},{"surface":"Heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of verteld","gloss":"Did"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb verteld","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of verteld","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"by-voorbeeld","lemma":"bijvoorbeeld","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence adverb modifying verteld","gloss":"for instance"},{"surface":"heden","lemma":"heden","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of the time expression heden morgen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the time expression heden morgen","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the setting de Sebah","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article","role":"determiner of Sebah","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Sebah","lemma":"Sebah","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"Sebah"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"head of the direct object iets nieuws","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"nieuws","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"verteld","lemma":"vertellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"tell"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"h8-s237","source":"--Neen, nieuws niet, maar u sprak anders dan anderen.","translation":"--No, nothing new, but you spoke differently from others.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s237.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"u sprak anders dan anderen","title":"'dan' for 'than' in comparison","body":"'anders dan anderen' uses 'dan' to mark the standard of comparison ('differently than others'). 'sprak' is the strong imperfect of spreken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent negative reply","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"nieuws","lemma":"nieuw","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"elliptical topic of the reply","gloss":"anything new"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates the elliptical reply nieuws","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of sprak","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"sprak","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the contrasting clause","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"anders","lemma":"anders","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies sprak and heads the comparison","gloss":"differently"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison anderen","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"nominalized adjective, plural","role":"comparative complement of anders dan","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"h8-s238","source":"--Ja, dat komt ... omdat myn opvoeding wat verwaarloosd is: ik spreek te-hooi en te-gras.","translation":"--Yes, that comes ... because my upbringing was somewhat neglected: I speak at random.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s238.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat myn opvoeding wat verwaarloosd is","title":"omdat-clause + stative passive","body":"'omdat' is a subordinating conjunction sending 'is' to the end; 'verwaarloosd is' is the zijn-passive naming the resulting state ('was neglected'). 'myn' is period spelling for 'mijn'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"te-hooi en te-gras","title":"Idiom: te hooi en te gras","body":"Literally 'at hay and at grass', this fixed expression means 'haphazardly, at random, now and then'. Havelaar uses it self-deprecatingly of his unpolished way of speaking."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the first clause","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of verwaarloosd","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of opvoeding","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"opvoeding","lemma":"opvoeding","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is verwaarloosd","gloss":"upbringing"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verwaarloosd","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"verwaarloosd","lemma":"verwaarlozen","morphology":"past participle used as predicative adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"neglected"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to verwaarloosd","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of spreek","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"spreek","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"speak"},{"surface":"te-hooi","lemma":"te hooi","morphology":"adverb, idiomatic","role":"part of te-hooi en te-gras","gloss":"at hay","note":"The idiom “te hooi en te gras” means irregularly or haphazardly."},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te-gras","lemma":"te gras","morphology":"adverb, idiomatic","role":"part of te-hooi en te-gras","gloss":"at grass"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"h8-s239","source":"Maar je zoudt me zeggen waarom je tot-nog-toe zoo berust hebt in alles wat er verkeerds was in Lebak. --Ik heb nooit zoo den indruk gehad van een initiatief.","translation":"But you were going to tell me why up to now you acquiesced so in everything that was wrong in Lebak. --I never quite had the impression that there was room for initiative.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s239.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je zoudt me zeggen","title":"Conditional 'zou(dt)' as past intention","body":"'zoudt' is the 2nd-person form of 'zou' (conditional of zullen). Here it reads as 'you were going to / would tell me'. The archaic -t ending pairs with gij/je in older Dutch."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"alles wat er verkeerds was","title":"Relative 'wat' after 'alles' + existential er","body":"After 'alles' the relative is 'wat', not 'dat'; 'er ... was' adds the existential particle and 'verkeerds' takes the partitive -s."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of zeggen","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zoudt","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of zeggen","gloss":"were going to"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"indirect object of zeggen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tell"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies berust","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebt berust","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"tot-nog-toe","lemma":"tot nog toe","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hebt berust","gloss":"up to now"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies berust","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"berust","lemma":"berusten","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by hebt","gloss":"acquiesced"},{"surface":"hebt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of berust","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking alles","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"oblique complement of berust","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive locative adverb in relative clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"verkeerds","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"partitive modifier of wat","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"existential verb in the relative clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Lebak","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Lebak","lemma":"Lebak","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of in","gloss":"Lebak"},{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gehad","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gehad","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"nooit","lemma":"nooit","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehad","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gehad","gloss":"quite","note":"Here “zo” softens the statement: not really or not quite."},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular","role":"determiner of indruk","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"indruk","lemma":"indruk","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of gehad","gloss":"impression"},{"surface":"gehad","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking initiatief","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of initiatief","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"initiatief","lemma":"initiatief","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"initiative"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"h8-s240","source":"Bovendien, dat alles is altyd zoo geweest in deze streken.","translation":"Besides, all of that has always been so in these parts.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s240.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat alles is altyd zoo geweest in deze streken","title":"Perfect of zijn + demonstrative 'deze'","body":"'is ... geweest' is the present perfect of zijn. 'deze streken' uses the near demonstrative 'deze' for a plural de-word ('these parts')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Bovendien","lemma":"bovendien","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"determiner-like modifier of alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of geweest","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of geweest","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"altyd","lemma":"altijd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies geweest","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of geweest","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"geweest","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"past participle governed by is","gloss":"been"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking streken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of streken","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"streken","lemma":"streek","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"oblique complement of geweest","gloss":"parts"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"h8-s241","source":"--Ja, ja, dat weet ik wel!","translation":"--Yes, yes, that I know well enough!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s241.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"ja","lemma":"ja","morphology":"interjection","role":"repeated discourse response","gloss":"yes"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weet","gloss":"well enough"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"h8-s242","source":"Ieder kan geen profeet of apostel wezen ... hm, 't hout zou duur worden van 't kruisigen!","translation":"Not everyone can be a prophet or an apostle ... hm, the wood would grow dear, what with all the crucifying!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s242.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ieder kan ... wezen","title":"Modal kunnen + bare infinitive 'wezen'","body":"'kan ... wezen' is modal kunnen with the bare infinitive 'wezen', an older synonym of 'zijn'. The subject 'ieder' (everyone) is treated as singular."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"'t hout zou duur worden van 't kruisigen","title":"Conditional zou + worden (process)","body":"'zou ... worden' combines the conditional with 'worden' to express a hypothetical becoming ('would grow dear'). The nominalised infinitive 't kruisigen' = 'the crucifying'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of wezen","gloss":"everyone","note":"With “geen,” this means “not everyone,” rather than “everyone ... not.”"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of wezen","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"negates the predicate nouns profeet and apostel","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"profeet","lemma":"profeet","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"prophet"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"apostel","lemma":"apostel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated predicative complement of wezen","gloss":"apostle"},{"surface":"wezen","lemma":"wezen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of kan","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"hm","lemma":"hm","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the clause of worden","gloss":"hm"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hout","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hout","lemma":"hout","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of worden","gloss":"wood"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of worden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"duur","lemma":"duur","morphology":"adjective","role":"complement of worden","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of zou","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the cause of duur worden","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kruisigen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kruisigen","lemma":"kruisigen","morphology":"nominalized infinitive, neuter singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"crucifying"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"h8-s243","source":"Maar je wilt me toch wel helpen alles te-recht te brengen? je wilt toch wel je plicht doen? --Zeker!","translation":"But surely you are willing to help me set everything to rights? Surely you are willing to do your duty? --Certainly!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s243.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je wilt me toch wel helpen alles te-recht te brengen?","title":"willen + helpen stack with te-infinitive","body":"Modal 'wilt' takes the bare infinitive 'helpen', which in turn governs the te-infinitive 'te-recht te brengen' (to set right). 'toch wel' softens it into a coaxing question."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of wilt","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wilt","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are willing"},{"surface":"me","lemma":"me","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of helpen","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal particle reinforcing the question","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal particle reinforcing willingness","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"helpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilt","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"te-recht","lemma":"terecht","morphology":"adverb","role":"resultative complement of brengen","gloss":"to rights","note":"“Te-recht brengen” is the older spelling of “terechtbrengen,” here meaning to set right."},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive brengen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of helpen","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wilt","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wilt","lemma":"willen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are willing"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal particle reinforcing the question","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modal particle reinforcing willingness","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of plicht","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of wilt","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"Zeker","lemma":"zeker","morphology":"adverb used as interjection","role":"affirmative response","gloss":"certainly"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"h8-s244","source":"Vooral by u.","translation":"Especially under you.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s244.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Vooral by u","title":"by = bij (preposition 'under/with')","body":"'by u' is period spelling for 'bij u'; here 'bij' means 'under / in the service of'. Verbrugge uses respectful 'u'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies by","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking u","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of bij","gloss":"you"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"h8-s245","source":"Maar niet ieder zou dit zoo streng vorderen of zelfs goed opvatten, en dan komt men zoo ligt in de pozitie van iemand die windmolens bestrydt.","translation":"But not everyone would demand it so strictly, or even take it in good part, and then one easily falls into the position of a man tilting at windmills.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s245.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"niet ieder zou dit zoo streng vorderen","title":"Conditional zou + infinitive (hypothetical)","body":"'zou ... vorderen' states what would (not) happen — the conditional with the infinitive held to the end of the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan komt men zoo ligt in de pozitie","title":"V2 inversion after fronted 'dan' + impersonal 'men'","body":"Fronting 'dan' forces verb-second, so 'komt' precedes the subject 'men' (the generic 'one'). 'ligt' is period spelling for 'licht' (easily)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of vorderen","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ieder","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ieder","lemma":"ieder","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of vorderen","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of vorderen","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of vorderen","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies streng","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"streng","lemma":"streng","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies vorderen","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"vorderen","lemma":"vorderen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"demand"},{"surface":"of","lemma":"of","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"zelfs","lemma":"zelfs","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opvatten","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies opvatten","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"opvatten","lemma":"opvatten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"coordinated with vorderen","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of coordinated clause","gloss":"falls"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies licht","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ligt","lemma":"licht","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies komt","gloss":"easily","note":"Older spelling of “licht,” here meaning easily."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking pozitie","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of pozitie","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"pozitie","lemma":"positie","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"position","note":"Older spelling of modern Dutch “positie.”"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking iemand","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of van","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of bestrydt","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"windmolens","lemma":"windmolen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of bestrydt","gloss":"windmills"},{"surface":"bestrydt","lemma":"bestrijden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"fights","note":"Older spelling of modern Dutch “bestrijdt.”"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"h8-s246","source":"--Neen!","translation":"--No!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s246.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"negative response","gloss":"no"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"h8-s247","source":"Dan zeggen zy die 't onrecht liefhebben omdat ze daarvan leven, dat er geen onrecht was, om 't vermaak te hebben u en my uittemaken voor Don Quichotten, en te-gelyker-tyd hun windmolens draaiende te houden.","translation":"Then those who love injustice because they live by it will say that there was no injustice at all, for the pleasure of branding you and me as Don Quixotes, and at the same time keeping their windmills turning.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s247.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"zy die 't onrecht liefhebben omdat ze daarvan leven","title":"Headless relative 'zy die' + pronominal 'daarvan'","body":"'zy die...' = 'those who...'; the omdat-clause sends 'leven' to the end, and 'daarvan' fuses 'van' + a thing ('live by it'). 'liefhebben' is a separable verb here written together."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"om 't vermaak te hebben u en my uittemaken","title":"Purpose clause om ... te","body":"'om ... te hebben' frames a purpose ('in order to have the pleasure'). 'uittemaken' (= uit te maken) is the separable verb 'uitmaken voor' (to brand someone as), written in the joined 1860 style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zeggen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"zy","lemma":"zij","morphology":"personal pronoun, nominative plural","role":"subject of zeggen","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of liefhebben","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onrecht","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of liefhebben","gloss":"injustice"},{"surface":"liefhebben","lemma":"liefhebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of leven","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of leven","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"daarvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional adverb complement of leven","gloss":"by it"},{"surface":"leven","lemma":"leven","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"adverbial clause on liefhebben","gloss":"live"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces object clause of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb in existential clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of onrecht","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"injustice"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of object clause","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of vermaak","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"vermaak","lemma":"vermaak","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"pleasure"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive hebben","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by om te","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of uittemaken","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"coordinated direct object of uittemaken","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"uittemaken","lemma":"uitmaken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of vermaak te hebben","gloss":"brand","note":"Older fused spelling of “uit te maken”; here it means to brand or portray someone as something."},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voor","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks the predicative label Don Quichotten","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Don","lemma":"Don","morphology":"proper noun, title","role":"part of name Don Quichotten","gloss":"Don"},{"surface":"Quichotten","lemma":"Quichot","morphology":"proper noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of uittemaken","gloss":"Quixotes"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"te-gelyker-tyd","lemma":"tegelijkertijd","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"modifies te houden","gloss":"at the same time","note":"Older spelling of “tegelijkertijd,” meaning at the same time."},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of windmolens","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"windmolens","lemma":"windmolen","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of houden and understood subject of draaiende","gloss":"windmills"},{"surface":"draaiende","lemma":"draaien","morphology":"present participle","role":"predicative complement of houden","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive houden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive coordinated with uittemaken","gloss":"keep"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"h8-s248","source":"Doch, Verbrugge, je hadt niet op my hoeven te wachten om je plicht te doen!","translation":"And yet, Verbrugge, you need not have waited for me to do your duty!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s248.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"je hadt niet op my hoeven te wachten","title":"Pluperfect of hoeven (need not have)","body":"'hadt ... hoeven te wachten' is a pluperfect with hoeven; in the perfect, hoeven appears as a bare infinitive (the 'infinitivus pro participio'), then governs 'te wachten'. 'hadt' is the archaic -t form with je/gij."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Doch","title":"doch = but / yet (literary)","body":"'doch' is an archaic, literary conjunction meaning 'but, and yet', heavier and more formal than 'maar'. It belongs to the solemn register of 1860 prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting main clause","gloss":"and yet"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hadt hoeven wachten","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"hadt","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of hoeven wachten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wachten","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking mij","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"my","lemma":"mij","morphology":"pronoun","role":"object of op","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"hoeven","lemma":"hoeven","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"modal infinitive governed by hadt","gloss":"needed"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive wachten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"wachten","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of hoeven","gloss":"wait"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces purpose clause","gloss":"in order to"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of plicht","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive doen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"adverbial clause on wachten","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"h8-s249","source":"M'nheer Slotering was een bekwaam en eerlyk man: hy wist wat er omging, hy keurde het af en verzette zich er tegen ... ziehier!","translation":"Mr. Slotering was a capable and honest man: he knew what was going on, he disapproved of it and set himself against it ... look here!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s249.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy wist wat er omging","title":"Separable 'omgaan' + existential er","body":"'wat er omging' = 'what was going on'; 'omging' is the imperfect of the separable verb 'omgaan', with the existential 'er'. 'wist' is the strong imperfect of weten."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"verzette zich er tegen","title":"Reflexive 'zich verzetten' + split 'er ... tegen'","body":"'zich verzetten tegen' (to oppose) is a reflexive verb; here the prepositional object becomes the pronominal adverb 'er ... tegen' ('against it'), split around the verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"M'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"title noun, singular","role":"title modifying Slotering","gloss":"Mr.","note":"Contracted form of “mijnheer,” meaning Mr."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking to man","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"bekwaam","lemma":"bekwaam","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies man","gloss":"capable"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"eerlyk","lemma":"eerlijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"coordinated with bekwaam","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of wist","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of omging","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive adverb in embedded clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"omging","lemma":"omgaan","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of embedded clause","gloss":"was going on","note":"Separable “omgaan” here means to be going on."},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of keurde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"keurde","lemma":"afkeuren","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"finite base of separable afkeuren","gloss":"judged"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of keurde","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"af","lemma":"af","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing keurde ... af","gloss":"disapproved"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verzette","lemma":"verzetten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with keurde","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive particle of verzette","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"pronominal component of ertegen","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition / pronominal-adverb particle","role":"completes er ... tegen as complement of verzette","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ziehier","lemma":"ziehier","morphology":"adverb","role":"imperative-like presentational adverb","gloss":"look here"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"h8-s250","source":"Havelaar nam uit een portefeuille twee vellen papier, en deze aan Verbrugge tonende, vroeg hy:","translation":"Havelaar took two sheets of paper from a portfolio, and showing them to Verbrugge, he asked:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s250.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"deze aan Verbrugge tonende, vroeg hy","title":"Present participle as a -ende adverbial","body":"'tonende' is the present participle of tonen, used adverbially ('showing them...'), a literary construction. The main clause then inverts to V2: 'vroeg hy'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Havelaar nam ... twee vellen papier","title":"Strong imperfect 'nam'","body":"'nam' is the strong (vowel-changing) imperfect of 'nemen' — the narrative past tense that carries the story forward."}],"words":[{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of nam","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"nam","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking portefeuille","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of portefeuille","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"portefeuille","lemma":"portefeuille","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"oblique complement of nam","gloss":"portfolio"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"numeral","role":"quantifies vellen","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"vellen","lemma":"vel","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of nam","gloss":"sheets"},{"surface":"papier","lemma":"papier","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"noun modifier of vellen","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"deze","lemma":"deze","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"direct object of tonende","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Verbrugge","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"indirect object of tonende","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"tonende","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"present participle","role":"participial clause modifying Havelaar","gloss":"showing"},{"surface":"vroeg","lemma":"vragen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb coordinated with nam","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of vroeg","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"h8-s251","source":"--Wiens hand is dit?","translation":"--Whose hand is this?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s251.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wiens hand is dit?","title":"Genitive interrogative 'wiens'","body":"'wiens' is the inflected genitive of 'wie' ('whose'), a case remnant kept alive in formal and period Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wiens","lemma":"wiens","morphology":"interrogative possessive pronoun","role":"possessor of hand","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to dit","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"h8-s252","source":"--Dat is de hand van m'nheer Slotering.","translation":"--That is Mr. Slotering's hand.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s252.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of is","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking Dat to hand","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of hand","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"hand","lemma":"hand","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessor m'nheer Slotering","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to m'nheer","gloss":"Slotering"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"h8-s253","source":"--Juist!","translation":"--Just so!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s253.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"interjection","role":"standalone expression of agreement","gloss":"just so"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"h8-s254","source":"Welnu, dit zyn kladnotaas, bevattende blykbaar onderwerpen waarover hy met den resident spreken wilde.","translation":"Well now, these are rough notes, plainly setting out the matters he meant to discuss with the resident.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s254.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"onderwerpen waarover hy ... spreken wilde","title":"Pronominal relative 'waarover' + modal at the end","body":"'waarover' (= 'over which') is the relative pronominal adverb for a thing; the subclause ends with the verb cluster 'spreken wilde' (modal + bare infinitive, verb-final)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met den resident","title":"Case remnant: dative 'den' after met","body":"'met den resident' keeps the old masculine dative -en on the article. Modern Dutch writes 'met de resident'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Welnu","lemma":"welnu","morphology":"interjection","role":"discourse marker introducing the statement","gloss":"well now"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking dit to kladnotaas","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"kladnotaas","lemma":"kladnota","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"rough notes","note":"An older spelling of the plural now written kladnota’s."},{"surface":"bevattende","lemma":"bevatten","morphology":"verb, present participle","role":"participial modifier of kladnotaas","gloss":"setting out"},{"surface":"blykbaar","lemma":"blijkbaar","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies bevattende","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"onderwerpen","lemma":"onderwerp","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"direct object of bevattende","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"waarover","lemma":"waarover","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"prepositional complement of spreken, referring to onderwerpen","gloss":"about which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of wilde","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces resident as interlocutor of spreken","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"spreken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wilde","gloss":"discuss"},{"surface":"wilde","lemma":"willen","morphology":"modal verb, past, singular","role":"finite verb of relative clause on onderwerpen","gloss":"meant to"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"h8-s255","source":"Daar lees ik ... zie: 1°Over den rijstbouw.","translation":"Here I read ... look: 1st. On rice-growing.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s255.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of lees","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"lees","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of lees","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"parenthetical command","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the heading about rijstbouw","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic inflected form","role":"determiner of rijstbouw","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"rijstbouw","lemma":"rijstbouw","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"rice-growing"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"h8-s256","source":"2° Over de woningen der dorpshoofden.","translation":"2nd. On the dwellings of the village chiefs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s256.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"de woningen der dorpshoofden","title":"Genitive plural 'der' (of the)","body":"'der dorpshoofden' is the inflected genitive plural, 'of the village chiefs' — a frozen case form for modern 'van de dorpshoofden'. 'dorpshoofden' is a right-headed compound (dorp + hoofd)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the heading about woningen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of woningen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"woningen","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of Over","gloss":"dwellings"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"determiner of dorpshoofden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"dorpshoofden","lemma":"dorpshoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"genitive modifier of woningen","gloss":"village chiefs"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"h8-s257","source":"3°Over het innen der landrenten, enz.","translation":"3rd. On the collection of the land-rents, etc.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s257.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het innen der landrenten","title":"Nominalised infinitive + genitive 'der'","body":"'het innen' is an infinitive used as a neuter noun ('the collecting'); 'der landrenten' is the genitive plural complement. 'landrenten' is a compound (land + rente)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the heading about innen","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"nominalizes innen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"innen","lemma":"innen","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of Over","gloss":"collection"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"determiner of landrenten","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"landrenten","lemma":"landrente","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of innen","gloss":"land-rents"},{"surface":"enz","lemma":"enzovoort","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"indicates omitted additional items","gloss":"etc."}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"h8-s258","source":"Daar achter staan twee uitroepingsteekens.","translation":"Behind that stand two exclamation marks.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s258.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daar achter staan twee uitroepingsteekens","title":"Fronted adverbial forces V2 'staan'","body":"Fronting 'Daar achter' (behind that) triggers verb-second, so plural 'staan' precedes its subject 'twee uitroepingsteekens'. The subject is a compound: uitroeping + teeken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daar","lemma":"daar","morphology":"demonstrative adverb","role":"complement of postposition achter","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"achter","lemma":"achter","morphology":"postposition","role":"locative complement of staan with Daar","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"staan","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"twee","lemma":"twee","morphology":"cardinal numeral","role":"quantifies uitroepingsteekens","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"uitroepingsteekens","lemma":"uitroepingsteken","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"subject of staan","gloss":"exclamation marks"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"h8-s259","source":"Wat bedoelde m'nheer Slotering daarmee?","translation":"What did Mr. Slotering mean by that?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s259.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat bedoelde m'nheer Slotering daarmee?","title":"Pronominal adverb 'daarmee' (by that)","body":"'daarmee' fuses 'met' + a thing into one adverb ('by that, with that') — Dutch avoids 'met dat' for inanimate things. 'bedoelde' is a weak imperfect."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of bedoelde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"bedoelde","lemma":"bedoelen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"did mean"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of bedoelde","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to m'nheer","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"daarmee","lemma":"daarmee","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"prepositional complement of bedoelde","gloss":"by that"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"h8-s260","source":"--Hoe kan ik dat weten? riep Verbrugge.","translation":"--How should I know? cried Verbrugge.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s260.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Hoe kan ik dat weten?","title":"Modal kunnen + bare infinitive in a question","body":"'kan ... weten' is modal kunnen governing the bare infinitive 'weten', inverted after the question word 'hoe' for verb-second."}],"words":[{"surface":"Hoe","lemma":"hoe","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"finite modal governing weten","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun","role":"direct object of weten","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kan","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"riep","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of reporting clause","gloss":"cried"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"subject of riep","gloss":"Verbrugge"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"h8-s261","source":"--Ik wel!","translation":"--I do!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s261.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of elliptical weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphatically affirms omitted weet","gloss":"do"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"h8-s262","source":"Dit beduidt dat er veel meer landrenten worden opgebracht, dan er in 'slands kas vloeien.","translation":"It means that far more land-rents are levied than ever flow into the state's coffers.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s262.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"er veel meer landrenten worden opgebracht","title":"Worden-passive + separable 'opbrengen' + er","body":"'worden opgebracht' is the process passive ('are levied'); the participle of separable 'opbrengen' reattaches its prefix, and existential 'er' opens the clause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dan er in 'slands kas vloeien","title":"Genitive 'slands' (of the land) + comparative 'dan'","body":"''slands kas' contracts 'des lands' (the state's coffers), a genitive case remnant. 'dan' marks the standard after the comparative 'meer'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of beduidt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"beduidt","lemma":"beduiden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"means"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of beduidt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"expletive adverb","role":"expletive in passive clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"adverb","role":"intensifies meer","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"meer","lemma":"veel","morphology":"comparative quantifier","role":"quantifies landrenten","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"landrenten","lemma":"landrente","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of passive worden opgebracht","gloss":"land-rents"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of opgebracht","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"opgebracht","lemma":"opbrengen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main predicate of complement clause","gloss":"levied"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces comparative clause of vloeien","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"resumptive adverb in comparative clause","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces destination 'slands kas","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"slands","lemma":"land","morphology":"noun, neuter singular, archaic genitive","role":"possessive modifier of kas","gloss":"the state's","note":"Together with the preceding apostrophe in the source, ’slands is the contracted genitive des lands, ‘of the state.’"},{"surface":"kas","lemma":"kas","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"treasury"},{"surface":"vloeien","lemma":"vloeien","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of comparative clause","gloss":"flow"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"h8-s263","source":"Doch ik zal je dan iets tonen dat wy beiden weten, omdat het in letters en niet in teekens geschreven is.","translation":"But I will show you something that we both understand, because it is written in letters and not in signs.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s263.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik zal je ... iets tonen","title":"Future with zullen","body":"'zal ... tonen' is the explicit future: zullen second, the infinitive 'tonen' held to the end ('I will show you')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"omdat het in letters ... geschreven is","title":"omdat-clause + zijn-passive","body":"'omdat' sends the verb cluster to the end; 'geschreven is' is the resulting-state passive of schrijven ('is written')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"links the sentence adversatively to the preceding context","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of zal","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"future auxiliary of tonen","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of tonen","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies tonen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of tonen","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"tonen","lemma":"tonen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of zal","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of weten, referring to iets","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"wy","lemma":"wij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of weten","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"beiden","lemma":"beide","morphology":"quantifying pronoun, plural","role":"emphasizes subject wy","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on iets","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"omdat","lemma":"omdat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces causal clause of geschreven is","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of passive geschreven is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces medium letters","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"letters","lemma":"letter","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates in letters with niet in teekens","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates in teekens","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces medium teekens","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"teekens","lemma":"teken","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"geschreven","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main predicate of causal clause","gloss":"written"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geschreven","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"h8-s264","source":"Ziehier:","translation":"Look here:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s264.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ziehier","lemma":"ziehier","morphology":"presentative interjection","role":"introduces what follows","gloss":"look here"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"h8-s265","source":"\"12°Over het misbruik dat door de regenten en mindere hoofden van de bevolking wordt gemaakt. (Over het houden van verschillende woningen ten-koste der bevolking, enz.)\"","translation":"\"12th. On the abuse practised upon the population by the regents and the lesser chiefs. (On the keeping of various dwellings at the expense of the population, etc.)\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s265.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"het misbruik dat ... wordt gemaakt","title":"Relative 'dat' for a het-word + worden-passive","body":"'dat' relativises the neuter 'misbruik'; the clause ends with the worden-passive 'wordt gemaakt' ('is practised'). The idiom is 'misbruik maken van'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ten-koste der bevolking","title":"Genitive 'der' after the fixed phrase ten koste","body":"'ten koste der bevolking' = 'at the expense of the population', with the genitive 'der' governed by the frozen dative phrase 'ten koste'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the heading about misbruik","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misbruik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of Over","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of passive wordt gemaakt, referring to misbruik","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces agents of gemaakt","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of regenten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"regenten","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"agent of gemaakt and object of door","gloss":"regents"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates regenten and hoofden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"mindere","lemma":"minder","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hoofden","gloss":"lesser"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"coordinated agent with regenten","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement bevolking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van completing misbruik maken","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main predicate of relative clause on misbruik","gloss":"practised"},{"surface":"Over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces parenthetical heading about houden","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"nominalizes houden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"houden","lemma":"houden","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of Over","gloss":"keeping"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces object woningen of houden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"verschillende","lemma":"verschillend","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies woningen","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"woningen","lemma":"woning","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"dwellings"},{"surface":"ten-koste","lemma":"ten koste","morphology":"fixed prepositional phrase","role":"adverbial modifier of houden","gloss":"at the expense","note":"The now unhyphenated phrase ten koste van means ‘at the expense of.’"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive singular","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"genitive complement of ten-koste","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"enz","lemma":"enzovoort","morphology":"abbreviation","role":"indicates omitted additional items","gloss":"etc."}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"h8-s266","source":"Is dit duidelyk? Ge ziet dat de heer Slotering wèl iemand was, die een initiatief wist te nemen, je had je dus by hem kunnen aansluiten.","translation":"Is this plain enough? You see that Mr. Slotering was indeed a man who knew how to take an initiative; you might therefore have joined yourself to him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s266.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die een initiatief wist te nemen","title":"Relative 'die' + weten te (knew how to)","body":"'die' relativises 'iemand'; 'wist te nemen' is 'weten te' + infinitive, the idiom 'to know how to do', verb-final in the subclause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"je had je dus by hem kunnen aansluiten","title":"Pluperfect modal + reflexive 'zich aansluiten'","body":"'had ... kunnen aansluiten' is a pluperfect of the modal kunnen (again infinitivus pro participio); 'je ... je' is the reflexive of 'zich aansluiten bij' (to join). Note the verb cluster at the end."}],"words":[{"surface":"Is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking dit to duidelyk","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of Is","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"duidelyk","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of Is","gloss":"clear"},{"surface":"Ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ziet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces complement clause of ziet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, masculine singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun, singular","role":"in apposition to heer","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"wèl","lemma":"wel","morphology":"emphatic adverb","role":"emphasizes iemand was","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking heer Slotering to iemand","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, singular","role":"subject of wist, referring to iemand","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of initiatief","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"initiatief","lemma":"initiatief","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"initiative"},{"surface":"wist","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of relative clause on iemand","gloss":"knew how"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks infinitive nemen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of wist","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of had","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"perfect auxiliary governing kunnen aansluiten","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"reflexive pronoun, singular","role":"reflexive object of aansluiten","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"dus","lemma":"dus","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies aansluiten","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement hem of aansluiten","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, object form, singular","role":"object of by","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"kunnen","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, infinitive","role":"modal complement of had governing aansluiten","gloss":"been able to"},{"surface":"aansluiten","lemma":"aansluiten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of kunnen","gloss":"join"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"h8-s267","source":"Luister verder:","translation":"Listen further:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s267.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Luister verder","title":"Bare-stem imperative","body":"'Luister' is the imperative (bare stem of luisteren) — a direct command, 'Listen on'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Luister","lemma":"luisteren","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listen"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Luister","gloss":"further"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"h8-s268","source":"\"15° Dat vele personen van de familien en bedienden der inlandsche hoofden op de uitbetalingstaten voorkomen, die inderdaad geen deel nemen in de kultuur, zoodat de voordeelen hiervan hun ten-deel vallen, ten préjudice van de werkelijke deelhebbers.","translation":"\"15th. That many persons among the families and servants of the native chiefs appear on the payment rolls who in fact take no part in the cultivation, so that the profits of it fall to their share, to the prejudice of the actual contributors.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s268.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"die ... geen deel nemen in de kultuur","title":"Relative 'die' + negation with geen","body":"'die' relativises 'vele personen'; 'geen' negates the indefinite noun 'deel' ('take no part'). The subclause is verb-final on 'nemen'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"op de uitbetalingstaten voorkomen","title":"Separable 'voorkomen' (to appear)","body":"'voorkomen' (to occur/appear) is here separable in sense though shown verb-final in the subclause. 'uitbetalingstaten' is a long compound: uitbetaling + staten."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces content clause headed by voorkomen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"vele","lemma":"veel","morphology":"quantifying determiner, inflected","role":"quantifies personen","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"personen","lemma":"persoon","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"subject of voorkomen","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces source group familien en bedienden","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of familien","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"familien","lemma":"familie","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"families"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"coordinates familien and bedienden","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"bedienden","lemma":"bediende","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"coordinated object of van","gloss":"servants"},{"surface":"der","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, archaic genitive plural","role":"determiner of hoofden","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"inlandsche","lemma":"inlands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies hoofden","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"genitive modifier of familien en bedienden","gloss":"chiefs"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces location uitbetalingstaten","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of uitbetalingstaten","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"uitbetalingstaten","lemma":"uitbetalingsstaat","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"object of op","gloss":"payment rolls"},{"surface":"voorkomen","lemma":"voorkomen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of content clause","gloss":"appear"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of nemen, referring to personen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"inderdaad","lemma":"inderdaad","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies nemen","gloss":"in fact"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of deel","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"deel","lemma":"deel","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of nemen","gloss":"part"},{"surface":"nemen","lemma":"nemen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on personen","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement kultuur of deel nemen","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kultuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kultuur","lemma":"cultuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"cultivation"},{"surface":"zoodat","lemma":"zodat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces result clause headed by vallen","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of voordeelen","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"voordeelen","lemma":"voordeel","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"subject of vallen","gloss":"profits"},{"surface":"hiervan","lemma":"hiervan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"possessive complement of voordeelen","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"hun","lemma":"hun","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of vallen","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"ten-deel","lemma":"ten deel","morphology":"fixed adverbial phrase","role":"predicative complement of vallen","gloss":"as a share","note":"The phrase iemand ten deel vallen means ‘to fall to someone’s share.’"},{"surface":"vallen","lemma":"vallen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of result clause","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"ten","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition, contracted with article","role":"introduces préjudice","gloss":"to the"},{"surface":"préjudice","lemma":"préjudice","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of ten","gloss":"prejudice","note":"A French loan used in the phrase ten préjudice van, ‘to the prejudice of.’"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces affected party deelhebbers","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of deelhebbers","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"werkelijke","lemma":"werkelijk","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies deelhebbers","gloss":"actual"},{"surface":"deelhebbers","lemma":"deelhebber","morphology":"noun, masculine plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"contributors"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"h8-s269","source":"Ook worden zij gesteld in het onrechtmatig, bezit van sawah-velden, terwijl die alleen toekomen aan degenen, die aandeel hebben in de kultuur.\" Hier heb ik een andere nota, en wel in potlood.","translation":"They are also put in unlawful possession of sawah-fields, while these belong only to those who have a share in the cultivation.\" Here I have another note, and this one in pencil.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s269.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"worden zij gesteld in ... bezit","title":"Worden-passive with inverted subject","body":"'Ook worden zij gesteld' fronts 'Ook', forcing V2, so 'worden' precedes 'zij'; 'gesteld' is the participle of the worden-passive ('are put')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"terwijl die alleen toekomen aan degenen, die ...","title":"terwijl-clause + headless 'degenen die'","body":"'terwijl' (while) subordinates and pushes 'toekomen' to the end; 'degenen die' = 'those who'. 'toekomen aan' is the separable verb 'to belong to / be due to'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesteld","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"worden","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, plural","role":"passive auxiliary of gesteld","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"zij","lemma":"zij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of passive worden gesteld","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"gesteld","lemma":"stellen","morphology":"verb, past participle","role":"main predicate of passive clause","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces resulting state bezit","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bezit","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"onrechtmatig","lemma":"onrechtmatig","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies bezit","gloss":"unlawful"},{"surface":"bezit","lemma":"bezit","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"possession"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces possessed sawah-velden","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"sawah-velden","lemma":"sawahveld","morphology":"noun, neuter plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"sawah-fields","note":"A sawah is an irrigated rice field in Indonesia."},{"surface":"terwijl","lemma":"terwijl","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces contrasting clause headed by toekomen","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of toekomen, referring to sawah-velden","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"restricts aan degenen","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"toekomen","lemma":"toekomen","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of contrasting clause","gloss":"belong"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces beneficiary degenen","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"degenen","lemma":"degene","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, plural","role":"object of aan","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, plural","role":"subject of hebben, referring to degenen","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"aandeel","lemma":"aandeel","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"a share"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of relative clause on degenen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces complement kultuur of aandeel","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kultuur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kultuur","lemma":"cultuur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"cultivation"},{"surface":"Hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of heb","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of heb","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of nota","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"andere","lemma":"ander","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies nota","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"nota","lemma":"nota","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of heb","gloss":"note"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"coordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the specification wel in potlood","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"forms specifying phrase en wel with in potlood","gloss":"specifically"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces medium potlood","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"potlood","lemma":"potlood","morphology":"noun, neuter singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"pencil"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"h8-s270","source":"Zie eens, ook dáárop staat iets zeer duidelyks:","translation":"Look now, there too stands something very plain:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s270.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ook dáárop staat iets zeer duidelyks","title":"Pronominal adverb 'daarop' + V2 + partitive -s","body":"'dáárop' (= 'on that') fronts the clause, forcing V2 'staat'; 'iets ... duidelyks' takes the partitive -s after 'iets'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the imperative clause","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"eens","lemma":"eens","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse particle modifying Zie","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies dáárop","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"dáárop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"locative complement of staat","gloss":"on that"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"iets","lemma":"iets","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies duidelyks","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"duidelyks","lemma":"duidelijk","morphology":"nominalized adjective, neuter singular","role":"modifies iets","gloss":"plain","note":"Duidelyks is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern duidelijks."}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"h8-s271","source":"\"De verloop van volk te Parang-Koedjang is alleen toeteschryven aan het VERREGAAND misbruik, dat van de bevolking wordt gemaakt.\"","translation":"\"The depopulation of Parang-Koedjang is to be ascribed solely to the FAR-REACHING abuse practised upon the population.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s271.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"is alleen toeteschryven aan het ... misbruik","title":"Passive-of-obligation 'is toe te schrijven'","body":"'is toe te schrijven aan' (= 'is to be ascribed to') is the 'zijn + te + infinitive' construction expressing possibility/necessity. 'toeteschryven' joins the separable 'toeschrijven' in period spelling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat van de bevolking wordt gemaakt","title":"Relative 'dat' + worden-passive (verb-final)","body":"'dat' relativises 'misbruik'; the subclause closes on the worden-passive cluster 'wordt gemaakt' ('is practised'), the same idiom as s265."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verloop","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verloop","lemma":"verloop","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"head of the subject of is toe te schrijven","gloss":"depopulation"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement volk","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"volk","lemma":"volk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Parang-Koedjang","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Parang-Koedjang","lemma":"Parang-Koedjang","morphology":"proper noun","role":"complement of te","gloss":"Parang-Koedjang"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"finite auxiliary in is toe te schrijven","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"alleen","lemma":"alleen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies toeteschryven","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"toeteschryven","lemma":"toeschrijven","morphology":"verb, infinitive with te","role":"predicate infinitive governed by is","gloss":"to be ascribed","note":"Historical toeteschryven corresponds to modern toe te schrijven."},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking misbruik","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"het","lemma":"het","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of misbruik","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"VERREGAAND","lemma":"verregaand","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies misbruik","gloss":"far-reaching"},{"surface":"misbruik","lemma":"misbruik","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"relative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of passive wordt gemaakt","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking bevolking","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of bevolking","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bevolking","lemma":"bevolking","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"population"},{"surface":"wordt","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of gemaakt","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"gemaakt","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in relative clause modifying misbruik","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"h8-s272","source":"Wat zegje dáárvan?","translation":"What do you say to that?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s272.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Wat zegje dáárvan?","title":"Inverted 'zeg je' + pronominal 'daarvan'","body":"'zegje' joins 'zeg je' (the bare stem after inversion); 'dáárvan' = 'van dat' ('of that'), the pronominal adverb required for inanimate things."}],"words":[{"surface":"Wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"interrogative pronoun","role":"direct object of zegje","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"zegje","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, present, singular, with enclitic subject je","role":"main verb with second-person subject je","gloss":"do you say","note":"Zegje is the historical unspaced spelling of zeg je."},{"surface":"dáárvan","lemma":"daarvan","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional-adverb complement of zegje","gloss":"about that"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"h8-s273","source":"Ziet ge wel dat ik niet zoo excentriek ben als 't schynt, wanneer ik werk maak van recht?","translation":"Do you see now that I am not so eccentric as it seems, when I make a serious matter of justice?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s273.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ziet ge wel dat ik niet zoo excentriek ben ...","title":"gij/ge + dat-clause + niet negation","body":"'Ziet ge' uses the literary pronoun 'ge' with its -t verb; 'dat ... ben' is verb-final, and 'niet' negates the predicate adjective. 'wanneer ik werk maak van recht' adds a wanneer-subclause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ziet","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do see"},{"surface":"ge","lemma":"gij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Ziet","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"discourse adverb modifying Ziet","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal object of Ziet","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies excentriek","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies excentriek","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"excentriek","lemma":"excentriek","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"eccentric"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to excentriek","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparative clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schynt","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"schynt","lemma":"schijnen","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the comparative clause","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"wanneer","lemma":"wanneer","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of maak","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of maak","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"werk","lemma":"werk","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of maak in the idiom werk maken van","gloss":"a serious matter"},{"surface":"maak","lemma":"maken","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the wanneer-clause","gloss":"make"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the object recht in werk maken van","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"recht","lemma":"recht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of van","gloss":"justice"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"h8-s274","source":"Zie je nu dat ook anderen dit deden?","translation":"Do you see now that others did this too?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s274.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"dat ook anderen dit deden","title":"Irregular imperfect 'deden' in a dat-clause","body":"'deden' is the (irregular) past of doen, sent to the end by 'dat'. The sentence presses Verbrugge to admit others acted as Havelaar does."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zie","lemma":"zien","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"do see"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of Zie","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Zie","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal object of Zie","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies anderen","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"anderen","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, plural","role":"subject of deden","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of deden","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"deden","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"verb of the dat-clause","gloss":"did"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"h8-s275","source":"--Het is waar, zei Verbrugge, de heer Slotering heeft den resident dikwyls over dat alles gesproken.","translation":"--It is true, said Verbrugge, Mr. Slotering spoke to the resident about all this many times.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s275.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"heeft den resident dikwyls ... gesproken","title":"Perfect + dative case remnant 'den resident'","body":"'heeft ... gesproken' is the present perfect; 'den resident' keeps the masculine dative -en (object of 'spreken over'). 'dikwyls' = 'dikwijls' (often), y-spelled."}],"words":[{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking to waar","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb introducing the following statement","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of heer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"heer","lemma":"heer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title forming the subject with Slotering","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of heeft gesproken","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gesproken","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historically inflected masculine","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"personal complement of gesproken","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gesproken","gloss":"many times"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the topic dat alles","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of alles","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"complement of over","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"gesproken","lemma":"spreken","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the statement","gloss":"spoken"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"h8-s276","source":"--En wat volgde daarop?","translation":"--And what came of it?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s276.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat volgde daarop?","title":"Imperfect 'volgde' + pronominal 'daarop'","body":"'volgde' is the weak imperfect of volgen; 'daarop' = 'op dat' ('upon that, from that'), the pronominal adverb for an inanimate referent."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the question to the preceding speech","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of volgde","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"volgde","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"daarop","lemma":"daarop","morphology":"adverb","role":"prepositional-adverb complement of volgde","gloss":"of it"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"h8-s277","source":"--Dan werd de Regent geroepen: er werd geaboucheerd ...","translation":"--Then the Regent would be sent for: there was a private conference ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s277.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan werd de Regent geroepen","title":"Worden-passive in the past (werd) after fronted 'Dan'","body":"'werd ... geroepen' is the past process passive ('was sent for'); fronting 'Dan' triggers V2, so 'werd' precedes the subject. 'er werd geaboucheerd' is an impersonal passive — no real subject, just 'er'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"geaboucheerd","title":"aboucheren — to confer privately","body":"A Gallicism from French 's'aboucher', meaning to have a private, confidential talk. The bureaucratic borrowing underlines that complaints were quietly buried rather than acted on."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies werd geroepen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geroepen","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of passive werd geroepen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"geroepen","lemma":"roepen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of the first passive clause","gloss":"sent for"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"expletive subject of the impersonal passive","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"werd","lemma":"worden","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"passive auxiliary of geaboucheerd","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"geaboucheerd","lemma":"aboucheren","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of the impersonal passive","gloss":"conferred privately","note":"Aboucheren is an obsolete administrative term for conferring privately."}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"h8-s278","source":"--Juist! En verder?","translation":"--Just so! And then?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s278.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Juist","lemma":"juist","morphology":"interjection","role":"standalone affirmation","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the elliptical question to the preceding speech","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"verder","lemma":"verder","morphology":"adverb","role":"elliptical predicate meaning what happened next","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"h8-s279","source":"--De Regent ontkende gewoonlyk alles.","translation":"--The Regent usually denied everything.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s279.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"De Regent ontkende gewoonlyk alles","title":"Weak imperfect 'ontkende' (habitual past)","body":"'ontkende' is the weak imperfect of ontkennen, here narrating a habitual past action ('usually denied'). 'gewoonlyk' = 'gewoonlijk', y-spelled."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of ontkende","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"ontkende","lemma":"ontkennen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"denied"},{"surface":"gewoonlyk","lemma":"gewoonlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ontkende","gloss":"usually"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of ontkende","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"h8-s280","source":"Dan moesten er getuigen komen ... niemand durfde tegen den Regent getuigen ...--och, m'nheer Havelaar, die zaken zyn zoo moeielyk!","translation":"Then witnesses had to be produced ... no one dared bear witness against the Regent ... oh, Mr. Havelaar, these matters are so difficult!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s280.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Dan moesten er getuigen komen","title":"Modal moeten (past) + existential er + bare infinitive","body":"'moesten ... komen' is the past modal with the bare infinitive at the end; 'er getuigen' uses 'er' for an indefinite plural subject ('witnesses had to come'). Fronted 'Dan' forces V2."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"niemand durfde tegen den Regent getuigen","title":"Single negative 'niemand' + dative 'den'","body":"'niemand' carries the clause's one negation; 'durfde ... getuigen' is durven + bare infinitive. 'den Regent' shows the dative case remnant after 'tegen'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dan","lemma":"dan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moesten komen","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"moesten","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, plural","role":"modal auxiliary of komen","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"presentative adverb in er moesten getuigen komen","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuige","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of moesten komen","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"komen","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by moesten","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"niemand","lemma":"niemand","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of durfde","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"durfde","lemma":"durven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"tegen","lemma":"tegen","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the opponent den Regent","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historically inflected masculine","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tegen","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"getuigen","lemma":"getuigen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of durfde","gloss":"bear witness"},{"surface":"och","lemma":"och","morphology":"interjection","role":"introduces the exclamation","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"m'nheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative title with Havelaar","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of zyn","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"copula linking zaken to moeielyk","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of moeielyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"difficult"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"h8-s281","source":"De lezer zal, vóór hy myn boek heeft uitgelezen, even goed als Verbrugge weten waarom die zaken zoo byzonder moeielyk waren.","translation":"The reader, before he has finished my book, will know just as well as Verbrugge why these matters were so peculiarly difficult.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s281.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"vóór hy myn boek heeft uitgelezen","title":"vóór-clause + perfect of separable 'uitlezen'","body":"'vóór' (before) subordinates, sending the verb cluster to the end; 'heeft uitgelezen' is the perfect of separable 'uitlezen' (to finish reading), prefix reattached in the participle."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom die zaken zoo byzonder moeielyk waren","title":"Indirect question is verb-final","body":"An indirect question with 'waarom' behaves like a subclause: the verb 'waren' goes to the end. 'byzonder' and 'moeielyk' show period spelling (bijzonder, moeilijk)."}],"words":[{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of lezer","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"lezer","lemma":"lezer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of zal weten","gloss":"reader"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of weten","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"vóór","lemma":"voor","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal clause","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft uitgelezen","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"myn","lemma":"mijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of boek","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"boek","lemma":"boek","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uitgelezen","gloss":"book"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of uitgelezen","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"uitgelezen","lemma":"uitlezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle of the temporal clause","gloss":"finished"},{"surface":"even","lemma":"even","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of goed","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies weten","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with Verbrugge","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"standard of comparison with lezer","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"weten","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive governed by zal","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the clausal object of weten","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of zaken","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"zaken","lemma":"zaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"subject of waren","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier of moeielyk","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"byzonder","lemma":"bijzonder","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies moeielyk","gloss":"peculiarly"},{"surface":"moeielyk","lemma":"moeilijk","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of waren","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"waren","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, plural","role":"copula linking zaken to moeielyk","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"h8-s282","source":"--Mynheer Slotering had er veel ergernis over, vervolgde de kontroleur, hy schreef scherpe brieven aan de Hoofden ...","translation":"--Mr. Slotering took it much to heart, the controller went on, he wrote sharp letters to the Chiefs ...","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s282.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"hy schreef scherpe brieven aan de Hoofden","title":"Strong imperfect 'schreef' + adjective -e","body":"'schreef' is the strong (vowel-changing) imperfect of schrijven; 'scherpe brieven' shows the attributive adjective taking -e before a plural noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"er veel ergernis over had","title":"ergernis over iets hebben (idiom)","body":"'er ... over' is the split pronominal adverb 'about it'; 'ergernis hebben over' means to be vexed or distressed about something. 'Mynheer' (full form here) = mijnheer."}],"words":[{"surface":"Mynheer","lemma":"mijnheer","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"title forming the subject with Slotering","gloss":"Mr."},{"surface":"Slotering","lemma":"Slotering","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of had","gloss":"Slotering"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"first part of the pronominal adverb er ... over","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"veel","lemma":"veel","morphology":"indefinite quantifier","role":"modifies ergernis","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"ergernis","lemma":"ergernis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of had","gloss":"annoyance"},{"surface":"over","lemma":"over","morphology":"preposition","role":"second part of the pronominal adverb er ... over","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"vervolgde","lemma":"vervolgen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"continued"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of kontroleur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kontroleur","lemma":"controleur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of vervolgde","gloss":"controller"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of schreef","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"schreef","lemma":"schrijven","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the following statement","gloss":"wrote"},{"surface":"scherpe","lemma":"scherp","morphology":"adjective","role":"modifies brieven","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"brieven","lemma":"brief","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"direct object of schreef","gloss":"letters"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"Chiefs"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"h8-s283","source":"--Ik heb ze gelezen ... heden nacht, zei Havelaar.","translation":"--I have read them ... last night, said Havelaar.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s283.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik heb ze gelezen","title":"Perfect with object pronoun 'ze'","body":"'heb ... gelezen' is the present perfect; the object pronoun 'ze' (them, the letters) sits in the middle field before the final participle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of gelezen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gelezen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"ze","lemma":"ze","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gelezen","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"gelezen","lemma":"lezen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"heden","lemma":"heden","morphology":"temporal adverb","role":"modifies nacht","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"nacht","lemma":"nacht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"temporal adjunct of heb gelezen","gloss":"night","note":"Heden nacht is an older expression meaning last night in this context."},{"surface":"zei","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"reporting verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of zei","gloss":"Havelaar"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"h8-s284","source":"--En ik heb hem dikwyls hooren zeggen dat hy, als er geen verandering kwam, en als de resident niet doortastte zich rechtstreeks zou wenden tot den Gouverneur-generaal.","translation":"--And I have often heard him say that, if no change came, and if the resident did not act with vigour, he would turn directly to the Governor-General.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s284.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ik heb hem dikwyls hooren zeggen","title":"Perception verb + double bare infinitive","body":"'heb ... hooren zeggen' = 'have heard say': the perfect of the perception verb 'horen' appears as a bare infinitive (not 'gehoord'), and stacks with 'zeggen' — the infinitivus pro participio."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"als ... en als ... zou wenden tot","title":"Conditional 'als'-clauses + main-clause 'zou'","body":"Two 'als' (if) subclauses, each verb-final ('kwam', 'doortastte'), set the condition for the main conditional 'zou ... wenden' ('would turn to'). 'zich wenden tot' is reflexive."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the sentence to the preceding speech","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heb hooren zeggen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of hooren","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of hooren and understood subject of zeggen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"dikwyls","lemma":"dikwijls","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies hooren","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"hooren","lemma":"horen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"perfect infinitive governed by heb","gloss":"heard","note":"Hooren is the older spelling of modern horen; the infinitive replaces a participle after another infinitive."},{"surface":"zeggen","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive complement of hooren","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clausal object of zeggen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou wenden","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of kwam","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"er","lemma":"er","morphology":"adverb","role":"presentative adverb in er geen verandering kwam","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of verandering","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"verandering","lemma":"verandering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of kwam","gloss":"change"},{"surface":"kwam","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the first conditional clause","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the two conditional clauses","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of doortastte","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates doortastte","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"doortastte","lemma":"doortasten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the second conditional clause","gloss":"acted vigorously"},{"surface":"zich","lemma":"zich","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"reflexive object of wenden","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"rechtstreeks","lemma":"rechtstreeks","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies wenden","gloss":"directly"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"conditional auxiliary of wenden","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"wenden","lemma":"wenden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main infinitive of the dat-clause","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"tot","lemma":"tot","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking den","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historically inflected masculine","role":"determiner of Gouverneur-generaal","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Gouverneur-generaal","lemma":"gouverneur-generaal","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of tot","gloss":"Governor-General"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"h8-s285","source":"Dit heeft hy ook aan de Hoofden zelf gezegd op den laatsten Sebah dien hy heeft voorgezeten.","translation":"He said this to the Chiefs themselves, too, at the last Sebah over which he presided.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s285.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"den laatsten Sebah dien hy heeft voorgezeten","title":"Case remnant 'dien' as relative pronoun","body":"'dien' is the old accusative form of 'die' (here relativising the masculine 'Sebah'), with matching dative/accusative -en on 'den laatsten'. 'heeft voorgezeten' is the perfect of separable 'voorzitten' (to preside)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"pronoun","role":"direct object of gezegd","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft gezegd","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gezegd","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Hoofden","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of Hoofden","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Hoofden","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"complement of aan","gloss":"Chiefs"},{"surface":"zelf","lemma":"zelf","morphology":"emphatic pronoun, plural","role":"emphasizes Hoofden","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal setting den laatsten Sebah","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, historically inflected masculine","role":"determiner of Sebah","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"laatsten","lemma":"laat","morphology":"adjective, superlative, historically inflected","role":"modifies Sebah","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"Sebah","lemma":"sebah","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"complement of op","gloss":"formal assembly"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of voorgezeten","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of heeft voorgezeten","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"heeft","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, singular","role":"auxiliary of voorgezeten","gloss":"has"},{"surface":"voorgezeten","lemma":"voorzitten","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"past participle in the relative clause modifying Sebah","gloss":"presided over"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"h8-s286","source":"--Daaraan zou hy zeer verkeerd hebben gedaan. De resident was zyn chef dien hy in geen geval mocht voorbygaan.","translation":"--In that he would have done very wrong. The resident was his superior, whom on no account was he to pass over.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s286.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Daaraan zou hy zeer verkeerd hebben gedaan","title":"Conditional perfect 'zou hebben gedaan'","body":"'zou ... hebben gedaan' is the conditional perfect ('would have done'); fronted pronominal 'Daaraan' (= 'in that') forces V2 'zou'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zyn chef dien hy in geen geval mocht voorbygaan","title":"Relative 'dien' + modal mocht + geen","body":"'dien' is the old accusative relative ('whom'); 'mocht ... voorbygaan' is past modal mogen + the bare infinitive of separable 'voorbijgaan'. 'in geen geval' = 'on no account', the single negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Daaraan","lemma":"daaraan","morphology":"pronominal adverb","role":"adverbial complement of verkeerd hebben gedaan","gloss":"in that"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of zou hebben gedaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies verkeerd","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"verkeerd","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies gedaan","gloss":"wrong"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, infinitive","role":"perfect auxiliary of gedaan","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"gedaan","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"done"},{"surface":"De","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of was","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking resident to chef","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"determiner of chef","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"chef","lemma":"chef","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"superior"},{"surface":"dien","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun, masculine singular, accusative","role":"direct object of voorbygaan","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of mocht voorbygaan","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geval","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of geval","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"geval","lemma":"geval","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"complement of in","gloss":"case"},{"surface":"mocht","lemma":"mogen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of voorbygaan","gloss":"was allowed"},{"surface":"voorbygaan","lemma":"voorbijgaan","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive governed by mocht","gloss":"pass over","note":"Voorbygaan is the nineteenth-century spelling of modern voorbijgaan."}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"h8-s287","source":"En waarom zou hy dat ook? Het is toch niet te veronderstellen dat de resident van Bantam onrecht en willekeur zou goedkeuren?","translation":"And why should he, after all? Surely it is not to be supposed that the resident of Bantam would approve injustice and arbitrary rule?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s287.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Het is toch niet te veronderstellen dat ...","title":"Impersonal 'het is ... te veronderstellen'","body":"Dummy 'het' subjects the construction 'is ... te veronderstellen' (= 'is to be supposed'), the 'zijn + te + infinitive' of possibility; 'dat ... zou goedkeuren' is the verb-final conditional subclause."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom zou hy dat ook?","title":"Conditional zou in a rhetorical question","body":"'zou hy dat ook?' is an elliptical conditional ('why would he, after all?'), the infinitive understood from context. V2 places 'zou' second after 'waarom'."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the question","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"modifies the omitted main verb","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of the omitted main verb","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, third person singular","role":"subject of the omitted main verb","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of the omitted main verb","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"adds emphatic force to the question","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"Het","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"expletive subject of is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb governing te veronderstellen","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"toch","lemma":"toch","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"emphasizes the evident truth of the statement","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates te veronderstellen","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks veronderstellen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"veronderstellen","lemma":"veronderstellen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of is","gloss":"suppose"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause of veronderstellen","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of resident","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"resident","lemma":"resident","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of goedkeuren","gloss":"resident"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the place complement Bantam","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Bantam","lemma":"Bantam","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of van, modifying resident","gloss":"Bantam"},{"surface":"onrecht","lemma":"onrecht","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of goedkeuren","gloss":"injustice"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates onrecht and willekeur","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"willekeur","lemma":"willekeur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"coordinated direct object of goedkeuren","gloss":"arbitrary rule"},{"surface":"zou","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"modal auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of goedkeuren","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"goedkeuren","lemma":"goedkeuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb of the content clause","gloss":"approve"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"h8-s288","source":"--Goedkeuren ... neen! Maar men klaagt niet gaarne by de Regeering een Hoofd aan.","translation":"--Approve ... no! But one does not gladly lodge a complaint against a Chief with the Government.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s288.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"men klaagt niet gaarne ... een Hoofd aan","title":"Separable 'aanklagen' splits to the end","body":"'aanklagen' (to lodge a charge against) splits: the stem 'klaagt' stands in V2, while the prefix 'aan' drops to the clause's end. 'men' is generic 'one', 'gaarne' = gladly."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"gaarne","title":"gaarne = gladly, willingly (literary)","body":"'gaarne' is the older, literary form of modern 'graag' (gladly). It belongs to the formal register and recurs through Havelaar's speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"Goedkeuren","lemma":"goedkeuren","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"echoed verb used as a sentence fragment","gloss":"Approve"},{"surface":"neen","lemma":"neen","morphology":"interjection","role":"independent negative response","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"men","lemma":"men","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of klaagt aan","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"klaagt","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb klaagt aan","gloss":"complains"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates klaagt aan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klaagt aan","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the authority receiving the complaint","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of bij","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of klaagt aan","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing klaagt ... aan","gloss":"brings charges"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"h8-s289","source":"--Ik klaag niet gaarne iemand aan, wien ook, maar als 't moet, een Hoofd zoo goed als een ander.","translation":"--I do not gladly bring a charge against anyone, whoever he may be, but when it must be done, a Chief as readily as another man.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s289.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"iemand, wien ook","title":"Dative relative/interrogative 'wien'","body":"'wien' is the inflected dative/accusative of 'wie' ('whom'), here in 'wien ook' = 'whoever it may be' — a case remnant of formal Dutch."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of klaag aan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"klaag","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb klaag aan","gloss":"complain"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"negates klaag aan","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"gaarne","lemma":"gaarne","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies klaag aan","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"iemand","lemma":"iemand","morphology":"indefinite pronoun","role":"direct object of klaag aan","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing klaag ... aan","gloss":"bring charges"},{"surface":"wien","lemma":"wie","morphology":"relative pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"head of the free-choice phrase wien ook","gloss":"whoever","note":"Wien is the historical object-case form of wie; wien ook means ‘whoever.’"},{"surface":"ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"free-choice particle with wien","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the contrasting elliptical clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the condition als 't moet","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb in the conditional clause, with omitted gebeuren","gloss":"must be done"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of Hoofd","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"Hoofd","lemma":"hoofd","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of the omitted klaag aan","gloss":"Chief"},{"surface":"zoo","lemma":"zo","morphology":"adverb","role":"degree modifier in zoo goed als","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"goed","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the comparative phrase zoo goed als","gloss":"readily"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison with een ander","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of ander","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"ander","lemma":"ander","morphology":"substantivized adjective, singular","role":"object of comparison after als","gloss":"other man"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"h8-s290","source":"Doch van aanklagen is nu hier, goddank, nog geen spraak!","translation":"But of bringing charges there is, thank God, no question here as yet!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s290.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"van aanklagen is ... nog geen spraak","title":"Fronted PP + V2 + negation with geen","body":"Fronting 'van aanklagen' forces V2 'is'; 'geen spraak' negates the indefinite noun ('no question of it'). 'van aanklagen zijn' nominalises the separable infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Doch","lemma":"doch","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of spraak","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"aanklagen","lemma":"aanklagen","morphology":"verb, nominalized infinitive","role":"object of van","gloss":"bringing charges"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb of the existential construction","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"hier","lemma":"hier","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies is","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"goddank","lemma":"goddank","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical comment on the clause","gloss":"thank God"},{"surface":"nog","lemma":"nog","morphology":"adverb","role":"temporal modifier of is geen spraak","gloss":"as yet"},{"surface":"geen","lemma":"geen","morphology":"negative determiner","role":"determiner of spraak","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"spraak","lemma":"spraak","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of is in the existential construction","gloss":"question","note":"Geen spraak van means that something is not under consideration or out of the question."}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"h8-s291","source":"Morgen ga ik den Regent bezoeken.","translation":"Tomorrow I shall go and call on the Regent.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s291.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Morgen ga ik den Regent bezoeken","title":"Fronted 'Morgen' + V2; present for future","body":"Fronting the time adverb 'Morgen' triggers V2 'ga ik'; the present tense expresses near-future intent ('Tomorrow I shall go'). 'den Regent' is the dative case remnant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Morgen","lemma":"morgen","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ga bezoeken","gloss":"Tomorrow"},{"surface":"ga","lemma":"gaan","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite verb governing bezoeken","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of ga bezoeken","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical inflected form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of bezoeken","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"bezoeken","lemma":"bezoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of ga","gloss":"call on"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"h8-s292","source":"Ik zal hem 't verkeerde van onwettige gezagsoefening onder 't oog brengen, vooral waar 't om de bezitting van arme menschen te doen is.","translation":"I shall put before him the wrongness of unlawful exercise of authority, above all where the property of poor people is concerned.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s292.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ik zal hem 't verkeerde ... onder 't oog brengen","title":"Future zullen + idiom 'onder het oog brengen'","body":"'zal ... brengen' is the future; 'iemand iets onder het oog brengen' is the idiom 'to bring something home to someone'. The infinitive 'brengen' closes the clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"waar 't om de bezitting ... te doen is","title":"Idiom: het is iemand om iets te doen","body":"'het is om ... te doen' means 'what is at stake / what it is about is...' — here, 'where it concerns the property of poor people'. A common but easily misread period idiom."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of zal brengen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of brengen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, dative, third person singular","role":"indirect object of brengen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of verkeerde","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"verkeerde","lemma":"verkeerd","morphology":"substantivized adjective, neuter singular","role":"direct object of brengen","gloss":"wrongness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the complement of verkeerde","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"onwettige","lemma":"onwettig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies gezagsoefening","gloss":"unlawful"},{"surface":"gezagsoefening","lemma":"gezagsoefening","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of van","gloss":"exercise of authority"},{"surface":"onder","lemma":"onder","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom onder het oog brengen","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"definite article, neuter singular","role":"determiner of oog","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"oog","lemma":"oog","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of onder in the idiom onder het oog brengen","gloss":"attention","note":"Iemand iets onder het oog brengen means to bring something to someone’s attention."},{"surface":"brengen","lemma":"brengen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"vooral","lemma":"vooral","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizes the following subordinate clause","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the clause modifying the situation discussed","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"expletive subject of te doen is","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"om","lemma":"om","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the matter concerned in te doen zijn om","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of bezitting","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"bezitting","lemma":"bezitting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of om","gloss":"property"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the possessor of bezitting","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"arme","lemma":"arm","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies menschen","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"menschen","lemma":"mens","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of van","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen in the idiom te doen zijn om","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitive in the idiom te doen zijn om","gloss":"concerned"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb in the idiom te doen zijn om","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"h8-s293","source":"Maar in afwachting dat alles te-recht komt, zal ik hem in zyn netelige omstandigheden helpen zooveel ik kan.","translation":"But while waiting for everything to come right, I shall help him in his difficult circumstances as much as I can.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s293.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"in afwachting dat alles te-recht komt","title":"Separable 'terechtkomen' + present for future","body":"'te-recht komt' is the separable verb 'terechtkomen' (to come right), here verb-final after 'dat'. The whole phrase 'in afwachting dat...' = 'while waiting for...'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"zal ik hem ... helpen zooveel ik kan","title":"Future zullen + helpen + correlative 'zooveel ... als'","body":"'zal ... helpen' is the future; 'zooveel ik kan' = 'as much as I can'. Fronting the long 'Maar in afwachting...' clause forces V2 'zal ik'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting main clause","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the temporal phrase in afwachting","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"afwachting","lemma":"afwachting","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in, forming a temporal adjunct","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of afwachting","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"indefinite pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of komt","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"te-recht","lemma":"terechtkomen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing te-recht ... komt","gloss":"gets sorted out"},{"surface":"komt","lemma":"terechtkomen","morphology":"verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb te-recht ... komt","gloss":"comes"},{"surface":"zal","lemma":"zullen","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"auxiliary of helpen","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of helpen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"hem","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, third person singular","role":"direct object of helpen","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the circumstances in which he is helped","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of omstandigheden","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"netelige","lemma":"netelig","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies omstandigheden","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"omstandigheden","lemma":"omstandigheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"circumstances"},{"surface":"helpen","lemma":"helpen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"main verb governed by zal","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"zooveel","lemma":"zoveel","morphology":"adverb of degree","role":"head of the degree clause zooveel ik kan","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of kan","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"kan","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite verb with omitted helpen","gloss":"can"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"h8-s294","source":"Je begrypt nu immers waarom ik dat geld aan den kollekteur dadelyk heb laten uitbetalen, niet waar?","translation":"You understand now, surely, why I had that money paid out to the collector at once, do you not?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s294.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"waarom ik dat geld ... heb laten uitbetalen","title":"Causative laten + bare infinitive (in the perfect)","body":"'heb laten uitbetalen' = 'had paid out': causative 'laten' + bare infinitive 'uitbetalen', with 'laten' appearing as a bare infinitive in the perfect (infinitivus pro participio). 'den kollekteur' is the dative remnant."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of begrypt","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"begrypt","lemma":"begrijpen","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies begrypt","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"immers","lemma":"immers","morphology":"modal adverb","role":"seeks confirmation of begrypt","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"waarom","lemma":"waarom","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the embedded question governed by begrypt","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of heb laten uitbetalen","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"dat","lemma":"dat","morphology":"demonstrative determiner, neuter singular","role":"determiner of geld","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"geld","lemma":"geld","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of uitbetalen","gloss":"money"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the recipient of the payment","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical inflected form","role":"determiner of kollekteur","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"kollekteur","lemma":"collecteur","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"collector","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch collecteur, here a revenue collector."},{"surface":"dadelyk","lemma":"dadelijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies uitbetalen","gloss":"at once","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch dadelijk."},{"surface":"heb","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, first person singular","role":"perfect auxiliary of laten uitbetalen","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"laten","lemma":"laten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"causative complement of heb","gloss":"caused to be"},{"surface":"uitbetalen","lemma":"uitbetalen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of laten","gloss":"paid out"},{"surface":"niet","lemma":"niet","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the tag question niet waar","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"adjective","role":"completes the tag question niet waar","gloss":"true"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"h8-s295","source":"Ook ben ik van voornemen aan de Regeering te verzoeken, den Regent zyn voorschot kwytteschelden.","translation":"I also intend to ask the Government to remit the Regent's advance.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s295.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ben ik van voornemen aan de Regeering te verzoeken","title":"van voornemen zijn + te-infinitive","body":"'van voornemen zijn te' = 'to intend to'; it governs the te-infinitive 'te verzoeken'. Fronting 'Ook' forces V2 'ben ik'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"zyn voorschot kwytteschelden","title":"kwijtschelden — to remit / forgive a debt","body":"'kwijtschelden' (here 'kwytteschelden', joined period spelling of 'kwijt te schelden') means to cancel a debt or obligation. Havelaar means to have the Regent's cash advance forgiven."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ook","lemma":"ook","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ben van voornemen","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite verb in ben van voornemen","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the expression van voornemen zijn","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"voornemen","lemma":"voornemen","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"object of van in van voornemen zijn","gloss":"the intention","note":"Van voornemen zijn means ‘to intend.’"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the addressee of verzoeken","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, common gender singular","role":"determiner of Regeering","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regeering","lemma":"regering","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan and addressee of verzoeken","gloss":"Government"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks verzoeken as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"verzoeken","lemma":"verzoeken","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of van voornemen","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"definite article, masculine singular, historical inflected form","role":"determiner of Regent","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Regent","lemma":"regent","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"indirect object of kwytteschelden","gloss":"Regent"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner, third person singular","role":"determiner of voorschot","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"voorschot","lemma":"voorschot","morphology":"noun, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of kwytteschelden","gloss":"advance"},{"surface":"kwytteschelden","lemma":"kwijtschelden","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of verzoeken","gloss":"remit","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch kwijtschelden."}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"h8-s296","source":"En u, Verbrugge, stel ik voor, gezamenlyk stipt onzen plicht te doen. Zoolang 't kàn, met zachtheid, maar als 't moet, zonder vrees!","translation":"And to you, Verbrugge, I propose that together we do our duty punctually. So long as it can be, with gentleness, but when it must be, without fear!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s296.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"stel ik voor ... onzen plicht te doen","title":"Separable 'voorstellen' + te-infinitive","body":"'stel ... voor' is the separable verb 'voorstellen' (to propose), split in V2; it governs the te-infinitive 'te doen'. 'onzen plicht' keeps the old accusative -en. Fronting 'En u, Verbrugge' forces V2."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zoolang 't kàn ... maar als 't moet","title":"Conditional subclauses zoolang / als with dummy 't","body":"'Zoolang' (as long as) and 'als' (when/if) each open a verb-final subclause; the impersonal subject ''t' (= het) stands in for the situation. Modals 'kàn' and 'moet' carry an implied infinitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of stel voor","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"u","lemma":"u","morphology":"pronoun, dative, second person singular","role":"indirect object of stel voor","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative in apposition to u","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"stel","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"finite base of the separable verb stel voor","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of stel voor","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"voor","lemma":"voorstellen","morphology":"separable verb particle","role":"particle completing stel ... voor","gloss":"propose"},{"surface":"gezamenlyk","lemma":"gezamenlijk","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"together","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch gezamenlijk."},{"surface":"stipt","lemma":"stipt","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies doen","gloss":"punctually"},{"surface":"onzen","lemma":"ons","morphology":"possessive determiner, first person plural, historical inflected form","role":"determiner of plicht","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"plicht","lemma":"plicht","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of doen","gloss":"duty"},{"surface":"te","lemma":"te","morphology":"infinitive marker","role":"marks doen as an infinitive","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"doen","lemma":"doen","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"infinitival complement of stel voor","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"Zoolang","lemma":"zolang","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the temporal condition modifying doen","gloss":"So long as","note":"Historical spelling of modern Dutch zolang."},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of kàn","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"kàn","lemma":"kunnen","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb with omitted gedaan worden","gloss":"can be done"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner adjunct zachtheid","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"zachtheid","lemma":"zachtheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of met","gloss":"gentleness"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinates the contrasting condition als 't moet","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"als","lemma":"als","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the condition als 't moet","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun, neuter singular","role":"subject of moet","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, third person singular","role":"finite verb with omitted gedaan worden","gloss":"must be done"},{"surface":"zonder","lemma":"zonder","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the manner adjunct vrees","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"vrees","lemma":"vrees","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of zonder","gloss":"fear"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"h8-s297","source":"Je bent een eerlyk man, dit weet ik, maar je bent beschroomd.","translation":"You are an honest man, this I know, but you are timid.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s297.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"beschroomd","title":"beschroomd = timid, bashful","body":"'beschroomd' means shy, diffident, hesitant to act — the flaw Havelaar gently names in Verbrugge. 'eerlyk' = 'eerlijk' (honest), y-spelled."}],"words":[{"surface":"Je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of bent","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"copula linking je to man","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"een","lemma":"een","morphology":"indefinite article","role":"determiner of man","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"eerlyk","lemma":"eerlijk","morphology":"adjective, uninflected","role":"modifies man","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"man","lemma":"man","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject complement of bent","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"dit","lemma":"dit","morphology":"demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular","role":"direct object of weet","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"weet","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, first person singular","role":"main verb of the parenthetical clause","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, first person singular","role":"subject of weet","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, second person singular","role":"subject of bent","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"bent","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, second person singular","role":"copula linking je to beschroomd","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"beschroomd","lemma":"beschroomd","morphology":"adjective, predicative","role":"subject complement of bent","gloss":"timid"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"h8-s298","source":"Zeg voortaan flink uit waar 't op staat, advienne que pourra! Werp die halfheid van je, beste kerel ... en nu, blyf by ons eten: we hebben hollandsche bloemkool in blik ... maar alles is zeer eenvoudig, want ik moet heel zuinig zyn ... ik ben erg ten-achter in geldzaken: de reis naar Europa, weetje?","translation":"From now on, say plainly how matters stand, advienne que pourra! Cast off that half-heartedness of yours, my good fellow ... and now, stay and dine with us: we have tinned Dutch cauliflower ... but everything is very simple, for I must be very thrifty ... I am badly behind in money matters: the voyage to Europe, you know?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s298.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Zeg voortaan flink uit waar 't op staat","title":"Imperative of separable 'uitzeggen' + idiom","body":"'Zeg ... uit' is the imperative of separable 'uitzeggen', prefix at the end; 'waar 't op staat' = 'how matters stand' (pronominal 'waar ... op'). A direct command to speak plainly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Werp die halfheid van je","title":"Imperative + demonstrative 'die' + 'van je'","body":"'Werp' is the bare-stem imperative of werpen (to throw off); 'die halfheid' uses the far demonstrative for a de-word, and 'van je' = 'of yours'. 'blyf by ons eten' chains another imperative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Zeg","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"Say"},{"surface":"voortaan","lemma":"voortaan","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Zeg","gloss":"from now on"},{"surface":"flink","lemma":"flink","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Zeg uit","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"uit","lemma":"uit","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of Zeg ... uit","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"interrogative adverb","role":"introduces the indirect question","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"'t","lemma":"het","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of staat","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"prepositional adverb","role":"part of waar ... op staat","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"staat","lemma":"staan","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"verb of the indirect question","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"advienne","lemma":"advenir","morphology":"French verb, present subjunctive, third-person singular","role":"verb of the French formula","gloss":"come","note":"French advienne que pourra means “come what may.”"},{"surface":"que","lemma":"que","morphology":"French relative pronoun","role":"subject of pourra","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"pourra","lemma":"pouvoir","morphology":"French verb, future, third-person singular","role":"relative-clause verb after advienne","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"Werp","lemma":"werpen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"Cast"},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"demonstrative determiner","role":"determiner of halfheid","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"halfheid","lemma":"halfheid","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of Werp","gloss":"half-heartedness"},{"surface":"van","lemma":"van","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking je","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of van","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"beste","lemma":"goed","morphology":"adjective, superlative, inflected","role":"modifies kerel","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"kerel","lemma":"kerel","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"fellow"},{"surface":"en","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links Werp and blyf","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"nu","lemma":"nu","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies blyf","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"blyf","lemma":"blijven","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"stay"},{"surface":"by","lemma":"bij","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ons","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ons","lemma":"ons","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"object of by","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"eten","lemma":"eten","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of blyf","gloss":"dine"},{"surface":"we","lemma":"we","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of hebben","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"hebben","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"verb, present, plural","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"have"},{"surface":"hollandsche","lemma":"hollands","morphology":"adjective, inflected","role":"modifies bloemkool","gloss":"Dutch","note":"Hollandsche is the older spelling of hollandse."},{"surface":"bloemkool","lemma":"bloemkool","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of hebben","gloss":"cauliflower"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking blik","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"blik","lemma":"blik","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of in","gloss":"a tin"},{"surface":"maar","lemma":"maar","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces a contrasting clause","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"alles","lemma":"alles","morphology":"pronoun","role":"subject of is","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"is","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking alles to eenvoudig","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eenvoudig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of is","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"want","lemma":"want","morphology":"conjunction","role":"introduces the reason clause","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of moet zyn","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"moet","lemma":"moeten","morphology":"modal verb, present, singular","role":"modal auxiliary of zyn","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"heel","lemma":"heel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies zuinig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"zuinig","lemma":"zuinig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of zyn","gloss":"thrifty"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, infinitive","role":"complement of moet","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"ik","lemma":"ik","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of ben","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ben","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copula linking ik to ten-achter","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"erg","lemma":"erg","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ten-achter","gloss":"badly"},{"surface":"ten-achter","lemma":"ten achter","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicative complement of ben","gloss":"behind","note":"Ten-achter is an older hyphenated spelling meaning behind or in arrears."},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking geldzaken","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"geldzaken","lemma":"geldzaak","morphology":"noun, plural","role":"object of in","gloss":"money matters"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of reis","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"reis","lemma":"reis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"explanatory phrase for being behind","gloss":"voyage"},{"surface":"naar","lemma":"naar","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Europa","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Europa","lemma":"Europa","morphology":"proper noun","role":"object of naar","gloss":"Europe"},{"surface":"weetje","lemma":"weten","morphology":"verb, present, second-person singular with enclitic pronoun","role":"parenthetical tag","gloss":"you know","note":"Weetje represents weet je, “you know.”"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"h8-s299","source":"Kom, Max ... sakkerloot, jongen, wat word je zwaar! En, met Max te-paard op zyn schouder, trad hy, gevolgd door Verbrugge, de binnengalery in, waar Tine hen wachtte aan den gedekten disch die, zooals Havelaar gezegd had, wel zeer eenvoudig was!","translation":"Come, Max ... by Jove, my boy, how heavy you are growing! And, with Max astride his shoulder, he stepped, followed by Verbrugge, into the inner gallery, where Tine awaited them at the laid table which, as Havelaar had said, was indeed very simple!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/havelaar/h8-s299.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"wat word je zwaar!","title":"Exclamative with V2 inversion","body":"'wat word je zwaar!' fronts the degree word 'wat', forcing V2 'word je' ('how heavy you are growing!'). Present tense expresses ongoing change."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"met Max te-paard op zyn schouder, trad hy ... de binnengalery in","title":"Fronted phrase + V2 'trad' + separable 'intreden'","body":"The long fronted phrase forces V2 'trad' (strong imperfect of treden); the separable prefix 'in' of 'intreden' lands at the very end ('stepped into the inner gallery')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"waar Tine hen wachtte aan den gedekten disch die ... was","title":"Relative 'waar' and 'die' + dative 'den'","body":"'waar' relativises the place; 'die ... was' relativises 'disch' (a de-word) and is verb-final. 'den gedekten disch' shows the dative case remnant on article and adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Kom","lemma":"komen","morphology":"verb, imperative, singular","role":"main verb of the command","gloss":"Come"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"vocative","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"sakkerloot","lemma":"sakkerloot","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"by Jove","note":"Sakkerloot is a mild old-fashioned oath."},{"surface":"jongen","lemma":"jongen","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"vocative","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"wat","lemma":"wat","morphology":"exclamative adverb","role":"modifies zwaar","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"word","lemma":"worden","morphology":"verb, present, singular","role":"copular verb linking je to zwaar","gloss":"are growing"},{"surface":"je","lemma":"je","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of word","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"zwaar","lemma":"zwaar","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of word","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"En","lemma":"en","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the preceding speech to the narrative","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"met","lemma":"met","morphology":"preposition","role":"introduces the attendant-circumstance phrase","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Max","lemma":"Max","morphology":"proper noun","role":"subject of the implied sitting","gloss":"Max"},{"surface":"te-paard","lemma":"te paard","morphology":"adverbial phrase","role":"predicate describing Max","gloss":"astride"},{"surface":"op","lemma":"op","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking schouder","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"zyn","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"possessive determiner","role":"possessor of schouder","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"schouder","lemma":"schouder","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of op","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"trad","lemma":"treden","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stepped"},{"surface":"hy","lemma":"hij","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of trad","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"gevolgd","lemma":"volgen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"participial modifier of hy","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"door","lemma":"door","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Verbrugge","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Verbrugge","lemma":"Verbrugge","morphology":"proper noun","role":"agent of gevolgd","gloss":"Verbrugge"},{"surface":"de","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of binnengalery","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"binnengalery","lemma":"binnengalerij","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"direct object of trad ... in","gloss":"inner gallery"},{"surface":"in","lemma":"in","morphology":"separable particle","role":"particle of trad ... in","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"waar","lemma":"waar","morphology":"relative adverb","role":"introduces the relative clause on binnengalery","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Tine","lemma":"Tine","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of wachtte","gloss":"Tine"},{"surface":"hen","lemma":"hen","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of wachtte","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"wachtte","lemma":"wachten","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"verb of the relative clause","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"aan","lemma":"aan","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking disch","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"den","lemma":"de","morphology":"determiner, masculine singular, archaic case form","role":"determiner of disch","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"gedekten","lemma":"dekken","morphology":"past participle used adjectivally, inflected","role":"modifies disch","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"disch","lemma":"dis","morphology":"noun, common gender, singular","role":"object of aan","gloss":"table","note":"Disch is the older spelling of dis, a dining table."},{"surface":"die","lemma":"die","morphology":"relative pronoun","role":"subject of was","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"zooals","lemma":"zoals","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the parenthetical clause","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Havelaar","lemma":"Havelaar","morphology":"proper noun, common gender, singular","role":"subject of gezegd","gloss":"Havelaar"},{"surface":"gezegd","lemma":"zeggen","morphology":"verb, participle","role":"main participle with had","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"had","lemma":"hebben","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, singular","role":"auxiliary of gezegd","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"wel","lemma":"wel","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eenvoudig","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"zeer","lemma":"zeer","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies eenvoudig","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"eenvoudig","lemma":"eenvoudig","morphology":"adjective","role":"predicative complement of was","gloss":"simple"},{"surface":"was","lemma":"zijn","morphology":"verb, past, singular","role":"copula linking die to eenvoudig","gloss":"was"}]}]}