{"work":{"slug":"iliad","title":{"source":"Ἰλιάς","translated":"The Iliad"},"author":"Homer","language":"Ancient Greek","languageCode":"grc","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad"},"unit":{"kind":"book","number":12,"id":"book-12","title":{"source":"Ἰλιάδος Μ","translated":"Book 12 — The Wall Breached"},"section":"The Patrocleia","summary":"The Trojans storm the Greek wall. Sarpedon tears down a section, and Hector breaks the gate with a stone.","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/12","lines":471},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/11","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/13","license":"Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original line-aligned draft, pending editorial review. Word-by-word morphology and syntax derived from the Perseus Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank (CC BY-SA 3.0); English glosses and notes © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b12-l1","source":"ὣς ὃ μὲν ἐν κλισίῃσι Μενοιτίου ἄλκιμος υἱὸς","translation":"So within the shelters the valiant son of Menoetius","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Μενοιτίου ἄλκιμος υἱὸς","title":"The valiant son of Menoetius","body":"Homer names Patroclus by his father rather than by his own name. The adjective ἄλκιμος marks him as valiant, even while this line finds him tending a wounded man away from the fighting."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰᾶτ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κλισίῃσι","lemma":"κλισία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"shelters"},{"surface":"Μενοιτίου","lemma":"Μενοίτιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Menoetius"},{"surface":"ἄλκιμος","lemma":"ἄλκιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"valiant"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b12-l2","source":"ἰᾶτʼ Εὐρύπυλον βεβλημένον· οἳ δὲ μάχοντο","translation":"was healing wounded Eurypylus; but they fought on,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰᾶτ","lemma":"ἰάομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was healing"},{"surface":"Εὐρύπυλον","lemma":"Εὐρύπυλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἰᾶτ̓","gloss":"Eurypylus"},{"surface":"βεβλημένον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"wounded","note":"the perfect participle marks Eurypylus as still suffering the result of the blow"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μάχοντο","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were fighting"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b12-l3","source":"Ἀργεῖοι καὶ Τρῶες ὁμιλαδόν· οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ἔμελλε","translation":"Argives and Trojans in a mass; nor was the trench","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργεῖοι","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Argives"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"ὁμιλαδόν","lemma":"ὁμιλαδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μάχοντο","gloss":"in a mass"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔμελλε","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was destined"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b12-l4","source":"τάφρος ἔτι σχήσειν Δαναῶν καὶ τεῖχος ὕπερθεν","translation":"of the Danaans to hold them longer, nor the wall above it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τάφρος","lemma":"τάφρος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"trench"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σχήσειν","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"σχήσειν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ἔμελλε","gloss":"to hold"},{"surface":"Δαναῶν","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the Danaans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ὕπερθεν","lemma":"ὕπερθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"above it"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b12-l5","source":"εὐρύ, τὸ ποιήσαντο νεῶν ὕπερ, ἀμφὶ δὲ τάφρον","translation":"the wide wall they had built to guard the ships, and around it dug","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐρύ","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ποιήσαντο","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ποιήσαντο","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"they had built"},{"surface":"νεῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὕπερ","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"ὕπερ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to guard"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around it"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τάφρον","lemma":"τάφρος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἤλασαν","gloss":"trench"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b12-l6","source":"ἤλασαν· οὐδὲ θεοῖσι δόσαν κλειτὰς ἑκατόμβας·","translation":"a trench; but they gave no glorious hecatombs to the gods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤλασαν","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"they dug"},{"surface":"θεοῖσι","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δόσαν","gloss":"to the gods"},{"surface":"δόσαν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"κλειτὰς","lemma":"κλειτός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἑκατόμβας","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"ἑκατόμβας","lemma":"ἑκατόμβη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of δόσαν","gloss":"hecatombs"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b12-l7","source":"ὄφρά σφιν νῆάς τε θοὰς καὶ ληΐδα πολλὴν","translation":"so that within it their swift ships and all their rich spoil","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρά","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"for themselves"},{"surface":"νῆάς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θοὰς","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆάς","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ληΐδα","lemma":"ληίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"spoil"},{"surface":"πολλὴν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ληΐδα","gloss":"abundant"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b12-l8","source":"ἐντὸς ἔχον ῥύοιτο· θεῶν δʼ ἀέκητι τέτυκτο","translation":"might lie protected. It had been built against the will of the immortal","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"θεῶν δʼ ἀέκητι τέτυκτο","title":"Built against the gods' will","body":"τέτυκτο is a pluperfect middle-passive form: the wall stood there in the completed state of having been built. The phrase θεῶν ἀέκητι makes clear that this construction took place against the gods' will."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐντὸς","lemma":"ἐντός","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔχον","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἔχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"adverbial to ῥύοιτο","gloss":"keeping"},{"surface":"ῥύοιτο","lemma":"ῥύομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρά","gloss":"might be protected"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀέκητι","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀέκητι","lemma":"ἀέκητι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τέτυκτο","gloss":"against their will"},{"surface":"τέτυκτο","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had been built","note":"the pluperfect passive presents the wall as standing completed against the gods’ will"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b12-l9","source":"ἀθανάτων· τὸ καὶ οὔ τι πολὺν χρόνον ἔμπεδον ἦεν.","translation":"gods; and so it did not stand firm for long.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθανάτων","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεῶν","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"πολὺν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρόνον","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"χρόνον","lemma":"χρόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδον","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b12-l10","source":"ὄφρα μὲν Ἕκτωρ ζωὸς ἔην καὶ μήνιʼ Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"As long as Hector lived and Achilles nursed his wrath,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μήνιʼ Ἀχιλλεὺς","title":"Achilles' continuing wrath","body":"The verb μηνίω is built on μῆνις, the wrath announced in the poem's first word. Even with Achilles absent from battle, his continuing wrath helps define the span of time in which the Achaean wall remains standing."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"as long as"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔην","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ζωὸς","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μήνι","lemma":"μηνίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"nursed his wrath","note":"the verb derives from the same divine wrath announced at the Iliad’s opening"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μήνἰ","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b12-l11","source":"καὶ Πριάμοιο ἄνακτος ἀπόρθητος πόλις ἔπλεν,","translation":"and the city of lord Priam remained unsacked,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόλις","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"ἄνακτος","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Πριάμοιο","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"ἀπόρθητος","lemma":"ἀπόρθητος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"unsacked"},{"surface":"πόλις","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔπλεν","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"ἔπλεν","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"remained"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b12-l12","source":"τόφρα δὲ καὶ μέγα τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν ἔμπεδον ἦεν.","translation":"so long the great wall of the Achaeans also stood firm.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόφρα","lemma":"τόφρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"so long"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδον","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b12-l13","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κατὰ μὲν Τρώων θάνον ὅσσοι ἄριστοι,","translation":"But when all the best of the Trojans had died,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἄριστοι","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"θάνον","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"had died"},{"surface":"ὅσσοι","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"all who were"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b12-l14","source":"πολλοὶ δʼ Ἀργείων οἳ μὲν δάμεν, οἳ δὲ λίποντο,","translation":"and many Argives too, some slain and some left alive,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πολλοὶ","gloss":"of the Argives"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δάμεν","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δάμεν","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"were slain"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of λίποντο","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"λίποντο","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"were left alive"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b12-l15","source":"πέρθετο δὲ Πριάμοιο πόλις δεκάτῳ ἐνιαυτῷ,","translation":"and the city of Priam was sacked in the tenth year,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πέρθετο","lemma":"πέρθω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"was sacked"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόλις","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"πόλις","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πέρθετο","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"δεκάτῳ","lemma":"δέκατος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐνιαυτῷ","gloss":"tenth"},{"surface":"ἐνιαυτῷ","lemma":"ἐνιαυτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to πέρθετο","gloss":"year"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b12-l16","source":"Ἀργεῖοι δʼ ἐν νηυσὶ φίλην ἐς πατρίδʼ ἔβησαν,","translation":"and the Argives sailed in their ships to their dear native land,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργεῖοι","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔβησαν","gloss":"Argives"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"their ships"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πατρίδ̓","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδ","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"native land"},{"surface":"ἔβησαν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"sailed"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b12-l17","source":"δὴ τότε μητιόωντο Ποσειδάων καὶ Ἀπόλλων","translation":"then at last Poseidon and Apollo took counsel","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l17.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μητιόωντο","title":"The gods deliberate","body":"μητιόωντο is imperfect middle: Poseidon and Apollo were forming a plan together. The ongoing tense opens the extended account of how they will erase the wall after the war."}],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μητιόωντο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μητιόωντο","lemma":"μητιάω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took counsel","note":"the imperfect middle portrays the two gods forming their plan together"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b12-l18","source":"τεῖχος ἀμαλδῦναι ποταμῶν μένος εἰσαγαγόντες.","translation":"to obliterate the wall by bringing against it the might of rivers,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀμαλδῦναι","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ἀμαλδῦναι","lemma":"ἀμαλδύνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μητιόωντο","gloss":"to obliterate"},{"surface":"ποταμῶν","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"of rivers"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰσαγαγόντες","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"εἰσαγαγόντες","lemma":"εἰσάγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to μητιόωντο","gloss":"bringing against it"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b12-l19","source":"ὅσσοι ἀπʼ Ἰδαίων ὀρέων ἅλα δὲ προρέουσι,","translation":"all that flow from the mountains of Ida down to the sea:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσοι","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"all that"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ἰδαίων","lemma":"Ἰδαῖος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὀρέων","gloss":"of Ida"},{"surface":"ὀρέων","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπ̓","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"ἅλα","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of προρέουσι","gloss":"to the sea"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προρέουσι","lemma":"προρέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"flow down"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b12-l20","source":"Ῥῆσός θʼ Ἑπτάπορός τε Κάρησός τε Ῥοδίος τε","translation":"Rhesus and Heptaporus, Caresus and Rhodius,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ῥῆσός","lemma":"Ῥῆσος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Rhesus"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἑπτάπορός","lemma":"Ἑπτάπορος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Heptaporus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Κάρησός","lemma":"Κάρησος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Caresus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ῥοδίος","lemma":"Ῥοδίος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Rhodius"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b12-l21","source":"Γρήνικός τε καὶ Αἴσηπος δῖός τε Σκάμανδρος","translation":"Granicus and Aesepus, and godlike Scamander,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l21.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Γρήνικός","lemma":"Γρήνικος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Granicus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Αἴσηπος","lemma":"Αἴσηπος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Aesepus"},{"surface":"δῖός","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Σκάμανδρος","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Σκάμανδρος","lemma":"Σκάμανδρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Scamander"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b12-l22","source":"καὶ Σιμόεις, ὅθι πολλὰ βοάγρια καὶ τρυφάλειαι","translation":"and Simoeis, where many oxhide shields and helmets","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l22.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Σιμόεις","lemma":"Σιμόεις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Simoeis"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κάππεσον","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies βοάγρια","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"βοάγρια","lemma":"βοάγριον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"oxhide shields"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τρυφάλειαι","lemma":"τρυφάλεια","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"helmets"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b12-l23","source":"κάππεσον ἐν κονίῃσι καὶ ἡμιθέων γένος ἀνδρῶν·","translation":"fell in the dust, and the race of demigod men.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l23.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κάππεσον","lemma":"καταπίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Σιμόεις","gloss":"fell down","note":"the compound’s first element is assimilated in this epic form"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κονίῃσι","lemma":"κονία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the dust"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἡμιθέων","lemma":"ἡμίθεος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"of demigods"},{"surface":"γένος","lemma":"γένος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies γένος","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b12-l24","source":"τῶν πάντων ὁμόσε στόματʼ ἔτραπε Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων,","translation":"Phoebus Apollo turned the mouths of all these together,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies στόματ̓","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τῶν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὁμόσε","lemma":"ὁμόσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔτραπε","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"στόματ","lemma":"στόμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔτραπε","gloss":"river mouths"},{"surface":"ἔτραπε","lemma":"τρέπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"Φοῖβος","lemma":"Φοῖβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔτραπε","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b12-l25","source":"ἐννῆμαρ δʼ ἐς τεῖχος ἵει ῥόον· ὗε δʼ ἄρα Ζεὺς","translation":"and for nine days drove their flood against the wall; and Zeus rained","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐννῆμαρ","title":"For nine days","body":"ἐννῆμαρ compresses the number and the word for day into a single epic form, meaning for nine days. The sustained flood turns the gods' destruction of the wall into a deliberate work rather than one sudden blow."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐννῆμαρ","lemma":"ἐννῆμαρ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵει","gloss":"for nine days","note":"a compressed epic adverb meaning “for nine days”"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ἵει","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"ῥόον","lemma":"ῥόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἵει","gloss":"their flood"},{"surface":"ὗε","lemma":"ὕω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rained"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὗε","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b12-l26","source":"συνεχές, ὄφρά κε θᾶσσον ἁλίπλοα τείχεα θείη.","translation":"without cease, to make the walls sea-washed all the sooner.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l26.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"συνεχές","lemma":"συνεχής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὗε","gloss":"without cease"},{"surface":"ὄφρά","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"θᾶσσον","lemma":"θάσσων","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"adverbial to θείη","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"ἁλίπλοα","lemma":"ἁλίπλοος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"complement of θείη","gloss":"sea-washed"},{"surface":"τείχεα","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of θείη","gloss":"the walls"},{"surface":"θείη","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρά","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b12-l27","source":"αὐτὸς δʼ ἐννοσίγαιος ἔχων χείρεσσι τρίαιναν","translation":"The Earth-shaker himself, holding his trident in his hands,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l27.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐννοσίγαιος","title":"The Earth-shaker","body":"ἐννοσίγαιος is a standing title of Poseidon, the god who shakes the earth. Here the epithet suits the physical work exactly: with his trident he tears up and removes the wall's foundations."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐννοσίγαιος","lemma":"Ἐννοσίγαιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"Earth-shaker"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἡγεῖτ̓","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"χείρεσσι","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"in his hands"},{"surface":"τρίαιναν","lemma":"τρίαινα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"trident"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b12-l28","source":"ἡγεῖτʼ, ἐκ δʼ ἄρα πάντα θεμείλια κύμασι πέμπε","translation":"led the work, and sent all the foundations into the waves,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l28.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡγεῖτ","lemma":"ἡγέομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led the work"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies θεμείλια","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"θεμείλια","lemma":"θέμεθλα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πέμπε","gloss":"foundations"},{"surface":"κύμασι","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πέμπε","gloss":"the waves"},{"surface":"πέμπε","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b12-l29","source":"φιτρῶν καὶ λάων, τὰ θέσαν μογέοντες Ἀχαιοί,","translation":"the beams and stones the Achaeans had laid down with toil,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l29.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φιτρῶν","lemma":"φιτρός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"beams"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λάων","lemma":"λᾶας","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of θέσαν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"θέσαν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θεμείλια","gloss":"had laid"},{"surface":"μογέοντες","lemma":"μογέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to θέσαν","gloss":"toiling"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of θέσαν","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b12-l30","source":"λεῖα δʼ ἐποίησεν παρʼ ἀγάρροον Ἑλλήσποντον,","translation":"and made all smooth beside the strong-flowing Hellespont;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l30.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λεῖα","lemma":"λεῖος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"complement of ἐποίησεν","gloss":"smooth"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐποίησεν","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ἀγάρροον","lemma":"ἀγάρροος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἑλλήσποντον","gloss":"strong-flowing"},{"surface":"Ἑλλήσποντον","lemma":"Ἑλλήσποντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to παῤ","gloss":"Hellespont"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b12-l31","source":"αὖτις δʼ ἠϊόνα μεγάλην ψαμάθοισι κάλυψε","translation":"then covered the broad shore again with sand","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l31.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠϊόνα","lemma":"ἠιών","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κάλυψε","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"μεγάλην","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠϊόνα","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"ψαμάθοισι","lemma":"ψάμαθος","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of κάλυψε","gloss":"with sand"},{"surface":"κάλυψε","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"covered"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b12-l32","source":"τεῖχος ἀμαλδύνας· ποταμοὺς δʼ ἔτρεψε νέεσθαι","translation":"after obliterating the wall, and turned the rivers back","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l32.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀμαλδύνας","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ἀμαλδύνας","lemma":"ἀμαλδύνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κάλυψε","gloss":"after obliterating"},{"surface":"ποταμοὺς","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔτρεψε","gloss":"the rivers"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτρεψε","lemma":"τρέπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"νέεσθαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἔτρεψε","gloss":"to return"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b12-l33","source":"κὰρ ῥόον, ᾗ περ πρόσθεν ἵεν καλλίρροον ὕδωρ.","translation":"into the channels where their fair-flowing water had run before.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l33.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κὰρ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ῥόον","lemma":"ῥόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κὰρ","gloss":"their channels"},{"surface":"ᾗ","lemma":"ᾗ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἵεν","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵεν","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἵεν","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ῥόον","gloss":"had flowed"},{"surface":"καλλίρροον","lemma":"καλλίρρους","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"fair-flowing"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἵεν","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b12-l34","source":"ὣς ἄρʼ ἔμελλον ὄπισθε Ποσειδάων καὶ Ἀπόλλων","translation":"So Poseidon and Apollo were to bring this about in time to come;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l34.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔμελλον","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔμελλον","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were destined"},{"surface":"ὄπισθε","lemma":"ὄπισθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔμελλον","gloss":"in time to come"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b12-l35","source":"θησέμεναι· τότε δʼ ἀμφὶ μάχη ἐνοπή τε δεδήει","translation":"but then battle and war-cry blazed around","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l35.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θησέμεναι","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ἔμελλον","gloss":"to bring about"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"μάχη","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"ἐνοπή","lemma":"ἐνοπή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"war-cry"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δεδήει","lemma":"δαίω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"blazed"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b12-l36","source":"τεῖχος ἐΰδμητον, κανάχιζε δὲ δούρατα πύργων","translation":"the well-built wall, and the timbers of the towers clattered","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l36.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δεδήει","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ἐΰδμητον","lemma":"εὔδμητος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"κανάχιζε","lemma":"καναχίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"clattered"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δούρατα","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of κανάχιζε","gloss":"timbers"},{"surface":"πύργων","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies δούρατα","gloss":"of the towers"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b12-l37","source":"βαλλόμενʼ· Ἀργεῖοι δὲ Διὸς μάστιγι δαμέντες","translation":"under blows. The Argives, beaten down by the scourge of Zeus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l37.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βαλλόμεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural neuter","role":"adverbial to κανάχιζε","gloss":"under blows"},{"surface":"Ἀργεῖοι","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἰσχανόωντο","gloss":"Argives"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μάστιγι","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"μάστιγι","lemma":"μάστιξ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of δαμέντες","gloss":"by the scourge"},{"surface":"δαμέντες","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἰσχανόωντο","gloss":"beaten down"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b12-l38","source":"νηυσὶν ἔπι γλαφυρῇσιν ἐελμένοι ἰσχανόωντο","translation":"were penned beside the hollow ships and held there,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l38.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηυσὶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔπι","gloss":"beside the ships"},{"surface":"ἔπι","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"γλαφυρῇσιν","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶν","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἐελμένοι","lemma":"εἴλω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἰσχανόωντο","gloss":"penned in"},{"surface":"ἰσχανόωντο","lemma":"ἰσχανάω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were held"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b12-l39","source":"Ἕκτορα δειδιότες, κρατερὸν μήστωρα φόβοιο·","translation":"fearing Hector, mighty deviser of rout;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κρατερὸν μήστωρα φόβοιο","title":"Mighty deviser of rout","body":"μήστωρ is a deviser or contriver, while φόβος in battle is rout, the panic that turns an army to flight. The epithet credits Hector not merely with strength but with creating collapse in enemy ranks."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δειδιότες","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἰσχανόωντο","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"κρατερὸν","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μήστωρα","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"μήστωρα","lemma":"μήστωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"deviser"},{"surface":"φόβοιο","lemma":"φόβος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μήστωρα","gloss":"of rout"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b12-l40","source":"αὐτὰρ ὅ γʼ ὡς τὸ πρόσθεν ἐμάρνατο ἶσος ἀέλλῃ·","translation":"and as before, he fought equal to a storm.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l40.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐμάρνατο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πρόσθεν","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἐμάρνατο","lemma":"μάρναμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fought"},{"surface":"ἶσος","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"ἀέλλῃ","lemma":"ἄελλα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἶσος","gloss":"to a storm"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b12-l41","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἂν ἔν τε κύνεσσι καὶ ἀνδράσι θηρευτῇσι","translation":"As when among dogs and hunting men","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ἔν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"κύνεσσι","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνδράσι","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"θηρευτῇσι","lemma":"θηρευτής","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδράσι","gloss":"hunters"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b12-l42","source":"κάπριος ἠὲ λέων στρέφεται σθένεϊ βλεμεαίνων·","translation":"a boar or lion wheels about, exulting in his strength,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l42.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κάπριος","lemma":"κάπριος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"boar"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἠέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"λέων","lemma":"λέων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"lion"},{"surface":"στρέφεται","lemma":"στρέφω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"wheels about"},{"surface":"σθένεϊ","lemma":"σθένος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βλεμεαίνων","gloss":"in his strength"},{"surface":"βλεμεαίνων","lemma":"βλεμεαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to στρέφεται","gloss":"exulting"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b12-l43","source":"οἳ δέ τε πυργηδὸν σφέας αὐτοὺς ἀρτύναντες","translation":"and they marshal themselves in ranks like a tower","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l43.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πυργηδὸν","title":"Like a tower","body":"πυργηδόν is an adverb: the hunters arrange themselves tower-fashion. Their dense human formation anticipates the literal towers and wall around which the present battle is being fought."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πυργηδὸν","lemma":"πυργηδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀρτύναντες","gloss":"tower-fashion","note":"the adverb likens the hunters’ close formation to a tower"},{"surface":"σφέας","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀρτύναντες","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"αὐτοὺς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σφέας","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"ἀρτύναντες","lemma":"ἀρτύνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἵστανται","gloss":"having marshaled"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b12-l44","source":"ἀντίον ἵστανται καὶ ἀκοντίζουσι θαμειὰς","translation":"and stand against him, casting thick-falling","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l44.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντίον","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἵστανται","gloss":"against him"},{"surface":"ἵστανται","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀκοντίζουσι","lemma":"ἀκοντίζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"θαμειὰς","lemma":"θαμέες","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἰχμὰς","gloss":"thick-falling"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b12-l45","source":"αἰχμὰς ἐκ χειρῶν· τοῦ δʼ οὔ ποτε κυδάλιμον κῆρ","translation":"spears from their hands; yet his glorious heart never","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l45.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰχμὰς","lemma":"αἰχμή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀκοντίζουσι","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"χειρῶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"their hands"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κῆρ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ταρβεῖ","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"κυδάλιμον","lemma":"κυδάλιμος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῆρ","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ταρβεῖ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b12-l46","source":"ταρβεῖ οὐδὲ φοβεῖται, ἀγηνορίη δέ μιν ἔκτα·","translation":"quails or fears, and his own high spirit kills him;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l46.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταρβεῖ","lemma":"ταρβέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"quails"},{"surface":"φοβεῖται","lemma":"φοβέω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"fears"},{"surface":"ἀγηνορίη","lemma":"ἀγηνορία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔκτα","gloss":"high spirit"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔκτα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔκτα","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"kills"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b12-l47","source":"ταρφέα τε στρέφεται στίχας ἀνδρῶν πειρητίζων·","translation":"again and again he wheels and tries the ranks of men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l47.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταρφέα","lemma":"ταρφύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to στρέφεται","gloss":"again and again"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στρέφεται","lemma":"στρέφω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"he wheels"},{"surface":"στίχας","lemma":"στίξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of πειρητίζων","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies στίχας","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"πειρητίζων","lemma":"πειρητίζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to στρέφεται","gloss":"testing"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b12-l48","source":"ὅππῃ τʼ ἰθύσῃ τῇ εἴκουσι στίχες ἀνδρῶν·","translation":"and wherever he charges, there the ranks of men give way;","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l48.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅππῃ","lemma":"ὅπη","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἰθύσῃ","gloss":"wherever"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰθύσῃ","lemma":"ἰθύω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τῇ","gloss":"he charges"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"τῇ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of εἴκουσι","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"εἴκουσι","lemma":"εἴκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"give way"},{"surface":"στίχες","lemma":"στίξ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of εἴκουσι","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies στίχες","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b12-l49","source":"ὣς Ἕκτωρ ἀνʼ ὅμιλον ἰὼν ἐλλίσσεθʼ ἑταίρους","translation":"so Hector, moving through the throng, pleaded with his companions","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l49.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλλίσσεθ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐλλίσσεθ̓","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ἀν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀν̓","gloss":"the throng"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐλλίσσεθ̓","gloss":"moving"},{"surface":"ἐλλίσσεθ","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pleaded with"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of διαβαινέμεν","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b12-l50","source":"τάφρον ἐποτρύνων διαβαινέμεν· οὐδέ οἱ ἵπποι","translation":"and urged them to cross the trench; but his horses","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l50.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τάφρον","lemma":"τάφρος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of διαβαινέμεν","gloss":"trench"},{"surface":"ἐποτρύνων","lemma":"ἐποτρύνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐλλίσσεθ̓","gloss":"urging"},{"surface":"διαβαινέμεν","lemma":"διαβαίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐποτρύνων","gloss":"to cross"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ἵπποι","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τόλμων","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b12-l51","source":"τόλμων ὠκύποδες, μάλα δὲ χρεμέτιζον ἐπʼ ἄκρῳ","translation":"did not dare, swift-footed though they were, but neighed loudly as they stood","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόλμων","lemma":"τολμάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did not dare"},{"surface":"ὠκύποδες","lemma":"ὠκύπους","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"swift-footed"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χρεμέτιζον","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"χρεμέτιζον","lemma":"χρεμετίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"neighed loudly"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ἄκρῳ","lemma":"ἄκρος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies χείλει","gloss":"the very"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b12-l52","source":"χείλει ἐφεσταότες· ἀπὸ γὰρ δειδίσσετο τάφρος","translation":"on its very lip, for the trench before them struck fear into them,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l52.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χείλει","lemma":"χεῖλος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπ̓","gloss":"lip"},{"surface":"ἐφεσταότες","lemma":"ἐφίστημι","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to χρεμέτιζον","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"before them"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"δειδίσσετο","lemma":"δειδίσσομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"frightened them"},{"surface":"τάφρος","lemma":"τάφρος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δειδίσσετο","gloss":"trench"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b12-l53","source":"εὐρεῖʼ, οὔτʼ ἄρʼ ὑπερθορέειν σχεδὸν οὔτε περῆσαι","translation":"wide as it was, neither easy to leap across at close range nor to pass through.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l53.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐρεῖ","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τάφρος","gloss":"wide","note":"Elided form of εὐρεῖα, feminine to agree with τάφρος 'trench,' named earlier in the sentence."},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὑπερθορέειν","lemma":"ὑπερθρώσκω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"modifies","gloss":"to leap across"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑπερθορέειν","gloss":"at close range"},{"surface":"οὔτε","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"περῆσαι","lemma":"περάω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"modifies ῥηϊδίη","gloss":"to pass through","note":"Depends on an adjective 'easy' (ῥηϊδίη) not included in this excerpt: '(not) easy to pass through.'"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b12-l54","source":"ῥηϊδίη· κρημνοὶ γὰρ ἐπηρεφέες περὶ πᾶσαν","translation":"For overhanging banks stood all around it","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l54.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥηϊδίη","lemma":"ῥᾴδιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"κρημνοὶ","lemma":"κρημνός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕστασαν","gloss":"banks"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐπηρεφέες","lemma":"ἐπηρεφής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κρημνοὶ","gloss":"overhanging"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"πᾶσαν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"all of it"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b12-l55","source":"ἕστασαν ἀμφοτέρωθεν, ὕπερθεν δὲ σκολόπεσσιν","translation":"on either side, and above it bristled with","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l55.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕστασαν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕστασαν","gloss":"on either side"},{"surface":"ὕπερθεν","lemma":"ὕπερθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠρήρει","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σκολόπεσσιν","lemma":"σκόλοψ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠρήρει","gloss":"with stakes"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b12-l56","source":"ὀξέσιν ἠρήρει, τοὺς ἵστασαν υἷες Ἀχαιῶν","translation":"sharp stakes, which the sons of the Achaeans had planted","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l56.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀξέσιν","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σκολόπεσσιν","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"ἠρήρει","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bristled"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἵστασαν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ἵστασαν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σκολόπεσσιν","gloss":"had planted"},{"surface":"υἷες","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἵστασαν","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷες","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b12-l57","source":"πυκνοὺς καὶ μεγάλους δηΐων ἀνδρῶν ἀλεωρήν.","translation":"close and tall as a defense against enemy men.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πυκνοὺς","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μεγάλους","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"δηΐων","lemma":"δάιος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"enemy"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀλεωρήν","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἀλεωρήν","lemma":"ἀλεωρή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as defense"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b12-l58","source":"ἔνθʼ οὔ κεν ῥέα ἵππος ἐΰτροχον ἅρμα τιταίνων","translation":"No horse drawing a smooth-running chariot could easily","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l58.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"οὔ κεν ῥέα ἵππος","title":"A potential optative","body":"The particle κεν with the optative ἐσβαίη presents what a horse could or could not do under these conditions. The construction makes the impossibility practical and immediate: no chariot team could readily enter this trench."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐσβαίη","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ῥέα","lemma":"ῥέα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐσβαίη","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"ἵππος","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐσβαίη","gloss":"a horse"},{"surface":"ἐΰτροχον","lemma":"εὔτροχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἅρμα","gloss":"smooth-running"},{"surface":"ἅρμα","lemma":"ἅρμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τιταίνων","gloss":"chariot"},{"surface":"τιταίνων","lemma":"τιταίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐσβαίη","gloss":"drawing"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b12-l59","source":"ἐσβαίη, πεζοὶ δὲ μενοίνεον εἰ τελέουσι.","translation":"enter there, but the foot soldiers were eager to see if they could accomplish it.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l59.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσβαίη","lemma":"εἰσβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"enter"},{"surface":"πεζοὶ","lemma":"πεζός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of μενοίνεον","gloss":"foot soldiers"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μενοίνεον","lemma":"μενοινάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were eager"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"τελέουσι","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of εἰ","gloss":"they could accomplish"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b12-l60","source":"δὴ τότε Πουλυδάμας θρασὺν Ἕκτορα εἶπε παραστάς·","translation":"Then Polydamas stood beside bold Hector and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l60.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἶπε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Πουλυδάμας","lemma":"Πουλυδάμας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶπε","gloss":"Polydamas"},{"surface":"θρασὺν","lemma":"θρασύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτορα","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἶπε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"εἶπε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"παραστάς","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἶπε","gloss":"standing beside"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b12-l61","source":"Ἕκτορ τʼ ἠδʼ ἄλλοι Τρώων ἀγοὶ ἠδʼ ἐπικούρων","translation":"\"Hector, and you other leaders of the Trojans and their allies,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l61.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀγοὶ","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἠδ̓","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἀγοὶ","lemma":"ἀγός","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπικούρων","lemma":"ἐπίκουρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδ̓","gloss":"allies"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b12-l62","source":"ἀφραδέως διὰ τάφρον ἐλαύνομεν ὠκέας ἵππους·","translation":"we are thoughtlessly driving our swift horses across the trench.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l62.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀφραδέως","lemma":"ἀφραδής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλαύνομεν","gloss":"thoughtlessly"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"τάφρον","lemma":"τάφρος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"trench"},{"surface":"ἐλαύνομεν","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we are driving"},{"surface":"ὠκέας","lemma":"ὠκύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵππους","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐλαύνομεν","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b12-l63","source":"ἣ δὲ μάλʼ ἀργαλέη περάαν· σκόλοπες γὰρ ἐν αὐτῇ","translation":"It is very hard to cross: sharp stakes stand","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l63.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἀργαλέη","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"περάαν","lemma":"περάω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"modifies ἀργαλέη","gloss":"to cross"},{"surface":"σκόλοπες","lemma":"σκόλοψ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἑστᾶσιν","gloss":"stakes"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"αὐτῇ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b12-l64","source":"ὀξέες ἑστᾶσιν, ποτὶ δʼ αὐτοὺς τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν,","translation":"within it, and close beyond them is the wall of the Achaeans.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l64.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀξέες","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σκόλοπες","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"ἑστᾶσιν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"close beyond"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοὺς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ποτὶ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b12-l65","source":"ἔνθʼ οὔ πως ἔστιν καταβήμεναι οὐδὲ μάχεσθαι","translation":"There is no way for charioteers to descend or fight","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l65.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"ἔστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"is possible"},{"surface":"καταβήμεναι","lemma":"καθάπτω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"subject of ἔστιν","gloss":"to descend"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b12-l66","source":"ἱππεῦσι· στεῖνος γάρ, ὅθι τρώσεσθαι ὀΐω.","translation":"there; the ground is narrow, and I think we will be wounded.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l66.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱππεῦσι","lemma":"ἱππεύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μάχεσθαι","gloss":"for charioteers"},{"surface":"στεῖνος","lemma":"στεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"narrow ground"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀΐω","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"τρώσεσθαι","lemma":"τιτρώσκω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ὀΐω","gloss":"we will be wounded"},{"surface":"ὀΐω","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing στεῖνος","gloss":"i think"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b12-l67","source":"εἰ μὲν γὰρ τοὺς πάγχυ κακὰ φρονέων ἀλαπάζει","translation":"If, bent wholly on evil for them, he is crushing the Achaeans,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l67.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀλαπάζει","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"πάγχυ","lemma":"πάγχυ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀλαπάζει","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to φρονέων","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"φρονέων","lemma":"φρονέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀλαπάζει","gloss":"intending"},{"surface":"ἀλαπάζει","lemma":"ἀλαπάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"is crushing"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b12-l68","source":"Ζεὺς ὑψιβρεμέτης, Τρώεσσι δὲ ἵετʼ ἀρήγειν,","translation":"Zeus who thunders on high, and longs to aid the Trojans,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l68.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"ὑψιβρεμέτης","lemma":"ὑψιβρεμέτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεὺς","gloss":"high-thundering"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀρήγειν","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἵετ","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"longs"},{"surface":"ἀρήγειν","lemma":"ἀρήγω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἵετ̓","gloss":"to aid"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b12-l69","source":"ἦ τʼ ἂν ἔγωγʼ ἐθέλοιμι καὶ αὐτίκα τοῦτο γενέσθαι,","translation":"then I myself would wish this to happen here and now:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l69.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἔγωγ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐθέλοιμι","gloss":"i myself"},{"surface":"ἐθέλοιμι","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would wish"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γενέσθαι","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"τοῦτο","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"γενέσθαι","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλοιμι","gloss":"to happen"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b12-l70","source":"νωνύμνους ἀπολέσθαι ἀπʼ Ἄργεος ἐνθάδʼ Ἀχαιούς·","translation":"for the Achaeans to perish nameless here, far from Argos.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l70.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νωνύμνους","title":"To perish nameless","body":"νωνύμνους means without a name, and therefore without the fame that keeps a warrior's name alive. Polydamas imagines not only Achaean death far from home but the erasure of their heroic memory."}],"words":[{"surface":"νωνύμνους","lemma":"νώνυμνος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"nameless","note":"the adjective means deprived not only of a name but of enduring heroic fame"},{"surface":"ἀπολέσθαι","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"to perish"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ἄργεος","lemma":"Ἄργος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπ̓","gloss":"Argos"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπολέσθαι","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιούς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἀπολέσθαι","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b12-l71","source":"εἰ δέ χʼ ὑποστρέψωσι, παλίωξις δὲ γένηται","translation":"But if they turn upon us and a counter-pursuit begins","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l71.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"χ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"ὑποστρέψωσι","lemma":"ὑποστρέφω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"turn upon us"},{"surface":"παλίωξις","lemma":"παλίωξις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γένηται","gloss":"counter-pursuit"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γένηται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"begins"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b12-l72","source":"ἐκ νηῶν καὶ τάφρῳ ἐνιπλήξωμεν ὀρυκτῇ,","translation":"from the ships, and we crash into the dug trench,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νηῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ἐκ","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τάφρῳ","lemma":"τάφρος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνιπλήξωμεν","gloss":"into the trench"},{"surface":"ἐνιπλήξωμεν","lemma":"ἐμπλήσσω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"we crash"},{"surface":"ὀρυκτῇ","lemma":"ὀρυκτός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τάφρῳ","gloss":"dug"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b12-l73","source":"οὐκέτʼ ἔπειτʼ ὀΐω οὐδʼ ἄγγελον ἀπονέεσθαι","translation":"then I think not even a messenger will make his way back","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l73.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκέτ","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπονέεσθαι","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπονέεσθαι","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὀΐω","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"i think"},{"surface":"ἄγγελον","lemma":"ἄγγελος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"even a messenger"},{"surface":"ἀπονέεσθαι","lemma":"ἀπονέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ὀΐω","gloss":"will make it back"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b12-l74","source":"ἄψορρον προτὶ ἄστυ ἑλιχθέντων ὑπʼ Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"again toward the city, once the Achaeans wheel upon us.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄψορρον","lemma":"ἄψορρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀπονέεσθαι","gloss":"back again"},{"surface":"προτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προτὶ","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"ἑλιχθέντων","lemma":"ἑλίσσω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"once driven back"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπ̓","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b12-l75","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγεθʼ ὡς ἂν ἐγὼ εἴπω πειθώμεθα πάντες·","translation":"Come, then, let all of us obey as I shall say:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀλλʼ ἄγεθʼ ὡς ἂν ἐγὼ εἴπω πειθώμεθα πάντες","title":"An inherited counsel formula","body":"This entire Greek line recurs in earlier councils, and the English repeats the accepted wording exactly. The fixed invitation gives Polydamas' tactical proposal the familiar shape of formal heroic counsel."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγεθ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπω","gloss":"i"},{"surface":"εἴπω","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"πειθώμεθα","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us obey","note":"the full line is an inherited formula introducing formal heroic counsel"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of πειθώμεθα","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b12-l76","source":"ἵππους μὲν θεράποντες ἐρυκόντων ἐπὶ τάφρῳ,","translation":"let the attendants hold the horses here beside the trench,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l76.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐρυκόντων","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"θεράποντες","lemma":"θεράπων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐρυκόντων","gloss":"attendants"},{"surface":"ἐρυκόντων","lemma":"ἐρύκω","morphology":"present active imperative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let them hold"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"τάφρῳ","lemma":"τάφρος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the trench"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b12-l77","source":"αὐτοὶ δὲ πρυλέες σὺν τεύχεσι θωρηχθέντες","translation":"while we ourselves, foot fighters armed in our war gear,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l77.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πρυλέες","title":"Fighting on foot","body":"πρυλέες here denotes warriors fighting on foot in ordered ranks. Polydamas is not ordering a retreat: he is changing the assault from chariot warfare to a massed infantry advance."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοὶ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"we ourselves"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πρυλέες","lemma":"πρυλέες","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἑπώμεθ̓","gloss":"foot fighters"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"τεύχεσι","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of σὺν","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"θωρηχθέντες","lemma":"θωρήσσω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἑπώμεθ̓","gloss":"armed"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b12-l78","source":"Ἕκτορι πάντες ἑπώμεθʼ ἀολλέες· αὐτὰρ Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"all follow Hector in one mass; and the Achaeans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l78.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορι","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἑπώμεθ̓","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πρυλέες","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἑπώμεθ","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us follow"},{"surface":"ἀολλέες","lemma":"ἀολλής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in one mass"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of μενέουσ̓","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b12-l79","source":"οὐ μενέουσʼ εἰ δή σφιν ὀλέθρου πείρατʼ ἐφῆπται.","translation":"will not stand if the cords of destruction have been fastened upon them.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l79.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μενέουσ","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will stand"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐφῆπται","gloss":"upon them"},{"surface":"ὀλέθρου","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πείρατ̓","gloss":"of destruction"},{"surface":"πείρατ","lemma":"πεῖραρ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐφῆπται","gloss":"cords"},{"surface":"ἐφῆπται","lemma":"ἐφάπτω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"have been fastened"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b12-l80","source":"ὣς φάτο Πουλυδάμας, ἅδε δʼ Ἕκτορι μῦθος ἀπήμων,","translation":"So Polydamas spoke, and his harmless counsel pleased Hector,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l80.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μῦθος ἀπήμων","title":"Harmless counsel","body":"ἀπήμων means harmless or free from hurt. The adjective praises the counsel itself: Hector recognizes that Polydamas' plan avoids the danger posed by the trench."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"Πουλυδάμας","lemma":"Πουλυδάμας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φάτο","gloss":"Polydamas"},{"surface":"ἅδε","lemma":"ἁνδάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pleased"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορι","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἅδε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"μῦθος","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἅδε","gloss":"counsel"},{"surface":"ἀπήμων","lemma":"ἀπήμων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μῦθος","gloss":"harmless","note":"the adjective praises the counsel as free from the danger posed by the trench"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b12-l81","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ ἐξ ὀχέων σὺν τεύχεσιν ἆλτο χαμᾶζε.","translation":"and at once he leapt to the ground from his chariot in his armor.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l81.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἆλτο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὀχέων","lemma":"ὄχος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"his chariot"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"τεύχεσιν","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"ἆλτο","lemma":"ἅλλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leapt"},{"surface":"χαμᾶζε","lemma":"χαμᾶζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἆλτο","gloss":"to the ground"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b12-l82","source":"οὐδὲ μὲν ἄλλοι Τρῶες ἐφʼ ἵππων ἠγερέθοντο,","translation":"Nor did the other Trojans remain gathered on their horses,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l82.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"nor indeed"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρῶες","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠγερέθοντο","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"ἐφ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ἵππων","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφ̓","gloss":"their horses"},{"surface":"ἠγερέθοντο","lemma":"ἠγερέθομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"remained gathered"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b12-l83","source":"ἀλλʼ ἀπὸ πάντες ὄρουσαν, ἐπεὶ ἴδον Ἕκτορα δῖον.","translation":"but all sprang down when they saw godlike Hector.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l83.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ὄρουσαν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὄρουσαν","lemma":"ὀρούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"they saw"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἴδον","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δῖον","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτορα","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b12-l84","source":"ἡνιόχῳ μὲν ἔπειτα ἑῷ ἐπέτελλεν ἕκαστος","translation":"Then each man ordered his own charioteer","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l84.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡνιόχῳ","lemma":"ἡνίοχος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπέτελλεν","gloss":"his charioteer"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπέτελλεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἑῷ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἡνιόχῳ","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ἐπέτελλεν","lemma":"ἐπιτέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"ἕκαστος","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐπέτελλεν","gloss":"each man"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b12-l85","source":"ἵππους εὖ κατὰ κόσμον ἐρυκέμεν αὖθʼ ἐπὶ τάφρῳ·","translation":"to hold the horses well and in due order there beside the trench.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l85.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐρυκέμεν","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρυκέμεν","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κόσμον","lemma":"κόσμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"due order"},{"surface":"ἐρυκέμεν","lemma":"ἐρύκω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐπέτελλεν","gloss":"to hold"},{"surface":"αὖθ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐρυκέμεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"τάφρῳ","lemma":"τάφρος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the trench"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b12-l86","source":"οἳ δὲ διαστάντες σφέας αὐτοὺς ἀρτύναντες","translation":"They parted company, marshaled themselves,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l86.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕποντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διαστάντες","lemma":"διίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕποντο","gloss":"having separated"},{"surface":"σφέας","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀρτύναντες","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"αὐτοὺς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"ἀρτύναντες","lemma":"ἀρτύνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕποντο","gloss":"having marshaled"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b12-l87","source":"πένταχα κοσμηθέντες ἅμʼ ἡγεμόνεσσιν ἕποντο.","translation":"and formed in five divisions, then followed their leaders.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l87.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πένταχα κοσμηθέντες","title":"Arrayed fivefold","body":"πένταχα means in five parts, while κοσμηθέντες describes being put into ordered array. The following catalogue names the commanders of each of these five infantry companies."}],"words":[{"surface":"πένταχα","lemma":"πένταχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κοσμηθέντες","gloss":"in five divisions","note":"the adverb means “in five parts,” introducing the five-company catalogue"},{"surface":"κοσμηθέντες","lemma":"κοσμέω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕποντο","gloss":"formed up"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἡγεμόνεσσιν","lemma":"ἡγεμών","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἅμ̓","gloss":"their leaders"},{"surface":"ἕποντο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"followed"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b12-l88","source":"οἳ μὲν ἅμʼ Ἕκτορʼ ἴσαν καὶ ἀμύμονι Πουλυδάμαντι,","translation":"One company went with Hector and blameless Polydamas,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l88.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴσαν","gloss":"one company"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ἴσαν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονι","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies Πουλυδάμαντι","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"Πουλυδάμαντι","lemma":"Πουλυδάμας","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Polydamas"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b12-l89","source":"οἳ πλεῖστοι καὶ ἄριστοι ἔσαν, μέμασαν δὲ μάλιστα","translation":"the most numerous and best, and the most eager","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l89.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"πλεῖστοι","lemma":"πλεῖστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"most numerous"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"ἔσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"μέμασαν","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"were eager"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μέμασαν","gloss":"most"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b12-l90","source":"τεῖχος ῥηξάμενοι κοίλῃς ἐπὶ νηυσὶ μάχεσθαι.","translation":"to break through the wall and fight beside the hollow ships.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l90.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ῥηξάμενοι","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ῥηξάμενοι","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to μάχεσθαι","gloss":"to break through"},{"surface":"κοίλῃς","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶ","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of μέμασαν","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b12-l91","source":"καί σφιν Κεβριόνης τρίτος εἵπετο· πὰρ δʼ ἄρʼ ὄχεσφιν","translation":"Cebriones followed them as the third commander; but beside the chariot","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l91.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἵπετο","gloss":"with them"},{"surface":"Κεβριόνης","lemma":"Κεβριόνης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἵπετο","gloss":"Cebriones"},{"surface":"τρίτος","lemma":"τρίτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as third"},{"surface":"εἵπετο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"πὰρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὄχεσφιν","lemma":"ὄχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πὰρ","gloss":"the chariot"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b12-l92","source":"ἄλλον Κεβριόναο χερείονα κάλλιπεν Ἕκτωρ.","translation":"Hector left another man, less capable than Cebriones.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l92.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of κάλλιπεν","gloss":"another man"},{"surface":"Κεβριόναο","lemma":"Κεβριόνης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies χερείονα","gloss":"than Cebriones"},{"surface":"χερείονα","lemma":"χερείων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"modifies ἄλλον","gloss":"less capable"},{"surface":"κάλλιπεν","lemma":"καταλείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κάλλιπεν","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b12-l93","source":"τῶν δʼ ἑτέρων Πάρις ἦρχε καὶ Ἀλκάθοος καὶ Ἀγήνωρ,","translation":"The second company was led by Paris, Alcathous, and Agenor;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l93.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἑτέρων","gloss":"of the others"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτέρων","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἦρχε","gloss":"second company"},{"surface":"Πάρις","lemma":"Πάρις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"ἦρχε","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀλκάθοος","lemma":"Ἀλκάθοος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Alcathous"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"Ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Agenor"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b12-l94","source":"τῶν δὲ τρίτων Ἕλενος καὶ Δηΐφοβος θεοειδὴς","translation":"the third by Helenus and godlike Deiphobus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l94.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine article","role":"modifies τρίτων","gloss":"of the third"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τρίτων","lemma":"τρίτος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"Ἕλενος","lemma":"Ἕλενος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Helenus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Δηΐφοβος","lemma":"Δηίφοβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Deiphobus"},{"surface":"θεοειδὴς","lemma":"θεοειδής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Δηΐφοβος","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b12-l95","source":"υἷε δύω Πριάμοιο· τρίτος δʼ ἦν Ἄσιος ἥρως","translation":"two sons of Priam; and with them the hero Asius,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l95.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"υἷε","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies υἷε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἷε","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"τρίτος","lemma":"τρίτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"as third"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Ἄσιος","lemma":"Ἄσιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"Asius"},{"surface":"ἥρως","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἄσιος","gloss":"hero"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b12-l96","source":"Ἄσιος Ὑρτακίδης, ὃν Ἀρίσβηθεν φέρον ἵπποι","translation":"Asius, son of Hyrtacus, whom from Arisbe his horses bore,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l96.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἄσιος","lemma":"Ἄσιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"Asius"},{"surface":"Ὑρτακίδης","lemma":"Ὑρτακίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἄσιος","gloss":"son of Hyrtacus"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φέρον","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Ἀρίσβηθεν","lemma":"Ἀρίσβη","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of φέρον","gloss":"from Arisbe"},{"surface":"φέρον","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἄσιος","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"ἵπποι","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of φέρον","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b12-l97","source":"αἴθωνες μεγάλοι ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος.","translation":"fiery and great, from the river Selleis.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l97.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"αἴθωνες μεγάλοι ποταμοῦ ἄπο Σελλήεντος","title":"A repeated catalogue line","body":"This Greek line is identical to Iliad 2.839, where Asius and his horses first enter the Trojan catalogue. Its accepted English therefore returns unchanged here."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἴθωνες","lemma":"αἴθων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"fiery"},{"surface":"μεγάλοι","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ποταμοῦ","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄπο","gloss":"the river"},{"surface":"ἄπο","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Σελλήεντος","lemma":"Σελλήεις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποταμοῦ","gloss":"Selleis"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b12-l98","source":"τῶν δὲ τετάρτων ἦρχεν ἐῢς πάϊς Ἀγχίσαο","translation":"The fourth company was led by the noble son of Anchises,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l98.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine article","role":"modifies τετάρτων","gloss":"of the fourth"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τετάρτων","lemma":"τέταρτος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἦρχεν","gloss":"company"},{"surface":"ἦρχεν","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"ἐῢς","lemma":"ἐύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πάϊς","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Ἀγχίσαο","lemma":"Ἀγχίσης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πάϊς","gloss":"of Anchises"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b12-l99","source":"Αἰνείας, ἅμα τῷ γε δύω Ἀντήνορος υἷε","translation":"Aeneas, and with him the two sons of Antenor,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l99.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰνείας","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἅμα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies υἷε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"Ἀντήνορος","lemma":"Ἀντήνωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἷε","gloss":"of Antenor"},{"surface":"υἷε","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative dual masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"sons"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b12-l100","source":"Ἀρχέλοχός τʼ Ἀκάμας τε μάχης εὖ εἰδότε πάσης.","translation":"Archelochus and Acamas, well versed in every kind of battle.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l100.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀρχέλοχός","lemma":"Ἀρχέλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Archelochus"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀκάμας","lemma":"Ἀκάμας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Acamas"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάχης","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰδότε","gloss":"in battle"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰδότε","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"εἰδότε","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"modifies","gloss":"well versed"},{"surface":"πάσης","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μάχης","gloss":"every kind"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b12-l101","source":"Σαρπηδὼν δʼ ἡγήσατʼ ἀγακλειτῶν ἐπικούρων,","translation":"Sarpedon led the glorious allies,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀγακλειτῶν ἐπικούρων","title":"The glorious allies","body":"The ἐπίκουροι are Troy's allied contingents rather than Trojans proper. The epithet ἀγακλειτοί calls them glorious, maintaining the distinction between the allied host and Priam's own people."}],"words":[{"surface":"Σαρπηδὼν","lemma":"Σαρπηδών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"Sarpedon"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἡγήσατ","lemma":"ἡγέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"ἀγακλειτῶν","lemma":"ἀγακλειτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐπικούρων","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"ἐπικούρων","lemma":"ἐπίκουρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἡγήσατ̓","gloss":"allies"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b12-l102","source":"πρὸς δʼ ἕλετο Γλαῦκον καὶ ἀρήϊον Ἀστεροπαῖον·","translation":"and chose beside him Glaucus and warlike Asteropaeus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l102.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beside him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕλετο","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"chose"},{"surface":"Γλαῦκον","lemma":"Γλαῦκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Glaucus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρήϊον","lemma":"ἄρειος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀστεροπαῖον","gloss":"warlike"},{"surface":"Ἀστεροπαῖον","lemma":"Ἀστεροπαῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Asteropaeus"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b12-l103","source":"οἳ γάρ οἱ εἴσαντο διακριδὸν εἶναι ἄριστοι","translation":"for they seemed to him by far the best","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l103.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴσαντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἴσαντο","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"εἴσαντο","lemma":"εἴδομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"διακριδὸν","lemma":"διακριδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἶναι","gloss":"by far"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of εἴσαντο","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b12-l104","source":"τῶν ἄλλων μετά γʼ αὐτόν· ὃ δʼ ἔπρεπε καὶ διὰ πάντων.","translation":"of all the rest after himself; and he stood out even among them all.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l104.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἄλλων","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄριστοι","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"μετά","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αὐτόν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to μετά","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔπρεπε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπρεπε","lemma":"πρέπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood out"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to διὰ","gloss":"them all"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b12-l105","source":"οἳ δʼ ἐπεὶ ἀλλήλους ἄραρον τυκτῇσι βόεσσι","translation":"When they had fitted one another close with well-made oxhide shields,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l105.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀλλήλους ἄραρον τυκτῇσι βόεσσι","title":"A wall of oxhide shields","body":"The verb ἄραρον presents the warriors as fitted closely to one another, while βόες here are oxhides used metonymically for shields. The companies lock themselves into a dense infantry formation before advancing."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλους","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἄραρον","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"ἄραρον","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"had fitted"},{"surface":"τυκτῇσι","lemma":"τυκτός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βόεσσι","gloss":"well-made"},{"surface":"βόεσσι","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἄραρον","gloss":"oxhide shields","note":"the noun “oxen” is used metonymically for shields made from oxhide"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b12-l106","source":"βάν ῥʼ ἰθὺς Δαναῶν λελιημένοι, οὐδʼ ἔτʼ ἔφαντο","translation":"they went straight at the Danaans, eager for battle, and no longer thought they would","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l106.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βάν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἰθὺς","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βάν","gloss":"straight at"},{"surface":"Δαναῶν","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of λελιημένοι","gloss":"the Danaans"},{"surface":"λελιημένοι","lemma":"λελίημαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to βάν","gloss":"eager for battle"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαντο","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"ἔφαντο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"thought"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b12-l107","source":"σχήσεσθʼ, ἀλλʼ ἐν νηυσὶ μελαίνῃσιν πεσέεσθαι.","translation":"hold back, but will fall upon the black ships.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l107.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σχήσεσθ","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἀλλ̓","gloss":"they would hold"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃσιν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶ","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"πεσέεσθαι","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἀλλ̓","gloss":"would fall"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b12-l108","source":"ἔνθʼ ἄλλοι Τρῶες τηλεκλειτοί τʼ ἐπίκουροι","translation":"Then the other Trojans and far-famed allies","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l108.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πίθοντο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρῶες","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τ̓","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"τηλεκλειτοί","lemma":"τηλεκλειτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐπίκουροι","gloss":"far-famed"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπίκουροι","lemma":"ἐπίκουρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τ̓","gloss":"allies"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b12-l109","source":"βουλῇ Πουλυδάμαντος ἀμωμήτοιο πίθοντο·","translation":"obeyed the counsel of blameless Polydamas;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"βουλῇ","title":"Obeying takes the dative","body":"The verb for obeying governs βουλῇ in the dative: the Trojans obey the counsel given by Polydamas. The case marks what they heed rather than a direct object in the accusative."}],"words":[{"surface":"βουλῇ","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πίθοντο","gloss":"the counsel"},{"surface":"Πουλυδάμαντος","lemma":"Πουλυδάμας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βουλῇ","gloss":"of Polydamas"},{"surface":"ἀμωμήτοιο","lemma":"ἀμώμητος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πουλυδάμαντος","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"πίθοντο","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"obeyed"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b12-l110","source":"ἀλλʼ οὐχ Ὑρτακίδης ἔθελʼ Ἄσιος ὄρχαμος ἀνδρῶν","translation":"but Asius, son of Hyrtacus, marshal of men, would not","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l110.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὄρχαμος ἀνδρῶν","title":"Marshal of men","body":"ὄρχαμος ἀνδρῶν is a recurring command-title, literally the leader of men. The fixed rendering, marshal of men, praises Asius as a battle leader just before his rash refusal of sound counsel."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐχ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would not"},{"surface":"Ὑρτακίδης","lemma":"Ὑρτακίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἴλιον","gloss":"son of Hyrtacus"},{"surface":"ἔθελ","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wish"},{"surface":"Ἄσιος","lemma":"Ἄσιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"Asius"},{"surface":"ὄρχαμος","lemma":"ὄρχαμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἄσιος","gloss":"marshal"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄρχαμος","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b12-l111","source":"αὖθι λιπεῖν ἵππους τε καὶ ἡνίοχον θεράποντα,","translation":"leave his horses there, nor his attendant charioteer,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l111.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖθι","lemma":"αὖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of λιπεῖν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"λιπεῖν","lemma":"λιπάω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἔθελ̓","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"his horses"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἡνίοχον","lemma":"ἡνίοχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θεράποντα","gloss":"charioteer"},{"surface":"θεράποντα","lemma":"θεράπων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"attendant"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b12-l112","source":"ἀλλὰ σὺν αὐτοῖσιν πέλασεν νήεσσι θοῇσι","translation":"but with them he drew near the swift ships,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"αὐτοῖσιν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"πέλασεν","lemma":"πελάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew near"},{"surface":"νήεσσι","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of πέλασεν","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"θοῇσι","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νήεσσι","gloss":"swift"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b12-l113","source":"νήπιος, οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ἔμελλε κακὰς ὑπὸ κῆρας ἀλύξας","translation":"fool; nor was he destined, once he escaped the evil fates,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l113.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νήπιος","title":"The narrator calls him a fool","body":"νήπιος can mean childish or witless, but in Homer it often marks fatal blindness: a character acts without understanding what the audience has already been told. Asius rejects the safer plan just before the narrator foretells his death."}],"words":[{"surface":"νήπιος","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔμελλε","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was destined"},{"surface":"κακὰς","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κῆρας","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"κῆρας","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀλύξας","gloss":"fates"},{"surface":"ἀλύξας","lemma":"ἀλύσκω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπονοστήσειν","gloss":"having escaped"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b12-l114","source":"ἵπποισιν καὶ ὄχεσφιν ἀγαλλόμενος παρὰ νηῶν","translation":"exulting in his horses and chariot beside the ships,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l114.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵπποισιν","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"his horses"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄχεσφιν","lemma":"ὄχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"chariot"},{"surface":"ἀγαλλόμενος","lemma":"ἀγάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπονοστήσειν","gloss":"exulting"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"the ships"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b12-l115","source":"ἂψ ἀπονοστήσειν προτὶ Ἴλιον ἠνεμόεσσαν·","translation":"to return again toward windy Ilion;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἂψ ἀπονοστήσειν προτὶ Ἴλιον ἠνεμόεσσαν","title":"A context-sensitive repeated line","body":"This Greek line is identical to Iliad 8.499, but there it stands in first-person speech, while here it completes the narrator's statement that Asius was not destined to return. The English therefore preserves the repeated destination while changing the person to fit the governing syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπονοστήσειν","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἀπονοστήσειν","lemma":"ἀπονοστέω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ἔμελλε","gloss":"to return"},{"surface":"προτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Ἴλιον","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of προτὶ","gloss":"Ilion"},{"surface":"ἠνεμόεσσαν","lemma":"ἠνεμόεις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἴλιον","gloss":"windy"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b12-l116","source":"πρόσθεν γάρ μιν μοῖρα δυσώνυμος ἀμφεκάλυψεν","translation":"for before that, fate of ill name had closed around him,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l116.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μοῖρα δυσώνυμος","title":"Fate of ill name","body":"δυσώνυμος means ill-named or ominous in name. Joined to μοῖρα, it makes the fate surrounding Asius not merely death, but a doom whose very naming is grim."}],"words":[{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀμφεκάλυψεν","gloss":"before that"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφεκάλυψεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μοῖρα","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀμφεκάλυψεν","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"δυσώνυμος","lemma":"δυσώνυμος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μοῖρα","gloss":"ill-named"},{"surface":"ἀμφεκάλυψεν","lemma":"ἀμφικαλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had closed around"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b12-l117","source":"ἔγχεϊ Ἰδομενῆος ἀγαυοῦ Δευκαλίδαο.","translation":"beneath the spear of glorious Idomeneus, son of Deucalion.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l117.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγχεϊ","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφεκάλυψεν","gloss":"beneath the spear"},{"surface":"Ἰδομενῆος","lemma":"Ἰδομενεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔγχεϊ","gloss":"of Idomeneus"},{"surface":"ἀγαυοῦ","lemma":"ἀγαυός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἰδομενῆος","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"Δευκαλίδαο","lemma":"Δευκαλίδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἰδομενῆος","gloss":"son of Deucalion"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b12-l118","source":"εἴσατο γὰρ νηῶν ἐπʼ ἀριστερά, τῇ περ Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"He drove toward the left of the ships, by the way the Achaeans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l118.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴσατο","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he drove"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"νηῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀριστερά","gloss":"of the ships"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ἀριστερά","lemma":"ἀριστερός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐπ̓","gloss":"the left"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"τῇ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of νίσοντο","gloss":"the way"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of νίσοντο","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b12-l119","source":"ἐκ πεδίου νίσοντο σὺν ἵπποισιν καὶ ὄχεσφι·","translation":"returned from the plain with horses and chariots;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l119.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πεδίου","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"the plain"},{"surface":"νίσοντο","lemma":"νίσσομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀριστερά","gloss":"returned"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἵπποισιν","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄχεσφι","lemma":"ὄχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"chariots"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b12-l120","source":"τῇ ῥʼ ἵππους τε καὶ ἅρμα διήλασεν, οὐδὲ πύλῃσιν","translation":"there he drove his horses and chariot through, and at the gates","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l120.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"τῇ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of διήλασεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅρμα","lemma":"ἅρμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"chariot"},{"surface":"διήλασεν","lemma":"διελαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove through"},{"surface":"πύλῃσιν","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπικεκλιμένας","gloss":"at the gates"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b12-l121","source":"εὗρʼ ἐπικεκλιμένας σανίδας καὶ μακρὸν ὀχῆα,","translation":"he found neither the doors shut fast nor the long bar drawn,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l121.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐπικεκλιμένας","title":"Doors in a completed state","body":"ἐπικεκλιμένας is a perfect middle-passive participle agreeing with the doors. The perfect presents the state that Asius does not find: the gates have not been shut fast against entry."}],"words":[{"surface":"εὗρ","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he found"},{"surface":"ἐπικεκλιμένας","lemma":"ἐπικλίνω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"shut fast","note":"the perfect passive participle describes the completed state that Asius did not find"},{"surface":"σανίδας","lemma":"σανίς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"doors"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"μακρὸν","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀχῆα","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ὀχῆα","lemma":"ὀχεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"bar"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b12-l122","source":"ἀλλʼ ἀναπεπταμένας ἔχον ἀνέρες, εἴ τινʼ ἑταίρων","translation":"but men held them spread open, in case they might save a companion","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l122.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀναπεπταμένας","lemma":"ἀναπετάννυμι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"spread open"},{"surface":"ἔχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"ἀνέρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔχον","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"in case"},{"surface":"τιν","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of σαώσειαν","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἑταίρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τιν̓","gloss":"companion"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b12-l123","source":"ἐκ πολέμου φεύγοντα σαώσειαν μετὰ νῆας.","translation":"fleeing from battle and bring him among the ships.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l123.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πολέμου","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"φεύγοντα","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fleeing"},{"surface":"σαώσειαν","lemma":"σώζω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"they might save"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of μετὰ","gloss":"the ships"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b12-l124","source":"τῇ ῥʼ ἰθὺς φρονέων ἵππους ἔχε, τοὶ δʼ ἅμʼ ἕποντο","translation":"Straight there, with purpose fixed, he held his horses; his men followed","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l124.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"τῇ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔχε","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἰθὺς","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχε","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"φρονέων","lemma":"φρονέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔχε","gloss":"purpose fixed"},{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχε","gloss":"his horses"},{"surface":"ἔχε","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕποντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕποντο","gloss":"with him"},{"surface":"ἕποντο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"followed"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b12-l125","source":"ὀξέα κεκλήγοντες· ἔφαντο γὰρ οὐκ ἔτʼ Ἀχαιοὺς","translation":"shouting sharply, for they cried, \"The Achaeans will no longer","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l125.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀξέα","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κεκλήγοντες","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"κεκλήγοντες","lemma":"κλάζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕποντο","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"ἔφαντο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they cried"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σχήσεσθ̓","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὺς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἀλλ̓","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b12-l126","source":"σχήσεσθʼ, ἀλλʼ ἐν νηυσὶ μελαίνῃσιν πεσέεσθαι","translation":"hold back, but will fall upon the black ships.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l126.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σχήσεσθ","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἀλλ̓","gloss":"will hold back"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃσιν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶ","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"πεσέεσθαι","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἀλλ̓","gloss":"will fall"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b12-l127","source":"νήπιοι, ἐν δὲ πύλῃσι δύʼ ἀνέρας εὗρον ἀρίστους","translation":"Fools: within the gates they found two men, the best,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l127.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νήπιοι","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fools"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πύλῃσι","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the gates"},{"surface":"δύ","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἀνέρας","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ἀνέρας","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"εὗρον","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they found"},{"surface":"ἀρίστους","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέρας","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b12-l128","source":"υἷας ὑπερθύμους Λαπιθάων αἰχμητάων,","translation":"high-hearted sons of the spear-fighting Lapiths:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l128.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"υἷας","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"ὑπερθύμους","lemma":"ὑπέρθυμος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷας","gloss":"high-hearted"},{"surface":"Λαπιθάων","lemma":"Λαπίθαι","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies αἰχμητάων","gloss":"of the Lapiths"},{"surface":"αἰχμητάων","lemma":"αἰχμητής","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies υἷας","gloss":"spear-fighting"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b12-l129","source":"τὸν μὲν Πειριθόου υἷα κρατερὸν Πολυποίτην,","translation":"one was mighty Polypoetes, son of Pirithous,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l129.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine article","role":"modifies υἷα","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Πειριθόου","lemma":"Πειρίθοος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἷα","gloss":"of Pirithous"},{"surface":"υἷα","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"κρατερὸν","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πολυποίτην","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"Πολυποίτην","lemma":"Πολυποίτης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"Polypoetes"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b12-l130","source":"τὸν δὲ Λεοντῆα βροτολοιγῷ ἶσον Ἄρηϊ.","translation":"the other Leonteus, equal to Ares, bane of mortals.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l130.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine article","role":"modifies Λεοντῆα","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Λεοντῆα","lemma":"Λεοντεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"Leonteus"},{"surface":"βροτολοιγῷ","lemma":"βροτολοιγός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἄρηϊ","gloss":"bane of mortals"},{"surface":"ἶσον","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Λεοντῆα","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"Ἄρηϊ","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἶσον","gloss":"to Ares"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b12-l131","source":"τὼ μὲν ἄρα προπάροιθε πυλάων ὑψηλάων","translation":"The two stood there before the high gates","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l131.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕστασαν","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"προπάροιθε","lemma":"προπάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"πυλάων","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to προπάροιθε","gloss":"the gates"},{"surface":"ὑψηλάων","lemma":"ὑψηλός","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πυλάων","gloss":"high"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b12-l132","source":"ἕστασαν ὡς ὅτε τε δρύες οὔρεσιν ὑψικάρηνοι,","translation":"like high-crested oaks upon the mountains,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὡς ὅτε τε δρύες","title":"The defenders become oaks","body":"ὡς ὅτε opens the comparison that runs through line 134. The two men are matched to mountain oaks not only for height, but for endurance rooted deep against years of weather."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἕστασαν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"δρύες","lemma":"δρῦς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"oaks"},{"surface":"οὔρεσιν","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"on mountains"},{"surface":"ὑψικάρηνοι","lemma":"ὑψικάρηνος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies δρύες","gloss":"high-crested"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b12-l133","source":"αἵ τʼ ἄνεμον μίμνουσι καὶ ὑετὸν ἤματα πάντα","translation":"which withstand wind and rain through all their days,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l133.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of μίμνουσι","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἄνεμον","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"μίμνουσι","lemma":"μίμνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δρύες","gloss":"withstand"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑετὸν","lemma":"ὑετός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"rain"},{"surface":"ἤματα","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to μίμνουσι","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἤματα","gloss":"all their"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b12-l134","source":"ῥίζῃσιν μεγάλῃσι διηνεκέεσσʼ ἀραρυῖαι·","translation":"firmly bound by their great, far-reaching roots;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l134.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥίζῃσιν","lemma":"ῥίζα","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀραρυῖαι","gloss":"by roots"},{"surface":"μεγάλῃσι","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ῥίζῃσιν","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"διηνεκέεσσ","lemma":"διηνεκής","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ῥίζῃσιν","gloss":"far-reaching"},{"surface":"ἀραρυῖαι","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"modifies αἵ","gloss":"firmly bound"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b12-l135","source":"ὣς ἄρα τὼ χείρεσσι πεποιθότες ἠδὲ βίηφι","translation":"so those two, trusting in their hands and strength,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l135.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μίμνον","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"χείρεσσι","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"their hands"},{"surface":"πεποιθότες","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to μίμνον","gloss":"trusting"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βίηφι","lemma":"βία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"strength"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b12-l136","source":"μίμνον ἐπερχόμενον μέγαν Ἄσιον οὐδὲ φέβοντο.","translation":"awaited great Asius as he came and did not flee.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l136.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μίμνον","lemma":"μίμνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"ἐπερχόμενον","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as he came"},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἄσιον","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Ἄσιον","lemma":"Ἄσιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μίμνον","gloss":"Asius"},{"surface":"φέβοντο","lemma":"φέβομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did not flee"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b12-l137","source":"οἳ δʼ ἰθὺς πρὸς τεῖχος ἐΰδμητον βόας αὔας","translation":"His men went straight toward the well-built wall, holding dry oxhides","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"βόας αὔας","title":"Dry oxhides overhead","body":"βόας αὔας are dried oxhides, used here as a compact way of naming the hide shields raised overhead. The material remains visible in the Greek rather than disappearing into the generic word armor."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔκιον","gloss":"his men"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰθὺς","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔκιον","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ἐΰδμητον","lemma":"εὔδμητος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"βόας","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνασχόμενοι","gloss":"oxhides","note":"the word literally means oxen but here names shields by their oxhide material"},{"surface":"αὔας","lemma":"αὖος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βόας","gloss":"dry"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b12-l138","source":"ὑψόσʼ ἀνασχόμενοι ἔκιον μεγάλῳ ἀλαλητῷ","translation":"high above them, advancing with a great battle cry","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l138.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑψόσ","lemma":"ὑψόσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνασχόμενοι","gloss":"high above"},{"surface":"ἀνασχόμενοι","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"aorist participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔκιον","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"ἔκιον","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"advanced"},{"surface":"μεγάλῳ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλαλητῷ","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἀλαλητῷ","lemma":"ἀλαλητός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔκιον","gloss":"battle cry"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b12-l139","source":"Ἄσιον ἀμφὶ ἄνακτα καὶ Ἰαμενὸν καὶ Ὀρέστην","translation":"around lord Asius, Iamenus, and Orestes,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l139.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἄσιον","lemma":"Ἄσιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Asius"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"ἄνακτα","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἄσιον","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἰαμενὸν","lemma":"Ἰάμενος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Iamenus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀρέστην","lemma":"Ὀρέστης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Orestes"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b12-l140","source":"Ἀσιάδην τʼ Ἀδάμαντα Θόωνά τε Οἰνόμαόν τε.","translation":"Adamas son of Asius, Thoon, and Oenomaus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l140.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀσιάδην","lemma":"Ἀσιάδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀδάμαντα","gloss":"son of Asius"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀδάμαντα","lemma":"Ἀδάμας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Adamas"},{"surface":"Θόωνά","lemma":"Θόων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Thoon"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Οἰνόμαόν","lemma":"Οἰνόμαος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Oenomaus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b12-l141","source":"οἳ δʼ ἤτοι εἷος μὲν ἐϋκνήμιδας Ἀχαιοὺς","translation":"The two, while they still remained inside, were rousing the well-greaved Achaeans","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l141.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὄρνυον","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"εἷος","lemma":"εἱ~ος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄρνυον","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἐϋκνήμιδας","lemma":"ἐυκνήμις","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοὺς","gloss":"well-greaved"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὺς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ὄρνυον","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b12-l142","source":"ὄρνυον ἔνδον ἐόντες ἀμύνεσθαι περὶ νηῶν·","translation":"to defend the ships;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l142.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄρνυον","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"roused them"},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντες","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"ἐόντες","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ὄρνυον","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"ἀμύνεσθαι","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ὄρνυον","gloss":"to defend"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"νηῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"the ships"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b12-l143","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ τεῖχος ἐπεσσυμένους ἐνόησαν","translation":"but when they saw the Trojans rushing upon the wall","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l143.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπεσσυμένους","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"ἐπεσσυμένους","lemma":"ἐπισεύω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"rushing upon"},{"surface":"ἐνόησαν","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἀτὰρ","gloss":"they saw"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b12-l144","source":"Τρῶας, ἀτὰρ Δαναῶν γένετο ἰαχή τε φόβος τε,","translation":"and a cry and rout arose among the Danaans,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l144.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνόησαν","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"Δαναῶν","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"among the Danaans"},{"surface":"γένετο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀτὰρ","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"ἰαχή","lemma":"ἰαχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"a war cry"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"φόβος","lemma":"φόβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"panic"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b12-l145","source":"ἐκ δὲ τὼ ἀΐξαντε πυλάων πρόσθε μαχέσθην","translation":"the two darted out and fought before the gates,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l145.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μαχέσθην","title":"The two fight as a pair","body":"μαχέσθην is a third-person dual verb: Greek marks Polypoetes and Leonteus as an exact pair. The dual continues through the comparison, where the two defenders become two boars acting together."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μαχέσθην","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"ἀΐξαντε","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to μαχέσθην","gloss":"darting"},{"surface":"πυλάων","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πρόσθε","gloss":"the gates"},{"surface":"πρόσθε","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"μαχέσθην","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept fighting","note":"the verb and subject are dual: the two warriors fought together"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b12-l146","source":"ἀγροτέροισι σύεσσιν ἐοικότε, τώ τʼ ἐν ὄρεσσιν","translation":"like wild boars upon the mountains, which","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l146.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγροτέροισι","lemma":"ἀγρότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σύεσσιν","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"σύεσσιν","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐοικότε","gloss":"boars"},{"surface":"ἐοικότε","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to μαχέσθην","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"τώ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δέχαται","gloss":"which two"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"habitually"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ὄρεσσιν","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the mountains"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b12-l147","source":"ἀνδρῶν ἠδὲ κυνῶν δέχαται κολοσυρτὸν ἰόντα,","translation":"meet the oncoming tumult of men and dogs,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l147.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κυνῶν","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"of dogs"},{"surface":"δέχαται","lemma":"δέχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"face"},{"surface":"κολοσυρτὸν","lemma":"κολοσυρτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δέχαται","gloss":"the tumult"},{"surface":"ἰόντα","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"coming on"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b12-l148","source":"δοχμώ τʼ ἀΐσσοντε περὶ σφίσιν ἄγνυτον ὕλην","translation":"charging sidewise and breaking the wood around them,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l148.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δοχμώ","lemma":"δοχμός","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"sideways"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀΐσσοντε","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ἄγνυτον","gloss":"charging"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"σφίσιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"ἄγνυτον","lemma":"ἄγνυμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"they break"},{"surface":"ὕλην","lemma":"ὕλη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἄγνυτον","gloss":"the wood"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b12-l149","source":"πρυμνὴν ἐκτάμνοντες, ὑπαὶ δέ τε κόμπος ὀδόντων","translation":"cutting it down at the roots, while beneath rises the clatter of tusks,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l149.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρυμνὴν","lemma":"πρυμνός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"at the roots"},{"surface":"ἐκτάμνοντες","lemma":"ἐκτέμνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἄγνυτον","gloss":"cutting down"},{"surface":"ὑπαὶ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"κόμπος","lemma":"κόμπος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of γίγνεται","gloss":"the clatter"},{"surface":"ὀδόντων","lemma":"ὀδούς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κόμπος","gloss":"of tusks"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b12-l150","source":"γίγνεται εἰς ὅ κέ τίς τε βαλὼν ἐκ θυμὸν ἕληται·","translation":"until someone strikes and takes the life from one;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l150.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐκ θυμὸν ἕληται","title":"Taking the life out","body":"The idiom joins ἐκ, out, with taking θυμός, the life-spirit. The blow does not merely defeat the boar: it takes the force of life out of the body."}],"words":[{"surface":"γίγνεται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"arises"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἕληται","gloss":"the point when"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕληται","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"βαλὼν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕληται","gloss":"having struck"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕληται","gloss":"the life"},{"surface":"ἕληται","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"takes"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b12-l151","source":"ὣς τῶν κόμπει χαλκὸς ἐπὶ στήθεσσι φαεινὸς","translation":"so the bright bronze clattered upon their chests","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l151.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κόμπει","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies χαλκὸς","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"κόμπει","lemma":"κομπέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"clattered"},{"surface":"χαλκὸς","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κόμπει","gloss":"the bronze"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"στήθεσσι","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"their chests"},{"surface":"φαεινὸς","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χαλκὸς","gloss":"gleaming"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b12-l152","source":"ἄντην βαλλομένων· μάλα γὰρ κρατερῶς ἐμάχοντο","translation":"as they were struck head-on; for they fought with all their strength,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l152.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄντην","lemma":"ἄντην","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βαλλομένων","gloss":"head-on"},{"surface":"βαλλομένων","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as they were struck"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κρατερῶς","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐμάχοντο","gloss":"mightily"},{"surface":"ἐμάχοντο","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they fought"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b12-l153","source":"λαοῖσιν καθύπερθε πεποιθότες ἠδὲ βίηφιν.","translation":"trusting the men above them and their own force.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l153.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λαοῖσιν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"the men"},{"surface":"καθύπερθε","lemma":"καθύπερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies λαοῖσιν","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"πεποιθότες","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐμάχοντο","gloss":"trusting in"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βίηφιν","lemma":"βία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"their strength"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b12-l154","source":"οἳ δʼ ἄρα χερμαδίοισιν ἐϋδμήτων ἀπὸ πύργων","translation":"Those men hurled stones down from the well-built towers,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l154.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βάλλον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"χερμαδίοισιν","lemma":"χερμάδιον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to βάλλον","gloss":"with handstones"},{"surface":"ἐϋδμήτων","lemma":"εὔδμητος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πύργων","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πύργων","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"the towers"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b12-l155","source":"βάλλον ἀμυνόμενοι σφῶν τʼ αὐτῶν καὶ κλισιάων","translation":"defending themselves, their huts,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l155.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βάλλον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept hurling"},{"surface":"ἀμυνόμενοι","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to βάλλον","gloss":"defending"},{"surface":"σφῶν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"αὐτῶν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σφῶν","gloss":"their own selves"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κλισιάων","lemma":"κλισία","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"the huts"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b12-l156","source":"νηῶν τʼ ὠκυπόρων· νιφάδες δʼ ὡς πῖπτον ἔραζε,","translation":"and the swift-running ships; the stones fell to earth like snowflakes","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l156.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὠκυπόρων","lemma":"ὠκύπορος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηῶν","gloss":"swift-sailing"},{"surface":"νιφάδες","lemma":"νιφάς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"like snowflakes"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"πῖπτον","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they fell"},{"surface":"ἔραζε","lemma":"ἔραζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of πῖπτον","gloss":"to earth"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b12-l157","source":"ἅς τʼ ἄνεμος ζαὴς νέφεα σκιόεντα δονήσας","translation":"that a raging wind, shaking the shadowed clouds,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l157.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of κατέχευεν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"ἄνεμος","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κατέχευεν","gloss":"a wind"},{"surface":"ζαὴς","lemma":"ζαής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνεμος","gloss":"raging"},{"surface":"νέφεα","lemma":"νέφος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δονήσας","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"σκιόεντα","lemma":"σκιόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies νέφεα","gloss":"shadowy"},{"surface":"δονήσας","lemma":"δονέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κατέχευεν","gloss":"having shaken"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b12-l158","source":"ταρφειὰς κατέχευεν ἐπὶ χθονὶ πουλυβοτείρῃ·","translation":"pours thick upon the all-nurturing earth;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l158.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταρφειὰς","lemma":"ταρφειός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"thickly clustered"},{"surface":"κατέχευεν","lemma":"καταχεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing νιφάδες","gloss":"poured down"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"χθονὶ","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"πουλυβοτείρῃ","lemma":"πουλυβότειρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χθονὶ","gloss":"all-nourishing"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b12-l159","source":"ὣς τῶν ἐκ χειρῶν βέλεα ῥέον ἠμὲν Ἀχαιῶν","translation":"so missiles streamed from the hands of the Achaeans","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l159.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ῥέον","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies χειρῶν","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"χειρῶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"βέλεα","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ῥέον","gloss":"missiles"},{"surface":"ῥέον","lemma":"ῥέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"streamed"},{"surface":"ἠμὲν","lemma":"ἠμέν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both from"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b12-l160","source":"ἠδὲ καὶ ἐκ Τρώων· κόρυθες δʼ ἀμφʼ αὖον ἀΰτευν","translation":"and from the Trojans as well; helmets rang hollow around them","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l160.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"κόρυθες","lemma":"κόρυς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"helmets"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"αὖον","lemma":"αὖος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀΰτευν","gloss":"hollowly"},{"surface":"ἀΰτευν","lemma":"ἀυτέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rang"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b12-l161","source":"βαλλομένων μυλάκεσσι καὶ ἀσπίδες ὀμφαλόεσσαι.","translation":"under the pounding millstones, and bossed shields rang.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l161.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βαλλομένων","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"as they were struck"},{"surface":"μυλάκεσσι","lemma":"μύλαξ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of βαλλομένων","gloss":"by millstones"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδες","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"shields"},{"surface":"ὀμφαλόεσσαι","lemma":"ὀμφαλόεις","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδες","gloss":"bossed"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b12-l162","source":"δή ῥα τότʼ ᾤμωξεν καὶ ὣ πεπλήγετο μηρὼ","translation":"Then Asius groaned aloud and struck both thighs,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l162.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then indeed"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"at that moment"},{"surface":"ᾤμωξεν","lemma":"οἰμώζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"groaned aloud"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative dual masculine pronoun","role":"modifies μηρὼ","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"πεπλήγετο","lemma":"πλήσσω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he struck"},{"surface":"μηρὼ","lemma":"μηρός","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object of πεπλήγετο","gloss":"his thighs"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b12-l163","source":"Ἄσιος Ὑρτακίδης, καὶ ἀλαστήσας ἔπος ηὔδα·","translation":"Asius, son of Hyrtacus, and in fury spoke:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l163.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἄσιος","lemma":"Ἄσιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Asius"},{"surface":"Ὑρτακίδης","lemma":"Ὑρτακίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἄσιος","gloss":"son of Hyrtacus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλαστήσας","lemma":"ἀλαστέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ηὔδα","gloss":"raging"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ηὔδα","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"ηὔδα","lemma":"αὐδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b12-l164","source":"Ζεῦ πάτερ ἦ ῥά νυ καὶ σὺ φιλοψευδὴς ἐτέτυξο","translation":"\"Father Zeus, now truly even you have proved a lover of lies,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"φιλοψευδὴς","title":"A lover of lies","body":"φιλοψευδής is a sharp compound: φίλος supplies the idea of loving or being fond of something, and ψεῦδος supplies falsehood. Asius turns his failed expectation into the reckless charge that Zeus himself loves lies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεῦ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"πάτερ","lemma":"πάτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεῦ","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"νυ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἐτέτυξο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"φιλοψευδὴς","lemma":"φιλοψευδής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of ἐτέτυξο","gloss":"a lover of lies"},{"surface":"ἐτέτυξο","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have proved to be","note":"pluperfect in form but functioning as a present state: 'you have turned out to be'"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b12-l165","source":"πάγχυ μάλʼ· οὐ γὰρ ἔγωγʼ ἐφάμην ἥρωας Ἀχαιοὺς","translation":"utterly so; for I never thought the Achaean heroes","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l165.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάγχυ","lemma":"πάγχυ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐτέτυξο","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔγωγ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐφάμην","gloss":"i myself"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"ἥρωας","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of σχήσειν","gloss":"the heroes"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὺς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἥρωας","gloss":"Achaean"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b12-l166","source":"σχήσειν ἡμέτερόν γε μένος καὶ χεῖρας ἀάπτους.","translation":"would withstand our force and irresistible hands.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l166.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"χεῖρας ἀάπτους","title":"Irresistible hands","body":"ἄαπτος means not to be laid hold of or withstood. The recurring formula χεῖρας ἀάπτους is therefore held to the established rendering irresistible hands, naming overwhelming physical force."}],"words":[{"surface":"σχήσειν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ἐφάμην","gloss":"would withstand"},{"surface":"ἡμέτερόν","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἀάπτους","lemma":"ἄαπτος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χεῖρας","gloss":"irresistible"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b12-l167","source":"οἳ δʼ, ὥς τε σφῆκες μέσον αἰόλοι ἠὲ μέλισσαι","translation":"Yet like quick-waisted wasps or bees","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l167.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐθέλουσι","gloss":"yet they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"σφῆκες","lemma":"σφήξ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"wasps"},{"surface":"μέσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to αἰόλοι","gloss":"at the waist"},{"surface":"αἰόλοι","lemma":"αἰόλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σφῆκες","gloss":"darting"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἠέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"μέλισσαι","lemma":"μέλισσα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"bees"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b12-l168","source":"οἰκία ποιήσωνται ὁδῷ ἔπι παιπαλοέσσῃ,","translation":"that make their homes beside a rugged road","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l168.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἰκία","lemma":"οἰκίον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ποιήσωνται","gloss":"nests"},{"surface":"ποιήσωνται","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"make for themselves"},{"surface":"ὁδῷ","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔπι","gloss":"a road"},{"surface":"ἔπι","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"παιπαλοέσσῃ","lemma":"παιπαλόεις","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὁδῷ","gloss":"rugged"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b12-l169","source":"οὐδʼ ἀπολείπουσιν κοῖλον δόμον, ἀλλὰ μένοντες","translation":"and do not abandon their hollow house, but remain","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l169.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀπολείπουσιν","lemma":"ἀπολείπω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"do not abandon"},{"surface":"κοῖλον","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπολείπουσιν","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μένοντες","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀμύνονται","gloss":"remaining"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b12-l170","source":"ἄνδρας θηρητῆρας ἀμύνονται περὶ τέκνων,","translation":"to defend their young against hunting men,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l170.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄνδρας","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμύνονται","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"θηρητῆρας","lemma":"θηρατήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄνδρας","gloss":"hunters"},{"surface":"ἀμύνονται","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"they fend off"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τέκνων","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"their young"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b12-l171","source":"ὣς οἵ γʼ οὐκ ἐθέλουσι πυλάων καὶ δύʼ ἐόντε","translation":"so these two, though only two, will not draw back from the gates","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l171.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"δύʼ ἐόντε","title":"Though they are only two","body":"ἐόντε is a dual participle, agreeing with the numeral two. Asius stresses the humiliating imbalance: an entire assault is checked by one precisely marked pair of defenders."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλουσι","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐθέλουσι","gloss":"these two"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐθέλουσι","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are willing"},{"surface":"πυλάων","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of χάσσασθαι","gloss":"from the gates"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"δύ","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ἐόντε","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλουσι","gloss":"though being"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b12-l172","source":"χάσσασθαι πρίν γʼ ἠὲ κατακτάμεν ἠὲ ἁλῶναι.","translation":"until they kill or are taken.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l172.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χάσσασθαι","lemma":"χάζω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλουσι","gloss":"to withdraw"},{"surface":"πρίν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἠέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"κατακτάμεν","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"killing"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἠέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἁλῶναι","lemma":"ἁλίσκομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"being captured"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b12-l173","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδὲ Διὸς πεῖθε φρένα ταῦτʼ ἀγορεύων·","translation":"So he spoke, but saying this did not persuade the mind of Zeus;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l173.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies φρένα","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"πεῖθε","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he did not persuade"},{"surface":"φρένα","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πεῖθε","gloss":"the mind"},{"surface":"ταῦτ","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἀγορεύων","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύων","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πεῖθε","gloss":"by saying"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b12-l174","source":"Ἕκτορι γάρ οἱ θυμὸς ἐβούλετο κῦδος ὀρέξαι.","translation":"for the heart of Zeus wished to grant glory to Hector.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l174.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορι","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀρέξαι","gloss":"to Hector"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐβούλετο","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἐβούλετο","lemma":"βούλομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wished"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὀρέξαι","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ὀρέξαι","lemma":"ὀρέγω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐβούλετο","gloss":"to grant"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b12-l175","source":"ἄλλοι δʼ ἀμφʼ ἄλλῃσι μάχην ἐμάχοντο πύλῃσιν·","translation":"Others fought their battle around the other gates;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l175.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐμάχοντο","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"ἄλλῃσι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πύλῃσιν","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"μάχην","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐμάχοντο","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"ἐμάχοντο","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were fighting"},{"surface":"πύλῃσιν","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφ̓","gloss":"gates"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b12-l176","source":"ἀργαλέον δέ με ταῦτα θεὸν ὣς πάντʼ ἀγορεῦσαι·","translation":"hard would it be for me to tell all these things like a god,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l176.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀργαλέον","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"difficult"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀγορεῦσαι","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἀγορεῦσαι","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"θεὸν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ταῦτα","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀγορεῦσαι","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to recount"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b12-l177","source":"πάντῃ γὰρ περὶ τεῖχος ὀρώρει θεσπιδαὲς πῦρ","translation":"for everywhere around the stone wall a wondrous blaze had risen;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l177.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντῃ","lemma":"πάντῃ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀρώρει","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"ὀρώρει","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had risen"},{"surface":"θεσπιδαὲς","lemma":"θεσπιδαής","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πῦρ","gloss":"divinely blazing"},{"surface":"πῦρ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ὀρώρει","gloss":"fire"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b12-l178","source":"λάϊνον· Ἀργεῖοι δὲ καὶ ἀχνύμενοί περ ἀνάγκῃ","translation":"and the Argives, though grieving, were forced","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l178.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λάϊνον","lemma":"λάινος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"stone-built"},{"surface":"Ἀργεῖοι","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἠμύνοντο","gloss":"the Argives"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἀχνύμενοί","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠμύνοντο","gloss":"grieving"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἀνάγκῃ","lemma":"ἀνάγκη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἠμύνοντο","gloss":"under compulsion"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b12-l179","source":"νηῶν ἠμύνοντο· θεοὶ δʼ ἀκαχήατο θυμὸν","translation":"to defend the ships; and the gods were grieved at heart,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l179.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠμύνοντο","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"ἠμύνοντο","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"defended"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀκαχήατο","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀκαχήατο","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"pluperfect passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were grieved"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀκαχήατο","gloss":"at heart"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b12-l180","source":"πάντες ὅσοι Δαναοῖσι μάχης ἐπιτάρροθοι ἦσαν.","translation":"all those who stood beside the Danaans in battle.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l180.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὅσοι","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἦσαν","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"Δαναοῖσι","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἦσαν","gloss":"for the Danaans"},{"surface":"μάχης","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἐπιτάρροθοι","gloss":"in battle"},{"surface":"ἐπιτάρροθοι","lemma":"ἐπιτάρροθος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"helpers"},{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θεοὶ","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b12-l181","source":"σὺν δʼ ἔβαλον Λαπίθαι πόλεμον καὶ δηϊοτῆτα.","translation":"Then the Lapiths joined battle and deadly strife.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l181.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔβαλον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"joined"},{"surface":"Λαπίθαι","lemma":"Λαπίθαι","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔβαλον","gloss":"the Lapiths"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δηϊοτῆτα","lemma":"δηιοτής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"battle strife"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b12-l182","source":"ἔνθʼ αὖ Πειριθόου υἱὸς κρατερὸς Πολυποίτης","translation":"There mighty Polypoetes, son of Pirithous,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l182.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Πειριθόου","lemma":"Πειρίθοος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Pirithous"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"κρατερὸς","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πολυποίτης","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"Πολυποίτης","lemma":"Πολυποίτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Polypoetes"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b12-l183","source":"δουρὶ βάλεν Δάμασον κυνέης διὰ χαλκοπαρῄου·","translation":"struck Damasus with his spear through the bronze-cheeked helmet;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l183.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to βάλεν","gloss":"with his spear"},{"surface":"βάλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Δάμασον","lemma":"Δάμασος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βάλεν","gloss":"Damasus"},{"surface":"κυνέης","lemma":"κυνέη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"the helmet"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"χαλκοπαρῄου","lemma":"χαλκοπάρῃος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κυνέης","gloss":"bronze-cheeked"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b12-l184","source":"οὐδʼ ἄρα χαλκείη κόρυς ἔσχεθεν, ἀλλὰ διὰ πρὸ","translation":"the bronze helmet did not stop it, but straight through","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l184.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"χαλκείη","lemma":"χάλκειος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κόρυς","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"κόρυς","lemma":"κόρυς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔσχεθεν","gloss":"the helmet"},{"surface":"ἔσχεθεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did not stop it"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"πρὸ","lemma":"πρό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"right onward","note":"preverb separated from the next verb by tmesis, intensifying 'broke right through'"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b12-l185","source":"αἰχμὴ χαλκείη ῥῆξʼ ὀστέον, ἐγκέφαλος δὲ","translation":"the bronze point broke the bone, and all the brain","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l185.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰχμὴ","lemma":"αἰχμή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ῥῆξ̓","gloss":"the spearpoint"},{"surface":"χαλκείη","lemma":"χάλκειος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἰχμὴ","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ῥῆξ","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"ὀστέον","lemma":"ὀστέον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"the bone"},{"surface":"ἐγκέφαλος","lemma":"ἐγκέφαλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πεπάλακτο","gloss":"the brain"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b12-l186","source":"ἔνδον ἅπας πεπάλακτο· δάμασσε δέ μιν μεμαῶτα·","translation":"within was spattered; and he brought him down as he charged.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l186.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πεπάλακτο","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἅπας","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐγκέφαλος","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"πεπάλακτο","lemma":"παλάσσω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was spattered"},{"surface":"δάμασσε","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he subdued"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δάμασσε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μεμαῶτα","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as he charged"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b12-l187","source":"αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα Πύλωνα καὶ Ὄρμενον ἐξενάριξεν.","translation":"Then he slew and stripped Pylon and Ormenus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l187.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐξενάριξεν","title":"Killed and stripped","body":"ἐξεναρίζω compresses two acts of battle into one verb: killing an enemy and stripping his armor. The English keeps both parts rather than reducing the action to a generic defeat."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξενάριξεν","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"Πύλωνα","lemma":"Πύλων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Pylon"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὄρμενον","lemma":"Ὄρμενος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Ormenus"},{"surface":"ἐξενάριξεν","lemma":"ἐξεναρίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slew and stripped"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b12-l188","source":"υἱὸν δʼ Ἀντιμάχοιο Λεοντεὺς ὄζος Ἄρηος","translation":"Then Leonteus, scion of Ares, struck the son of Antimachus—","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l188.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἀντιμάχοιο","lemma":"Ἀντίμαχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"of Antimachus"},{"surface":"Λεοντεὺς","lemma":"Λεοντεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Leonteus"},{"surface":"ὄζος","lemma":"ὄζος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"scion"},{"surface":"Ἄρηος","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄζος","gloss":"of Ares"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b12-l189","source":"Ἱππόμαχον βάλε δουρὶ κατὰ ζωστῆρα τυχήσας.","translation":"Hippomachus—with his spear, hitting him at the belt.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l189.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἱππόμαχον","lemma":"Ἱππόμαχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Hippomachus"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"with his spear"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ζωστῆρα","lemma":"ζωστήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"the belt"},{"surface":"τυχήσας","lemma":"τυγχάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"hitting"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b12-l190","source":"αὖτις δʼ ἐκ κολεοῖο ἐρυσσάμενος ξίφος ὀξὺ","translation":"Again he drew his sharp sword from its sheath,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l190.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"κολεοῖο","lemma":"κολεόν","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"the sheath"},{"surface":"ἐρυσσάμενος","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πλῆξ̓","gloss":"having drawn"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρυσσάμενος","gloss":"his sword"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφος","gloss":"sharp"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b12-l191","source":"Ἀντιφάτην μὲν πρῶτον ἐπαΐξας διʼ ὁμίλου","translation":"then springing through the throng first at Antiphates,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l191.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀντιφάτην","lemma":"Ἀντιφάτης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πλῆξ̓","gloss":"Antiphates"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἐπαΐξας","lemma":"ἐπαίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πλῆξ̓","gloss":"springing at"},{"surface":"δι","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ὁμίλου","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of δἰ","gloss":"the throng"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b12-l192","source":"πλῆξʼ αὐτοσχεδίην· ὃ δʼ ἄρʼ ὕπτιος οὔδει ἐρείσθη·","translation":"struck him hand to hand; he fell backward on the ground.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l192.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλῆξ","lemma":"πλήσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he struck"},{"surface":"αὐτοσχεδίην","lemma":"αὐτοσχέδιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to πλῆξ̓","gloss":"at close quarters"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρείσθη","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ὕπτιος","lemma":"ὕπτιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"backward"},{"surface":"οὔδει","lemma":"οὖδας","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρείσθη","gloss":"on the ground"},{"surface":"ἐρείσθη","lemma":"ἐρείδω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"collapsed"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b12-l193","source":"αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα Μένωνα καὶ Ἰαμενὸν καὶ Ὀρέστην","translation":"Then Menon and Iamenus and Orestes","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l193.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέλασε","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"Μένωνα","lemma":"Μένων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Menon"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"Ἰαμενὸν","lemma":"Ἰαμενός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Iamenus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀρέστην","lemma":"Ὀρέστης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Orestes"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b12-l194","source":"πάντας ἐπασσυτέρους πέλασε χθονὶ πουλυβοτείρῃ.","translation":"all one after another he laid upon the all-nurturing earth.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l194.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πάντας ἐπασσυτέρους πέλασε χθονὶ πουλυβοτείρῃ","title":"A locked kill-line","body":"This whole Greek line already appears at Iliad 8.277, and its English is repeated exactly here. The stately formula closes the rapid sequence of kills by Leonteus by laying all three men upon the earth in a single line."}],"words":[{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐπασσυτέρους","lemma":"ἐπασσύτερος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"one after another"},{"surface":"πέλασε","lemma":"πελάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he laid"},{"surface":"χθονὶ","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πέλασε","gloss":"upon the earth"},{"surface":"πουλυβοτείρῃ","lemma":"πουλυβότειρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χθονὶ","gloss":"all-nourishing"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b12-l195","source":"ὄφρʼ οἳ τοὺς ἐνάριζον ἀπʼ ἔντεα μαρμαίροντα,","translation":"While they were stripping the gleaming armor from those men,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l195.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐνάριζον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐνάριζον","gloss":"those men"},{"surface":"ἐνάριζον","lemma":"ἐναρίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφῤ","gloss":"were stripping"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"ἔντεα","lemma":"ἔντεα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνάριζον","gloss":"the armor"},{"surface":"μαρμαίροντα","lemma":"μαρμαίρω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies ἔντεα","gloss":"gleaming"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b12-l196","source":"τόφρʼ οἳ Πουλυδάμαντι καὶ Ἕκτορι κοῦροι ἕποντο,","translation":"the youths who followed Polydamas and Hector","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l196.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόφρ","lemma":"τόφρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μερμήριζον","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕποντο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"Πουλυδάμαντι","lemma":"Πουλυδάμας","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Polydamas"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορι","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"κοῦροι","lemma":"κοῦρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"the youths"},{"surface":"ἕποντο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing οἵ","gloss":"followed"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b12-l197","source":"οἳ πλεῖστοι καὶ ἄριστοι ἔσαν, μέμασαν δὲ μάλιστα","translation":"the most numerous and best, and the most eager","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l197.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"οἳ πλεῖστοι καὶ ἄριστοι ἔσαν, μέμασαν δὲ μάλιστα","title":"The foremost company returns","body":"This Greek line is identical to line 89, where the narrator first describes Hector and Polydamas' company. The accepted English therefore returns unchanged as the same men reach the trench."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"πλεῖστοι","lemma":"πλεῖστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"most numerous"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"ἔσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"μέμασαν","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"were eager"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μέμασαν","gloss":"most of all"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b12-l198","source":"τεῖχός τε ῥήξειν καὶ ἐνιπρήσειν πυρὶ νῆας,","translation":"to break the wall and burn the ships with fire,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l198.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεῖχός","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ῥήξειν","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ῥήξειν","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to breach"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνιπρήσειν","lemma":"ἐμπρήθω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to set ablaze"},{"surface":"πυρὶ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνιπρήσειν","gloss":"with fire"},{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνιπρήσειν","gloss":"the ships"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b12-l199","source":"οἵ ῥʼ ἔτι μερμήριζον ἐφεσταότες παρὰ τάφρῳ.","translation":"were still pondering as they stood beside the trench.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l199.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μερμήριζον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μερμήριζον","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"μερμήριζον","lemma":"μερμηρίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were pondering"},{"surface":"ἐφεσταότες","lemma":"ἐφίστημι","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to μερμήριζον","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"τάφρῳ","lemma":"τάφρος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"the trench"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b12-l200","source":"ὄρνις γάρ σφιν ἐπῆλθε περησέμεναι μεμαῶσιν","translation":"For a bird had come upon them as they pressed on to cross:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l200.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄρνις","lemma":"ὄρνις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a bird"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπῆλθε","gloss":"upon them"},{"surface":"ἐπῆλθε","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"περησέμεναι","lemma":"περάω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of μεμαῶσιν","gloss":"to cross"},{"surface":"μεμαῶσιν","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as they pressed on"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b12-l201","source":"αἰετὸς ὑψιπέτης ἐπʼ ἀριστερὰ λαὸν ἐέργων","translation":"a high-flying eagle, keeping the host upon its left,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l201.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰετὸς","lemma":"ἀετός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"an eagle"},{"surface":"ὑψιπέτης","lemma":"ὑψιπέτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἰετὸς","gloss":"high-flying"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ἀριστερὰ","lemma":"ἀριστερός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπ̓","gloss":"the left"},{"surface":"λαὸν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐέργων","gloss":"the host"},{"surface":"ἐέργων","lemma":"ἔργω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπῆλθε","gloss":"keeping"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b12-l202","source":"φοινήεντα δράκοντα φέρων ὀνύχεσσι πέλωρον","translation":"carrying in its talons a monstrous blood-red snake,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l202.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φοινήεντα","lemma":"φοινήεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δράκοντα","gloss":"blood-red"},{"surface":"δράκοντα","lemma":"δράκων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φέρων","gloss":"a snake"},{"surface":"φέρων","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπῆλθε","gloss":"carrying"},{"surface":"ὀνύχεσσι","lemma":"ὄνυξ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to φέρων","gloss":"in its talons"},{"surface":"πέλωρον","lemma":"πέλωρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"monstrous"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b12-l203","source":"ζωὸν ἔτʼ ἀσπαίροντα, καὶ οὔ πω λήθετο χάρμης,","translation":"still alive and writhing; nor had it yet forgotten battle,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l203.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"οὔ πω λήθετο χάρμης","title":"It had not forgotten battle","body":"The snake remains an active fighter even while trapped in the eagle's claws. The phrase makes its resistance deliberate: it has not forgotten the work of battle."}],"words":[{"surface":"ζωὸν","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἀσπαίροντα","lemma":"ἀσπαίρω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies","gloss":"writhing"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"λήθετο","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had forgotten"},{"surface":"χάρμης","lemma":"χάρμη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of λήθετο","gloss":"battle"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b12-l204","source":"κόψε γὰρ αὐτὸν ἔχοντα κατὰ στῆθος παρὰ δειρὴν","translation":"for it bent backward and struck its captor on the breast beside the neck.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l204.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κόψε","lemma":"κόπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it struck"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of κόψε","gloss":"its captor"},{"surface":"ἔχοντα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"holding it"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"στῆθος","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"the breast"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"δειρὴν","lemma":"δειρή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"the neck"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b12-l205","source":"ἰδνωθεὶς ὀπίσω· ὃ δʼ ἀπὸ ἕθεν ἧκε χαμᾶζε","translation":"The eagle let it fall away from itself to the ground,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l205.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰδνωθεὶς","lemma":"ἰδνόομαι","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κόψε","gloss":"bending back"},{"surface":"ὀπίσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδνωθεὶς","gloss":"backward"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἧκε","gloss":"the eagle"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"away from"},{"surface":"ἕθεν","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"ἧκε","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let it fall"},{"surface":"χαμᾶζε","lemma":"χαμᾶζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἧκε","gloss":"to the ground"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b12-l206","source":"ἀλγήσας ὀδύνῃσι, μέσῳ δʼ ἐνὶ κάββαλʼ ὁμίλῳ,","translation":"tormented by pain, and dropped it in the midst of the throng,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l206.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλγήσας","lemma":"ἀλγέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἧκε","gloss":"in pain"},{"surface":"ὀδύνῃσι","lemma":"ὀδύνη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀλγήσας","gloss":"from pangs"},{"surface":"μέσῳ","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὁμίλῳ","gloss":"in the middle"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"κάββαλ","lemma":"καταβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dropped it"},{"surface":"ὁμίλῳ","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κάββαλ̓","gloss":"the throng"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b12-l207","source":"αὐτὸς δὲ κλάγξας πέτετο πνοιῇς ἀνέμοιο.","translation":"then flew away with a cry upon the blasts of wind.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l207.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"itself"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κλάγξας","lemma":"κλάζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πέτετο","gloss":"crying aloud"},{"surface":"πέτετο","lemma":"πέτομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flew away"},{"surface":"πνοιῇς","lemma":"πνοή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of πέτετο","gloss":"on the gusts"},{"surface":"ἀνέμοιο","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πνοιῇς","gloss":"of wind"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b12-l208","source":"Τρῶες δʼ ἐρρίγησαν ὅπως ἴδον αἰόλον ὄφιν","translation":"The Trojans shuddered when they saw the glinting snake","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l208.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"αἰόλον ὄφιν","title":"The glinting snake","body":"αἰόλος can suggest flashing, glinting, or shifting color. Here it catches the snake's quick, bright movement as it lies alive among the Trojans, rather than making it merely decorative or patterned."}],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐρρίγησαν","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐρρίγησαν","lemma":"ῥιγέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shuddered"},{"surface":"ὅπως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅπως","gloss":"they saw"},{"surface":"αἰόλον","lemma":"αἰόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄφιν","gloss":"glinting"},{"surface":"ὄφιν","lemma":"ὄφις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"the snake"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b12-l209","source":"κείμενον ἐν μέσσοισι Διὸς τέρας αἰγιόχοιο.","translation":"lying in their midst, a portent of aegis-bearing Zeus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l209.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείμενον","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"lying"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μέσσοισι","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"their midst"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τέρας","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"τέρας","lemma":"τέρας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"a portent"},{"surface":"αἰγιόχοιο","lemma":"αἰγίοχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"aegis-bearing"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b12-l210","source":"δὴ τότε Πουλυδάμας θρασὺν Ἕκτορα εἶπε παραστάς·","translation":"Then Polydamas stood beside bold Hector and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l210.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δὴ τότε Πουλυδάμας θρασὺν Ἕκτορα εἶπε παραστάς","title":"Polydamas stands beside Hector again","body":"This whole Greek line is identical to line 60, where Polydamas first advises Hector at the trench. Its English is repeated exactly, making the second warning formally recall the first."}],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then indeed"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἶπε","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"Πουλυδάμας","lemma":"Πουλυδάμας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶπε","gloss":"Polydamas"},{"surface":"θρασὺν","lemma":"θρασύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτορα","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἶπε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"εἶπε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"παραστάς","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἶπε","gloss":"standing beside him"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b12-l211","source":"Ἕκτορ ἀεὶ μέν πώς μοι ἐπιπλήσσεις ἀγορῇσιν","translation":"\"Hector, somehow you always rebuke me in the assemblies","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l211.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ἀεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπιπλήσσεις","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πώς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπιπλήσσεις","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπιπλήσσεις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐπιπλήσσεις","lemma":"ἐπιπλήσσω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you rebuke"},{"surface":"ἀγορῇσιν","lemma":"ἀγορά","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπιπλήσσεις","gloss":"in assemblies"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b12-l212","source":"ἐσθλὰ φραζομένῳ, ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ μὲν οὐδὲ ἔοικε","translation":"when I devise good counsel, since it is indeed not fitting","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l212.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσθλὰ","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of φραζομένῳ","gloss":"good counsel"},{"surface":"φραζομένῳ","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"devising, planning"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὐδὲ","lemma":"οὐδέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οὐδὲ","lemma":"οὐδέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἔοικε","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"is fitting"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b12-l213","source":"δῆμον ἐόντα παρὲξ ἀγορευέμεν, οὔτʼ ἐνὶ βουλῇ","translation":"for one of the people to speak against you, whether in council","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l213.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δῆμον","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a commoner"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"παρὲξ","lemma":"παρέξ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορευέμεν","gloss":"contrary to you"},{"surface":"ἀγορευέμεν","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἔοικε","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"βουλῇ","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"council"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b12-l214","source":"οὔτέ ποτʼ ἐν πολέμῳ, σὸν δὲ κράτος αἰὲν ἀέξειν·","translation":"or ever in war, but always to increase your power.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l214.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔτέ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πολέμῳ","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"σὸν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κράτος","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κράτος","lemma":"κράτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀέξειν","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀέξειν","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ἀέξειν","lemma":"ἀέξω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"to increase"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b12-l215","source":"νῦν αὖτʼ ἐξερέω ὥς μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι ἄριστα.","translation":"Yet now again I will say what seems to me to be best:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l215.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξερέω","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ἐξερέω","lemma":"ἐξερέω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"i will declare"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial to δοκεῖ","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δοκεῖ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"δοκεῖ","lemma":"δοκέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐξερέω","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δοκεῖ","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"ἄριστα","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b12-l216","source":"μὴ ἴομεν Δαναοῖσι μαχησόμενοι περὶ νηῶν.","translation":"let us not go to fight the Danaans beside their ships.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l216.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἴομεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us go"},{"surface":"Δαναοῖσι","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μαχησόμενοι","gloss":"the Danaans"},{"surface":"μαχησόμενοι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"future middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἴομεν","gloss":"to fight"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"the ships"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b12-l217","source":"ὧδε γὰρ ἐκτελέεσθαι ὀΐομαι, εἰ ἐτεόν γε","translation":"For this is how I think it will be fulfilled, if truly","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l217.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκτελέεσθαι","gloss":"in this way"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐκτελέεσθαι","lemma":"ἐκτελέω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ὀΐομαι","gloss":"will be fulfilled"},{"surface":"ὀΐομαι","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"i think"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ἐτεόν","lemma":"ἐτεός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b12-l218","source":"Τρωσὶν ὅδʼ ὄρνις ἦλθε περησέμεναι μεμαῶσιν","translation":"this bird came upon the Trojans as they pressed on to cross:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l218.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρωσὶν","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἦλθε","gloss":"upon the Trojans"},{"surface":"ὅδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὄρνις","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ὄρνις","lemma":"ὄρνις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"bird"},{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"περησέμεναι","lemma":"περάω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of μεμαῶσιν","gloss":"to cross"},{"surface":"μεμαῶσιν","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as they pressed on"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b12-l219","source":"αἰετὸς ὑψιπέτης ἐπʼ ἀριστερὰ λαὸν ἐέργων","translation":"a high-flying eagle, keeping the host upon its left,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l219.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"αἰετὸς ὑψιπέτης ἐπʼ ἀριστερὰ λαὸν ἐέργων","title":"Polydamas repeats the sign","body":"The Greek is identical to line 201, and Polydamas repeats the narrator's description word for word. The English is therefore identical too, preserving the formal force of his interpretation."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἰετὸς","lemma":"ἀετός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"an eagle"},{"surface":"ὑψιπέτης","lemma":"ὑψιπέτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἰετὸς","gloss":"high-flying"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ἀριστερὰ","lemma":"ἀριστερός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπ̓","gloss":"the left"},{"surface":"λαὸν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐέργων","gloss":"the host"},{"surface":"ἐέργων","lemma":"ἔργω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"keeping"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b12-l220","source":"φοινήεντα δράκοντα φέρων ὀνύχεσσι πέλωρον","translation":"carrying in its talons a monstrous blood-red snake,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l220.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φοινήεντα","lemma":"φοινήεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δράκοντα","gloss":"blood-red"},{"surface":"δράκοντα","lemma":"δράκων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φέρων","gloss":"a snake"},{"surface":"φέρων","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"carrying"},{"surface":"ὀνύχεσσι","lemma":"ὄνυξ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to φέρων","gloss":"in its talons"},{"surface":"πέλωρον","lemma":"πέλωρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"monstrous"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b12-l221","source":"ζωόν· ἄφαρ δʼ ἀφέηκε πάρος φίλα οἰκίʼ ἱκέσθαι,","translation":"alive; but at once it let the snake go before reaching its dear home,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l221.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ζωόν","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"ἄφαρ","lemma":"ἄφαρ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀφέηκε","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀφέηκε","lemma":"ἀφίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it released it"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"φίλα","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies οἰκί̓","gloss":"its dear"},{"surface":"οἰκί","lemma":"οἰκίον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἱκέσθαι","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ἱκέσθαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to πάρος","gloss":"reaching"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b12-l222","source":"οὐδʼ ἐτέλεσσε φέρων δόμεναι τεκέεσσιν ἑοῖσιν.","translation":"nor did it bring its burden home and give it to its young.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l222.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐτέλεσσε","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did not accomplish"},{"surface":"φέρων","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐτέλεσσε","gloss":"carrying it"},{"surface":"δόμεναι","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐτέλεσσε","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"τεκέεσσιν","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δόμεναι","gloss":"to its young"},{"surface":"ἑοῖσιν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεκέεσσιν","gloss":"its own"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b12-l223","source":"ὣς ἡμεῖς, εἴ πέρ τε πύλας καὶ τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν","translation":"So too with us: even if we break the Achaeans' gates and wall","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l223.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλευσόμεθ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐλευσόμεθ̓","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πέρ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"πύλας","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the gates"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b12-l224","source":"ῥηξόμεθα σθένεϊ μεγάλῳ, εἴξωσι δʼ Ἀχαιοί,","translation":"with our great strength, and the Achaeans yield,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l224.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥηξόμεθα","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"we break through"},{"surface":"σθένεϊ","lemma":"σθένος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ῥηξόμεθα","gloss":"with strength"},{"surface":"μεγάλῳ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σθένεϊ","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"εἴξωσι","lemma":"εἴκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"yield"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of εἴξωσι","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b12-l225","source":"οὐ κόσμῳ παρὰ ναῦφιν ἐλευσόμεθʼ αὐτὰ κέλευθα·","translation":"we will not return from the ships in good order by the same paths.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l225.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"κόσμῳ","lemma":"κόσμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐλευσόμεθ̓","gloss":"in good order"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from beside"},{"surface":"ναῦφιν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"ἐλευσόμεθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we will return"},{"surface":"αὐτὰ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κέλευθα","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"κέλευθα","lemma":"κέλευθος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐλευσόμεθ̓","gloss":"paths"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b12-l226","source":"πολλοὺς γὰρ Τρώων καταλείψομεν, οὕς κεν Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"For we will leave many Trojans behind, whom the Achaeans","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l226.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλοὺς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καταλείψομεν","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies πολλοὺς","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"καταλείψομεν","lemma":"καταλείπω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we will leave behind"},{"surface":"οὕς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of δῃώσωσιν","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of δῃώσωσιν","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b12-l227","source":"χαλκῷ δῃώσωσιν ἀμυνόμενοι περὶ νηῶν.","translation":"will cut down with bronze as they defend their ships.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l227.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to δῃώσωσιν","gloss":"with bronze"},{"surface":"δῃώσωσιν","lemma":"δηιόω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πολλοὺς","gloss":"cut down"},{"surface":"ἀμυνόμενοι","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to δῃώσωσιν","gloss":"while defending"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"νηῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"the ships"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b12-l228","source":"ὧδέ χʼ ὑποκρίναιτο θεοπρόπος, ὃς σάφα θυμῷ","translation":"So would a seer interpret it, one who knew clearly in his heart","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l228.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θεοπρόπος","title":"The interpreter of signs","body":"A θεοπρόπος is one who declares or interprets what comes from a god. Polydamas frames his reading as the judgment a skilled interpreter of divine signs would give, not merely as a private fear."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδέ","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑποκρίναιτο","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"χ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ὑποκρίναιτο","lemma":"ὑποκρίνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"interpret it"},{"surface":"θεοπρόπος","lemma":"θεοπρόπος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ὑποκρίναιτο","gloss":"a seer"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰδείη","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"σάφα","lemma":"σάφα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰδείη","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to εἰδείη","gloss":"in his heart"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b12-l229","source":"εἰδείη τεράων καί οἱ πειθοίατο λαοί.","translation":"the meaning of portents, and whom the people obeyed.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l229.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰδείη","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"τεράων","lemma":"τέρας","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἰδείη","gloss":"portents"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πειθοίατο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πειθοίατο","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"would obey"},{"surface":"λαοί","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of πειθοίατο","gloss":"the people"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b12-l230","source":"τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ·","translation":"Then, glaring at him from under his brows, Hector of the flashing helm spoke:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l230.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν","title":"Hector's angry reply","body":"The hupodra formula marks an angry retort: Hector glares from under his brows before speaking. Both that speech-introduction wording and κορυθαίολος, Hector of the flashing helm, retain their established forms here."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ὑπόδρα","lemma":"ὑπόδρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδὼν","gloss":"from under his brows"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"glaring at"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"κορυθαίολος","lemma":"κορυθαίολος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"with flashing helm"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b12-l231","source":"Πουλυδάμα, σὺ μὲν οὐκ ἔτʼ ἐμοὶ φίλα ταῦτʼ ἀγορεύεις·","translation":"\"Polydamas, what you say no longer pleases me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l231.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πουλυδάμα","lemma":"Πουλυδάμας","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Polydamas"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φίλα","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"φίλα","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"pleasing things"},{"surface":"ταῦτ","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύεις","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you say"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b12-l232","source":"οἶσθα καὶ ἄλλον μῦθον ἀμείνονα τοῦδε νοῆσαι.","translation":"you know how to devise another speech better than this.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l232.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"οἶσθα καὶ ἄλλον μῦθον ἀμείνονα τοῦδε νοῆσαι","title":"An inherited rebuke","body":"Lines 232–234 repeat Iliad 7.358–360, where Hector dismisses a proposal in the same words. The accepted three-line English is preserved exactly here."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἶσθα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you know how"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μῦθον","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of νοῆσαι","gloss":"speech"},{"surface":"ἀμείνονα","lemma":"ἀμείνων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"modifies μῦθον","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"τοῦδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀμείνονα","gloss":"than this"},{"surface":"νοῆσαι","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of οἶσθα","gloss":"to devise"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b12-l233","source":"εἰ δʼ ἐτεὸν δὴ τοῦτον ἀπὸ σπουδῆς ἀγορεύεις,","translation":"But if you truly speak this in sober earnest,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l233.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐτεὸν","lemma":"ἐτεός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοῦτον","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀγορεύεις","gloss":"this speech"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"σπουδῆς","lemma":"σπουδή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"earnest"},{"surface":"ἀγορεύεις","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"you speak"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b12-l234","source":"ἐξ ἄρα δή τοι ἔπειτα θεοὶ φρένας ὤλεσαν αὐτοί,","translation":"then the gods themselves have destroyed your wits.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l234.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies φρένας","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ὤλεσαν","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"φρένας","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὤλεσαν","gloss":"wits"},{"surface":"ὤλεσαν","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"destroyed"},{"surface":"αὐτοί","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"themselves"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b12-l235","source":"ὃς κέλεαι Ζηνὸς μὲν ἐριγδούποιο λαθέσθαι","translation":"You bid me forget the counsels of loud-thundering Zeus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l235.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κέλεαι","gloss":"you who"},{"surface":"κέλεαι","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τοι","gloss":"command"},{"surface":"Ζηνὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βουλέων","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐριγδούποιο","lemma":"ἐρίγδουπος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ζηνὸς","gloss":"loud-thundering"},{"surface":"λαθέσθαι","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"aorist infinitive","role":"object of κέλεαι","gloss":"to forget"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b12-l236","source":"βουλέων, ἅς τέ μοι αὐτὸς ὑπέσχετο καὶ κατένευσε·","translation":"which he himself promised me and confirmed with a nod.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l236.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βουλέων","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of λαθέσθαι","gloss":"the counsels"},{"surface":"ἅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"he himself"},{"surface":"ὑπέσχετο","lemma":"ὑπέχω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατένευσε","lemma":"κατανεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"confirmed with a nod"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b12-l237","source":"τύνη δʼ οἰωνοῖσι τανυπτερύγεσσι κελεύεις","translation":"Yet you command me to obey long-winged birds,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l237.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τύνη","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of κελεύεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"οἰωνοῖσι","lemma":"οἰωνός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of πείθεσθαι","gloss":"birds of omen"},{"surface":"τανυπτερύγεσσι","lemma":"τανυπτέρυξ","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἰωνοῖσι","gloss":"long-winged"},{"surface":"κελεύεις","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"command"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b12-l238","source":"πείθεσθαι, τῶν οὔ τι μετατρέπομʼ οὐδʼ ἀλεγίζω","translation":"which I neither regard nor care about,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l238.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πείθεσθαι","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of κελεύεις","gloss":"me to obey"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετατρέπομ̓","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"μετατρέπομ","lemma":"μετατρέπομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ̓","gloss":"i heed"},{"surface":"ἀλεγίζω","lemma":"ἀλεγίζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ̓","gloss":"nor care about"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b12-l239","source":"εἴτʼ ἐπὶ δεξίʼ ἴωσι πρὸς ἠῶ τʼ ἠέλιόν τε,","translation":"whether they fly to the right, toward dawn and the sun,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l239.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴτ","lemma":"εἴτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"δεξί","lemma":"δεξιός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the right"},{"surface":"ἴωσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἴτ̓","gloss":"they go"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ἠῶ","lemma":"ἠώς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"dawn"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἠέλιόν","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b12-l240","source":"εἴτʼ ἐπʼ ἀριστερὰ τοί γε ποτὶ ζόφον ἠερόεντα.","translation":"or to the left, toward the misty darkness.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l240.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴτ","lemma":"εἴτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or whether"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ἀριστερὰ","lemma":"ἀριστερός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐπ̓","gloss":"the left"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ζόφον","lemma":"ζόφος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ποτὶ","gloss":"the west's darkness"},{"surface":"ἠερόεντα","lemma":"ἠερόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ζόφον","gloss":"misty"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b12-l241","source":"ἡμεῖς δὲ μεγάλοιο Διὸς πειθώμεθα βουλῇ,","translation":"Let us obey the counsel of great Zeus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l241.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πειθώμεθα","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μεγάλοιο","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βουλῇ","gloss":"Zeus's"},{"surface":"πειθώμεθα","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us obey"},{"surface":"βουλῇ","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πειθώμεθα","gloss":"counsel"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b12-l242","source":"ὃς πᾶσι θνητοῖσι καὶ ἀθανάτοισιν ἀνάσσει.","translation":"who rules over all mortals and immortals.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l242.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀνάσσει","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"θνητοῖσι","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"mortals"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισιν","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"immortals"},{"surface":"ἀνάσσει","lemma":"ἀνάσσω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Διὸς","gloss":"rules over"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b12-l243","source":"εἷς οἰωνὸς ἄριστος ἀμύνεσθαι περὶ πάτρης.","translation":"One omen is best: to fight for one's country.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l243.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἷς","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies οἰωνὸς","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"οἰωνὸς","lemma":"οἰωνός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"omen"},{"surface":"ἄριστος","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"ἀμύνεσθαι","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to fight"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πάτρης","lemma":"πάτρη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"one's fatherland"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b12-l244","source":"τίπτε σὺ δείδοικας πόλεμον καὶ δηϊοτῆτα;","translation":"Why do you fear war and battle?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l244.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίπτε","lemma":"τίπτε","morphology":"pronoun","role":"adverbial to δείδοικας","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of δείδοικας","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δείδοικας","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you fear"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δηϊοτῆτα","lemma":"δηιοτής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"battle strife"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b12-l245","source":"εἴ περ γάρ τʼ ἄλλοι γε περὶ κτεινώμεθα πάντες","translation":"Even if all the rest of us are killed","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l245.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"as may happen"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of κτεινώμεθα","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κτεινώμεθα","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"κτεινώμεθα","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"we are killed"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄλλοι","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b12-l246","source":"νηυσὶν ἐπʼ Ἀργείων, σοὶ δʼ οὐ δέος ἔστʼ ἀπολέσθαι·","translation":"beside the Argives' ships, there is no fear that you will perish,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l246.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηυσὶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπ̓","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶν","gloss":"of the Argives"},{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔστ̓","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"δέος","lemma":"δέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔστ̓","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"ἔστ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"ἀπολέσθαι","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"modifies δέος","gloss":"of perishing"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b12-l247","source":"οὐ γάρ τοι κραδίη μενεδήϊος οὐδὲ μαχήμων.","translation":"for your heart is neither steadfast nor warlike.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l247.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies κραδίη","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"κραδίη","lemma":"καρδία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"μενεδήϊος","lemma":"μενεδήιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"steadfast in battle"},{"surface":"μαχήμων","lemma":"μαχήμων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"warlike"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b12-l248","source":"εἰ δὲ σὺ δηϊοτῆτος ἀφέξεαι, ἠέ τινʼ ἄλλον","translation":"But if you hold back from battle, or coax some other man","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l248.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἠέ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δηϊοτῆτος","lemma":"δηιοτής","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀφέξεαι","gloss":"from battle"},{"surface":"ἀφέξεαι","lemma":"ἀπέχω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠέ","gloss":"hold back"},{"surface":"ἠέ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τιν","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀποτρέψεις","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τιν̓","gloss":"else"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b12-l249","source":"παρφάμενος ἐπέεσσιν ἀποτρέψεις πολέμοιο,","translation":"with your words and turn him away from war,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l249.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παρφάμενος","lemma":"παράφημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀποτρέψεις","gloss":"coaxing"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to παρφάμενος","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"ἀποτρέψεις","lemma":"ἀποτρέπω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠέ","gloss":"you turn away"},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀποτρέψεις","gloss":"from war"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b12-l250","source":"αὐτίκʼ ἐμῷ ὑπὸ δουρὶ τυπεὶς ἀπὸ θυμὸν ὀλέσσεις.","translation":"at once, struck beneath my spear, you will lose your life.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l250.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀπὸ θυμὸν ὀλέσσεις","title":"Losing the life-spirit","body":"θυμός is the living spirit within a person. Hector's threat says literally that Polydamas will lose that spirit away from himself when the spear strikes."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀλέσσεις","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἐμῷ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δουρὶ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"τυπεὶς","lemma":"τύπτω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὀλέσσεις","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀλέσσεις","gloss":"your life"},{"surface":"ὀλέσσεις","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will lose"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b12-l251","source":"ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ἡγήσατο, τοὶ δʼ ἅμʼ ἕποντο","translation":"So he spoke and led the way, and they followed with him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l251.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φωνήσας","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἡγήσατο","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"ἡγήσατο","lemma":"ἡγέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he led the way"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕποντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕποντο","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"ἕποντο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"followed"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b12-l252","source":"ἠχῇ θεσπεσίῃ· ἐπὶ δὲ Ζεὺς τερπικέραυνος","translation":"in a wondrous din; and Zeus, who delights in thunder,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l252.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠχῇ","lemma":"ἠχή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἕποντο","gloss":"with a din"},{"surface":"θεσπεσίῃ","lemma":"θεσπέσιος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠχῇ","gloss":"wondrous"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"against them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὦρσεν","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"τερπικέραυνος","lemma":"τερπικέραυνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ζεὺς","gloss":"delighting in thunder"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b12-l253","source":"ὦρσεν ἀπʼ Ἰδαίων ὀρέων ἀνέμοιο θύελλαν,","translation":"roused from the mountains of Ida a storm of wind","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l253.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦρσεν","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ἰδαίων","lemma":"Ἰδαῖος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὀρέων","gloss":"of Ida"},{"surface":"ὀρέων","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπ̓","gloss":"the mountains"},{"surface":"ἀνέμοιο","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θύελλαν","gloss":"of wind"},{"surface":"θύελλαν","lemma":"θύελλα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὦρσεν","gloss":"a storm"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b12-l254","source":"ἥ ῥʼ ἰθὺς νηῶν κονίην φέρεν· αὐτὰρ Ἀχαιῶν","translation":"that bore the dust straight toward the ships; but the Achaeans' minds","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l254.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of φέρεν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἰθὺς","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φέρεν","gloss":"straight toward"},{"surface":"νηῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of φέρεν","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"κονίην","lemma":"κονία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of φέρεν","gloss":"the dust"},{"surface":"φέρεν","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θύελλαν","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόον","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b12-l255","source":"θέλγε νόον, Τρωσὶν δὲ καὶ Ἕκτορι κῦδος ὄπαζε.","translation":"he clouded, and granted glory to the Trojans and Hector.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l255.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θέλγε νόον","title":"Clouding judgment","body":"θέλγω can enchant, beguile, or numb. Zeus does not merely hide the field with dust: he works upon the Achaeans' νόος, their power of thought and judgment, while giving glory to Hector and the Trojans."}],"words":[{"surface":"θέλγε","lemma":"θέλγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"clouded"},{"surface":"νόον","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of θέλγε","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"Τρωσὶν","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορι","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὄπαζε","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ὄπαζε","lemma":"ὀπάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"granted"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b12-l256","source":"τοῦ περ δὴ τεράεσσι πεποιθότες ἠδὲ βίηφι","translation":"Trusting in his portents and in their own force,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l256.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies τεράεσσι","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τεράεσσι","lemma":"τέρας","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"portents"},{"surface":"πεποιθότες","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to πειρήτιζον","gloss":"trusting"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βίηφι","lemma":"βία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"force"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b12-l257","source":"ῥήγνυσθαι μέγα τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν πειρήτιζον.","translation":"they tried to break through the great wall of the Achaeans.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l257.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥήγνυσθαι","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of πειρήτιζον","gloss":"to break through"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ῥήγνυσθαι","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"πειρήτιζον","lemma":"πειρητίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept trying"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b12-l258","source":"κρόσσας μὲν πύργων ἔρυον, καὶ ἔρειπον ἐπάλξεις,","translation":"They tore down the tower-copings and battered the battlements,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l258.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κρόσσας","lemma":"κρόσσαι","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔρυον","gloss":"tower-copings"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"πύργων","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κρόσσας","gloss":"of the towers"},{"surface":"ἔρυον","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tore down"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔρειπον","lemma":"ἐρείπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"battered"},{"surface":"ἐπάλξεις","lemma":"ἔπαλξις","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔρειπον","gloss":"battlements"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b12-l259","source":"στήλας τε προβλῆτας ἐμόχλεον, ἃς ἄρʼ Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"and levered at the projecting posts that the Achaeans","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l259.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"στήλας τε προβλῆτας","title":"Projecting support posts","body":"The προβλῆτες are posts set out in front of the towers as structural supports. The Trojans attack the wall's framework itself, prying these forward-set timbers loose before trying to open a breach."}],"words":[{"surface":"στήλας","lemma":"στήλη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐμόχλεον","gloss":"posts"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προβλῆτας","lemma":"προβλής","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies στήλας","gloss":"projecting"},{"surface":"ἐμόχλεον","lemma":"μοχλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"levered at"},{"surface":"ἃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of θέσαν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of θέσαν","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b12-l260","source":"πρώτας ἐν γαίῃ θέσαν ἔμμεναι ἔχματα πύργων.","translation":"had first set in the earth to be supports for the towers.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l260.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρώτας","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"γαίῃ","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"θέσαν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing στήλας","gloss":"had set"},{"surface":"ἔμμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to θέσαν","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"ἔχματα","lemma":"ἔχμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"supports"},{"surface":"πύργων","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔχματα","gloss":"for the towers"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b12-l261","source":"τὰς οἵ γʼ αὐέρυον, ἔλποντο δὲ τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν","translation":"These they were dragging out, and they hoped to break","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l261.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὰς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of αὐέρυον","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"αὐέρυον","lemma":"αὐερύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dragged out"},{"surface":"ἔλποντο","lemma":"ἔλπω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hoped"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ῥήξειν","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b12-l262","source":"ῥήξειν· οὐδέ νύ πω Δαναοὶ χάζοντο κελεύθου,","translation":"the Achaeans' wall; but not even yet did the Danaans yield the way.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l262.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥήξειν","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ἔλποντο","gloss":"to break"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"Δαναοὶ","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of χάζοντο","gloss":"Danaans"},{"surface":"χάζοντο","lemma":"χάζω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"yielded"},{"surface":"κελεύθου","lemma":"κέλευθος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of χάζοντο","gloss":"the way"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b12-l263","source":"ἀλλʼ οἵ γε ῥινοῖσι βοῶν φράξαντες ἐπάλξεις","translation":"Instead they fenced the battlements with oxhide shields","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l263.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βάλλον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥινοῖσι","lemma":"ῥινόν","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to φράξαντες","gloss":"with shields"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ῥινοῖσι","gloss":"of oxhide"},{"surface":"φράξαντες","lemma":"φράσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to βάλλον","gloss":"having fenced"},{"surface":"ἐπάλξεις","lemma":"ἔπαλξις","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of φράξαντες","gloss":"battlements"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b12-l264","source":"βάλλον ἀπʼ αὐτάων δηΐους ὑπὸ τεῖχος ἰόντας.","translation":"and from the battlements pelted enemies coming beneath the wall.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l264.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βάλλον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pelted"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"αὐτάων","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀπ̓","gloss":"the battlements"},{"surface":"δηΐους","lemma":"δάιος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of βάλλον","gloss":"enemies"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"ἰόντας","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"coming"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b12-l265","source":"ἀμφοτέρω δʼ Αἴαντε κελευτιόωντʼ ἐπὶ πύργων","translation":"The two Ajaxes, shouting commands from the towers,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l265.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀμφοτέρω δʼ Αἴαντε κελευτιόωντʼ","title":"The two Ajaxes as a pair","body":"ἀμφοτέρω and Αἴαντε are dual forms, and the verb also presents the two heroes acting together. Greek marks them as a coordinated pair as they range along the defenses."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρω","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴαντε","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Αἴαντε","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"nominative dual masculine noun","role":"subject of φοιτήτην","gloss":"Ajaxes"},{"surface":"κελευτιόωντ","lemma":"κελευτιάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to φοιτήτην","gloss":"shouting commands"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"πύργων","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the towers"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b12-l266","source":"πάντοσε φοιτήτην μένος ὀτρύνοντες Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"ranged everywhere, stirring the Achaeans' strength.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l266.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντοσε","lemma":"πάντοσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φοιτήτην","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"φοιτήτην","lemma":"φοιτάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ranged"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὀτρύνοντες","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"ὀτρύνοντες","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to φοιτήτην","gloss":"stirring"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b12-l267","source":"ἄλλον μειλιχίοις, ἄλλον στερεοῖς ἐπέεσσι","translation":"One man they urged with gentle words, another with stern ones,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l267.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"one man"},{"surface":"μειλιχίοις","lemma":"μειλίχιος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"with gentle words"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of νείκεον","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"στερεοῖς","lemma":"στερεός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσι","gloss":"with stern"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to νείκεον","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b12-l268","source":"νείκεον, ὅν τινα πάγχυ μάχης μεθιέντα ἴδοιεν·","translation":"rebuking anyone they saw wholly slackening from battle:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l268.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νείκεον","lemma":"νεικέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rebuked"},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἴδοιεν","gloss":"whomever"},{"surface":"τινα","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅν","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"πάγχυ","lemma":"πάγχυ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μεθιέντα","gloss":"wholly"},{"surface":"μάχης","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of μεθιέντα","gloss":"from battle"},{"surface":"μεθιέντα","lemma":"μεθίημι","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"slackening"},{"surface":"ἴδοιεν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄλλον","gloss":"they might see"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b12-l269","source":"ὦ φίλοι Ἀργείων ὅς τʼ ἔξοχος ὅς τε μεσήεις","translation":"\"Friends among the Argives, whether foremost, middling,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l269.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"o"},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"among Argives"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔξοχος","lemma":"ἔξοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"foremost"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μεσήεις","lemma":"μεσήεις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"middling"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b12-l270","source":"ὅς τε χερειότερος, ἐπεὶ οὔ πω πάντες ὁμοῖοι","translation":"or lesser, since men are never all equal","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l270.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"χερειότερος","lemma":"χερείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"lesser"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέρες","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὁμοῖοι","lemma":"ὅμοιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"equal"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b12-l271","source":"ἀνέρες ἐν πολέμῳ, νῦν ἔπλετο ἔργον ἅπασι·","translation":"in war, now there is work for everyone—","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l271.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνέρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πολέμῳ","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔπλετο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἔπλετο","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔπλετο","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"ἅπασι","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἔπλετο","gloss":"for everyone"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b12-l272","source":"καὶ δʼ αὐτοὶ τόδε που γιγνώσκετε. μή τις ὀπίσσω","translation":"and surely you yourselves know this. Let no man turn","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l272.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοὶ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourselves"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of γιγνώσκετε","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"i suppose"},{"surface":"γιγνώσκετε","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"let no"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τετράφθω","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τετράφθω","gloss":"backward"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b12-l273","source":"τετράφθω ποτὶ νῆας ὁμοκλητῆρος ἀκούσας,","translation":"back toward the ships when he hears the enemy's shout,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l273.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τετράφθω","lemma":"τρέπω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turn"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ποτὶ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ὁμοκλητῆρος","lemma":"ὁμοκλητήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀκούσας","gloss":"enemy's shout"},{"surface":"ἀκούσας","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τετράφθω","gloss":"hearing"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b12-l274","source":"ἀλλὰ πρόσω ἵεσθε καὶ ἀλλήλοισι κέλεσθε,","translation":"but press forward and urge one another on,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l274.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πρόσω","lemma":"πρόσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵεσθε","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"ἵεσθε","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"press"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισι","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of κέλεσθε","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"κέλεσθε","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urge on"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b12-l275","source":"αἴ κε Ζεὺς δώῃσιν Ὀλύμπιος ἀστεροπητὴς","translation":"in hope that Olympian Zeus, lord of the lightning, may grant us","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l275.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"αἴ κε Ζεὺς δώῃσιν","title":"A hope for what Zeus may grant","body":"αἴ κε with the aorist subjunctive δώῃσιν presents a hoped-for possibility: if Zeus should grant it. The Ajaxes rally the men without claiming that victory has already been promised to them."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"in hope that"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δώῃσιν","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"δώῃσιν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"may grant"},{"surface":"Ὀλύμπιος","lemma":"Ὀλύμπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ζεὺς","gloss":"Olympian"},{"surface":"ἀστεροπητὴς","lemma":"ἀστεροπητής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεὺς","gloss":"lord of lightning"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b12-l276","source":"νεῖκος ἀπωσαμένους δηΐους προτὶ ἄστυ δίεσθαι.","translation":"to drive back the strife and chase our enemies toward the city.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l276.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νεῖκος","lemma":"νεῖκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπωσαμένους","gloss":"strife"},{"surface":"ἀπωσαμένους","lemma":"ἀπωθέω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to δίεσθαι","gloss":"having driven back"},{"surface":"δηΐους","lemma":"δάιος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of δίεσθαι","gloss":"enemies"},{"surface":"προτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προτὶ","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"δίεσθαι","lemma":"δίω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of δώῃσιν","gloss":"to chase"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b12-l277","source":"ὣς τώ γε προβοῶντε μάχην ὄτρυνον Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"So the two, shouting before them, stirred the Achaeans to battle.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l277.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄτρυνον","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τώ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὄτρυνον","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"προβοῶντε","lemma":"προβοάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ὄτρυνον","gloss":"calling aloud"},{"surface":"μάχην","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὄτρυνον","gloss":"to battle"},{"surface":"ὄτρυνον","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stirred"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μάχην","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b12-l278","source":"τῶν δʼ, ὥς τε νιφάδες χιόνος πίπτωσι θαμειαὶ","translation":"And as snowflakes fall thick","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l278.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὥς τε νιφάδες χιόνος πίπτωσι θαμειαὶ","title":"Stones become winter snow","body":"ὥς τε opens the long comparison that runs through line 287. The snow's breadth and density prepare the return to the stones flying thick from both armies, not a change in the battle's weather."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πίπτωσι","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"νιφάδες","lemma":"νιφάς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of πίπτωσι","gloss":"snowflakes"},{"surface":"χιόνος","lemma":"χιών","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νιφάδες","gloss":"of snow"},{"surface":"πίπτωσι","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"fall"},{"surface":"θαμειαὶ","lemma":"θαμέες","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"thick"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b12-l279","source":"ἤματι χειμερίῳ, ὅτε τʼ ὤρετο μητίετα Ζεὺς","translation":"on a winter day, when Zeus the counselor is moved","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l279.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤματι","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to πίπτωσι","gloss":"on a day"},{"surface":"χειμερίῳ","lemma":"χειμέριος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἤματι","gloss":"winter"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ὤρετο","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"is moved"},{"surface":"μητίετα","lemma":"μητίετα","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεὺς","gloss":"the counselor"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὤρετο","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b12-l280","source":"νιφέμεν ἀνθρώποισι πιφαυσκόμενος τὰ ἃ κῆλα·","translation":"to snow upon mankind, displaying his shafts:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l280.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πιφαυσκόμενος τὰ ἃ κῆλα","title":"Snow as the shafts of Zeus","body":"κῆλα are the missiles or shafts of a god. By making the snow display Zeus's own shafts, the simile gives the quiet weather a martial image before returning to the battle's stones."}],"words":[{"surface":"νιφέμεν","lemma":"νίφω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ὤρετο","gloss":"to snow"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώποισι","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of πιφαυσκόμενος","gloss":"upon mankind"},{"surface":"πιφαυσκόμενος","lemma":"πιφαύσκω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὤρετο","gloss":"displaying"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter article","role":"modifies κῆλα","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἃ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῆλα","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"κῆλα","lemma":"κῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πιφαυσκόμενος","gloss":"shafts"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b12-l281","source":"κοιμήσας δʼ ἀνέμους χέει ἔμπεδον, ὄφρα καλύψῃ","translation":"he lulls the winds and pours it steadily, until it covers","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l281.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κοιμήσας","lemma":"κοιμάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to χέει","gloss":"having lulled"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνέμους","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of χέει","gloss":"the winds"},{"surface":"χέει","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pours"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδον","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to χέει","gloss":"steadily"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"καλύψῃ","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"it covers"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b12-l282","source":"ὑψηλῶν ὀρέων κορυφὰς καὶ πρώονας ἄκρους","translation":"the peaks of the high mountains and the utmost headlands,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l282.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑψηλῶν","lemma":"ὑψηλός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀρέων","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"ὀρέων","lemma":"ὀρεύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κορυφὰς","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"κορυφὰς","lemma":"κορυφή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"peaks"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πρώονας","lemma":"πρών","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"headlands"},{"surface":"ἄκρους","lemma":"ἄκρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πρώονας","gloss":"utmost"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b12-l283","source":"καὶ πεδία λωτοῦντα καὶ ἀνδρῶν πίονα ἔργα,","translation":"the lotus-flowering meadows and men's rich tilled fields,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l283.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πεδία λωτοῦντα","title":"Lotus-flowering meadows","body":"λωτοῦντα describes plains or meadows blooming with lotus, a low-growing fodder plant in Homeric landscape. The line moves from wild high ground to fertile human land as the snow covers everything."}],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πεδία","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"meadows"},{"surface":"λωτοῦντα","lemma":"λωτόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies πεδία","gloss":"lotus-flowering"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"πίονα","lemma":"πίων","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"tilled fields"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b12-l284","source":"καί τʼ ἐφʼ ἁλὸς πολιῆς κέχυται λιμέσιν τε καὶ ἀκταῖς,","translation":"and spreads upon the gray sea over harbors and shores,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l284.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐφ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"πολιῆς","lemma":"πολιός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἁλὸς","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"κέχυται","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spreads"},{"surface":"λιμέσιν","lemma":"λιμήν","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"over harbors"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀκταῖς","lemma":"ἀκτή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shores"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b12-l285","source":"κῦμα δέ μιν προσπλάζον ἐρύκεται· ἄλλά τε πάντα","translation":"though the lapping wave checks it; but all else","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l285.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κῦμα","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐρύκεται","gloss":"wave"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσπλάζον","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"προσπλάζον","lemma":"προσπλάζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"adverbial to ἐρύκεται","gloss":"lapping"},{"surface":"ἐρύκεται","lemma":"ἐρύκω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"checks"},{"surface":"ἄλλά","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of εἴλυται","gloss":"all else"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄλλά","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b12-l286","source":"εἴλυται καθύπερθʼ, ὅτʼ ἐπιβρίσῃ Διὸς ὄμβρος·","translation":"is wrapped from above when the storm of Zeus weighs down—","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l286.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴλυται","lemma":"εἰλύω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"is wrapped"},{"surface":"καθύπερθ","lemma":"καθύπερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴλυται","gloss":"from above"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἐπιβρίσῃ","lemma":"ἐπιβρίθω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτ̓","gloss":"weighs down"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄμβρος","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"ὄμβρος","lemma":"ὄμβρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπιβρίσῃ","gloss":"storm"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b12-l287","source":"ὣς τῶν ἀμφοτέρωσε λίθοι πωτῶντο θαμειαί,","translation":"so thick the stones flew from both sides,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l287.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πωτῶντο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies λίθοι","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρωσε","lemma":"ἀμφοτέρωσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πωτῶντο","gloss":"from both sides"},{"surface":"λίθοι","lemma":"λίθος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of πωτῶντο","gloss":"stones"},{"surface":"πωτῶντο","lemma":"πωτάομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"θαμειαί","lemma":"θαμέες","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"thick"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b12-l288","source":"αἱ μὲν ἄρʼ ἐς Τρῶας, αἱ δʼ ἐκ Τρώων ἐς Ἀχαιούς,","translation":"some toward the Trojans, others from the Trojans toward the Achaeans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l288.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"αἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιούς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b12-l289","source":"βαλλομένων· τὸ δὲ τεῖχος ὕπερ πᾶν δοῦπος ὀρώρει.","translation":"as they hurled; and over the whole wall a din arose.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l289.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βαλλομένων","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as they hurled"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὕπερ","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ὕπερ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"πᾶν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"δοῦπος","lemma":"δοῦπος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὀρώρει","gloss":"din"},{"surface":"ὀρώρει","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had arisen"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b12-l290","source":"οὐδʼ ἄν πω τότε γε Τρῶες καὶ φαίδιμος Ἕκτωρ","translation":"Nor even then would the Trojans and glorious Hector","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l290.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even yet"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρρήξαντο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φαίδιμος","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b12-l291","source":"τείχεος ἐρρήξαντο πύλας καὶ μακρὸν ὀχῆα,","translation":"have broken the gates of the wall and the long bar,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l291.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τείχεος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies πύλας","gloss":"of the wall"},{"surface":"ἐρρήξαντο","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have broken"},{"surface":"πύλας","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μακρὸν","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀχῆα","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ὀχῆα","lemma":"ὀχεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"bar"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b12-l292","source":"εἰ μὴ ἄρʼ υἱὸν ἑὸν Σαρπηδόνα μητίετα Ζεὺς","translation":"had Zeus the counselor not roused his own son Sarpedon","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l292.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἑὸν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"Σαρπηδόνα","lemma":"Σαρπηδών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Sarpedon"},{"surface":"μητίετα","lemma":"μητίετα","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεὺς","gloss":"the counselor"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὦρσεν","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b12-l293","source":"ὦρσεν ἐπʼ Ἀργείοισι λέονθʼ ὣς βουσὶν ἕλιξιν.","translation":"against the Argives, like a lion against curved-horned cattle.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l293.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦρσεν","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"had roused"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Ἀργείοισι","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπ̓","gloss":"Argives"},{"surface":"λέονθ","lemma":"λέων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"a lion"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"βουσὶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"cattle"},{"surface":"ἕλιξιν","lemma":"ἕλιξ","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βουσὶν","gloss":"curved-horned"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b12-l294","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ ἀσπίδα μὲν πρόσθʼ ἔσχετο πάντοσʼ ἐΐσην","translation":"At once he held before him his shield, perfectly round,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l294.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πάντοσʼ ἐΐσην","title":"Equal on every side","body":"The shield is ἐΐση in every direction: evenly formed and fully round. Homer begins with its shape, then moves through bronze, hides, and gold to build it layer by layer."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσχετο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδα","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔσχετο","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"πρόσθ","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσχετο","gloss":"before him"},{"surface":"ἔσχετο","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"πάντοσ","lemma":"πάντοσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"on every side"},{"surface":"ἐΐσην","lemma":"ἔισος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"perfectly round"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b12-l295","source":"καλὴν χαλκείην ἐξήλατον, ἣν ἄρα χαλκεὺς","translation":"beautiful, hammered bronze, which a bronzesmith","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l295.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλὴν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"χαλκείην","lemma":"χάλκειος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ἐξήλατον","lemma":"ἐξήλατος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"hammered"},{"surface":"ἣν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἤλασεν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"χαλκεὺς","lemma":"χαλκεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"bronzesmith"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b12-l296","source":"ἤλασεν, ἔντοσθεν δὲ βοείας ῥάψε θαμειὰς","translation":"had beaten out, then stitched many oxhides within it","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l296.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤλασεν","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"had beaten out"},{"surface":"ἔντοσθεν","lemma":"ἔντοσθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ῥάψε","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βοείας","lemma":"βοείη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ῥάψε","gloss":"oxhides"},{"surface":"ῥάψε","lemma":"ῥάπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"stitched"},{"surface":"θαμειὰς","lemma":"θαμέες","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"many"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b12-l297","source":"χρυσείῃς ῥάβδοισι διηνεκέσιν περὶ κύκλον.","translation":"with rods of gold running unbroken around the rim.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l297.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χρυσείῃς","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ῥάβδοισι","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"ῥάβδοισι","lemma":"ῥάβδος","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ῥάψε","gloss":"rods"},{"surface":"διηνεκέσιν","lemma":"διηνεκής","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ῥάβδοισι","gloss":"unbroken"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"κύκλον","lemma":"κύκλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"the rim"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b12-l298","source":"τὴν ἄρʼ ὅ γε πρόσθε σχόμενος δύο δοῦρε τινάσσων","translation":"Holding it before him and brandishing two spears,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l298.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of σχόμενος","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βῆ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πρόσθε","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σχόμενος","gloss":"before him"},{"surface":"σχόμενος","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"δύο","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies δοῦρε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"δοῦρε","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"object of τινάσσων","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"τινάσσων","lemma":"τινάσσω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"brandishing"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b12-l299","source":"βῆ ῥʼ ἴμεν ὥς τε λέων ὀρεσίτροφος, ὅς τʼ ἐπιδευὴς","translation":"he strode on like a mountain-bred lion, long deprived","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l299.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὥς τε λέων ὀρεσίτροφος","title":"The assault as a lion simile","body":"ὥς introduces an extended comparison that runs through line 306. Sarpedon does not merely look leonine: the lion's hunger, risk, and refusal to leave untested map the whole motion of his attack."}],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"strode"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βῆ","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"λέων","lemma":"λέων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a lion"},{"surface":"ὀρεσίτροφος","lemma":"ὀρεσιτρόφος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λέων","gloss":"mountain-bred"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔῃ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἐπιδευὴς","lemma":"ἐπιδευής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"deprived"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b12-l300","source":"δηρὸν ἔῃ κρειῶν, κέλεται δέ ἑ θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ","translation":"of meat, whose proud heart drives him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l300.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δηρὸν","lemma":"δηρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ἔῃ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"may be"},{"surface":"κρειῶν","lemma":"κρέας","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐπιδευὴς","gloss":"of meat"},{"surface":"κέλεται","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"drives"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κέλεται","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κέλεται","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"proud"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b12-l301","source":"μήλων πειρήσοντα καὶ ἐς πυκινὸν δόμον ἐλθεῖν·","translation":"to test the sheep and enter even a close-built fold.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l301.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μήλων","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of πειρήσοντα","gloss":"of sheep"},{"surface":"πειρήσοντα","lemma":"πειράω","morphology":"future active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐλθεῖν","gloss":"to test"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"πυκινὸν","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"close-built"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"fold"},{"surface":"ἐλθεῖν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of κέλεται","gloss":"to enter"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b12-l302","source":"εἴ περ γάρ χʼ εὕρῃσι παρʼ αὐτόφι βώτορας ἄνδρας","translation":"Though he finds the herdsmen there beside the flock,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l302.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"χ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"εὕρῃσι","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"he finds"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"αὐτόφι","lemma":"αὐτόφι","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of παῤ","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"βώτορας","lemma":"βώτωρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄνδρας","gloss":"herdsmen"},{"surface":"ἄνδρας","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of εὕρῃσι","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b12-l303","source":"σὺν κυσὶ καὶ δούρεσσι φυλάσσοντας περὶ μῆλα,","translation":"with dogs and spears keeping watch around the sheep,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l303.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"κυσὶ","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δούρεσσι","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"φυλάσσοντας","lemma":"φυλάσσω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"keeping watch"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"sheep"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b12-l304","source":"οὔ ῥά τʼ ἀπείρητος μέμονε σταθμοῖο δίεσθαι,","translation":"he has no mind to be driven from the fold untried:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l304.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἀπείρητος","lemma":"ἀπείρητος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"untried"},{"surface":"μέμονε","lemma":"μέμονα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλ̓","gloss":"is minded"},{"surface":"σταθμοῖο","lemma":"σταθμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of δίεσθαι","gloss":"from the fold"},{"surface":"δίεσθαι","lemma":"δίω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of μέμονε","gloss":"to be driven"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b12-l305","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅ γʼ ἄρʼ ἢ ἥρπαξε μετάλμενος, ἠὲ καὶ αὐτὸς","translation":"he either leaps among them and seizes one, or is himself","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l305.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἥρπαξε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"ἥρπαξε","lemma":"ἁρπάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"seizes one"},{"surface":"μετάλμενος","lemma":"μεθάλλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἥρπαξε","gloss":"leaping among"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἠέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b12-l306","source":"ἔβλητʼ ἐν πρώτοισι θοῆς ἀπὸ χειρὸς ἄκοντι·","translation":"struck among the foremost by a javelin from a swift hand.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l306.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔβλητ","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"is struck"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"πρώτοισι","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the foremost"},{"surface":"θοῆς","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χειρὸς","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"χειρὸς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀπὸ","gloss":"a hand"},{"surface":"ἄκοντι","lemma":"ἄκων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔβλητ̓","gloss":"by a javelin"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b12-l307","source":"ὥς ῥα τότʼ ἀντίθεον Σαρπηδόνα θυμὸς ἀνῆκε","translation":"So then his heart urged godlike Sarpedon","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l307.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνῆκε","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνῆκε","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"ἀντίθεον","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Σαρπηδόνα","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Σαρπηδόνα","lemma":"Σαρπηδών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνῆκε","gloss":"Sarpedon"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνῆκε","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἀνῆκε","lemma":"ἀνίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urged"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b12-l308","source":"τεῖχος ἐπαΐξαι διά τε ῥήξασθαι ἐπάλξεις.","translation":"to charge the wall and break through the battlements.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l308.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπαΐξαι","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ἐπαΐξαι","lemma":"ἐπαίσσω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τε","gloss":"to charge"},{"surface":"διά","lemma":"ζεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥήξασθαι","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of τε","gloss":"to break"},{"surface":"ἐπάλξεις","lemma":"ἔπαλξις","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ῥήξασθαι","gloss":"battlements"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b12-l309","source":"αὐτίκα δὲ Γλαῦκον προσέφη παῖδʼ Ἱππολόχοιο·","translation":"At once he spoke to Glaucus, son of Hippolochus:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l309.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Γλαῦκον","lemma":"Γλαῦκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Glaucus"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"παῖδ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Ἱππολόχοιο","lemma":"Ἱππόλοχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παῖδ̓","gloss":"of Hippolochus"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b12-l310","source":"Γλαῦκε τί ἢ δὴ νῶϊ τετιμήμεσθα μάλιστα","translation":"\"Glaucus, why are we two honored above all others","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l310.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νῶϊ τετιμήμεσθα","title":"We two","body":"νῶϊ is the first-person dual pronoun; the verb τετιμήμεσθα uses the first-person plural form because Greek has no distinct first-person dual verb ending. Sarpedon frames the privileges and obligations as belonging precisely to himself and Glaucus together."}],"words":[{"surface":"Γλαῦκε","lemma":"Γλαῦκος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Glaucus"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τίς","morphology":"irregular","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"νῶϊ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τετιμήμεσθα","gloss":"we two"},{"surface":"τετιμήμεσθα","lemma":"τιμάω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are honored"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τετιμήμεσθα","gloss":"above all"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b12-l311","source":"ἕδρῃ τε κρέασίν τε ἰδὲ πλείοις δεπάεσσιν","translation":"with seats and meat and brimming cups","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l311.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕδρῃ","lemma":"ἕδρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἰδὲ","gloss":"with a seat"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κρέασίν","lemma":"κρέας","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἰδὲ","gloss":"meat"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰδὲ","lemma":"ἰδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πλείοις","lemma":"πλέως","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δεπάεσσιν","gloss":"brimming"},{"surface":"δεπάεσσιν","lemma":"δέπας","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἰδὲ","gloss":"cups"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b12-l312","source":"ἐν Λυκίῃ, πάντες δὲ θεοὺς ὣς εἰσορόωσι,","translation":"in Lycia, while all look upon us as gods?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l312.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Λυκίῃ","lemma":"Λυκία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"Lycia"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of εἰσορόωσι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεοὺς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"εἰσορόωσι","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"look upon us"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b12-l313","source":"καὶ τέμενος νεμόμεσθα μέγα Ξάνθοιο παρʼ ὄχθας","translation":"And we possess a great estate beside the banks of Xanthus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l313.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τέμενος","lemma":"τέμενος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of νεμόμεσθα","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"νεμόμεσθα","lemma":"νέμω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"possess"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέμενος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Ξάνθοιο","lemma":"Ξάνθος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄχθας","gloss":"of Xanthus"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ὄχθας","lemma":"ὄχθη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παῤ","gloss":"the banks"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b12-l314","source":"καλὸν φυταλιῆς καὶ ἀρούρης πυροφόροιο;","translation":"fine with orchard ground and wheat-bearing fields.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l314.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλὸν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέμενος","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"φυταλιῆς","lemma":"φυταλιά","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"orchard ground"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρούρης","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"fields"},{"surface":"πυροφόροιο","lemma":"πυροφόρος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀρούρης","gloss":"wheat-bearing"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b12-l315","source":"τὼ νῦν χρὴ Λυκίοισι μέτα πρώτοισιν ἐόντας","translation":"Therefore now we must take our place among the foremost Lycians,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l315.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χρὴ","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χρὴ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"χρὴ","lemma":"χρή","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we must"},{"surface":"Λυκίοισι","lemma":"Λύκιοι","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μέτα","gloss":"Lycians"},{"surface":"μέτα","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"πρώτοισιν","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Λυκίοισι","gloss":"the foremost"},{"surface":"ἐόντας","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠδὲ","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b12-l316","source":"ἑστάμεν ἠδὲ μάχης καυστείρης ἀντιβολῆσαι,","translation":"to stand our ground and meet the burning heat of battle;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l316.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἑστάμεν ἠδὲ μάχης καυστείρης ἀντιβολῆσαι","title":"The burning heat of battle","body":"This Greek line repeats Iliad 4.342 exactly, but its person comes from the surrounding syntax: there Agamemnon addresses two men as 'you,' while here Sarpedon's first-person dual means 'we.' καυστειρή makes battle a searing heat that the leaders must stand and meet rather than command from safety."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἑστάμεν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active infinitive","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"to stand firm"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάχης","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀντιβολῆσαι","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"καυστείρης","lemma":"καύστειρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μάχης","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"ἀντιβολῆσαι","lemma":"ἀντιβολέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"to meet"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b12-l317","source":"ὄφρά τις ὧδʼ εἴπῃ Λυκίων πύκα θωρηκτάων·","translation":"so that one of the closely armored Lycians may say:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l317.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρά","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπῃ","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ὧδ","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴπῃ","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"εἴπῃ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρά","gloss":"may say"},{"surface":"Λυκίων","lemma":"Λύκιοι","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of the Lycians"},{"surface":"πύκα","lemma":"πύκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"θωρηκτάων","lemma":"θωρηκτής","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Λυκίων","gloss":"armored"}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b12-l318","source":"οὐ μὰν ἀκλεέες Λυκίην κάτα κοιρανέουσιν","translation":"'No inglorious men are these kings who rule in Lycia:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l318.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὰν","lemma":"μήν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀκλεέες","lemma":"ἀκλεής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"inglorious"},{"surface":"Λυκίην","lemma":"Λυκία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κάτα","gloss":"Lycia"},{"surface":"κάτα","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"κοιρανέουσιν","lemma":"κοιρανέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rule"}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b12-l319","source":"ἡμέτεροι βασιλῆες, ἔδουσί τε πίονα μῆλα","translation":"they eat fat sheep","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l319.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμέτεροι","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βασιλῆες","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"βασιλῆες","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"kings"},{"surface":"ἔδουσί","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"eat"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πίονα","lemma":"πίων","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μῆλα","gloss":"fat"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"sheep"}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b12-l320","source":"οἶνόν τʼ ἔξαιτον μελιηδέα· ἀλλʼ ἄρα καὶ ἲς","translation":"and drink choice, honey-sweet wine; but their strength too","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l320.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶνόν","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔξαιτον","lemma":"ἔξαιτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶνόν","gloss":"choice"},{"surface":"μελιηδέα","lemma":"μελιηδής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶνόν","gloss":"honey-sweet"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἲς","lemma":"ἴς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"strength"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b12-l321","source":"ἐσθλή, ἐπεὶ Λυκίοισι μέτα πρώτοισι μάχονται.","translation":"is noble, since they fight among the foremost Lycians.'","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l321.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσθλή","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἲς","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"Λυκίοισι","lemma":"Λύκιοι","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μέτα","gloss":"Lycians"},{"surface":"μέτα","lemma":"μέτειμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"πρώτοισι","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Λυκίοισι","gloss":"the foremost"},{"surface":"μάχονται","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"they fight"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b12-l322","source":"ὦ πέπον εἰ μὲν γὰρ πόλεμον περὶ τόνδε φυγόντε","translation":"Dear friend, if by escaping this war we two","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l322.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πόλεμον περὶ τόνδε φυγόντε","title":"Escaping as a pair","body":"φυγόντε is an aorist dual participle: Sarpedon imagines himself and Glaucus together escaping this particular war. The unreal condition opens here and reaches its consequence in lines 324–325."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"o"},{"surface":"πέπον","lemma":"πέπων","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"dear friend"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φυγόντε","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"τόνδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies πόλεμον","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"φυγόντε","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to μέλλοιμεν","gloss":"having escaped"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b12-l323","source":"αἰεὶ δὴ μέλλοιμεν ἀγήρω τʼ ἀθανάτω τε","translation":"were thereafter to live forever, ageless and immortal,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l323.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μέλλοιμεν","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μέλλοιμεν","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"present active optative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"were destined"},{"surface":"ἀγήρω","lemma":"ἀγήραος","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"ageless"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτω","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b12-l324","source":"ἔσσεσθʼ, οὔτέ κεν αὐτὸς ἐνὶ πρώτοισι μαχοίμην","translation":"neither would I myself fight among the foremost","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l324.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσσεσθ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of μέλλοιμεν","gloss":"to live"},{"surface":"οὔτέ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"πρώτοισι","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the foremost"},{"surface":"μαχοίμην","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would i fight"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b12-l325","source":"οὔτέ κε σὲ στέλλοιμι μάχην ἐς κυδιάνειραν·","translation":"nor would I send you into the battle that brings men glory.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l325.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔτέ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"σὲ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of στέλλοιμι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"στέλλοιμι","lemma":"στέλλω","morphology":"present active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would i send"},{"surface":"μάχην","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"κυδιάνειραν","lemma":"κυδιάνειρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μάχην","gloss":"bringing men glory"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b12-l326","source":"νῦν δʼ ἔμπης γὰρ κῆρες ἐφεστᾶσιν θανάτοιο","translation":"But now, for all that, countless death-dooms stand over us,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l326.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κῆρες ἐφεστᾶσιν θανάτοιο","title":"Death-dooms standing near","body":"κῆρες are the many possible death-fates that stand over every mortal. Sarpedon's answer to certain death is not hope of escape but the pursuit of glory while action remains possible."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴομεν","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔμπης","lemma":"ἔμπας","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφεστᾶσιν","gloss":"for all that"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κῆρες","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐφεστᾶσιν","gloss":"death-dooms"},{"surface":"ἐφεστᾶσιν","lemma":"ἐφίστημι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"stand over us"},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κῆρες","gloss":"of death"}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b12-l327","source":"μυρίαι, ἃς οὐκ ἔστι φυγεῖν βροτὸν οὐδʼ ὑπαλύξαι,","translation":"which no mortal can flee or escape.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l327.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μυρίαι","lemma":"μυρίος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κῆρες","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"ἃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ̓","gloss":"is possible"},{"surface":"φυγεῖν","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"to flee"},{"surface":"βροτὸν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"a mortal"},{"surface":"ὑπαλύξαι","lemma":"ὑπαλύσκω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to escape"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b12-l328","source":"ἴομεν ἠέ τῳ εὖχος ὀρέξομεν ἠέ τις ἡμῖν.","translation":"Let us go: either we shall give glory to another, or another to us.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l328.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴομεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us go"},{"surface":"ἠέ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"τῳ","lemma":"τις","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ὀρέξομεν","gloss":"to another"},{"surface":"εὖχος","lemma":"εὖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὀρέξομεν","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ὀρέξομεν","lemma":"ὀρέγω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἠέ","gloss":"we shall give"},{"surface":"ἠέ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ἡμῖν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"to us"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b12-l329","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδὲ Γλαῦκος ἀπετράπετʼ οὐδʼ ἀπίθησε·","translation":"So he spoke, and Glaucus neither turned away nor disobeyed;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l329.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke","note":"Elided from ἔφατο; 'ὣς ἔφατ(ο)' is the standard Homeric formula for 'so he/she spoke.'"},{"surface":"οὐδὲ","lemma":"οὐδέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"Γλαῦκος","lemma":"Γλαῦκος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"Glaucus"},{"surface":"ἀπετράπετ","lemma":"ἀποτρέπω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turned away"},{"surface":"οὐδ","lemma":"οὐδέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ἀπίθησε","lemma":"ἀπιθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"disobeyed"}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b12-l330","source":"τὼ δʼ ἰθὺς βήτην Λυκίων μέγα ἔθνος ἄγοντε.","translation":"the two went straight on, leading the great host of Lycians.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l330.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βήτην","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰθὺς","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βήτην","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"βήτην","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"Λυκίων","lemma":"Λύκιοι","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔθνος","gloss":"of Lycians"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔθνος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἔθνος","lemma":"ἔθνος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἄγοντε","gloss":"host"},{"surface":"ἄγοντε","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to βήτην","gloss":"leading"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b12-l331","source":"τοὺς δὲ ἰδὼν ῥίγησʼ υἱὸς Πετεῶο Μενεσθεύς·","translation":"Seeing them, Menestheus, son of Peteos, shuddered,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l331.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἰδὼν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ῥίγησ̓","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"ῥίγησ","lemma":"ῥιγέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shuddered"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Πετεῶο","lemma":"Πετεώς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Peteos"},{"surface":"Μενεσθεύς","lemma":"Μενεσθεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Menestheus"}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b12-l332","source":"τοῦ γὰρ δὴ πρὸς πύργον ἴσαν κακότητα φέροντες.","translation":"for toward his tower they came, bringing ruin.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l332.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies πύργον","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"πύργον","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"tower"},{"surface":"ἴσαν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they came"},{"surface":"κακότητα","lemma":"κακότης","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of φέροντες","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"φέροντες","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἴσαν","gloss":"bringing"}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b12-l333","source":"πάπτηνεν δʼ ἀνὰ πύργον Ἀχαιῶν εἴ τινʼ ἴδοιτο","translation":"He scanned along the Achaeans' wall, hoping to see","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l333.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάπτηνεν","lemma":"παπταίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"scanned"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"πύργον","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πύργον","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"τιν","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἴδοιτο","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἴδοιτο","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of εἴ","gloss":"he might see"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b12-l334","source":"ἡγεμόνων, ὅς τίς οἱ ἀρὴν ἑτάροισιν ἀμύναι·","translation":"some leader who might ward destruction from his comrades.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l334.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡγεμόνων","lemma":"ἡγεμών","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τιν̓","gloss":"among the leaders"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀμύναι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἑτάροισιν","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ἀρὴν","lemma":"ἀρή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀμύναι","gloss":"destruction"},{"surface":"ἑτάροισιν","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμύναι","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"ἀμύναι","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τιν̓","gloss":"might ward off"}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b12-l335","source":"ἐς δʼ ἐνόησʼ Αἴαντε δύω πολέμου ἀκορήτω","translation":"He saw the two Ajaxes, insatiate for war,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l335.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Αἴαντε δύω","title":"The two Ajaxes","body":"Αἴαντε is the dual form of Ajax, reinforced by δύω, 'two.' Homer treats Telamonian Ajax and Oilean Ajax as a pair here before the message separates their duties."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"closely"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνόησ","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"Αἴαντε","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"Ajaxes"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies Αἴαντε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"πολέμου","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀκορήτω","gloss":"for war"},{"surface":"ἀκορήτω","lemma":"ἀκόρητος","morphology":"accusative dual masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴαντε","gloss":"insatiate"}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b12-l336","source":"ἑσταότας, Τεῦκρόν τε νέον κλισίηθεν ἰόντα","translation":"standing there, and Teucer newly come from his shelter","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l336.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑσταότας","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"Τεῦκρόν","lemma":"Τεῦκρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"Teucer"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νέον","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἰόντα","gloss":"newly"},{"surface":"κλισίηθεν","lemma":"κλισίηθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἰόντα","gloss":"from his shelter"},{"surface":"ἰόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"coming"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b12-l337","source":"ἐγγύθεν· ἀλλʼ οὔ πώς οἱ ἔην βώσαντι γεγωνεῖν·","translation":"close by; but no shout of his could make itself heard,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l337.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐγγύθεν","lemma":"ἐγγύθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰόντα","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πώς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in any way"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔην","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was possible"},{"surface":"βώσαντι","lemma":"βοάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"though shouting"},{"surface":"γεγωνεῖν","lemma":"γεγωνέω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject of ἔην","gloss":"to make heard"}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b12-l338","source":"τόσσος γὰρ κτύπος ἦεν, ἀϋτὴ δʼ οὐρανὸν ἷκε,","translation":"so great was the din, and the battle-cry reached heaven","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l338.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόσσος","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"so great"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κτύπος","lemma":"κτύπος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"din"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἀϋτὴ","lemma":"ἀυτή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἷκε","gloss":"battle-cry"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἷκε","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"ἷκε","lemma":"ἵκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reached"}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b12-l339","source":"βαλλομένων σακέων τε καὶ ἱπποκόμων τρυφαλειῶν","translation":"as shields and horsehair-crested helmets were struck,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l339.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βαλλομένων","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural neuter","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being struck"},{"surface":"σακέων","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"shields"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱπποκόμων","lemma":"ἱππόκομος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies τρυφαλειῶν","gloss":"horsehair-crested"},{"surface":"τρυφαλειῶν","lemma":"τρυφάλεια","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"helmets"}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b12-l340","source":"καὶ πυλέων· πᾶσαι γὰρ ἐπώχατο, τοὶ δὲ κατʼ αὐτὰς","translation":"and gates as well; for all were shut fast, and the Trojans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l340.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πυλέων","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"πᾶσαι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of ἐπώχατο","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐπώχατο","lemma":"ἐπέχω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were shut fast"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πειρῶντο","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"αὐτὰς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of κατ̓","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b12-l341","source":"ἱστάμενοι πειρῶντο βίῃ ῥήξαντες ἐσελθεῖν.","translation":"stood before them, trying to break them by force and enter.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l341.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱστάμενοι","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to πειρῶντο","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"πειρῶντο","lemma":"πειράω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were trying"},{"surface":"βίῃ","lemma":"βία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ῥήξαντες","gloss":"by force"},{"surface":"ῥήξαντες","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐσελθεῖν","gloss":"having broken"},{"surface":"ἐσελθεῖν","lemma":"εἰσέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of πειρῶντο","gloss":"to enter"}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b12-l342","source":"αἶψα δʼ ἐπʼ Αἴαντα προΐει κήρυκα Θοώτην·","translation":"At once he sent the herald Thotes to Ajax:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l342.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προΐει","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Αἴαντα","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ̓","gloss":"Ajax"},{"surface":"προΐει","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"κήρυκα","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Θοώτην","gloss":"herald"},{"surface":"Θοώτην","lemma":"Θοώτης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προΐει","gloss":"Thotes"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b12-l343","source":"ἔρχεο δῖε Θοῶτα, θέων Αἴαντα κάλεσσον,","translation":"\"Go, godlike Thotes, run and call Ajax —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l343.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρχεο","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"δῖε","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Θοῶτα","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Θοῶτα","lemma":"Θοώτης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Thotes"},{"surface":"θέων","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κάλεσσον","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"Αἴαντα","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κάλεσσον","gloss":"Ajax"},{"surface":"κάλεσσον","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"call"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b12-l344","source":"ἀμφοτέρω μὲν μᾶλλον· ὃ γάρ κʼ ὄχʼ ἄριστον ἁπάντων","translation":"both of them if possible; for that would be best of all.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l344.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρω","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"accusative dual masculine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"μᾶλλον","lemma":"μᾶλλον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"preferably"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ὄχ","lemma":"ὄχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"by far"},{"surface":"ἄριστον","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"ἁπάντων","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄριστον","gloss":"of all"}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b12-l345","source":"εἴη, ἐπεὶ τάχα τῇδε τετεύξεται αἰπὺς ὄλεθρος.","translation":"For soon here sheer destruction will be wrought.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l345.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τάχα","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τετεύξεται","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"τῇδε","lemma":"τῇδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τετεύξεται","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"τετεύξεται","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"future perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"will be wrought"},{"surface":"αἰπὺς","lemma":"αἰπύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄλεθρος","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρος","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τετεύξεται","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b12-l346","source":"ὧδε γὰρ ἔβρισαν Λυκίων ἀγοί, οἳ τὸ πάρος περ","translation":"So heavily press the Lycian leaders, who before now","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l346.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"so heavily"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔβρισαν","lemma":"βρίθω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"press"},{"surface":"Λυκίων","lemma":"Λύκιοι","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀγοί","gloss":"Lycian"},{"surface":"ἀγοί","lemma":"ἀγός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔβρισαν","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τελέθουσι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πάρος","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τελέθουσι","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b12-l347","source":"ζαχρηεῖς τελέθουσι κατὰ κρατερὰς ὑσμίνας.","translation":"have always proved fierce in mighty battles.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l347.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ζαχρηεῖς","lemma":"ζαχρηής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fierce"},{"surface":"τελέθουσι","lemma":"τελέθω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀγοί","gloss":"have proved"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κρατερὰς","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὑσμίνας","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"ὑσμίνας","lemma":"ὑσμίνη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"battles"}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b12-l348","source":"εἰ δέ σφιν καὶ κεῖθι πόνος καὶ νεῖκος ὄρωρεν,","translation":"But if toil and strife have risen for them there as well,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l348.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὄρωρεν","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"κεῖθι","lemma":"ἐκεῖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄρωρεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"πόνος","lemma":"πόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"toil"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νεῖκος","lemma":"νεῖκος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"strife"},{"surface":"ὄρωρεν","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"has arisen"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b12-l349","source":"ἀλλά περ οἶος ἴτω Τελαμώνιος ἄλκιμος Αἴας,","translation":"then at least let mighty Telamonian Ajax come alone,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l349.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἴτω","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let come"},{"surface":"Τελαμώνιος","lemma":"Τελαμών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴας","gloss":"Telamonian"},{"surface":"ἄλκιμος","lemma":"ἄλκιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴας","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"Αἴας","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἴτω","gloss":"Ajax"}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b12-l350","source":"καί οἱ Τεῦκρος ἅμα σπέσθω τόξων ἐῢ εἰδώς.","translation":"and let Teucer, skilled with the bow, follow with him.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l350.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἅμα","gloss":"with him"},{"surface":"Τεῦκρος","lemma":"Τεῦκρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of σπέσθω","gloss":"Teucer"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"σπέσθω","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let follow"},{"surface":"τόξων","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἰδώς","gloss":"the bow"},{"surface":"ἐῢ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰδώς","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"εἰδώς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Τεῦκρος","gloss":"skilled"}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b12-l351","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἄρα οἱ κῆρυξ ἀπίθησεν ἀκούσας,","translation":"So he spoke, and the herald did not disobey him when he heard,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l351.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἄρα οἱ κῆρυξ ἀπίθησεν ἀκούσας","title":"An inherited messenger formula","body":"The Greek line repeats Iliad 4.198 exactly, and its accepted English is inherited without change. The formula moves the message from command to action in a single beat."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπίθησεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"κῆρυξ","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀπίθησεν","gloss":"herald"},{"surface":"ἀπίθησεν","lemma":"ἀπιθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did not disobey"},{"surface":"ἀκούσας","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπίθησεν","gloss":"hearing"}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b12-l352","source":"βῆ δὲ θέειν παρὰ τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων,","translation":"and ran beside the wall of the bronze-clad Achaeans.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l352.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θέειν","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βῆ","gloss":"to run"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"of Achaeans"},{"surface":"χαλκοχιτώνων","lemma":"χαλκοχίτων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"bronze-clad"}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b12-l353","source":"στῆ δὲ παρʼ Αἰάντεσσι κιών, εἶθαρ δὲ προσηύδα·","translation":"He came and stood beside the Ajaxes, then addressed them at once:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l353.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στῆ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"Αἰάντεσσι","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of παῤ","gloss":"the Ajaxes"},{"surface":"κιών","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to στῆ","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"εἶθαρ","lemma":"εἶθαρ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b12-l354","source":"Αἴαντʼ Ἀργείων ἡγήτορε χαλκοχιτώνων","translation":"\"You two Ajaxes, leaders of the bronze-clad Argives —","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l354.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Αἴαντʼ Ἀργείων ἡγήτορε χαλκοχιτώνων","title":"The Ajaxes addressed together","body":"This line inherits the punctuation-normalized formula of Iliad 4.285. The dual form ἡγήτορε addresses both Ajaxes as leaders, while bronze-clad keeps the established rendering of χαλκοχίτωνες."}],"words":[{"surface":"Αἴαντ","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"vocative dual masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Ajaxes"},{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἡγήτορε","gloss":"of Argives"},{"surface":"ἡγήτορε","lemma":"ἡγήτωρ","morphology":"vocative dual masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"χαλκοχιτώνων","lemma":"χαλκοχίτων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀργείων","gloss":"bronze-clad"}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b12-l355","source":"ἠνώγει Πετεῶο διοτρεφέος φίλος υἱὸς","translation":"the dear son of Zeus-nurtured Peteos bids you","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l355.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Πετεῶο διοτρεφέος φίλος υἱὸς","title":"Whom Zeus nurtured","body":"The genitives Πετεῶο διοτρεφέος belong together: it is Peteos who is Zeus-nurtured. φίλος υἱός, 'dear son,' names Menestheus in relation to that father."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἠνώγει","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bids"},{"surface":"Πετεῶο","lemma":"Πετεώς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Peteos"},{"surface":"διοτρεφέος","lemma":"Διοτρεφής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πετεῶο","gloss":"Zeus-nurtured"},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠνώγει","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b12-l356","source":"κεῖσʼ ἴμεν, ὄφρα πόνοιο μίνυνθά περ ἀντιάσητον","translation":"go there, to face the struggle for a little while —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l356.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖσ","lemma":"ἐκεῖσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἴμεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἠνώγει","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"πόνοιο","lemma":"πόνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντιάσητον","gloss":"the struggle"},{"surface":"μίνυνθά","lemma":"μίνυνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀντιάσητον","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"ἀντιάσητον","lemma":"ἀντιάζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd dual verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"you two face"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b12-l357","source":"ἀμφοτέρω μὲν μᾶλλον· ὃ γάρ κʼ ὄχʼ ἄριστον ἁπάντων","translation":"both of them if possible; for that would be best of all.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l357.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρω","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"μᾶλλον","lemma":"μᾶλλον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"preferably"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ὄχ","lemma":"ὄχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"by far"},{"surface":"ἄριστον","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"ἁπάντων","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄριστον","gloss":"of all"}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b12-l358","source":"εἴη, ἐπεὶ τάχα κεῖθι τετεύξεται αἰπὺς ὄλεθρος·","translation":"For soon there sheer destruction will be wrought.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l358.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τάχα","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τετεύξεται","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"κεῖθι","lemma":"ἐκεῖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τετεύξεται","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"τετεύξεται","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"future perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"will be wrought"},{"surface":"αἰπὺς","lemma":"αἰπύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄλεθρος","gloss":"sheer"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρος","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τετεύξεται","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b12-l359","source":"ὧδε γὰρ ἔβρισαν Λυκίων ἀγοί, οἳ τὸ πάρος περ","translation":"So heavily press the Lycian leaders, who before now","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l359.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"so heavily"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔβρισαν","lemma":"βρίθω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"press"},{"surface":"Λυκίων","lemma":"Λύκιοι","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀγοί","gloss":"Lycian"},{"surface":"ἀγοί","lemma":"ἀγός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔβρισαν","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τελέθουσι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πάρος","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τελέθουσι","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b12-l360","source":"ζαχρηεῖς τελέθουσι κατὰ κρατερὰς ὑσμίνας.","translation":"have always proved fierce in mighty battles.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l360.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ζαχρηεῖς","lemma":"ζαχρηής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fierce"},{"surface":"τελέθουσι","lemma":"τελέθω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀγοί","gloss":"have proved"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κρατερὰς","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὑσμίνας","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"ὑσμίνας","lemma":"ὑσμίνη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"battles"}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b12-l361","source":"εἰ δὲ καὶ ἐνθάδε περ πόλεμος καὶ νεῖκος ὄρωρεν,","translation":"But if war and strife have risen here as well,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l361.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδε","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄρωρεν","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πόλεμος","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νεῖκος","lemma":"νεῖκος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"strife"},{"surface":"ὄρωρεν","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"has arisen"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b12-l362","source":"ἀλλά περ οἶος ἴτω Τελαμώνιος ἄλκιμος Αἴας,","translation":"then at least let mighty Telamonian Ajax come alone,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l362.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἴτω","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let come"},{"surface":"Τελαμώνιος","lemma":"Τελαμών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴας","gloss":"Telamonian"},{"surface":"ἄλκιμος","lemma":"ἄλκιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴας","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"Αἴας","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἴτω","gloss":"Ajax"}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b12-l363","source":"καί οἱ Τεῦκρος ἅμα σπέσθω τόξων ἐῢ εἰδώς.","translation":"and let Teucer, skilled with the bow, follow with him.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l363.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἅμα","gloss":"with him"},{"surface":"Τεῦκρος","lemma":"Τεῦκρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of σπέσθω","gloss":"Teucer"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"σπέσθω","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let follow"},{"surface":"τόξων","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἰδώς","gloss":"the bow"},{"surface":"ἐῢ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰδώς","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"εἰδώς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to σπέσθω","gloss":"skilled"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b12-l364","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἀπίθησε μέγας Τελαμώνιος Αἴας.","translation":"So he spoke, and great Telamonian Ajax did not disobey.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l364.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ἀπίθησε","lemma":"ἀπιθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did not disobey"},{"surface":"μέγας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴας","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Τελαμώνιος","lemma":"Τελαμών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴας","gloss":"Telamonian"},{"surface":"Αἴας","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀπίθησε","gloss":"Ajax"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b12-l365","source":"αὐτίκʼ Ὀϊλιάδην ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"At once he addressed the son of Oileus with winged words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l365.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"Ὀϊλιάδην","lemma":"Ὀϊλιάδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"son of Oileus"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b12-l366","source":"Αἶαν σφῶϊ μὲν αὖθι, σὺ καὶ κρατερὸς Λυκομήδης,","translation":"\"Ajax, you two remain here, you and mighty Lycomedes,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l366.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"σφῶϊ μὲν αὖθι","title":"You two remain here","body":"σφῶϊ is a second-person dual pronoun. The apposition that follows identifies the pair as Oilean Ajax and Lycomedes, whom Telamonian Ajax leaves to hold this section of wall."}],"words":[{"surface":"Αἶαν","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Ajax"},{"surface":"σφῶϊ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative dual pronoun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"you two"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"αὖθι","lemma":"αὖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἑσταότες","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κρατερὸς","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Λυκομήδης","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"Λυκομήδης","lemma":"Λυκομήδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Lycomedes"}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b12-l367","source":"ἑσταότες Δαναοὺς ὀτρύνετον ἶφι μάχεσθαι·","translation":"and rally the Danaans to fight with all their might.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l367.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑσταότες","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ὀτρύνετον","gloss":"standing firm"},{"surface":"Δαναοὺς","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὀτρύνετον","gloss":"Danaans"},{"surface":"ὀτρύνετον","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urge on"},{"surface":"ἶφι","lemma":"ἶφι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μάχεσθαι","gloss":"mightily"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ὀτρύνετον","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b12-l368","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ κεῖσʼ εἶμι καὶ ἀντιόω πολέμοιο·","translation":"I will go there and meet the battle,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l368.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"κεῖσ","lemma":"ἐκεῖσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of εἶμι","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"εἶμι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀντιόω","lemma":"ἀντιάζω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will meet"},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντιόω","gloss":"battle"}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b12-l369","source":"αἶψα δʼ ἐλεύσομαι αὖτις, ἐπὴν εὖ τοῖς ἐπαμύνω.","translation":"and swiftly come back once I have given them good aid.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l369.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλεύσομαι","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐλεύσομαι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλεύσομαι","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπαμύνω","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"τοῖς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπαμύνω","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ἐπαμύνω","lemma":"ἐπαμύνω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπὴν","gloss":"give aid"}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b12-l370","source":"ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ἀπέβη Τελαμώνιος Αἴας,","translation":"So speaking, Telamonian Ajax departed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l370.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φωνήσας","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπέβη","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"ἀπέβη","lemma":"ἀποβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"departed"},{"surface":"Τελαμώνιος","lemma":"Τελαμών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴας","gloss":"Telamonian"},{"surface":"Αἴας","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀπέβη","gloss":"Ajax"}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b12-l371","source":"καί οἱ Τεῦκρος ἅμʼ ᾖε κασίγνητος καὶ ὄπατρος·","translation":"and Teucer went with him, his brother by the same father;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l371.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἅμ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Τεῦκρος","lemma":"Τεῦκρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Teucer"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with him"},{"surface":"ᾖε","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"κασίγνητος","lemma":"κασίγνητος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄπατρος","lemma":"ὄπατρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"same-fathered","note":"Marks Teucer as Ajax's brother through their common father Telamon."}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b12-l372","source":"τοῖς δʼ ἅμα Πανδίων Τεύκρου φέρε καμπύλα τόξα.","translation":"and with them Pandion carried Teucer's recurved bow.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l372.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἅμα","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Πανδίων","lemma":"Πανδίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φέρε","gloss":"Pandion"},{"surface":"Τεύκρου","lemma":"Τεῦκρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τόξα","gloss":"Teucer"},{"surface":"φέρε","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"καμπύλα","lemma":"καμπύλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τόξα","gloss":"recurved"},{"surface":"τόξα","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of φέρε","gloss":"bow"}]},{"number":373,"label":"373","id":"b12-l373","source":"εὖτε Μενεσθῆος μεγαθύμου πύργον ἵκοντο","translation":"When they reached the tower of great-hearted Menestheus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l373.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὖτε","lemma":"εὖτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Μενεσθῆος","lemma":"Μενεσθεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πύργον","gloss":"Menestheus's"},{"surface":"μεγαθύμου","lemma":"μεγάθυμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενεσθῆος","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"πύργον","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἵκοντο","gloss":"tower"},{"surface":"ἵκοντο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"reached"}]},{"number":374,"label":"374","id":"b12-l374","source":"τείχεος ἐντὸς ἰόντες, ἐπειγομένοισι δʼ ἵκοντο,","translation":"going within the wall, they came upon men hard-pressed:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l374.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τείχεος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐντὸς","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"ἐντὸς","lemma":"ἐντός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"ἰόντες","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἵκοντο","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"ἐπειγομένοισι","lemma":"ἐπείγω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative plural masculine","role":"object of ἵκοντο","gloss":"hard-pressed men"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἵκοντο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"reached"}]},{"number":375,"label":"375","id":"b12-l375","source":"οἳ δʼ ἐπʼ ἐπάλξεις βαῖνον ἐρεμνῇ λαίλαπι ἶσοι","translation":"they were mounting the battlements like a dark storm-squall,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l375.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐρεμνῇ λαίλαπι ἶσοι","title":"Like a dark storm","body":"The comparison is completed across lines 375–376: the Lycian leaders mount the battlements like a dark storm-squall. Their massed pressure, rather than any single warrior, is the force of the image."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"ἐπάλξεις","lemma":"ἔπαλξις","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπ̓","gloss":"battlement"},{"surface":"βαῖνον","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mounted"},{"surface":"ἐρεμνῇ","lemma":"ἐρεμνός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies λαίλαπι","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"λαίλαπι","lemma":"λαῖλαψ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἶσοι","gloss":"storm-squall"},{"surface":"ἶσοι","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":376,"label":"376","id":"b12-l376","source":"ἴφθιμοι Λυκίων ἡγήτορες ἠδὲ μέδοντες·","translation":"the mighty leaders and rulers of the Lycians.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l376.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴφθιμοι","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"Λυκίων","lemma":"Λύκιοι","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"Lycians"},{"surface":"ἡγήτορες","lemma":"ἡγήτωρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέδοντες","lemma":"μέδων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"rulers"}]},{"number":377,"label":"377","id":"b12-l377","source":"σὺν δʼ ἐβάλοντο μάχεσθαι ἐναντίον, ὦρτο δʼ ἀϋτή.","translation":"They clashed face to face in battle, and the war-cry rose.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l377.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐβάλοντο","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"clashed"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἐβάλοντο","gloss":"to fight"},{"surface":"ἐναντίον","lemma":"ἐναντίον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μάχεσθαι","gloss":"face to face"},{"surface":"ὦρτο","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀϋτή","lemma":"ἀυτή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ὦρτο","gloss":"war-cry"}]},{"number":378,"label":"378","id":"b12-l378","source":"Αἴας δὲ πρῶτος Τελαμώνιος ἄνδρα κατέκτα","translation":"First Telamonian Ajax killed a man,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l378.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἴας","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κατέκτα","gloss":"Ajax"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πρῶτος","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"Τελαμώνιος","lemma":"Τελαμών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴας","gloss":"Telamonian"},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"κατέκτα","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"killed"}]},{"number":379,"label":"379","id":"b12-l379","source":"Σαρπήδοντος ἑταῖρον Ἐπικλῆα μεγάθυμον","translation":"great-hearted Epicles, a companion of Sarpedon,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l379.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Σαρπήδοντος","lemma":"Σαρπηδών","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἑταῖρον","gloss":"Sarpedon's"},{"surface":"ἑταῖρον","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"companion"},{"surface":"Ἐπικλῆα","lemma":"Ἐπικλῆς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Epicles"},{"surface":"μεγάθυμον","lemma":"μεγάθυμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἐπικλῆα","gloss":"great-hearted"}]},{"number":380,"label":"380","id":"b12-l380","source":"μαρμάρῳ ὀκριόεντι βαλών, ὅ ῥα τείχεος ἐντὸς","translation":"striking him with a jagged coping stone that lay inside the wall,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l380.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μαρμάρῳ ὀκριόεντι","title":"A jagged coping stone","body":"μάρμαρος here is a massive stone from the wall, and ὀκριόεις makes its edges jagged or projecting. Ajax throws this stone down from the battlements; it is separate from the gate-stone Hector lifts later."}],"words":[{"surface":"μαρμάρῳ","lemma":"μάρμαρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to βαλών","gloss":"coping stone"},{"surface":"ὀκριόεντι","lemma":"ὀκριόεις","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μαρμάρῳ","gloss":"jagged"},{"surface":"βαλών","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κατέκτα","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κεῖτο","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τείχεος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐντὸς","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"ἐντὸς","lemma":"ἐντός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"inside"}]},{"number":381,"label":"381","id":"b12-l381","source":"κεῖτο μέγας παρʼ ἔπαλξιν ὑπέρτατος· οὐδέ κέ μιν ῥέα","translation":"huge beside the highest battlement. Not easily could","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l381.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖτο","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μαρμάρῳ","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"μέγας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅ","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ἔπαλξιν","lemma":"ἔπαλξις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παῤ","gloss":"battlement"},{"surface":"ὑπέρτατος","lemma":"ὑπέρτατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"could","note":"With the optative, this particle makes the claim potential: even a strong young man could not easily lift the stone."},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχοι","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ῥέα","lemma":"ῥέα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχοι","gloss":"easily"}]},{"number":382,"label":"382","id":"b12-l382","source":"χείρεσσʼ ἀμφοτέρῃς ἔχοι ἀνὴρ οὐδὲ μάλʼ ἡβῶν,","translation":"a man grasp it with both hands, even in the full strength of youth,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l382.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"χείρεσσʼ ἀμφοτέρῃς","title":"With both hands","body":"The dative χείρεσσʼ is instrumental: a man could scarcely hold the stone with his hands. ἀμφοτέρῃς stresses that even both hands and youthful strength would not suffice."}],"words":[{"surface":"χείρεσσ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχοι","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρῃς","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χείρεσσ̓","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἔχοι","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could grasp"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔχοι","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἡβῶν","lemma":"ἡβάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"in youthful strength"}]},{"number":383,"label":"383","id":"b12-l383","source":"οἷοι νῦν βροτοί εἰσʼ· ὃ δʼ ἄρʼ ὑψόθεν ἔμβαλʼ ἀείρας,","translation":"such as mortals now are; but Ajax raised it and hurled it from above.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l383.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἷοι","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such as","note":"Part of the recurring heroic-age contrast: mortals in the poet's present are weaker than the heroes."},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰσ̓","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"βροτοί","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εἰσ̓","gloss":"mortals"},{"surface":"εἰσ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνὴρ","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὑψόθεν","lemma":"ὑψόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀείρας","gloss":"from above"},{"surface":"ἔμβαλ","lemma":"ἐμβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"ἀείρας","lemma":"ἀείρω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔμβαλ̓","gloss":"raising"}]},{"number":384,"label":"384","id":"b12-l384","source":"θλάσσε δὲ τετράφαλον κυνέην, σὺν δʼ ὀστέʼ ἄραξε","translation":"He crushed the four-crested helmet and shattered together","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l384.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θλάσσε","lemma":"θλάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τετράφαλον","lemma":"τετράφαλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κυνέην","gloss":"four-crested"},{"surface":"κυνέην","lemma":"κυνέη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θλάσσε","gloss":"helmet"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀστέ","lemma":"ὀστέον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἄραξε","gloss":"bones"},{"surface":"ἄραξε","lemma":"ἀράσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shattered"}]},{"number":385,"label":"385","id":"b12-l385","source":"πάντʼ ἄμυδις κεφαλῆς· ὃ δʼ ἄρʼ ἀρνευτῆρι ἐοικὼς","translation":"all the bones of the head; and like a diver","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l385.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀρνευτῆρι ἐοικὼς","title":"Falling like a diver","body":"ἐοικώς introduces the compact comparison: Epicles pitches headfirst from the tower like a diver. The graceful shape of the fall sharply contrasts with the crushed skull that causes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὀστέ̓","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἄμυδις","lemma":"ἄμυδις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄραξε","gloss":"all together"},{"surface":"κεφαλῆς","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὀστέ̓","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κάππεσ̓","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀρνευτῆρι","lemma":"ἀρνευτήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐοικὼς","gloss":"diver"},{"surface":"ἐοικὼς","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κάππεσ̓","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":386,"label":"386","id":"b12-l386","source":"κάππεσʼ ἀφʼ ὑψηλοῦ πύργου, λίπε δʼ ὀστέα θυμός.","translation":"he fell from the high tower, and the spirit left his bones.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l386.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κάππεσ","lemma":"καταπίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"ἀφ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὑψηλοῦ","lemma":"ὑψηλός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πύργου","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"πύργου","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀφ̓","gloss":"tower"},{"surface":"λίπε","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀστέα","lemma":"ὀστέον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of λίπε","gloss":"bones"},{"surface":"θυμός","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of λίπε","gloss":"spirit"}]},{"number":387,"label":"387","id":"b12-l387","source":"Τεῦκρος δὲ Γλαῦκον κρατερὸν παῖδʼ Ἱππολόχοιο","translation":"Then Teucer struck mighty Glaucus, son of Hippolochus,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l387.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τεῦκρος","lemma":"Τεῦκρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"Teucer"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Γλαῦκον","lemma":"Γλαῦκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Glaucus"},{"surface":"κρατερὸν","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Γλαῦκον","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"παῖδ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Ἱππολόχοιο","lemma":"Ἱππόλοχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παῖδ̓","gloss":"Hippolochus"}]},{"number":388,"label":"388","id":"b12-l388","source":"ἰῷ ἐπεσσύμενον βάλε τείχεος ὑψηλοῖο,","translation":"with an arrow as he rushed upon the high wall,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l388.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰῷ","lemma":"ἰός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"arrow"},{"surface":"ἐπεσσύμενον","lemma":"ἐπισεύω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"rushing"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"τείχεος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ὑψηλοῖο","lemma":"ὑψηλός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τείχεος","gloss":"high"}]},{"number":389,"label":"389","id":"b12-l389","source":"ᾗ ῥʼ ἴδε γυμνωθέντα βραχίονα, παῦσε δὲ χάρμης.","translation":"where he saw his arm laid bare, and stopped him from battle.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l389.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"γυμνωθέντα βραχίονα","title":"The arm laid bare","body":"γυμνωθέντα is an aorist passive participle agreeing with βραχίονα, the arm Teucer sees exposed. The Greek names the vulnerable limb precisely without moving the wound to the shoulder or chest."}],"words":[{"surface":"ᾗ","lemma":"ᾗ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴδε","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἴδε","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"γυμνωθέντα","lemma":"γυμνόω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"laid bare"},{"surface":"βραχίονα","lemma":"βραχίων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἴδε","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"παῦσε","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χάρμης","lemma":"χάρμη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of παῦσε","gloss":"fight"}]},{"number":390,"label":"390","id":"b12-l390","source":"ἂψ δʼ ἀπὸ τείχεος ἆλτο λαθών, ἵνα μή τις Ἀχαιῶν","translation":"Glaucus leapt back down from the wall unseen, lest any Achaean","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l390.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἆλτο","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"τείχεος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ἆλτο","lemma":"ἅλλομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leapt"},{"surface":"λαθών","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἆλτο","gloss":"unseen"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"Achaean"}]},{"number":391,"label":"391","id":"b12-l391","source":"βλήμενον ἀθρήσειε καὶ εὐχετόῳτʼ ἐπέεσσι.","translation":"notice him wounded and boast over him in words.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l391.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"βλήμενον ἀθρήσειε","title":"A feared result","body":"After the past-tense ἆλτο, ἵνα μή introduces what Glaucus wished to prevent, with the optative ἀθρήσειε in secondary sequence. He hides the wound so that no Achaean may see it and claim a boast."}],"words":[{"surface":"βλήμενον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"object of ἀθρήσειε","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"ἀθρήσειε","lemma":"ἀθρέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"might notice"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὐχετόῳτ","lemma":"εὐχετάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"might boast"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to εὐχετόῳτ̓","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":392,"label":"392","id":"b12-l392","source":"Σαρπήδοντι δʼ ἄχος γένετο Γλαύκου ἀπιόντος","translation":"Grief came upon Sarpedon as Glaucus withdrew,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l392.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Σαρπήδοντι","lemma":"Σαρπηδών","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of γένετο","gloss":"Sarpedon"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄχος","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of γένετο","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"γένετο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Γλαύκου","lemma":"Γλαῦκος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀπιόντος","gloss":"Glaucus"},{"surface":"ἀπιόντος","lemma":"ἄπειμι","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to γένετο","gloss":"withdrawing"}]},{"number":393,"label":"393","id":"b12-l393","source":"αὐτίκʼ ἐπεί τʼ ἐνόησεν· ὅμως δʼ οὐ λήθετο χάρμης,","translation":"as soon as he marked it; yet he did not forget the fight,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l393.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γένετο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνόησεν","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεί","gloss":"noticed"},{"surface":"ὅμως","lemma":"ὅμως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial to λήθετο","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"λήθετο","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"χάρμης","lemma":"χάρμη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of λήθετο","gloss":"fight"}]},{"number":394,"label":"394","id":"b12-l394","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅ γε Θεστορίδην Ἀλκμάονα δουρὶ τυχήσας","translation":"but met Alcmaon, son of Thestor, with his spear","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l394.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of νύξ̓","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Θεστορίδην","lemma":"Θεστορίδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀλκμάονα","gloss":"son of Thestor"},{"surface":"Ἀλκμάονα","lemma":"Ἀλκμάων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of νύξ̓","gloss":"Alcmaon"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τυχήσας","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"τυχήσας","lemma":"τυγχάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to νύξ̓","gloss":"meeting"}]},{"number":395,"label":"395","id":"b12-l395","source":"νύξʼ, ἐκ δʼ ἔσπασεν ἔγχος· ὃ δʼ ἑσπόμενος πέσε δουρὶ","translation":"and stabbed him, then wrenched the spear out; following the spear, he fell","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l395.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἑσπόμενος πέσε δουρὶ","title":"Following the withdrawn spear","body":"The aorist middle participle ἑσπόμενος makes Alcmaon's body follow the spear as Sarpedon pulls it free. The victim falls with the weapon's withdrawal, keeping attacker, weapon, and motion in one sequence."}],"words":[{"surface":"νύξ","lemma":"νύσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stabbed"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out","note":"Adverbial preverb separated from the verb: he wrenched the spear out."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσπασεν","lemma":"σπάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wrenched"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔσπασεν","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πέσε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑσπόμενος","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πέσε","gloss":"following"},{"surface":"πέσε","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἑσπόμενος","gloss":"the spear"}]},{"number":396,"label":"396","id":"b12-l396","source":"πρηνής, ἀμφὶ δέ οἱ βράχε τεύχεα ποικίλα χαλκῷ,","translation":"face down, and his ornate bronze armor clanged around him.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l396.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρηνής","lemma":"πρηνής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"face down"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"βράχε","lemma":"βραχεῖν","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"clanged"},{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of βράχε","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"ποικίλα","lemma":"ποικίλος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχεα","gloss":"ornate"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ποικίλα","gloss":"with bronze"}]},{"number":397,"label":"397","id":"b12-l397","source":"Σαρπηδὼν δʼ ἄρʼ ἔπαλξιν ἑλὼν χερσὶ στιβαρῇσιν","translation":"Then Sarpedon seized a battlement with his strong hands","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l397.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Σαρπηδὼν","lemma":"Σαρπηδών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕλχ̓","gloss":"Sarpedon"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπαλξιν","lemma":"ἔπαλξις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἕλχ̓","gloss":"battlement"},{"surface":"ἑλὼν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕλχ̓","gloss":"seizing"},{"surface":"χερσὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἑλὼν","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"στιβαρῇσιν","lemma":"στιβαρός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χερσὶ","gloss":"strong"}]},{"number":398,"label":"398","id":"b12-l398","source":"ἕλχʼ, ἣ δʼ ἕσπετο πᾶσα διαμπερές, αὐτὰρ ὕπερθε","translation":"and pulled; the whole piece came away clean through, while above it","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l398.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἣ δʼ ἕσπετο πᾶσα διαμπερές","title":"The battlement comes away","body":"The feminine pronoun refers to the battlement: the whole piece follows Sarpedon's pull and comes away through its depth. This strips open one section of the wall, but does not yet break the barred gates."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἕλχ","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pulled"},{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕσπετο","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕσπετο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came away"},{"surface":"πᾶσα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἣ","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"διαμπερές","lemma":"διαμπερές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕσπετο","gloss":"clean through"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὕπερθε","lemma":"ὕπερθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐγυμνώθη","gloss":"above"}]},{"number":399,"label":"399","id":"b12-l399","source":"τεῖχος ἐγυμνώθη, πολέεσσι δὲ θῆκε κέλευθον.","translation":"the wall lay bare, and he opened a path for many.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l399.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐγυμνώθη","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"ἐγυμνώθη","lemma":"γυμνόω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"laid bare"},{"surface":"πολέεσσι","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of θῆκε","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θῆκε","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"κέλευθον","lemma":"κέλευθος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θῆκε","gloss":"path"}]},{"number":400,"label":"400","id":"b12-l400","source":"τὸν δʼ Αἴας καὶ Τεῦκρος ὁμαρτήσανθʼ ὃ μὲν ἰῷ","translation":"Ajax and Teucer met him together: Teucer with an arrow","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l400.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὁμαρτήσανθ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Αἴας","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Ajax"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τεῦκρος","lemma":"Τεῦκρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Teucer"},{"surface":"ὁμαρτήσανθ","lemma":"ὁμαρτέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"met together"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βεβλήκει","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one side"},{"surface":"ἰῷ","lemma":"ἰός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βεβλήκει","gloss":"with an arrow"}]},{"number":401,"label":"401","id":"b12-l401","source":"βεβλήκει τελαμῶνα περὶ στήθεσσι φαεινὸν","translation":"struck the gleaming strap across his chest","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l401.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βεβλήκει","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had struck"},{"surface":"τελαμῶνα","lemma":"τελαμών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βεβλήκει","gloss":"strap"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"στήθεσσι","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"φαεινὸν","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τελαμῶνα","gloss":"gleaming"}]},{"number":402,"label":"402","id":"b12-l402","source":"ἀσπίδος ἀμφιβρότης· ἀλλὰ Ζεὺς κῆρας ἄμυνε","translation":"of the shield that covered him; but Zeus warded the death-dooms","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l402.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσπίδος","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies τελαμῶνα","gloss":"shield's"},{"surface":"ἀμφιβρότης","lemma":"ἀμφίβροτος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδος","gloss":"body-covering"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἄμυνε","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"κῆρας","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἄμυνε","gloss":"death-dooms"},{"surface":"ἄμυνε","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"warded off"}]},{"number":403,"label":"403","id":"b12-l403","source":"παιδὸς ἑοῦ, μὴ νηυσὶν ἔπι πρύμνῃσι δαμείη·","translation":"from his son, so he would not be slain beside the ships' sterns.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l403.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παιδὸς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄμυνε","gloss":"his son"},{"surface":"ἑοῦ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies παιδὸς","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"νηυσὶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔπι","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ἔπι","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"πρύμνῃσι","lemma":"πρύμνα","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies νηυσὶν","gloss":"sterns"},{"surface":"δαμείη","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μὴ","gloss":"might be slain"}]},{"number":404,"label":"404","id":"b12-l404","source":"Αἴας δʼ ἀσπίδα νύξεν ἐπάλμενος, οὐδὲ διὰ πρὸ","translation":"Ajax sprang and stabbed the shield, but the spearhead did not pass all the way through;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l404.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἴας","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of νύξεν","gloss":"Ajax"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδα","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of νύξεν","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"νύξεν","lemma":"νύσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stabbed"},{"surface":"ἐπάλμενος","lemma":"ἐφάλλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to νύξεν","gloss":"springing"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθεν","gloss":"through","note":"With the following preverb, conveys passing all the way through the shield."},{"surface":"πρὸ","lemma":"πρό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"all the way"}]},{"number":405,"label":"405","id":"b12-l405","source":"ἤλυθεν ἐγχείη, στυφέλιξε δέ μιν μεμαῶτα.","translation":"the spear passed and staggered Sarpedon as he charged","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l405.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"στυφέλιξε δέ μιν μεμαῶτα","title":"Sarpedon is staggered","body":"The Greek leaves μιν, 'him,' to context, where it refers to Sarpedon. This repeated line elsewhere names Hector in English, but here the attacker Ajax checks Sarpedon's charge, so the contextual name must change."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤλυθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"ἐγχείη","lemma":"ἐγχείη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤλυθεν","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"στυφέλιξε","lemma":"στυφελίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"staggered"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of στυφέλιξε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μεμαῶτα","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"charging"}]},{"number":406,"label":"406","id":"b12-l406","source":"χώρησεν δʼ ἄρα τυτθὸν ἐπάλξιος· οὐδʼ ὅ γε πάμπαν","translation":"and made him give a little ground from the battlement; yet he did not wholly","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l406.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χώρησεν","lemma":"χωρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave ground"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τυτθὸν","lemma":"τυτθός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to χώρησεν","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"ἐπάλξιος","lemma":"ἔπαλξις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of χώρησεν","gloss":"from the battlement"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of χάζετ̓","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"πάμπαν","lemma":"πάμπαν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χάζετ̓","gloss":"wholly"}]},{"number":407,"label":"407","id":"b12-l407","source":"χάζετʼ, ἐπεί οἱ θυμὸς ἐέλπετο κῦδος ἀρέσθαι.","translation":"draw back, for his heart still hoped to win glory.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l407.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χάζετ","lemma":"χάζω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"draw back"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐέλπετο","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἐέλπετο","lemma":"ἔλπω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεί","gloss":"hoped"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀρέσθαι","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ἀρέσθαι","lemma":"αἴρω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐέλπετο","gloss":"to win"}]},{"number":408,"label":"408","id":"b12-l408","source":"κέκλετο δʼ ἀντιθέοισιν ἑλιξάμενος Λυκίοισιν·","translation":"He wheeled and called aloud to the godlike Lycians:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l408.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κέκλετο","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀντιθέοισιν","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Λυκίοισιν","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"ἑλιξάμενος","lemma":"ἑλίσσω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κέκλετο","gloss":"wheeling"},{"surface":"Λυκίοισιν","lemma":"Λύκιος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of κέκλετο","gloss":"Lycians"}]},{"number":409,"label":"409","id":"b12-l409","source":"ὦ Λύκιοι τί τʼ ἄρʼ ὧδε μεθίετε θούριδος ἀλκῆς;","translation":"\"Lycians, why do you slacken so in furious valor?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l409.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μεθίετε θούριδος ἀλκῆς","title":"Slackening in furious valor","body":"μεθίετε means to let up or slacken, while θούριδος ἀλκῆς is the established phrase 'furious valor.' Sarpedon rebukes the Lycians for easing their pressure at the moment of breach."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"o"},{"surface":"Λύκιοι","lemma":"Λύκιοι","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Lycians"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τίς","morphology":"irregular","role":"adverbial to μεθίετε","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"μεθίετε","lemma":"μεθίημι","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slacken"},{"surface":"θούριδος","lemma":"θοῦρις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλκῆς","gloss":"furious"},{"surface":"ἀλκῆς","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of μεθίετε","gloss":"valor"}]},{"number":410,"label":"410","id":"b12-l410","source":"ἀργαλέον δέ μοί ἐστι καὶ ἰφθίμῳ περ ἐόντι","translation":"It is hard for me, strong though I am,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l410.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀργαλέον","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐστι","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ἐστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντι","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἰφθίμῳ","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though","note":"Concessive particle with the participle: 'strong though I am.'"},{"surface":"ἐόντι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":411,"label":"411","id":"b12-l411","source":"μούνῳ ῥηξαμένῳ θέσθαι παρὰ νηυσὶ κέλευθον·","translation":"to break through alone and make a path beside the ships.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l411.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μούνῳ","lemma":"μόνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ῥηξαμένῳ","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, dative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θέσθαι","gloss":"breaking through"},{"surface":"θέσθαι","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive infinitive","role":"subject of ἐστι","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"κέλευθον","lemma":"κέλευθος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θέσθαι","gloss":"path"}]},{"number":412,"label":"412","id":"b12-l412","source":"ἀλλʼ ἐφομαρτεῖτε· πλεόνων δέ τι ἔργον ἄμεινον.","translation":"Follow close behind me; the work of more men is better.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l412.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐφομαρτεῖτε","lemma":"ἐφομαρτέω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"follow close"},{"surface":"πλεόνων","lemma":"πλείων","morphology":"genitive plural comparative adjective","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"of more men"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"ἄμεινον","lemma":"ἀμείνων","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":413,"label":"413","id":"b12-l413","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἳ δὲ ἄνακτος ὑποδείσαντες ὁμοκλὴν","translation":"So he spoke, and they, fearing their lord's rebuke,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l413.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπέβρισαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνακτος","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὁμοκλὴν","gloss":"their lord's"},{"surface":"ὑποδείσαντες","lemma":"ὑποδείδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπέβρισαν","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"ὁμοκλὴν","lemma":"ὁμοκλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑποδείσαντες","gloss":"rebuke"}]},{"number":414,"label":"414","id":"b12-l414","source":"μᾶλλον ἐπέβρισαν βουληφόρον ἀμφὶ ἄνακτα.","translation":"pressed harder around their king and counselor.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l414.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μᾶλλον","lemma":"μᾶλλον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπέβρισαν","gloss":"harder"},{"surface":"ἐπέβρισαν","lemma":"ἐπιβρίθω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"βουληφόρον","lemma":"βουληφόρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνακτα","gloss":"counsel-giving"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"ἄνακτα","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφὶ","gloss":"lord"}]},{"number":415,"label":"415","id":"b12-l415","source":"Ἀργεῖοι δʼ ἑτέρωθεν ἐκαρτύναντο φάλαγγας","translation":"and the Argives on the other side strengthened their battalions.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l415.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ἀργεῖοι δʼ ἑτέρωθεν ἐκαρτύναντο φάλαγγας","title":"The battalions strengthen again","body":"The line repeats Iliad 11.215 and preserves its earlier English exactly. The shared wording marks the Argives reforming their ranks on the opposite side of a renewed Trojan attack."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργεῖοι","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐκαρτύναντο","gloss":"Argives"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἑτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐκαρτύναντο","gloss":"on the other side"},{"surface":"ἐκαρτύναντο","lemma":"κρατύνω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"strengthened"},{"surface":"φάλαγγας","lemma":"φάλαγξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκαρτύναντο","gloss":"battalions"}]},{"number":416,"label":"416","id":"b12-l416","source":"τείχεος ἔντοσθεν, μέγα δέ σφισι φαίνετο ἔργον·","translation":"Within the wall, the struggle seemed immense to them:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l416.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τείχεος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἔντοσθεν","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"ἔντοσθεν","lemma":"ἔντοσθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφισι","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of φαίνετο","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"φαίνετο","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of φαίνετο","gloss":"struggle"}]},{"number":417,"label":"417","id":"b12-l417","source":"οὔτε γὰρ ἴφθιμοι Λύκιοι Δαναῶν ἐδύναντο","translation":"neither could the mighty Lycians break through","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l417.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἴφθιμοι","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Λύκιοι","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"Λύκιοι","lemma":"Λύκιοι","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδύναντο","gloss":"Lycians"},{"surface":"Δαναῶν","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"Danaans'"},{"surface":"ἐδύναντο","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":418,"label":"418","id":"b12-l418","source":"τεῖχος ῥηξάμενοι θέσθαι παρὰ νηυσὶ κέλευθον,","translation":"the Danaans' wall and make a path beside the ships,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l418.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ῥηξάμενοι","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ῥηξάμενοι","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to θέσθαι","gloss":"breaking through"},{"surface":"θέσθαι","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἐδύναντο","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of παρὰ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"κέλευθον","lemma":"κέλευθος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θέσθαι","gloss":"path"}]},{"number":419,"label":"419","id":"b12-l419","source":"οὔτέ ποτʼ αἰχμηταὶ Δαναοὶ Λυκίους ἐδύναντο","translation":"nor could the spearfighting Danaans drive the Lycians","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l419.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔτέ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"αἰχμηταὶ","lemma":"αἰχμητής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδύναντο","gloss":"spearmen"},{"surface":"Δαναοὶ","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies αἰχμηταὶ","gloss":"Danaans"},{"surface":"Λυκίους","lemma":"Λύκιοι","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὤσασθαι","gloss":"Lycians"},{"surface":"ἐδύναντο","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could"}]},{"number":420,"label":"420","id":"b12-l420","source":"τείχεος ἂψ ὤσασθαι, ἐπεὶ τὰ πρῶτα πέλασθεν.","translation":"back from the wall once they had first drawn near.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l420.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τείχεος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὤσασθαι","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὤσασθαι","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ὤσασθαι","lemma":"ὠθέω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐδύναντο","gloss":"drive"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter article","role":"modifies πρῶτα","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πέλασθεν","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"πέλασθεν","lemma":"πελάζω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"drew near"}]},{"number":421,"label":"421","id":"b12-l421","source":"ἀλλʼ ὥς τʼ ἀμφʼ οὔροισι δύʼ ἀνέρε δηριάασθον","translation":"But as two men quarrel over boundary stones,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l421.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"δύʼ ἀνέρε δηριάασθον","title":"Two men in a boundary quarrel","body":"ἀνέρε is dual, and the verb δηριάασθον is dual as well: precisely two men dispute their line. Their narrow contested strip becomes the image for the battlements separating the armies."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"οὔροισι","lemma":"ὅρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφ̓","gloss":"boundary stones"},{"surface":"δύ","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἀνέρε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ἀνέρε","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine noun","role":"subject of δηριάασθον","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"δηριάασθον","lemma":"δηριάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"adverbial to διέεργον","gloss":"quarrel","note":"The dual verb agrees with the two men in the boundary-dispute simile."}]},{"number":422,"label":"422","id":"b12-l422","source":"μέτρʼ ἐν χερσὶν ἔχοντες ἐπιξύνῳ ἐν ἀρούρῃ,","translation":"holding measuring rods in a field they share,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l422.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μέτρ","lemma":"μέτρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχοντες","gloss":"measuring rods"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἔχοντες","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to δηριάασθον","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"ἐπιξύνῳ","lemma":"ἐπίξυνος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀρούρῃ","gloss":"shared"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἀρούρῃ","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"field"}]},{"number":423,"label":"423","id":"b12-l423","source":"ὥ τʼ ὀλίγῳ ἐνὶ χώρῳ ἐρίζητον περὶ ἴσης,","translation":"and in a narrow strip contend for an equal share,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l423.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρίζητον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀλίγῳ","lemma":"ὀλίγος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χώρῳ","gloss":"narrow"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χώρῳ","lemma":"χῶρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"strip"},{"surface":"ἐρίζητον","lemma":"ἐρίζω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd dual verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνέρε","gloss":"contend"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἴσης","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"equal shares"}]},{"number":424,"label":"424","id":"b12-l424","source":"ὣς ἄρα τοὺς διέεργον ἐπάλξιες· οἳ δʼ ὑπὲρ αὐτέων","translation":"so the battlements divided them; and over these they","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l424.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διέεργον","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of διέεργον","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"διέεργον","lemma":"διείργω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"divided"},{"surface":"ἐπάλξιες","lemma":"ἔπαλξις","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of διέεργον","gloss":"battlements"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δῄουν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"αὐτέων","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to ὑπὲρ","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":425,"label":"425","id":"b12-l425","source":"δῄουν ἀλλήλων ἀμφὶ στήθεσσι βοείας","translation":"hacked at one another's oxhides about the chest,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l425.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δῄουν ἀλλήλων ἀμφὶ στήθεσσι βοείας","title":"An inherited shield-fighting line","body":"This entire line repeats Iliad 5.452 and keeps its accepted English exactly. βοείας are the oxhide layers being hacked around each fighter's chest."}],"words":[{"surface":"δῄουν","lemma":"δηιόω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hacked at"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλων","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies στήθεσσι","gloss":"one another's"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"στήθεσσι","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἀμφὶ","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"βοείας","lemma":"βόειος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδας","gloss":"oxhide"}]},{"number":426,"label":"426","id":"b12-l426","source":"ἀσπίδας εὐκύκλους λαισήϊά τε πτερόεντα.","translation":"well-rounded shields and winged bucklers.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l426.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσπίδας","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"shields"},{"surface":"εὐκύκλους","lemma":"εὔκυκλος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδας","gloss":"well-rounded"},{"surface":"λαισήϊά","lemma":"λαισήιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"bucklers"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies λαισήϊά","gloss":"winged"}]},{"number":427,"label":"427","id":"b12-l427","source":"πολλοὶ δʼ οὐτάζοντο κατὰ χρόα νηλέϊ χαλκῷ,","translation":"Many were gashed through the skin by pitiless bronze,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l427.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of οὐτάζοντο","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐτάζοντο","lemma":"οὐτάζω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were gashed"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"χρόα","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"νηλέϊ","lemma":"νηλής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"pitiless"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of οὐτάζοντο","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":428,"label":"428","id":"b12-l428","source":"ἠμὲν ὅτεῳ στρεφθέντι μετάφρενα γυμνωθείη","translation":"both those whose backs were bared whenever they turned","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l428.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"στρεφθέντι μετάφρενα γυμνωθείη","title":"A back exposed in turning","body":"The aorist passive participle στρεφθέντι marks a fighter at the instant he turns, when his back may be exposed. The anatomy belongs to those caught turning during the close struggle, not to the shield-pierced men of the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἠμὲν","lemma":"ἠμέν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ὅτεῳ","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies μετάφρενα","gloss":"anyone whose"},{"surface":"στρεφθέντι","lemma":"στρέφω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"μετάφρενα","lemma":"μετάφρενον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of γυμνωθείη","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"γυμνωθείη","lemma":"γυμνόω","morphology":"aorist passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πολλοὶ","gloss":"might be bared"}]},{"number":429,"label":"429","id":"b12-l429","source":"μαρναμένων, πολλοὶ δὲ διαμπερὲς ἀσπίδος αὐτῆς.","translation":"amid the fighting, and many were pierced straight through the shield itself.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l429.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μαρναμένων","lemma":"μάρναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"modifies ὅτεῳ","gloss":"amid the fighting"},{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διαμπερὲς","lemma":"διαμπερές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"clean through"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδος","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"αὐτῆς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδος","gloss":"itself"}]},{"number":430,"label":"430","id":"b12-l430","source":"πάντῃ δὴ πύργοι καὶ ἐπάλξιες αἵματι φωτῶν","translation":"Everywhere the towers and battlements with warriors' blood","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l430.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντῃ","lemma":"πάντῃ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρράδατ̓","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πύργοι","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"towers"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπάλξιες","lemma":"ἔπαλξις","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"battlements"},{"surface":"αἵματι","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρράδατ̓","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"φωτῶν","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies αἵματι","gloss":"warriors"}]},{"number":431,"label":"431","id":"b12-l431","source":"ἐρράδατʼ ἀμφοτέρωθεν ἀπὸ Τρώων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"were spattered from both sides, by Trojans and Achaeans.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l431.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐρράδατ","lemma":"ῥαίνω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were spattered"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρράδατ̓","gloss":"from both sides"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":432,"label":"432","id":"b12-l432","source":"ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ὧς ἐδύναντο φόβον ποιῆσαι Ἀχαιῶν,","translation":"Yet even so they could not put the Achaeans to flight,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l432.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὧς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐδύναντο","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"ἐδύναντο","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"φόβον","lemma":"φόβος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ποιῆσαι","gloss":"flight"},{"surface":"ποιῆσαι","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐδύναντο","gloss":"put to"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies φόβον","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":433,"label":"433","id":"b12-l433","source":"ἀλλʼ ἔχον ὥς τε τάλαντα γυνὴ χερνῆτις ἀληθής,","translation":"but they held, as an honest working woman holds her scales,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l433.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held firm"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τάλαντα","lemma":"τάλαντον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"scales"},{"surface":"γυνὴ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"χερνῆτις","lemma":"χερνῆτις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies γυνὴ","gloss":"laborer"},{"surface":"ἀληθής","lemma":"ἀληθής","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυνὴ","gloss":"honest"}]},{"number":434,"label":"434","id":"b12-l434","source":"ἥ τε σταθμὸν ἔχουσα καὶ εἴριον ἀμφὶς ἀνέλκει","translation":"lifting weight and wool on either side","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l434.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνέλκει","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σταθμὸν","lemma":"σταθμόν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"ἔχουσα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀνέλκει","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴριον","lemma":"ἔριον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wool"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶς","lemma":"ἀμφίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνέλκει","gloss":"on either side"},{"surface":"ἀνέλκει","lemma":"ἀνέλκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing γυνὴ","gloss":"lifts"}]},{"number":435,"label":"435","id":"b12-l435","source":"ἰσάζουσʼ, ἵνα παισὶν ἀεικέα μισθὸν ἄρηται·","translation":"to make them equal, so she may earn a meager wage for her children;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l435.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰσάζουσ","lemma":"ἰσάζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀνέλκει","gloss":"balancing them"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"παισὶν","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἄρηται","gloss":"for her children"},{"surface":"ἀεικέα","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μισθὸν","gloss":"meager"},{"surface":"μισθὸν","lemma":"μισθός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄρηται","gloss":"wage"},{"surface":"ἄρηται","lemma":"αἴρω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"may earn"}]},{"number":436,"label":"436","id":"b12-l436","source":"ὣς μὲν τῶν ἐπὶ ἶσα μάχη τέτατο πτόλεμός τε,","translation":"so evenly for them were battle and war stretched taut,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l436.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τέτατο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one side"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ἶσα","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"equal strain"},{"surface":"μάχη","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"τέτατο","lemma":"τείνω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was stretched","note":"The pluperfect presents battle as already stretched taut and evenly balanced."},{"surface":"πτόλεμός","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":437,"label":"437","id":"b12-l437","source":"πρίν γʼ ὅτε δὴ Ζεὺς κῦδος ὑπέρτερον Ἕκτορι δῶκε","translation":"until Zeus gave the greater glory to Hector,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l437.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρίν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δῶκε","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δῶκε","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ὑπέρτερον","lemma":"ὑπέρτερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῦδος","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορι","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δῶκε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δῶκε","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"gave"}]},{"number":438,"label":"438","id":"b12-l438","source":"Πριαμίδῃ, ὃς πρῶτος ἐσήλατο τεῖχος Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"Priam's son, who first leapt against the Achaeans' wall.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l438.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πριαμίδῃ","lemma":"Πριαμίδης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἕκτορι","gloss":"son of Priam"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐσήλατο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"πρῶτος","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἐσήλατο","lemma":"εἰσάλλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἕκτορι","gloss":"leapt against"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐσήλατο","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"Achaeans'"}]},{"number":439,"label":"439","id":"b12-l439","source":"ἤϋσεν δὲ διαπρύσιον Τρώεσσι γεγωνώς·","translation":"He shouted piercingly, calling to the Trojans:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l439.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤϋσεν","lemma":"αὔω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διαπρύσιον","lemma":"διαπρύσιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἤϋσεν","gloss":"piercingly"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of γεγωνώς","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"γεγωνώς","lemma":"γέγωνα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤϋσεν","gloss":"calling aloud"}]},{"number":440,"label":"440","id":"b12-l440","source":"ὄρνυσθʼ ἱππόδαμοι Τρῶες, ῥήγνυσθε δὲ τεῖχος","translation":"\"Rise, horse-taming Trojans! Break the Argives' wall","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l440.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄρνυσθ","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"ἱππόδαμοι","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρῶες","gloss":"horse-taming"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"ῥήγνυσθε","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"break"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ῥήγνυσθε","gloss":"wall"}]},{"number":441,"label":"441","id":"b12-l441","source":"Ἀργείων καὶ νηυσὶν ἐνίετε θεσπιδαὲς πῦρ.","translation":"and cast god-kindled fire among their ships.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l441.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"Argives'"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νηυσὶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνίετε","gloss":"among the ships"},{"surface":"ἐνίετε","lemma":"ἐνίημι","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"θεσπιδαὲς","lemma":"θεσπιδαής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πῦρ","gloss":"god-kindled"},{"surface":"πῦρ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνίετε","gloss":"fire"}]},{"number":442,"label":"442","id":"b12-l442","source":"ὣς φάτʼ ἐποτρύνων, οἳ δʼ οὔασι πάντες ἄκουον,","translation":"So he spoke, urging them on; they all heard him with their ears","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l442.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ἐποτρύνων","lemma":"ἐποτρύνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φάτ̓","gloss":"urging"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἄκουον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔασι","lemma":"οὖς","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἄκουον","gloss":"ears"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἳ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἄκουον","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"heard"}]},{"number":443,"label":"443","id":"b12-l443","source":"ἴθυσαν δʼ ἐπὶ τεῖχος ἀολλέες· οἳ μὲν ἔπειτα","translation":"and rushed upon the wall in one mass; some then","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l443.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴθυσαν","lemma":"ἰθύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ἀολλέες","lemma":"ἀολλής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in one mass"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπέβαινον","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one side"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":444,"label":"444","id":"b12-l444","source":"κροσσάων ἐπέβαινον ἀκαχμένα δούρατʼ ἔχοντες,","translation":"mounted the battlements, holding sharpened spears,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l444.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κροσσάων","lemma":"κρόσσαι","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέβαινον","gloss":"battlements"},{"surface":"ἐπέβαινον","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were mounting"},{"surface":"ἀκαχμένα","lemma":"ἀκαχμένος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δούρατ̓","gloss":"sharpened"},{"surface":"δούρατ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχοντες","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"ἔχοντες","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπέβαινον","gloss":"holding"}]},{"number":445,"label":"445","id":"b12-l445","source":"Ἕκτωρ δʼ ἁρπάξας λᾶαν φέρεν, ὅς ῥα πυλάων","translation":"while Hector seized and carried a stone that stood before","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l445.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φέρεν","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἁρπάξας","lemma":"ἁρπάζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φέρεν","gloss":"seizing"},{"surface":"λᾶαν","lemma":"λᾶας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φέρεν","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"φέρεν","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of αὐτὰρ","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πυλάων","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πρόσθε","gloss":"the gates"}]},{"number":446,"label":"446","id":"b12-l446","source":"ἑστήκει πρόσθε πρυμνὸς παχύς, αὐτὰρ ὕπερθεν","translation":"the gates, thick at its base but tapering","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l446.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑστήκει","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing αὐτὰρ","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"πρόσθε","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"πρυμνὸς","lemma":"πρυμνός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"at the base"},{"surface":"παχύς","lemma":"παχύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"thick"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὕπερθεν","lemma":"ὕπερθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔην","gloss":"above"}]},{"number":447,"label":"447","id":"b12-l447","source":"ὀξὺς ἔην· τὸν δʼ οὔ κε δύʼ ἀνέρε δήμου ἀρίστω","translation":"to a sharp point. Not even two of the best men in the district,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l447.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀξὺς","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing αὐτὰρ","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀχλίσσειαν","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"δύ","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἀνέρε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ἀνέρε","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine noun","role":"subject of ὀχλίσσειαν","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"δήμου","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀρίστω","gloss":"of the district"},{"surface":"ἀρίστω","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέρε","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":448,"label":"448","id":"b12-l448","source":"ῥηϊδίως ἐπʼ ἄμαξαν ἀπʼ οὔδεος ὀχλίσσειαν,","translation":"could easily lever it from the ground onto a wagon,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l448.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥηϊδίως","lemma":"ῥᾴδιος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀχλίσσειαν","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"ἄμαξαν","lemma":"ἄμαξα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπ̓","gloss":"wagon"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"οὔδεος","lemma":"οὖδας","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπ̓","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"ὀχλίσσειαν","lemma":"ὀχλίζω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could lever"}]},{"number":449,"label":"449","id":"b12-l449","source":"οἷοι νῦν βροτοί εἰσʼ· ὃ δέ μιν ῥέα πάλλε καὶ οἶος.","translation":"such as mortals now are; but he alone swung it with ease.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l449.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὃ δέ μιν ῥέα πάλλε καὶ οἶος","title":"Hector's separate stone feat","body":"This inherited line keeps the accepted English of Iliad 5.304 exactly. The stone is the tapered mass beside the gates, distinct from the coping stone Ajax threw down upon Epicles."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἷοι","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such as","note":"Repeats the heroic-age contrast: mortals of the poet's day could not match Hector's strength."},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰσ̓","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"βροτοί","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εἰσ̓","gloss":"mortals"},{"surface":"εἰσ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνέρε","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πάλλε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πάλλε","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ῥέα","lemma":"ῥέα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πάλλε","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"πάλλε","lemma":"πάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"swung"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":450,"label":"450","id":"b12-l450","source":"τόν οἱ ἐλαφρὸν ἔθηκε Κρόνου πάϊς ἀγκυλομήτεω.","translation":"The son of crooked-counseling Cronos made it light for him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l450.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔθηκε","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔθηκε","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"ἐλαφρὸν","lemma":"ἐλαφρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of ἔθηκε","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"ἔθηκε","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made"},{"surface":"Κρόνου","lemma":"Κρόνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πάϊς","gloss":"Cronos's"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔθηκε","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἀγκυλομήτεω","lemma":"ἀγκυλομήτης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Κρόνου","gloss":"crooked-counseling"}]},{"number":451,"label":"451","id":"b12-l451","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτε ποιμὴν ῥεῖα φέρει πόκον ἄρσενος οἰὸς","translation":"As a shepherd easily carries the fleece of a ram,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l451.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὡς δʼ ὅτε ποιμὴν ῥεῖα φέρει πόκον","title":"The stone becomes a fleece","body":"The simile makes the gate-stone as light in Hector's hand as a ram's fleece in a shepherd's. It develops Zeus's action in the previous line: divine aid, not ordinary human strength alone, removes the weight."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ποιμὴν","lemma":"ποιμήν","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φέρει","gloss":"shepherd"},{"surface":"ῥεῖα","lemma":"ῥεῖα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φέρει","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"φέρει","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τέ","gloss":"carries"},{"surface":"πόκον","lemma":"πόκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φέρει","gloss":"fleece"},{"surface":"ἄρσενος","lemma":"ἄρσην","morphology":"genitive singular noun","role":"modifies οἰὸς","gloss":"male"},{"surface":"οἰὸς","lemma":"ὄις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"ram"}]},{"number":452,"label":"452","id":"b12-l452","source":"χειρὶ λαβὼν ἑτέρῃ, ὀλίγον τέ μιν ἄχθος ἐπείγει,","translation":"grasped in one hand, and its weight scarcely burdens him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l452.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χειρὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to λαβὼν","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"λαβὼν","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φέρει","gloss":"grasping"},{"surface":"ἑτέρῃ","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χειρὶ","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ὀλίγον","lemma":"ὀλίγος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄχθος","gloss":"slight"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπείγει","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἄχθος","lemma":"ἄχθος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐπείγει","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"ἐπείγει","lemma":"ἐπείγω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τέ","gloss":"burdens"}]},{"number":453,"label":"453","id":"b12-l453","source":"ὣς Ἕκτωρ ἰθὺς σανίδων φέρε λᾶαν ἀείρας,","translation":"so Hector lifted the stone and bore it straight toward the door-planks","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l453.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φέρε","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φέρε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ἰθὺς","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"straight toward"},{"surface":"σανίδων","lemma":"σανίς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἰθὺς","gloss":"door-planks"},{"surface":"φέρε","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"λᾶαν","lemma":"λᾶας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φέρε","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"ἀείρας","lemma":"ἀείρω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φέρε","gloss":"lifting"}]},{"number":454,"label":"454","id":"b12-l454","source":"αἵ ῥα πύλας εἴρυντο πύκα στιβαρῶς ἀραρυίας","translation":"that guarded the gates, close-set and strongly fitted,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l454.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴρυντο","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πύλας","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of εἴρυντο","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"εἴρυντο","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σανίδων","gloss":"guarded"},{"surface":"πύκα","lemma":"πύκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀραρυίας","gloss":"close-set"},{"surface":"στιβαρῶς","lemma":"στιβαρός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀραρυίας","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"ἀραρυίας","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative plural feminine","role":"modifies","gloss":"fitted"}]},{"number":455,"label":"455","id":"b12-l455","source":"δικλίδας ὑψηλάς· δοιοὶ δʼ ἔντοσθεν ὀχῆες","translation":"high and double-leaved. Two bars on the inner side","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l455.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δικλίδας","lemma":"δικλίς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"double-leaved"},{"surface":"ὑψηλάς","lemma":"ὑψηλός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"δοιοὶ","lemma":"δοιοί","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀχῆες","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔντοσθεν","lemma":"ἔντοσθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἶχον","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"ὀχῆες","lemma":"ὀχεύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶχον","gloss":"bars"}]},{"number":456,"label":"456","id":"b12-l456","source":"εἶχον ἐπημοιβοί, μία δὲ κληῒς ἐπαρήρει.","translation":"held them crosswise, and a single locking bolt was fitted fast.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l456.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μία δὲ κληῒς ἐπαρήρει","title":"The gate's locking bolt","body":"The singular κληΐς is the final locking bolt fitted to the two inner bars named just before it. Homer inventories the fastenings before Hector's blow breaks the hinges and makes the bars fail."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἶχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"ἐπημοιβοί","lemma":"ἐπημοιβός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀχῆες","gloss":"crosswise"},{"surface":"μία","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κληῒς","gloss":"single"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κληῒς","lemma":"κλείς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐπαρήρει","gloss":"locking bolt"},{"surface":"ἐπαρήρει","lemma":"ἐπαραρίσκω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was fitted fast"}]},{"number":457,"label":"457","id":"b12-l457","source":"στῆ δὲ μάλʼ ἐγγὺς ἰών, καὶ ἐρεισάμενος βάλε μέσσας","translation":"He came and stood very near, braced himself, and struck the middle,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l457.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στῆ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἐγγὺς","lemma":"ἐγγύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στῆ","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἰών","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to στῆ","gloss":"approaching"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐρεισάμενος","lemma":"ἐρείδω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"bracing himself"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"μέσσας","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"the middle"}]},{"number":458,"label":"458","id":"b12-l458","source":"εὖ διαβάς, ἵνα μή οἱ ἀφαυρότερον βέλος εἴη,","translation":"planting his feet wide, so that his cast would lose none of its force.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l458.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἵνα μή οἱ ἀφαυρότερον βέλος εἴη","title":"A cast at full force","body":"ἵνα μή with the optative εἴη explains Hector's wide stance: he plants himself so that the cast will not be weaker for him. The purpose clause makes his footing part of the gate-breaking mechanics."}],"words":[{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διαβάς","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"διαβάς","lemma":"διαβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"planting wide"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies βέλος","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"ἀφαυρότερον","lemma":"ἀφαυρός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"weaker","note":"Comparative used predicatively: so that his cast would not be any weaker."},{"surface":"βέλος","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"might be"}]},{"number":459,"label":"459","id":"b12-l459","source":"ῥῆξε δʼ ἀπʼ ἀμφοτέρους θαιρούς· πέσε δὲ λίθος εἴσω","translation":"He broke both hinges away; the stone fell inward","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l459.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥῆξε","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρους","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θαιρούς","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"θαιρούς","lemma":"θαιρός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ῥῆξε","gloss":"hinges"},{"surface":"πέσε","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λίθος","lemma":"λίθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πέσε","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"εἴσω","lemma":"εἴσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of πέσε","gloss":"inward"}]},{"number":460,"label":"460","id":"b12-l460","source":"βριθοσύνῃ, μέγα δʼ ἀμφὶ πύλαι μύκον, οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ὀχῆες","translation":"under its weight, and the gates groaned loudly around it; the bars no longer","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l460.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βριθοσύνῃ","lemma":"βριθοσύνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πέσε","gloss":"under its weight"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to μύκον","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around it"},{"surface":"πύλαι","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of μύκον","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"μύκον","lemma":"μυκάομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"groaned"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὀχῆες","lemma":"ὀχεύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐσχεθέτην","gloss":"bars"}]},{"number":461,"label":"461","id":"b12-l461","source":"ἐσχεθέτην, σανίδες δὲ διέτμαγεν ἄλλυδις ἄλλη","translation":"held, and the door-planks split apart, one this way, one that,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l461.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐσχεθέτην","title":"Both bars fail","body":"ἐσχεθέτην is a dual verb whose subject is the pair of inner bars named across the line break: both cease to hold. The doors then split in opposite directions, completing the failure of the whole gate assembly."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσχεθέτην","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"no longer held","note":"The dual verb refers to the two crossbars."},{"surface":"σανίδες","lemma":"σανίς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of διέτμαγεν","gloss":"door-planks"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διέτμαγεν","lemma":"διατμήγω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"split apart"},{"surface":"ἄλλυδις","lemma":"ἄλλυδις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διέτμαγεν","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"ἄλλη","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἄλλυδις","gloss":"one"}]},{"number":462,"label":"462","id":"b12-l462","source":"λᾶος ὑπὸ ῥιπῆς· ὃ δʼ ἄρʼ ἔσθορε φαίδιμος Ἕκτωρ","translation":"under the stone's impact. Glorious Hector sprang inside,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l462.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λᾶος","lemma":"λᾶας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ῥιπῆς","gloss":"stone's"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"ῥιπῆς","lemma":"ῥιπή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"impact"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔσθορε","lemma":"εἰσθρῴσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprang inside"},{"surface":"φαίδιμος","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":463,"label":"463","id":"b12-l463","source":"νυκτὶ θοῇ ἀτάλαντος ὑπώπια· λάμπε δὲ χαλκῷ","translation":"his face like sudden night, while bronze flashed","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l463.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νυκτὶ θοῇ ἀτάλαντος ὑπώπια","title":"A face like sudden night","body":"ἀτάλαντος sets Hector's face in comparison with swift, oncoming night. The darkness belongs to his terrifying appearance, while the next words keep the bronze around him flashing bright."}],"words":[{"surface":"νυκτὶ","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀτάλαντος","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"θοῇ","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νυκτὶ","gloss":"sudden"},{"surface":"ἀτάλαντος","lemma":"ἀτάλαντος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ὑπώπια","lemma":"ὑπώπιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἀτάλαντος","gloss":"his face"},{"surface":"λάμπε","lemma":"λάμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to λάμπε","gloss":"in bronze"}]},{"number":464,"label":"464","id":"b12-l464","source":"σμερδαλέῳ, τὸν ἕεστο περὶ χροΐ, δοιὰ δὲ χερσὶ","translation":"terribly around the body it clothed; in his hands he held","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l464.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σμερδαλέῳ","lemma":"σμερδαλέος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἕεστο","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ἕεστο","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"pluperfect passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing χαλκῷ","gloss":"he had put on"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"χροΐ","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"his body"},{"surface":"δοιὰ","lemma":"δοιοί","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δοῦῤ","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χερσὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχεν","gloss":"hands"}]},{"number":465,"label":"465","id":"b12-l465","source":"δοῦρʼ ἔχεν· οὔ κέν τίς μιν ἐρύκακεν ἀντιβολήσας","translation":"two spears. No one meeting him could have checked him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l465.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δοῦρ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχεν","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"ἔχεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρύκακεν","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐρύκακεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἐρύκακεν","lemma":"ἐρύκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have checked"},{"surface":"ἀντιβολήσας","lemma":"ἀντιβολέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐρύκακεν","gloss":"meeting him"}]},{"number":466,"label":"466","id":"b12-l466","source":"νόσφι θεῶν ὅτʼ ἐσᾶλτο πύλας· πυρὶ δʼ ὄσσε δεδήει.","translation":"except a god, when he leapt within the gates; his eyes blazed with fire.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l466.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νόσφι","lemma":"νόσφι","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"except"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies νόσφι","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἐσᾶλτο","lemma":"εἰσάλλομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτ̓","gloss":"he leapt within"},{"surface":"πύλας","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐσᾶλτο","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"πυρὶ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δεδήει","gloss":"with fire"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσα","morphology":"nominative dual neuter noun","role":"subject of δεδήει","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"δεδήει","lemma":"δαίω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"blazed"}]},{"number":467,"label":"467","id":"b12-l467","source":"κέκλετο δὲ Τρώεσσιν ἑλιξάμενος καθʼ ὅμιλον","translation":"He wheeled amid the throng and called to the Trojans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l467.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κέκλετο","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσιν","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κέκλετο","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"ἑλιξάμενος","lemma":"ἑλίσσω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κέκλετο","gloss":"wheeling"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καθ̓","gloss":"throng"}]},{"number":468,"label":"468","id":"b12-l468","source":"τεῖχος ὑπερβαίνειν· τοὶ δʼ ὀτρύνοντι πίθοντο.","translation":"to scale the wall, and they obeyed his urging.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l468.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπερβαίνειν","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ὑπερβαίνειν","lemma":"ὑπερβαίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of κέκλετο","gloss":"to scale"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πίθοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀτρύνοντι","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"his urging"},{"surface":"πίθοντο","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"obeyed"}]},{"number":469,"label":"469","id":"b12-l469","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ οἳ μὲν τεῖχος ὑπέρβασαν, οἳ δὲ κατʼ αὐτὰς","translation":"At once some crossed over the wall, while others through the very","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l469.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑπέρβασαν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὑπέρβασαν","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one side"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπέρβασαν","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ὑπέρβασαν","lemma":"ὑπερβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"crossed over"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐσέχυντο","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"αὐτὰς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πύλας","gloss":"the very"}]},{"number":470,"label":"470","id":"b12-l470","source":"ποιητὰς ἐσέχυντο πύλας· Δαναοὶ δὲ φόβηθεν","translation":"wrought gates poured in; the Danaans fled in rout","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l470.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ποιητὰς","lemma":"ποιητός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πύλας","gloss":"wrought"},{"surface":"ἐσέχυντο","lemma":"εἰσχέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured in"},{"surface":"πύλας","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of κατ̓","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"Δαναοὶ","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of φόβηθεν","gloss":"Danaans"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φόβηθεν","lemma":"φοβέω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fled in rout"}]},{"number":471,"label":"471","id":"b12-l471","source":"νῆας ἀνὰ γλαφυράς, ὅμαδος δʼ ἀλίαστος ἐτύχθη.","translation":"among the hollow ships, and unending uproar arose.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b12-l471.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὅμαδος δʼ ἀλίαστος ἐτύχθη","title":"Unending uproar","body":"ἀλίαστος describes a din that does not let up. The book closes not merely with the gate taken, but with the Danaans routed among the ships under the noise of the Trojan flood."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"γλαφυράς","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆας","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ὅμαδος","lemma":"ὅμαδος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐτύχθη","gloss":"uproar"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλίαστος","lemma":"ἀλίαστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅμαδος","gloss":"unending"},{"surface":"ἐτύχθη","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"arose"}]}]}