{"work":{"slug":"iliad","title":{"source":"Ἰλιάς","translated":"The Iliad"},"author":"Homer","language":"Ancient Greek","languageCode":"grc","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad"},"unit":{"kind":"book","number":20,"id":"book-20","title":{"source":"Ἰλιάδος Υ","translated":"Book 20 — The Gods Enter Battle"},"section":"The Ransom of Hector","summary":"The gods join the battle. Achilles fights Aeneas, who is saved by Poseidon, and drives the Trojans before him.","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/20","lines":503},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/19","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/21","license":"Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original line-aligned draft, pending editorial review. Word-by-word morphology and syntax derived from the Perseus Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank (CC BY-SA 3.0); English glosses and notes © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b20-l1","source":"ὣς οἳ μὲν παρὰ νηυσὶ κορωνίσι θωρήσσοντο","translation":"Thus they armed beside the curved ships,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θωρήσσοντο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοί","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"κορωνίσι","lemma":"κορωνίς","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶ","gloss":"curved"},{"surface":"θωρήσσοντο","lemma":"θωρήσσω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"armed"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b20-l2","source":"ἀμφὶ σὲ Πηλέος υἱὲ μάχης ἀκόρητον Ἀχαιοί,","translation":"around you, son of Peleus, insatiate for battle, the Achaeans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀμφὶ σὲ Πηλέος υἱὲ","title":"The poet addresses Achilles","body":"The second-person pronoun σὲ and the vocative υἱὲ turn the narration briefly toward Achilles himself: the Achaeans arm around \"you, son of Peleus.\" This direct address is a characteristic epic apostrophe."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"σὲ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Πηλέος","lemma":"Πηλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὲ","gloss":"of Peleus"},{"surface":"υἱὲ","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son","note":"Epic apostrophe turns briefly from narration to address Achilles directly."},{"surface":"μάχης","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀκόρητον","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"ἀκόρητον","lemma":"ἀκόρητος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies σὲ","gloss":"insatiate"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of θωρήσσοντο","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b20-l3","source":"Τρῶες δʼ αὖθʼ ἑτέρωθεν ἐπὶ θρωσμῷ πεδίοιο·","translation":"The Trojans, on the other side, upon a rise of the plain,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὖθ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ἑτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἑτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"on the other side"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"θρωσμῷ","lemma":"θρωσμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"πεδίοιο","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies θρωσμῷ","gloss":"of the plain"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b20-l4","source":"Ζεὺς δὲ Θέμιστα κέλευσε θεοὺς ἀγορὴν δὲ καλέσσαι","translation":"Zeus commanded Themis to call the gods to council","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κέλευσε","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Θέμιστα","lemma":"θέμις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καλέσσαι","gloss":"Themis"},{"surface":"κέλευσε","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"θεοὺς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καλέσσαι","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἀγορὴν","lemma":"ἀγορά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καλέσσαι","gloss":"to council"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"καλέσσαι","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of κέλευσε","gloss":"to summon"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b20-l5","source":"κρατὸς ἀπʼ Οὐλύμποιο πολυπτύχου· ἣ δʼ ἄρα πάντῃ","translation":"from the crest of many-folded Olympus; and she went everywhere,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κρατὸς","lemma":"κράς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπ̓","gloss":"the crest"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Οὐλύμποιο","lemma":"Ὄλυμπος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κρατὸς","gloss":"Olympus"},{"surface":"πολυπτύχου","lemma":"πολύπτυχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Οὐλύμποιο","gloss":"many-folded"},{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of κέλευσε","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πάντῃ","lemma":"πάντῃ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φοιτήσασα","gloss":"everywhere"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b20-l6","source":"φοιτήσασα κέλευσε Διὸς πρὸς δῶμα νέεσθαι.","translation":"making her rounds, and bade them come to the house of Zeus.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φοιτήσασα","lemma":"φοιτάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κέλευσε","gloss":"making her rounds"},{"surface":"κέλευσε","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bade"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"νέεσθαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of κέλευσε","gloss":"to come"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b20-l7","source":"οὔτέ τις οὖν ποταμῶν ἀπέην νόσφʼ Ὠκεανοῖο,","translation":"Not one of the rivers was absent, except Oceanus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νόσφʼ Ὠκεανοῖο","title":"An exception in the genitive","body":"νόσφι means \"apart from\" or \"except\" and here governs the genitive Ὠκεανοῖο. Every river-god attends except Oceanus, the world-encircling source of rivers."}],"words":[{"surface":"οὔτέ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπέην","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ποταμῶν","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τ̓","gloss":"of rivers"},{"surface":"ἀπέην","lemma":"ἄπειμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was absent"},{"surface":"νόσφ","lemma":"νόσφι","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"except","note":"Here this word marks an exception and governs the following genitive: all rivers except Oceanus."},{"surface":"Ὠκεανοῖο","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies νόσφ̓","gloss":"Oceanus"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b20-l8","source":"οὔτʼ ἄρα νυμφάων αἵ τʼ ἄλσεα καλὰ νέμονται","translation":"nor any of the nymphs who dwell in the lovely groves","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"νυμφάων","lemma":"νύμφη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies τ̓","gloss":"of the nymphs"},{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of νέμονται","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἄλσεα","lemma":"ἄλσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"groves"},{"surface":"καλὰ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄλσεα","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"νέμονται","lemma":"νέμω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing νυμφάων","gloss":"dwell in"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b20-l9","source":"καὶ πηγὰς ποταμῶν καὶ πίσεα ποιήεντα.","translation":"and the springs of rivers and the grassy meadows.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πηγὰς","lemma":"πηγή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"springs"},{"surface":"ποταμῶν","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πηγὰς","gloss":"of rivers"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πίσεα","lemma":"πῖσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"meadows"},{"surface":"ποιήεντα","lemma":"ποιήεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies πίσεα","gloss":"grassy"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b20-l10","source":"ἐλθόντες δʼ ἐς δῶμα Διὸς νεφεληγερέταο","translation":"When they came to the house of Zeus the cloud-gatherer,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλθόντες","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐνίζανον","gloss":"they arrived"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"νεφεληγερέταο","lemma":"νεφεληγερέτα","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"cloud-gatherer"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b20-l11","source":"ξεστῇς αἰθούσῃσιν ἐνίζανον, ἃς Διὶ πατρὶ","translation":"they sat down in the polished colonnades that Hephaestus","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξεστῇς","lemma":"ξεστός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἰθούσῃσιν","gloss":"polished"},{"surface":"αἰθούσῃσιν","lemma":"αἴθουσα","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνίζανον","gloss":"colonnades"},{"surface":"ἐνίζανον","lemma":"ἐνιζάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"ἃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ποίησεν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Διὶ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ποίησεν","gloss":"for Zeus"},{"surface":"πατρὶ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Διὶ","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b20-l12","source":"Ἥφαιστος ποίησεν ἰδυίῃσι πραπίδεσσιν.","translation":"had made for father Zeus with his skillful mind.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἥφαιστος","lemma":"Ἥφαιστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ποίησεν","gloss":"Hephaestus"},{"surface":"ποίησεν","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing αἰθούσῃσιν","gloss":"had made"},{"surface":"ἰδυίῃσι","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative plural feminine","role":"modifies πραπίδεσσιν","gloss":"skillful"},{"surface":"πραπίδεσσιν","lemma":"πραπίδες","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ποίησεν","gloss":"with his mind"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b20-l13","source":"ὣς οἳ μὲν Διὸς ἔνδον ἀγηγέρατʼ· οὐδʼ ἐνοσίχθων","translation":"Thus they were gathered inside the house of Zeus; nor did the Earth-shaker","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγηγέρατ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀγηγέρατ̓","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔνδον","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"ἀγηγέρατ","lemma":"ἀγείρω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were gathered"},{"surface":"ἐνοσίχθων","lemma":"Ἐνοσίχθων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of νηκούστησε","gloss":"Earth-shaker"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b20-l14","source":"νηκούστησε θεᾶς, ἀλλʼ ἐξ ἁλὸς ἦλθε μετʼ αὐτούς,","translation":"disobey the goddess, but came from the sea to join them,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηκούστησε","lemma":"νηκουστέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"disobeyed"},{"surface":"θεᾶς","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of νηκούστησε","gloss":"the goddess"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to join"},{"surface":"αὐτούς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b20-l15","source":"ἷζε δʼ ἄρʼ ἐν μέσσοισι, Διὸς δʼ ἐξείρετο βουλήν·","translation":"and sat in their midst, then asked the purpose of Zeus:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἷζε","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μέσσοισι","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"their midst"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βουλήν","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξείρετο","lemma":"ἐξέρομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"βουλήν","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξείρετο","gloss":"the purpose"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b20-l16","source":"τίπτʼ αὖτʼ ἀργικέραυνε θεοὺς ἀγορὴν δὲ κάλεσσας;","translation":"\"Why, bright-lightning god, have you again called the gods to council?","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίπτ","lemma":"τίπτε","morphology":"pronoun","role":"adverbial to κάλεσσας","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ἀργικέραυνε","lemma":"ἀργικέραυνος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"bright-lightning god"},{"surface":"θεοὺς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κάλεσσας","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἀγορὴν","lemma":"ἀγορά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κάλεσσας","gloss":"to council"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"κάλεσσας","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b20-l17","source":"ἦ τι περὶ Τρώων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν μερμηρίζεις;","translation":"Are you pondering some matter concerning the Trojans and Achaeans?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l17.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of μερμηρίζεις","gloss":"some matter"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"concerning"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"μερμηρίζεις","lemma":"μερμηρίζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are you pondering"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b20-l18","source":"τῶν γὰρ νῦν ἄγχιστα μάχη πόλεμός τε δέδηε.","translation":"For now their battle and war blaze very near.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δέδηε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἄγχιστα","lemma":"ἄγχιστος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to δέδηε","gloss":"very near"},{"surface":"μάχη","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"πόλεμός","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δέδηε","lemma":"δαίω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"blazes"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b20-l19","source":"τὸν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς·","translation":"Then Zeus the cloud-gatherer answered him and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l19.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς","title":"Zeus the cloud-gatherer","body":"νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς is Zeus's standing weather epithet, rendered with the same fixed wording wherever it recurs. The whole line also uses Homer's recurrent answered-and-said speech frame."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"νεφεληγερέτα","lemma":"νεφεληγερέτα","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεύς","gloss":"cloud-gatherer","note":"A standing Homeric epithet for Zeus, paired with the recurrent answered-and-said speech formula."},{"surface":"Ζεύς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b20-l20","source":"ἔγνως ἐννοσίγαιε ἐμὴν ἐν στήθεσι βουλὴν","translation":"\"You know, Earth-shaker, the purpose within my breast","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγνως","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ἐννοσίγαιε","lemma":"Ἐννοσίγαιος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Earth-shaker"},{"surface":"ἐμὴν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies βουλὴν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"στήθεσι","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐν","gloss":"my breast"},{"surface":"βουλὴν","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔγνως","gloss":"purpose"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b20-l21","source":"ὧν ἕνεκα ξυνάγειρα· μέλουσί μοι ὀλλύμενοί περ.","translation":"for whose sake I gathered them; though they are dying, they are my concern.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὀλλύμενοί περ","title":"A concessive participle","body":"The present participle ὀλλύμενοι means \"dying\" or \"being destroyed.\" The particle περ gives it concessive force: even though mortals are dying, Zeus says that they still matter to him."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὧν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"genitive plural neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἕνεκα","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"ἕνεκα","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"ξυνάγειρα","lemma":"συναγείρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing βουλὴν","gloss":"I gathered them"},{"surface":"μέλουσί","lemma":"μέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are my concern"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μέλουσί","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ὀλλύμενοί","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies","gloss":"though dying"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though","note":"This enclitic gives the participle concessive force: although they are dying."}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b20-l22","source":"ἀλλʼ ἤτοι μὲν ἐγὼ μενέω πτυχὶ Οὐλύμποιο","translation":"Yet I shall remain here upon a fold of Olympus,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l22.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for my part"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μενέω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μενέω","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will remain"},{"surface":"πτυχὶ","lemma":"πτύξ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἥμενος","gloss":"upon a fold"},{"surface":"Οὐλύμποιο","lemma":"Ὄλυμπος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πτυχὶ","gloss":"Olympus"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b20-l23","source":"ἥμενος, ἔνθʼ ὁρόων φρένα τέρψομαι· οἳ δὲ δὴ ἄλλοι","translation":"seated, and delight my heart as I watch; but all you others,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l23.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥμενος","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μενέω","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τέρψομαι","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ὁρόων","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τέρψομαι","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"φρένα","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τέρψομαι","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"τέρψομαι","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πτυχὶ","gloss":"I shall delight"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἄλλοι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔρχεσθ̓","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b20-l24","source":"ἔρχεσθʼ ὄφρʼ ἂν ἵκησθε μετὰ Τρῶας καὶ Ἀχαιούς,","translation":"go, so that you may reach the Trojans and Achaeans,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρχεσθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"ἵκησθε","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφῤ","gloss":"you may reach"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιούς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b20-l25","source":"ἀμφοτέροισι δʼ ἀρήγεθʼ ὅπῃ νόος ἐστὶν ἑκάστου.","translation":"and aid either side according to each god's own mind.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l25.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέροισι","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀρήγεθ̓","gloss":"either side"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρήγεθ","lemma":"ἀρήγω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"give aid"},{"surface":"ὅπῃ","lemma":"ὅπη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστὶν","gloss":"according as"},{"surface":"νόος","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐστὶν","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"ἐστὶν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀρήγεθ̓","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ἑκάστου","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νόος","gloss":"of each god"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b20-l26","source":"εἰ γὰρ Ἀχιλλεὺς οἶος ἐπὶ Τρώεσσι μαχεῖται","translation":"For if Achilles fights the Trojans alone,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l26.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μαχεῖται","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"μαχεῖται","lemma":"συμμαχέω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"fights"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b20-l27","source":"οὐδὲ μίνυνθʼ ἕξουσι ποδώκεα Πηλεΐωνα.","translation":"they will not hold back the swift son of Peleus even briefly.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l27.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μίνυνθ","lemma":"μίνυνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕξουσι","gloss":"only a moment"},{"surface":"ἕξουσι","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will hold back"},{"surface":"ποδώκεα","lemma":"ποδώκης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πηλεΐωνα","gloss":"swift-footed"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνα","lemma":"Πηλείων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕξουσι","gloss":"son of Peleus"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b20-l28","source":"καὶ δέ τί μιν καὶ πρόσθεν ὑποτρομέεσκον ὁρῶντες·","translation":"Even before now they would tremble at the sight of him;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l28.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὑποτρομέεσκον","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὑποτρομέεσκον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑποτρομέεσκον","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ὑποτρομέεσκον","lemma":"ὑποτρομέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would tremble"},{"surface":"ὁρῶντες","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑποτρομέεσκον","gloss":"on seeing him"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b20-l29","source":"νῦν δʼ ὅτε δὴ καὶ θυμὸν ἑταίρου χώεται αἰνῶς","translation":"but now, when he is terribly enraged in spirit for his companion,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l29.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δείδω","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of χώεται","gloss":"in spirit"},{"surface":"ἑταίρου","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of χώεται","gloss":"for his companion"},{"surface":"χώεται","lemma":"χώομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"is enraged"},{"surface":"αἰνῶς","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χώεται","gloss":"terribly"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b20-l30","source":"δείδω μὴ καὶ τεῖχος ὑπέρμορον ἐξαλαπάξῃ.","translation":"I fear he may storm the wall beyond what fate allows.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"δείδω μὴ καὶ τεῖχος ὑπέρμορον ἐξαλαπάξῃ","title":"Fear followed by the subjunctive","body":"After δείδω, \"I fear,\" μή introduces the feared outcome and ἐξαλαπάξῃ is aorist subjunctive: Zeus fears that Achilles may sack the wall beyond its allotted fate. The fear concerns a possible result, not an accomplished act."}],"words":[{"surface":"δείδω","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I fear"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest","note":"After a verb of fearing, this introduces the feared outcome with an aorist subjunctive."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐξαλαπάξῃ","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ὑπέρμορον","lemma":"ὑπέρμορον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξαλαπάξῃ","gloss":"beyond fate's decree"},{"surface":"ἐξαλαπάξῃ","lemma":"ἐξαλαπάζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of μὴ","gloss":"may sack"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b20-l31","source":"ὣς ἔφατο Κρονίδης, πόλεμον δʼ ἀλίαστον ἔγειρε.","translation":"So the son of Cronos spoke, and roused insatiable war.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l31.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"Κρονίδης","lemma":"Κρονίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔφατο","gloss":"son of Cronos"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔγειρε","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλίαστον","lemma":"ἀλίαστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόλεμον","gloss":"insatiable"},{"surface":"ἔγειρε","lemma":"ἐγείρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stirred"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b20-l32","source":"βὰν δʼ ἴμεναι πόλεμον δὲ θεοὶ δίχα θυμὸν ἔχοντες·","translation":"The gods went on toward war, divided in their hearts:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l32.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βὰν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they went"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἴμεναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to βὰν","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἴμεναι","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of βὰν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"δίχα","lemma":"δίχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχοντες","gloss":"divided"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχοντες","gloss":"in heart"},{"surface":"ἔχοντες","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to βὰν","gloss":"having"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b20-l33","source":"Ἥρη μὲν μετʼ ἀγῶνα νεῶν καὶ Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη","translation":"Hera went to the gathering by the ships, and Pallas Athena,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l33.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἥρη","lemma":"Ἥρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠδ̓","gloss":"Hera"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for her part"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἀγῶνα","lemma":"ἀγών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"the gathering"},{"surface":"νεῶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀγῶνα","gloss":"by the ships"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Παλλὰς","lemma":"Παλλάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Pallas"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠδ̓","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b20-l34","source":"ἠδὲ Ποσειδάων γαιήοχος ἠδʼ ἐριούνης","translation":"and Poseidon the earth-holder, and the luck-bringing","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l34.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδ̓","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"γαιήοχος","lemma":"γαιήοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ποσειδάων","gloss":"earth-holder"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐριούνης","lemma":"ἐριούνης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἑρμείας","gloss":"luck-bringing"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b20-l35","source":"Ἑρμείας, ὃς ἐπὶ φρεσὶ πευκαλίμῃσι κέκασται·","translation":"Hermes, who surpasses all in shrewd designs;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l35.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πευκαλίμῃσι","title":"Hermes and shrewd counsel","body":"πευκάλιμος describes a mind that is sharp, wary, and resourceful. Hermes joins Hera's faction as the god who excels in such designs, not merely as a neutral messenger."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἑρμείας","lemma":"Ἑρμῆς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδ̓","gloss":"Hermes"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κέκασται","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of κέκασται","gloss":"designs"},{"surface":"πευκαλίμῃσι","lemma":"πευκάλιμος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρεσὶ","gloss":"shrewd"},{"surface":"κέκασται","lemma":"καίνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἑρμείας","gloss":"surpasses all"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b20-l36","source":"Ἥφαιστος δʼ ἅμα τοῖσι κίε σθένεϊ βλεμεαίνων","translation":"and Hephaestus went with them, exulting in his strength,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l36.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἥφαιστος","lemma":"Ἥφαιστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κίε","gloss":"Hephaestus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἅμα","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"κίε","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"σθένεϊ","lemma":"σθένος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βλεμεαίνων","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"βλεμεαίνων","lemma":"βλεμεαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κίε","gloss":"exulting"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b20-l37","source":"χωλεύων, ὑπὸ δὲ κνῆμαι ῥώοντο ἀραιαί.","translation":"limping, while his slender legs moved swiftly beneath him.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l37.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"χωλεύων","title":"A simultaneous participle","body":"χωλεύων is a present participle, \"limping,\" describing Hephaestus as he advances. Homer holds his lameness and his vigorous movement together in the same line."}],"words":[{"surface":"χωλεύων","lemma":"χωλεύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κίε","gloss":"limping","note":"The present participle highlights Hephaestus limping as he moves."},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"adverbial to ῥώοντο","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κνῆμαι","lemma":"κνήμη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ῥώοντο","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"ῥώοντο","lemma":"ῥώομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"moved swiftly"},{"surface":"ἀραιαί","lemma":"ἀραιός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κνῆμαι","gloss":"slender"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b20-l38","source":"ἐς δὲ Τρῶας Ἄρης κορυθαίολος, αὐτὰρ ἅμʼ αὐτῷ","translation":"To the Trojans went Ares of the flashing helm, and with him","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l38.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"Ἄρης","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Ares"},{"surface":"κορυθαίολος","lemma":"κορυθαίολος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἄρης","gloss":"of the flashing helm"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἅμ̓","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b20-l39","source":"Φοῖβος ἀκερσεκόμης ἠδʼ Ἄρτεμις ἰοχέαιρα","translation":"unshorn-haired Phoebus and Artemis, showerer of arrows,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l39.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Φοῖβος","lemma":"Φοῖβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τ̓","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"ἀκερσεκόμης","lemma":"ἀκερσεκόμης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Φοῖβος","gloss":"unshorn-haired"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἄρτεμις","lemma":"Ἄρτεμις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τ̓","gloss":"Artemis"},{"surface":"ἰοχέαιρα","lemma":"ἰοχέαιρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἄρτεμις","gloss":"showerer of arrows"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b20-l40","source":"Λητώ τε Ξάνθός τε φιλομειδής τʼ Ἀφροδίτη.","translation":"and Leto, Xanthus, and laughter-loving Aphrodite.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l40.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Λητώ","lemma":"Λητώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τ̓","gloss":"Leto"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ξάνθός","lemma":"Ξάνθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τ̓","gloss":"Xanthus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φιλομειδής","lemma":"φιλομμειδής","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀφροδίτη","gloss":"laughter-loving"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτη","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τ̓","gloss":"Aphrodite"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b20-l41","source":"εἷος μέν ῥʼ ἀπάνευθε θεοὶ θνητῶν ἔσαν ἀνδρῶν,","translation":"While the gods remained apart from mortal men,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἷος","lemma":"εἷος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for a while"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀπάνευθε","lemma":"ἀπάνευθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσαν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"θνητῶν","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"mortals"},{"surface":"ἔσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἷος","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπάνευθε","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b20-l42","source":"τεῖος Ἀχαιοὶ μὲν μέγα κύδανον, οὕνεκʼ Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"the Achaeans gloried greatly because Achilles","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l42.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεῖος","lemma":"τέως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κύδανον","gloss":"until then"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of κύδανον","gloss":"Achaeans"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κύδανον","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"κύδανον","lemma":"κυδάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gloried"},{"surface":"οὕνεκ","lemma":"οὕνεκα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐξεφάνη","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b20-l43","source":"ἐξεφάνη, δηρὸν δὲ μάχης ἐπέπαυτʼ ἀλεγεινῆς·","translation":"had appeared after holding back so long from grievous battle.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l43.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξεφάνη","lemma":"ἐκφαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"had appeared"},{"surface":"δηρὸν","lemma":"δηρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπέπαυτ̓","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάχης","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέπαυτ̓","gloss":"from battle"},{"surface":"ἐπέπαυτ","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"holding back"},{"surface":"ἀλεγεινῆς","lemma":"ἀλεγεινός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μάχης","gloss":"grievous"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b20-l44","source":"Τρῶας δὲ τρόμος αἰνὸς ὑπήλυθε γυῖα ἕκαστον","translation":"but terrible trembling came over every Trojan's limbs,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l44.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπήλυθε","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τρόμος","lemma":"τρόμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὑπήλυθε","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"αἰνὸς","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τρόμος","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"ὑπήλυθε","lemma":"ὑπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came over"},{"surface":"γυῖα","lemma":"γυῖον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπήλυθε","gloss":"limbs"},{"surface":"ἕκαστον","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"every one"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b20-l45","source":"δειδιότας, ὅθʼ ὁρῶντο ποδώκεα Πηλεΐωνα","translation":"as they looked in fear upon the swift son of Peleus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l45.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δειδιότας","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in fear"},{"surface":"ὅθ","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ὁρῶντο","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅθ̓","gloss":"they saw"},{"surface":"ποδώκεα","lemma":"ποδώκης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πηλεΐωνα","gloss":"swift-footed"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνα","lemma":"Πηλείων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὁρῶντο","gloss":"son of Peleus"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b20-l46","source":"τεύχεσι λαμπόμενον βροτολοιγῷ ἶσον Ἄρηϊ.","translation":"blazing in armor, equal to Ares, bane of mortals.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l46.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεύχεσι","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to λαμπόμενον","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"λαμπόμενον","lemma":"λάμπω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"blazing"},{"surface":"βροτολοιγῷ","lemma":"βροτολοιγός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἄρηϊ","gloss":"bane of mortals"},{"surface":"ἶσον","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πηλεΐωνα","gloss":"equal to"},{"surface":"Ἄρηϊ","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἶσον","gloss":"Ares"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b20-l47","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ μεθʼ ὅμιλον Ὀλύμπιοι ἤλυθον ἀνδρῶν,","translation":"But when the Olympians entered the throng of men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l47.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"μεθ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μεθ̓","gloss":"the throng"},{"surface":"Ὀλύμπιοι","lemma":"Ὀλύμπιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἤλυθον","gloss":"the Olympians"},{"surface":"ἤλυθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὅμιλον","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b20-l48","source":"ὦρτο δʼ Ἔρις κρατερὴ λαοσσόος, αὖε δʼ Ἀθήνη","translation":"mighty Strife, rouser of hosts, arose, and Athena cried aloud,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l48.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦρτο","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἔρις","lemma":"ἔρις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ὦρτο","gloss":"Strife"},{"surface":"κρατερὴ","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἔρις","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"λαοσσόος","lemma":"λαοσσόος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἔρις","gloss":"rouser of hosts"},{"surface":"αὖε","lemma":"αὔω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of αὖε","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b20-l49","source":"στᾶσʼ ὁτὲ μὲν παρὰ τάφρον ὀρυκτὴν τείχεος ἐκτός,","translation":"standing now beside the dug trench outside the wall,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l49.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στᾶσ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ὁτὲ","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στᾶσ̓","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"τάφρον","lemma":"τάφρος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"trench"},{"surface":"ὀρυκτὴν","lemma":"ὀρυκτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τάφρον","gloss":"dug"},{"surface":"τείχεος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκτός","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"ἐκτός","lemma":"ἐκτός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"outside"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b20-l50","source":"ἄλλοτʼ ἐπʼ ἀκτάων ἐριδούπων μακρὸν ἀΰτει.","translation":"now on the thunderous shores, where she shouted far and wide.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l50.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλοτ","lemma":"ἄλλοτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀΰτει","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἀκτάων","lemma":"ἀκτή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπ̓","gloss":"shores"},{"surface":"ἐριδούπων","lemma":"ἐρίδουπος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀκτάων","gloss":"loud-crashing"},{"surface":"μακρὸν","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀΰτει","gloss":"far and wide"},{"surface":"ἀΰτει","lemma":"ἀυτέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"she shouted"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b20-l51","source":"αὖε δʼ Ἄρης ἑτέρωθεν ἐρεμνῇ λαίλαπι ἶσος","translation":"Ares cried aloud from the other side, like a dark storm,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖε","lemma":"αὔω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἄρης","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of αὖε","gloss":"Ares"},{"surface":"ἑτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἑτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to αὖε","gloss":"on the other side"},{"surface":"ἐρεμνῇ","lemma":"ἐρεμνός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies λαίλαπι","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"λαίλαπι","lemma":"λαῖλαψ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἶσος","gloss":"storm-blast"},{"surface":"ἶσος","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἄρης","gloss":"equal"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b20-l52","source":"ὀξὺ κατʼ ἀκροτάτης πόλιος Τρώεσσι κελεύων,","translation":"shrilly urging the Trojans from the city's highest point,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l52.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to αὖε","gloss":"shrilly"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἀκροτάτης","lemma":"ἄκρος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine superlative adjective","role":"modifies πόλιος","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"πόλιος","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατ̓","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κελεύων","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"κελεύων","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to αὖε","gloss":"urging"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b20-l53","source":"ἄλλοτε πὰρ Σιμόεντι θέων ἐπὶ Καλλικολώνῃ.","translation":"at other times running beside the Simoeis upon Callicolone.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l53.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλοτε","lemma":"ἄλλοτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θέων","gloss":"another time"},{"surface":"πὰρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"Σιμόεντι","lemma":"Σιμόεις","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to πὰρ","gloss":"Simois"},{"surface":"θέων","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to αὖε","gloss":"running"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"Καλλικολώνῃ","lemma":"Καλλικολώνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"Callicolone"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b20-l54","source":"ὣς τοὺς ἀμφοτέρους μάκαρες θεοὶ ὀτρύνοντες","translation":"Thus the blessed gods spurred both armies on","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l54.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σύμβαλον","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἀμφοτέρους","gloss":"both armies"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρους","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of σύμβαλον","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"μάκαρες","lemma":"μάκαρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of σύμβαλον","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ὀτρύνοντες","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to σύμβαλον","gloss":"spurring on"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b20-l55","source":"σύμβαλον, ἐν δʼ αὐτοῖς ἔριδα ῥήγνυντο βαρεῖαν·","translation":"and brought them together, unleashing heavy strife among them;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l55.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σύμβαλον","lemma":"συμβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"brought together"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῖς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ἔριδα","lemma":"ἔρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ῥήγνυντο","gloss":"strife"},{"surface":"ῥήγνυντο","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"unleashed"},{"surface":"βαρεῖαν","lemma":"βαρύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἔριδα","gloss":"heavy"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b20-l56","source":"δεινὸν δὲ βρόντησε πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε","translation":"and terribly thundered the father of men and gods","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε","title":"The father of men and gods","body":"This is Zeus's fixed title as head of the Olympian order. His thunder from above initiates the cosmic upheaval, while Poseidon answers from below by shaking the earth."}],"words":[{"surface":"δεινὸν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to βρόντησε","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βρόντησε","lemma":"βροντάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"thundered"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βρόντησε","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b20-l57","source":"ὑψόθεν· αὐτὰρ νέρθε Ποσειδάων ἐτίναξε","translation":"from high above; and from below Poseidon shook","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑψόθεν","lemma":"ὑψόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βρόντησε","gloss":"from above"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νέρθε","lemma":"νέρθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐτίναξε","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐτίναξε","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"ἐτίναξε","lemma":"τινάσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shook"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b20-l58","source":"γαῖαν ἀπειρεσίην ὀρέων τʼ αἰπεινὰ κάρηνα.","translation":"the boundless earth and the steep peaks of the mountains.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l58.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"ἀπειρεσίην","lemma":"ἀπειρέσιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"ὀρέων","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies κάρηνα","gloss":"of mountains"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰπεινὰ","lemma":"αἰπεινός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κάρηνα","gloss":"steep"},{"surface":"κάρηνα","lemma":"κάρηνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"peaks"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b20-l59","source":"πάντες δʼ ἐσσείοντο πόδες πολυπίδακος Ἴδης","translation":"All the foothills of many-springed Ida trembled,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l59.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόδες","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐσσείοντο","lemma":"σείω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"πόδες","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"foothills"},{"surface":"πολυπίδακος","lemma":"πολυπῖδαξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἴδης","gloss":"many-fountained"},{"surface":"Ἴδης","lemma":"Ἴδη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Ida"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b20-l60","source":"καὶ κορυφαί, Τρώων τε πόλις καὶ νῆες Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"and its summits, and the Trojan city, and the Achaeans' ships.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l60.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κορυφαί","lemma":"κορυφή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"summits"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies πόλις","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόλις","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νῆες","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νῆες","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b20-l61","source":"ἔδεισεν δʼ ὑπένερθεν ἄναξ ἐνέρων Ἀϊδωνεύς,","translation":"Below, Hades, lord of the dead, was afraid,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l61.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔδεισεν","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπένερθεν","lemma":"ὑπένερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔδεισεν","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"ἄναξ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀϊδωνεύς","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"ἐνέρων","lemma":"ἔνεροι","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄναξ","gloss":"those below"},{"surface":"Ἀϊδωνεύς","lemma":"Ἀιδωνεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔδεισεν","gloss":"Hades"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b20-l62","source":"δείσας δʼ ἐκ θρόνου ἆλτο καὶ ἴαχε, μή οἱ ὕπερθε","translation":"and in fear sprang from his throne and cried aloud, lest above him","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l62.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δείσας","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"θρόνου","lemma":"θρόνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"his throne"},{"surface":"ἆλτο","lemma":"ἅλλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leapt"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴαχε","lemma":"ἰάχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὕπερθε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ὕπερθε","lemma":"ὕπερθεν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"above"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b20-l63","source":"γαῖαν ἀναρρήξειε Ποσειδάων ἐνοσίχθων,","translation":"Poseidon the earth-shaker should split the ground open,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l63.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"γαῖαν ἀναρρήξειε","title":"Fear followed by the optative","body":"The fear clause begins with μή on the preceding line, while ἀναρρήξειε is aorist optative: Hades fears that Poseidon might tear open the earth above him. The optative places the dreaded event at a remove as a feared possibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀναρρήξειε","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"ἀναρρήξειε","lemma":"ἀναρρήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"should split open","note":"The optative presents Hades fearfully imagining what Poseidon might do."},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀναρρήξειε","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"ἐνοσίχθων","lemma":"Ἐνοσίχθων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ποσειδάων","gloss":"Earth-shaker"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b20-l64","source":"οἰκία δὲ θνητοῖσι καὶ ἀθανάτοισι φανείη","translation":"and the houses be revealed to mortals and immortals,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l64.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἰκία","lemma":"οἰκίον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of φανείη","gloss":"the houses"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θνητοῖσι","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"mortals"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"immortals"},{"surface":"φανείη","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"be revealed"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b20-l65","source":"σμερδαλέʼ εὐρώεντα, τά τε στυγέουσι θεοί περ·","translation":"dread and dank, which even the gods themselves abhor;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l65.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σμερδαλέ","lemma":"σμερδαλέος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies οἰκία","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"εὐρώεντα","lemma":"εὐρώεις","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies οἰκία","gloss":"dank"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of στυγέουσι","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στυγέουσι","lemma":"στυγέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing οἰκία","gloss":"abhor"},{"surface":"θεοί","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of στυγέουσι","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b20-l66","source":"τόσσος ἄρα κτύπος ὦρτο θεῶν ἔριδι ξυνιόντων.","translation":"so great a din arose as the gods met one another in strife.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l66.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόσσος","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κτύπος","gloss":"so huge"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κτύπος","lemma":"κτύπος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὦρτο","gloss":"a din"},{"surface":"ὦρτο","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κτύπος","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"ἔριδι","lemma":"ἔρις","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ξυνιόντων","gloss":"strife"},{"surface":"ξυνιόντων","lemma":"σύνειμι","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"meeting one another"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b20-l67","source":"ἤτοι μὲν γὰρ ἔναντα Ποσειδάωνος ἄνακτος","translation":"For against lord Poseidon","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l67.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔναντα","lemma":"ἔναντα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάωνος","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔναντα","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"ἄνακτος","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ποσειδάωνος","gloss":"lord"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b20-l68","source":"ἵστατʼ Ἀπόλλων Φοῖβος ἔχων ἰὰ πτερόεντα,","translation":"stood Phoebus Apollo, holding his winged arrows;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l68.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵστατ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἵστατ̓","gloss":"Apollo"},{"surface":"Φοῖβος","lemma":"Φοῖβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἵστατ̓","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"ἰὰ","lemma":"ἰός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"arrows"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἰὰ","gloss":"winged"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b20-l69","source":"ἄντα δʼ Ἐνυαλίοιο θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη·","translation":"against Enyalius stood the goddess, bright-eyed Athena;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l69.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄντα","lemma":"ἄντα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἐνυαλίοιο","lemma":"Ἐνυάλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄντα","gloss":"of Enyalios"},{"surface":"θεὰ","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"γλαυκῶπις","lemma":"γλαυκῶπις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"bright-eyed"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b20-l70","source":"Ἥρῃ δʼ ἀντέστη χρυσηλάκατος κελαδεινὴ","translation":"against Hera stood loud-sounding","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l70.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἥρῃ","lemma":"῞ἥρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀντέστη","gloss":"Hera"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀντέστη","lemma":"ἀνθίστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood against"},{"surface":"χρυσηλάκατος","lemma":"χρυσηλάκατος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἄρτεμις","gloss":"of golden arrows"},{"surface":"κελαδεινὴ","lemma":"κελαδεινός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἄρτεμις","gloss":"loud-sounding"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b20-l71","source":"Ἄρτεμις ἰοχέαιρα κασιγνήτη ἑκάτοιο·","translation":"Artemis of the golden arrows, showerer of arrows, sister of the far-shooter;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l71.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἄρτεμις","lemma":"Ἄρτεμις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀντέστη","gloss":"Artemis"},{"surface":"ἰοχέαιρα","lemma":"ἰοχέαιρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἄρτεμις","gloss":"showerer of arrows"},{"surface":"κασιγνήτη","lemma":"κασιγνήτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἄρτεμις","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"ἑκάτοιο","lemma":"ἕκατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κασιγνήτη","gloss":"of the far-shooter"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b20-l72","source":"Λητοῖ δʼ ἀντέστη σῶκος ἐριούνιος Ἑρμῆς,","translation":"against Leto stood Hermes, the strong luck-bringer;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Λητοῖ","lemma":"Λητώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀντέστη","gloss":"Leto"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀντέστη","lemma":"ἀνθίστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood against"},{"surface":"σῶκος","lemma":"σῶκος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἑρμῆς","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"ἐριούνιος","lemma":"ἐριούνιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἑρμῆς","gloss":"luck-bringing"},{"surface":"Ἑρμῆς","lemma":"Ἑρμῆς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀντέστη","gloss":"Hermes"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b20-l73","source":"ἄντα δʼ ἄρʼ Ἡφαίστοιο μέγας ποταμὸς βαθυδίνης,","translation":"and against Hephaestus stood the great deep-swirling river,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l73.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄντα","lemma":"ἄντα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἡφαίστοιο","lemma":"Ἥφαιστος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄντα","gloss":"of Hephaestus"},{"surface":"μέγας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποταμὸς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ποταμὸς","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"βαθυδίνης","lemma":"βαθυδίνης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποταμὸς","gloss":"deep-swirling"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b20-l74","source":"ὃν Ξάνθον καλέουσι θεοί, ἄνδρες δὲ Σκάμανδρον.","translation":"whom the gods call Xanthus, and mortals Scamander.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Ξάνθον","lemma":"Ξάνθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"complement of καλέουσι","gloss":"Xanthus"},{"surface":"καλέουσι","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"call","note":"The gods call this river Xanthus; mortals call the same river Scamander."},{"surface":"θεοί","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καλέουσι","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Σκάμανδρον","lemma":"Σκάμανδρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"complement","gloss":"Scamander"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b20-l75","source":"ὣς οἳ μὲν θεοὶ ἄντα θεῶν ἴσαν· αὐτὰρ Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"So the gods went against the gods; but Achilles","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l75.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴσαν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἴσαν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἄντα","lemma":"ἄντα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἄντα","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"ἴσαν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of λιλαίετο","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b20-l76","source":"Ἕκτορος ἄντα μάλιστα λιλαίετο δῦναι ὅμιλον","translation":"longed above all to plunge into the throng against Hector,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l76.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορος","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἄντα","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ἄντα","lemma":"ἄντα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"λιλαίετο","lemma":"λιλαίομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"longed"},{"surface":"δῦναι","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of λιλαίετο","gloss":"to enter"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δῦναι","gloss":"the throng"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b20-l77","source":"Πριαμίδεω· τοῦ γάρ ῥα μάλιστά ἑ θυμὸς ἀνώγει","translation":"Priam's son; for Hector above all Achilles' heart urged him","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l77.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πριαμίδεω","lemma":"Πριαμίδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἕκτορος","gloss":"the son of Priam"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies αἵματος","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μάλιστά","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τοῦ","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἆσαι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνώγει","gloss":"Achilles’ heart"},{"surface":"ἀνώγει","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urged"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b20-l78","source":"αἵματος ἆσαι Ἄρηα ταλαύρινον πολεμιστήν.","translation":"to glut Ares with blood, the steadfast shield-bearing warrior.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l78.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵματος","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἆσαι","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"ἆσαι","lemma":"ἄω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἀνώγει","gloss":"to glut"},{"surface":"Ἄρηα","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἆσαι","gloss":"Ares"},{"surface":"ταλαύρινον","lemma":"ταλαύρινος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πολεμιστήν","gloss":"steadfast shield-bearing"},{"surface":"πολεμιστήν","lemma":"πολεμιστής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἄρηα","gloss":"warrior"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b20-l79","source":"Αἰνείαν δʼ ἰθὺς λαοσσόος ὦρσεν Ἀπόλλων","translation":"But Apollo, rouser of hosts, drove Aeneas straight","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l79.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰνείαν","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὦρσεν","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἰθὺς","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὦρσεν","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"λαοσσόος","lemma":"λαοσσόος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"rouser of hosts"},{"surface":"ὦρσεν","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὦρσεν","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b20-l80","source":"ἀντία Πηλεΐωνος, ἐνῆκε δέ οἱ μένος ἠΰ·","translation":"against the son of Peleus and poured brave strength into him;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l80.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντία","lemma":"ἀντία","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνος","lemma":"Πηλείων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντία","gloss":"of Peleus’s son"},{"surface":"ἐνῆκε","lemma":"ἐνίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured in"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐνῆκε","gloss":"into him"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνῆκε","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"ἠΰ","lemma":"ἐύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"brave"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b20-l81","source":"υἱέϊ δὲ Πριάμοιο Λυκάονι εἴσατο φωνήν·","translation":"he made his voice like that of Lycaon, son of Priam.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l81.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"υἱέϊ","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Λυκάονι","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱέϊ","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"Λυκάονι","lemma":"Λυκάων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἴσατο","gloss":"Lycaon"},{"surface":"εἴσατο","lemma":"εἴδομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made like"},{"surface":"φωνήν","lemma":"φωνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἴσατο","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b20-l82","source":"τῷ μιν ἐεισάμενος προσέφη Διὸς υἱὸς Ἀπόλλων·","translation":"In his likeness Apollo, son of Zeus, addressed Aeneas:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l82.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τῷ μιν ἐεισάμενος","title":"In his likeness","body":"The aorist middle participle ἐεισάμενος describes Apollo assuming Lycaon's likeness for the address. The pronoun μιν points to Aeneas as the person addressed, while Apollo remains the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐεισάμενος","gloss":"in his likeness"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἐεισάμενος","lemma":"εἴδομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"disguising himself","note":"Apollo takes Lycaon's likeness and voice, but Apollo remains the speaker."},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b20-l83","source":"Αἰνεία Τρώων βουληφόρε ποῦ τοι ἀπειλαὶ","translation":"\"Aeneas, counselor of the Trojans, where are the boasts","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l83.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰνεία","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies βουληφόρε","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"βουληφόρε","lemma":"βουληφόρος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἰνεία","gloss":"counselor"},{"surface":"ποῦ","lemma":"ποῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀπειλαὶ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἀπειλαὶ","lemma":"ἀπειλή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"boasts"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b20-l84","source":"ἃς Τρώων βασιλεῦσιν ὑπίσχεο οἰνοποτάζων","translation":"you pledged before the Trojan kings as you drank your wine,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l84.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ὑπίσχεο","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies βασιλεῦσιν","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"βασιλεῦσιν","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπίσχεο","gloss":"to the kings"},{"surface":"ὑπίσχεο","lemma":"ὑπίσχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀπειλαὶ","gloss":"promised"},{"surface":"οἰνοποτάζων","lemma":"οἰνοποτάζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑπίσχεο","gloss":"drinking wine"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b20-l85","source":"Πηλεΐδεω Ἀχιλῆος ἐναντίβιον πολεμίξειν;","translation":"that you would fight Achilles, son of Peleus, face to face?\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l85.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλεΐδεω","lemma":"Πηλείδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀχιλῆος","gloss":"of Peleus’ son"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐναντίβιον","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"ἐναντίβιον","lemma":"ἐναντίβιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πολεμίξειν","gloss":"face to face"},{"surface":"πολεμίξειν","lemma":"πολεμίζω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"modifies ἀπειλαὶ","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b20-l86","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτʼ Αἰνείας ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέειπε·","translation":"Then Aeneas answered him and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l86.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Αἰνείας","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b20-l87","source":"Πριαμίδη τί με ταῦτα καὶ οὐκ ἐθέλοντα κελεύεις","translation":"\"Son of Priam, why do you command me, though I am unwilling,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l87.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πριαμίδη","lemma":"Πριαμίδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Priam"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τίς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to κελεύεις","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μάχεσθαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐθέλοντα","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"willing"},{"surface":"κελεύεις","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you command"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b20-l88","source":"ἀντία Πηλεΐωνος ὑπερθύμοιο μάχεσθαι;","translation":"to fight face to face with the high-hearted son of Peleus?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l88.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντία","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"preposition","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνος","lemma":"Πηλείων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντία","gloss":"of Peleus’s son"},{"surface":"ὑπερθύμοιο","lemma":"ὑπέρθυμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πηλεΐωνος","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b20-l89","source":"οὐ μὲν γὰρ νῦν πρῶτα ποδώκεος ἄντʼ Ἀχιλῆος","translation":"This will not be the first time I have stood against","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l89.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στήσομαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to στήσομαι","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ποδώκεος","lemma":"ποδώκης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλῆος","gloss":"swift-footed"},{"surface":"ἄντ","lemma":"ἄντα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄντ̓","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b20-l90","source":"στήσομαι, ἀλλʼ ἤδη με καὶ ἄλλοτε δουρὶ φόβησεν","translation":"swift-footed Achilles; once before he routed me with his spear","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l90.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στήσομαι","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I shall stand"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φόβησεν","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φόβησεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἄλλοτε","lemma":"ἄλλοτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φόβησεν","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to φόβησεν","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"φόβησεν","lemma":"φοβέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"routed"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b20-l91","source":"ἐξ Ἴδης, ὅτε βουσὶν ἐπήλυθεν ἡμετέρῃσι,","translation":"down from Ida, when he came against our cattle","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l91.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Ἴδης","lemma":"Ἴδη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"of Ida"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"βουσὶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπήλυθεν","gloss":"our cattle"},{"surface":"ἐπήλυθεν","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"he came against"},{"surface":"ἡμετέρῃσι","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βουσὶν","gloss":"our"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b20-l92","source":"πέρσε δὲ Λυρνησσὸν καὶ Πήδασον· αὐτὰρ ἐμὲ Ζεὺς","translation":"and sacked Lyrnessus and Pedasus. But Zeus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l92.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πέρσε","lemma":"πέρθω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"sacked"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Λυρνησσὸν","lemma":"Λυρνησσός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Lyrnessus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πήδασον","lemma":"Πήδασος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Pedasus"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰρύσαθ̓","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἰρύσαθ̓","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b20-l93","source":"εἰρύσαθʼ, ὅς μοι ἐπῶρσε μένος λαιψηρά τε γοῦνα.","translation":"rescued me, rousing strength in me and speed in my knees.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l93.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰρύσαθ","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rescued me"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπῶρσε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐπῶρσε","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἐπῶρσε","lemma":"ἐπόρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ζεὺς","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"λαιψηρά","lemma":"λαιψηρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies γοῦνα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γοῦνα","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"in my knees"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b20-l94","source":"ἦ κʼ ἐδάμην ὑπὸ χερσὶν Ἀχιλλῆος καὶ Ἀθήνης,","translation":"Otherwise I would have fallen beneath the hands of Achilles and Athena,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἦ κʼ ἐδάμην","title":"A death that did not happen","body":"κεν with the aorist passive ἐδάμην gives the unreal result: Aeneas would have been overcome, but Zeus rescued him. English supplies “otherwise” from the contrast with the preceding rescue."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἐδάμην","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I would have fallen"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνης","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"Athena's"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b20-l95","source":"ἥ οἱ πρόσθεν ἰοῦσα τίθει φάος ἠδʼ ἐκέλευεν","translation":"who went before him, cast light ahead, and urged him","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l95.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠδ̓","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to πρόσθεν","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἰοῦσα","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to τίθει","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"τίθει","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠδ̓","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"φάος","lemma":"φάος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τίθει","gloss":"light"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευεν","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠδ̓","gloss":"urged him"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b20-l96","source":"ἔγχεϊ χαλκείῳ Λέλεγας καὶ Τρῶας ἐναίρειν.","translation":"to kill Leleges and Trojans with his bronze spear.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l96.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγχεϊ","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐναίρειν","gloss":"with his spear"},{"surface":"χαλκείῳ","lemma":"χάλκειος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχεϊ","gloss":"of bronze"},{"surface":"Λέλεγας","lemma":"Λέλεγες","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Leleges"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"ἐναίρειν","lemma":"ἐναίρω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐκέλευεν","gloss":"to slay"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b20-l97","source":"τὼ οὐκ ἔστʼ Ἀχιλῆος ἐναντίον ἄνδρα μάχεσθαι·","translation":"So no man can stand and fight against Achilles,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l97.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἔστ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"can any"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of μάχεσθαι","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"ἐναντίον","lemma":"ἐναντίον","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μάχεσθαι","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"subject of ἔστ̓","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b20-l98","source":"αἰεὶ γὰρ πάρα εἷς γε θεῶν ὃς λοιγὸν ἀμύνει.","translation":"for always some one god is near to ward death from him.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l98.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πάρα","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πάρα","lemma":"πάρειμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is near"},{"surface":"εἷς","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πάρα","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies εἷς","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀμύνει","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"λοιγὸν","lemma":"λοιγός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμύνει","gloss":"ruin"},{"surface":"ἀμύνει","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing εἷς","gloss":"wards off"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b20-l99","source":"καὶ δʼ ἄλλως τοῦ γʼ ἰθὺ βέλος πέτετʼ, οὐδʼ ἀπολήγει","translation":"Besides, his missile flies straight and does not cease","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l99.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄλλως","lemma":"ἄλλως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέτετ̓","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies βέλος","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἰθὺ","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"βέλος","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of πέτετ̓","gloss":"shaft"},{"surface":"πέτετ","lemma":"πέτομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flies"},{"surface":"ἀπολήγει","lemma":"ἀπολήγω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dies away"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b20-l100","source":"πρὶν χροὸς ἀνδρομέοιο διελθέμεν. εἰ δὲ θεός περ","translation":"before it passes through a mortal man's flesh. But if a god","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l100.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"χροὸς","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of διελθέμεν","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"ἀνδρομέοιο","lemma":"ἀνδρόμεος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χροὸς","gloss":"human"},{"surface":"διελθέμεν","lemma":"διέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρὶν","gloss":"passes through"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"θεός","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τείνειεν","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b20-l101","source":"ἶσον τείνειεν πολέμου τέλος, οὔ κε μάλα ῥέα","translation":"should stretch the issue of war level between us, he would not","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἶσον τείνειεν","title":"If a god made the contest even","body":"The optative τείνειεν completes the hypothetical condition begun on the preceding line: if a god were to hold the war's outcome equally poised. Aeneas does not claim equality under the battle's present divine conditions."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἶσον","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to τείνειεν","gloss":"level"},{"surface":"τείνειεν","lemma":"τείνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"should stretch"},{"surface":"πολέμου","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τέλος","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"τέλος","lemma":"τέλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τείνειεν","gloss":"the issue"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ῥέα","lemma":"ῥέα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νικήσεἰ","gloss":"easily"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b20-l102","source":"νικήσειʼ, οὐδʼ εἰ παγχάλκεος εὔχεται εἶναι.","translation":"defeat me with ease, not even if he boasts that he is all bronze.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l102.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"παγχάλκεος","title":"All bronze","body":"παγχάλκεος compresses παν-, “all,” and χαλκός, “bronze.” Aeneas turns Achilles' armor and martial hardness into a taunt: even a man who boasts of being bronze through and through is not invulnerable."}],"words":[{"surface":"νικήσει","lemma":"νικάω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would defeat me"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"παγχάλκεος","lemma":"παγχάλκεος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"all-bronze"},{"surface":"εὔχεται","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"boasts"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of εὔχεται","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b20-l103","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπεν ἄναξ Διὸς υἱὸς Ἀπόλλων·","translation":"Then lord Apollo, son of Zeus, answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l103.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπεν","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"ἄναξ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπεν","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b20-l104","source":"ἥρως ἀλλʼ ἄγε καὶ σὺ θεοῖς αἰειγενέτῃσιν","translation":"\"Hero, come, pray in your turn to the everlasting gods.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l104.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥρως","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"you too"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εὔχεο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"θεοῖς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of εὔχεο","gloss":"to gods"},{"surface":"αἰειγενέτῃσιν","lemma":"αἰειγενέτης","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖς","gloss":"who live forever"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b20-l105","source":"εὔχεο· καὶ δὲ σέ φασι Διὸς κούρης Ἀφροδίτης","translation":"For they say that you were born from Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l105.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὔχεο","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pray"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σέ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐκγεγάμεν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"φασι","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κούρης","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"κούρης","lemma":"κόρη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀφροδίτης","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτης","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκγεγάμεν","gloss":"of Aphrodite"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b20-l106","source":"ἐκγεγάμεν, κεῖνος δὲ χερείονος ἐκ θεοῦ ἐστίν·","translation":"while that man comes from a goddess of lower rank:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l106.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐκγεγάμεν","title":"To have been born","body":"ἐκγεγάμεν is an epic perfect infinitive dependent on φασι in the preceding line, “they say.” The perfect presents Aeneas' divine birth as an established fact with present force."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκγεγάμεν","lemma":"ἐκγίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active infinitive","role":"object of φασι","gloss":"were born"},{"surface":"κεῖνος","lemma":"κεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστίν","gloss":"that man"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χερείονος","lemma":"χερείων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῦ","gloss":"lower rank"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"θεοῦ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a deity"},{"surface":"ἐστίν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b20-l107","source":"ἣ μὲν γὰρ Διός ἐσθʼ, ἣ δʼ ἐξ ἁλίοιο γέροντος.","translation":"the one is Zeus's daughter; the other's father is the old man of the sea.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l107.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐσθ̓","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Διός","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"ἐσθ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is daughter"},{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἁλίοιο","lemma":"ἅλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γέροντος","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"γέροντος","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"old man"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b20-l108","source":"ἀλλʼ ἰθὺς φέρε χαλκὸν ἀτειρέα, μηδέ σε πάμπαν","translation":"Come, bear your unyielding bronze straight at him, and do not let him","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l108.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ἰθὺς","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φέρε","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"φέρε","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"χαλκὸν","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φέρε","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ἀτειρέα","lemma":"ἀτειρής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χαλκὸν","gloss":"unyielding"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀποτρεπέτω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"πάμπαν","lemma":"πάμπαν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποτρεπέτω","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b20-l109","source":"λευγαλέοις ἐπέεσσιν ἀποτρεπέτω καὶ ἀρειῇ.","translation":"turn you away with grievous words and threats.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l109.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λευγαλέοις","lemma":"λευγαλέος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσιν","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"ἀποτρεπέτω","lemma":"ἀποτρέπω","morphology":"present active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turn away"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρειῇ","lemma":"ἀρειή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"threat"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b20-l110","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν ἔμπνευσε μένος μέγα ποιμένι λαῶν,","translation":"So speaking, he breathed great might into the shepherd of the people.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l110.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔμπνευσε","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"ἔμπνευσε","lemma":"ἐμπνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"breathed"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔμπνευσε","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ποιμένι","lemma":"ποιμήν","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔμπνευσε","gloss":"the shepherd"},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ποιμένι","gloss":"of the people"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b20-l111","source":"βῆ δὲ διὰ προμάχων κεκορυθμένος αἴθοπι χαλκῷ.","translation":"And he strode out through the front ranks, helmed in gleaming bronze.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l111.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"προμάχων","lemma":"πρόμαχος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to διὰ","gloss":"front ranks"},{"surface":"κεκορυθμένος","lemma":"κορύσσω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"helmed"},{"surface":"αἴθοπι","lemma":"αἴθοψ","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"gleaming"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κεκορυθμένος","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b20-l112","source":"οὐδʼ ἔλαθʼ Ἀγχίσαο πάϊς λευκώλενον Ἥρην","translation":"Nor did Anchises' son escape the notice of white-armed Hera","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔλαθ","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped notice"},{"surface":"Ἀγχίσαο","lemma":"Ἀγχίσης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πάϊς","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔλαθ̓","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"λευκώλενον","lemma":"λευκώλενος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἥρην","gloss":"white-armed"},{"surface":"Ἥρην","lemma":"Ἥρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔλαθ̓","gloss":"Hera"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b20-l113","source":"ἀντία Πηλεΐωνος ἰὼν ἀνὰ οὐλαμὸν ἀνδρῶν·","translation":"as he went against the son of Peleus through the mass of men.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l113.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντία","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνος","lemma":"Πηλείων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντία","gloss":"of Peleus’s son"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔλαθ̓","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"οὐλαμὸν","lemma":"οὐλαμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνὰ","gloss":"throng"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies οὐλαμὸν","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b20-l114","source":"ἣ δʼ ἄμυδις στήσασα θεοὺς μετὰ μῦθον ἔειπε·","translation":"She gathered the gods together and spoke among them:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l114.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔειπε","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄμυδις","lemma":"ἄμυδις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στήσασα","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"στήσασα","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔειπε","gloss":"gathering"},{"surface":"θεοὺς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of στήσασα","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔειπε","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ἔειπε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b20-l115","source":"φράζεσθον δὴ σφῶϊ Ποσείδαον καὶ Ἀθήνη","translation":"\"You two, Poseidon and Athena, consider now","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l115.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"φράζεσθον δὴ σφῶϊ","title":"A command to exactly two gods","body":"Both φράζεσθον and σφῶϊ are dual forms, marking Poseidon and Athena as precisely two addressees. The verb is a present middle imperative: Hera tells the pair to deliberate for themselves."}],"words":[{"surface":"φράζεσθον","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"σφῶϊ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"vocative dual masculine pronoun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"you two"},{"surface":"Ποσείδαον","lemma":"Ποσειδῶν","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b20-l116","source":"ἐν φρεσὶν ὑμετέρῃσιν, ὅπως ἔσται τάδε ἔργα.","translation":"in your hearts how these deeds shall turn out.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l116.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶν","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"your hearts"},{"surface":"ὑμετέρῃσιν","lemma":"ὑμέτερος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρεσὶν","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ὅπως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσται","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἔσται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of φράζεσθον","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔσται","gloss":"deeds"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b20-l117","source":"Αἰνείας ὅδʼ ἔβη κεκορυθμένος αἴθοπι χαλκῷ","translation":"Here Aeneas has gone, helmed in gleaming bronze,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l117.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰνείας","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔβη","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"ὅδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"ἔβη","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has gone"},{"surface":"κεκορυθμένος","lemma":"κορύσσω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔβη","gloss":"helmed"},{"surface":"αἴθοπι","lemma":"αἴθοψ","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"gleaming"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κεκορυθμένος","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b20-l118","source":"ἀντία Πηλεΐωνος, ἀνῆκε δὲ Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων.","translation":"against the son of Peleus, and Phoebus Apollo sent him on.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l118.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντία","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνος","lemma":"Πηλείων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντία","gloss":"of Peleus’s son"},{"surface":"ἀνῆκε","lemma":"ἀνίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent him on"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Φοῖβος","lemma":"Φοῖβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνῆκε","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b20-l119","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγεθʼ, ἡμεῖς πέρ μιν ἀποτρωπῶμεν ὀπίσσω","translation":"Come, let us turn him back from there ourselves,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l119.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ἄγεθ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀποτρωπῶμεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"πέρ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ourselves"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀποτρωπῶμεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀποτρωπῶμεν","lemma":"ἀποτρωπάω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turn away"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποτρωπῶμεν","gloss":"back"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b20-l120","source":"αὐτόθεν· ἤ τις ἔπειτα καὶ ἡμείων Ἀχιλῆϊ","translation":"or else let one of us stand beside Achilles","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l120.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτόθεν","lemma":"αὐτόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποτρωπῶμεν","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of παρσταίη","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παρσταίη","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἡμείων","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆϊ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of παρσταίη","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b20-l121","source":"παρσταίη, δοίη δὲ κράτος μέγα, μηδέ τι θυμῷ","translation":"and give him great strength, so that he may lack nothing in his heart,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l121.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παρσταίη","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"may stand beside"},{"surface":"δοίη","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"may give"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κράτος","lemma":"κράτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δοίη","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κράτος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to δευέσθω","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to δευέσθω","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b20-l122","source":"δευέσθω, ἵνα εἰδῇ ὅ μιν φιλέουσιν ἄριστοι","translation":"and he may know that the best of the immortals love him,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l122.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δευέσθω","lemma":"δεύω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"may he lack"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"εἰδῇ","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"may know"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φιλέουσιν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"φιλέουσιν","lemma":"φιλέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"love"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of φιλέουσιν","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b20-l123","source":"ἀθανάτων, οἳ δʼ αὖτʼ ἀνεμώλιοι οἳ τὸ πάρος περ","translation":"while those who until now have defended the Trojans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l123.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθανάτων","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄριστοι","gloss":"of immortals"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ἀνεμώλιοι","lemma":"ἀνεμώλιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"are mere wind"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀμύνουσιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πάρος","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀμύνουσιν","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b20-l124","source":"Τρωσὶν ἀμύνουσιν πόλεμον καὶ δηϊοτῆτα.","translation":"from war and battle are nothing but wind.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l124.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρωσὶν","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμύνουσιν","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἀμύνουσιν","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing οἳ","gloss":"defend from"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δηϊοτῆτα","lemma":"δηιοτής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"battle strife"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b20-l125","source":"πάντες δʼ Οὐλύμποιο κατήλθομεν ἀντιόωντες","translation":"We have all come down from Olympus to meet","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l125.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of κατήλθομεν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Οὐλύμποιο","lemma":"Ὄλυμπος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατήλθομεν","gloss":"Olympus"},{"surface":"κατήλθομεν","lemma":"κατέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have come down"},{"surface":"ἀντιόωντες","lemma":"ἀντιάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κατήλθομεν","gloss":"meet"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b20-l126","source":"τῆσδε μάχης, ἵνα μή τι μετὰ Τρώεσσι πάθῃσι","translation":"this battle, so that he may suffer nothing among the Trojans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l126.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῆσδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies μάχης","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μάχης","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀντιόωντες","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"may not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of πάθῃσι","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"πάθῃσι","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"may suffer"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b20-l127","source":"σήμερον· ὕστερον αὖτε τὰ πείσεται ἅσσά οἱ αἶσα","translation":"today. Later he shall suffer all that Fate","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l127.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σήμερον","lemma":"σήμερον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πάθῃσι","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"ὕστερον","lemma":"ὕστερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πείσεται","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of πείσεται","gloss":"all that"},{"surface":"πείσεται","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he shall suffer"},{"surface":"ἅσσά","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἐπένησε","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπένησε","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"αἶσα","lemma":"Αἶσα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐπένησε","gloss":"fate"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b20-l128","source":"γιγνομένῳ ἐπένησε λίνῳ ὅτε μιν τέκε μήτηρ.","translation":"spun into his thread at birth, when his mother bore him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l128.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γιγνομένῳ","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"at his birth"},{"surface":"ἐπένησε","lemma":"ἐπινέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τὰ","gloss":"spun into"},{"surface":"λίνῳ","lemma":"λίνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπένησε","gloss":"his thread"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τέκε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"τέκε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τέκε","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b20-l129","source":"εἰ δʼ Ἀχιλεὺς οὐ ταῦτα θεῶν ἐκ πεύσεται ὀμφῆς","translation":"But if Achilles does not learn this from the voice of the gods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l129.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πεύσεται","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of πεύσεται","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὀμφῆς","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πεύσεται","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"will learn"},{"surface":"ὀμφῆς","lemma":"ὀμφή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b20-l130","source":"δείσετʼ ἔπειθʼ, ὅτε κέν τις ἐναντίβιον θεὸς ἔλθῃ","translation":"he will be afraid when some god comes against him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l130.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δείσετ","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he will fear"},{"surface":"ἔπειθ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δείσετ̓","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ἐναντίβιον","lemma":"ἐναντίβιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔλθῃ","gloss":"against him"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔλθῃ","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ἔλθῃ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"comes"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b20-l131","source":"ἐν πολέμῳ· χαλεποὶ δὲ θεοὶ φαίνεσθαι ἐναργεῖς.","translation":"in battle; terrible are gods when they appear in manifest form.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l131.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐναργεῖς","title":"Gods made manifest","body":"ἐναργεῖς describes gods appearing plainly and unmistakably before mortals, rather than working through disguise or hidden influence. Hera stresses the terror of direct divine presence."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πολέμῳ","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"χαλεποὶ","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"φαίνεσθαι","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial","gloss":"when they appear"},{"surface":"ἐναργεῖς","lemma":"ἐναργής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"plain to see"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b20-l132","source":"τὴν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα Ποσειδάων ἐνοσίχθων·","translation":"Then Poseidon the earth-shaker answered her:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l132.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ποσειδάων ἐνοσίχθων","title":"Poseidon the earth-shaker","body":"ἐνοσίχθων is Poseidon's standing earth-shaking epithet. Its fixed wording recalls the earthquake he has just raised while keeping this title distinct from his other sea and earth epithets."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἠμείβετ̓","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠμείβετ","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετ̓","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠμείβετ̓","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"ἐνοσίχθων","lemma":"Ἐνοσίχθων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ποσειδάων","gloss":"Earth-shaker"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b20-l133","source":"Ἥρη μὴ χαλέπαινε παρʼ ἐκ νόον· οὐδέ τί σε χρή.","translation":"\"Hera, do not rage beyond reason; there is no need.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l133.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἥρη","lemma":"Ἥρα","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Hera"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"χαλέπαινε","lemma":"χαλεπαίνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rage"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"νόον","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to χρή","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"χρή","lemma":"χρή","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"must"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b20-l134","source":"οὐκ ἂν ἔγωγʼ ἐθέλοιμι θεοὺς ἔριδι ξυνελάσσαι","translation":"I would not wish to drive the other gods together in strife","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l134.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἔγωγ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐθέλοιμι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐθέλοιμι","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would wish"},{"surface":"θεοὺς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ξυνελάσσαι","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἔριδι","lemma":"ἔρις","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ξυνελάσσαι","gloss":"strife"},{"surface":"ξυνελάσσαι","lemma":"συνελαύνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλοιμι","gloss":"drive together"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b20-l135","source":"ἡμέας τοὺς ἄλλους, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτεροί εἰμεν·","translation":"against us, since we are far stronger.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l135.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμέας","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ξυνελάσσαι","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἄλλους","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἄλλους","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἡμέας","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"φέρτεροί","lemma":"φέρτατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"mightier"},{"surface":"εἰμεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"we are"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b20-l136","source":"ἀλλʼ ἡμεῖς μὲν ἔπειτα καθεζώμεσθα κιόντες","translation":"Instead, let us go and sit","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l136.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καθεζώμεσθα","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καθεζώμεσθα","lemma":"καθέζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us sit"},{"surface":"κιόντες","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to καθεζώμεσθα","gloss":"going"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b20-l137","source":"ἐκ πάτου ἐς σκοπιήν, πόλεμος δʼ ἄνδρεσσι μελήσει.","translation":"off the trodden way at a lookout; war shall concern men.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l137.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πάτου","lemma":"πάτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"the trodden way"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"σκοπιήν","lemma":"σκοπιά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"a lookout"},{"surface":"πόλεμος","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μελήσει","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνδρεσσι","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μελήσει","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"μελήσει","lemma":"μέλω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will concern"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b20-l138","source":"εἰ δέ κʼ Ἄρης ἄρχωσι μάχης ἢ Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων,","translation":"But if Ares or Phoebus Apollo begins the battle,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l138.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"Ἄρης","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἢ","gloss":"Ares"},{"surface":"ἄρχωσι","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"μάχης","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἄρχωσι","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Φοῖβος","lemma":"Φοῖβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἢ","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b20-l139","source":"ἢ Ἀχιλῆʼ ἴσχωσι καὶ οὐκ εἰῶσι μάχεσθαι,","translation":"or if they hold Achilles back and do not let him fight,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l139.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἴσχωσι","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"ἴσχωσι","lemma":"ἴσχω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"hold back"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"εἰῶσι","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"let him"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of εἰῶσι","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b20-l140","source":"αὐτίκʼ ἔπειτα καὶ ἄμμι παρʼ αὐτόθι νεῖκος ὀρεῖται","translation":"then at once among us too a quarrel will arise","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l140.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀρεῖται","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀρεῖται","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"ἄμμι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὀρεῖται","gloss":"among us"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"αὐτόθι","lemma":"αὐτόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παῤ","gloss":"that very spot"},{"surface":"νεῖκος","lemma":"νεῖκος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ὀρεῖται","gloss":"a quarrel"},{"surface":"ὀρεῖται","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will arise"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b20-l141","source":"φυλόπιδος· μάλα δʼ ὦκα διακρινθέντας ὀΐω","translation":"over battle on that very spot. Once parted, I think they will very quickly","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l141.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φυλόπιδος","lemma":"φύλοπις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νεῖκος","gloss":"of battle"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὦκα","lemma":"ὦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διακρινθέντας","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"διακρινθέντας","lemma":"διακρίνω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἴμεν","gloss":"parted"},{"surface":"ὀΐω","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I think"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b20-l142","source":"ἂψ ἴμεν Οὔλυμπον δὲ θεῶν μεθʼ ὁμήγυριν ἄλλων","translation":"go back to Olympus among the gathering of the other gods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l142.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴμεν","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ὀΐω","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"Οὔλυμπον","lemma":"Ὄλυμπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἴμεν","gloss":"Olympus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὁμήγυριν","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"μεθ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ὁμήγυριν","lemma":"ὁμήγυρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of μεθ̓","gloss":"gathering"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεῶν","gloss":"of other gods"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b20-l143","source":"ἡμετέρῃς ὑπὸ χερσὶν ἀναγκαίηφι δαμέντας.","translation":"subdued by force beneath our hands.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l143.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀναγκαίηφι","title":"An old instrumental ending","body":"ἀναγκαίηφι uses the epic ending -φι with instrumental force: the opposing gods will be subdued “by compulsion” or “by force.” The form supplies the means of their defeat, not another combatant."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμετέρῃς","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χερσὶν","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἀναγκαίηφι","lemma":"ἀνάγκη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to δαμέντας","gloss":"by force"},{"surface":"δαμέντας","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἴμεν","gloss":"subdued"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b20-l144","source":"ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ἡγήσατο κυανοχαίτης","translation":"So dark-haired Poseidon spoke and led the way","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l144.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κυανοχαίτης","title":"Dark-haired Poseidon","body":"κυανοχαίτης is Poseidon's dark-haired epithet, with κυανός evoking a deep blue-black darkness. The fixed “dark-haired” wording keeps it distinct from his earth-shaking titles."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φωνήσας","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἡγήσατο","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"ἡγήσατο","lemma":"ἡγέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"κυανοχαίτης","lemma":"κυανοχαίτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἡγήσατο","gloss":"dark-haired"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b20-l145","source":"τεῖχος ἐς ἀμφίχυτον Ἡρακλῆος θείοιο","translation":"to the high wall built around divine Heracles,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l145.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἀμφίχυτον","lemma":"ἀμφίχυτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"built around"},{"surface":"Ἡρακλῆος","lemma":"Ἡρακλέης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"of Heracles"},{"surface":"θείοιο","lemma":"θεῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἡρακλῆος","gloss":"divine"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b20-l146","source":"ὑψηλόν, τό ῥά οἱ Τρῶες καὶ Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη","translation":"which the Trojans and Pallas Athena had made for him","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l146.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑψηλόν","lemma":"ὑψηλός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"τό","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ποίεον","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ποίεον","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Παλλὰς","lemma":"Παλλάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Pallas"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b20-l147","source":"ποίεον, ὄφρα τὸ κῆτος ὑπεκπροφυγὼν ἀλέαιτο,","translation":"so that he might escape the sea-monster and find shelter","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l147.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ποίεον","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τεῖχος","gloss":"had made"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies κῆτος","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"κῆτος","lemma":"κῆτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀλέαιτο","gloss":"sea-monster"},{"surface":"ὑπεκπροφυγὼν","lemma":"ὑπεκπροφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀλέαιτο","gloss":"escaping away"},{"surface":"ἀλέαιτο","lemma":"ἀλέω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"might find shelter","note":"The optative belongs to a past-purpose clause: the wall was built so Heracles might escape."}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b20-l148","source":"ὁππότε μιν σεύαιτο ἀπʼ ἠϊόνος πεδίον δέ.","translation":"whenever it drove him from the shore toward the plain.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l148.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σεύαιτο","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of σεύαιτο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"σεύαιτο","lemma":"σεύω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλέαιτο","gloss":"might drive"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἠϊόνος","lemma":"ἠιών","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπ̓","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"πεδίον","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of σεύαιτο","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"toward"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b20-l149","source":"ἔνθα Ποσειδάων κατʼ ἄρʼ ἕζετο καὶ θεοὶ ἄλλοι,","translation":"There Poseidon and the other gods sat down,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l149.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕζετο","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἕζετο","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"the others"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b20-l150","source":"ἀμφὶ δʼ ἄρʼ ἄρρηκτον νεφέλην ὤμοισιν ἕσαντο·","translation":"and around their shoulders they drew an unbreakable cloud.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l150.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρρηκτον","lemma":"ἄρρηκτος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νεφέλην","gloss":"unbreakable"},{"surface":"νεφέλην","lemma":"νεφέλη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἕσαντο","gloss":"cloud"},{"surface":"ὤμοισιν","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"ἕσαντο","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew around themselves"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b20-l151","source":"οἳ δʼ ἑτέρωσε καθῖζον ἐπʼ ὀφρύσι Καλλικολώνης","translation":"The others sat opposite them on the brows of Callicolone,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l151.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καθῖζον","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἑτέρωσε","lemma":"ἑτέρωσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies οἳ","gloss":"opposite"},{"surface":"καθῖζον","lemma":"καθίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ὀφρύσι","lemma":"ὀφρύς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπ̓","gloss":"brows"},{"surface":"Καλλικολώνης","lemma":"Καλλικολώνη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὀφρύσι","gloss":"Callicolone"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b20-l152","source":"ἀμφὶ σὲ ἤϊε Φοῖβε καὶ Ἄρηα πτολίπορθον.","translation":"around you, archer Phoebus, and Ares, sacker of cities.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l152.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"σὲ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἤϊε","lemma":"ἤιος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Φοῖβε","gloss":"archer"},{"surface":"Φοῖβε","lemma":"Φοῖβος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἄρηα","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"Ares"},{"surface":"πτολίπορθον","lemma":"πτολίπορθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἄρηα","gloss":"sacker of cities"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b20-l153","source":"ὣς οἳ μέν ῥʼ ἑκάτερθε καθήατο μητιόωντες","translation":"So the two sides sat apart, each planning","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l153.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καθήατο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καθήατο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἑκάτερθε","lemma":"ἑκάτερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καθήατο","gloss":"on either side"},{"surface":"καθήατο","lemma":"κάθημαι","morphology":"pluperfect middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they sat","note":"This pluperfect-form verb has present-state force: they sat there."},{"surface":"μητιόωντες","lemma":"μητιάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to καθήατο","gloss":"are planning"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b20-l154","source":"βουλάς· ἀρχέμεναι δὲ δυσηλεγέος πολέμοιο","translation":"their counsels; both shrank from beginning grievous war,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l154.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀρχέμεναι","title":"They hesitated to begin","body":"The epic infinitive ἀρχέμεναι completes ὄκνεον in the next line: both sides hesitated “to begin.” The delayed governing verb lets the reluctance hang across the line break."}],"words":[{"surface":"βουλάς","lemma":"βουλή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of μητιόωντες","gloss":"counsels"},{"surface":"ἀρχέμεναι","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ὄκνεον","gloss":"to begin"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"δυσηλεγέος","lemma":"δυσηλεγής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πολέμοιο","gloss":"grievous"},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀρχέμεναι","gloss":"war"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b20-l155","source":"ὄκνεον ἀμφότεροι, Ζεὺς δʼ ἥμενος ὕψι κέλευε.","translation":"while Zeus, seated high above, urged them on.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l155.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄκνεον","lemma":"ὀκνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shrank"},{"surface":"ἀμφότεροι","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ὄκνεον","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κέλευε","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ἥμενος","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κέλευε","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"ὕψι","lemma":"ὕψι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἥμενος","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"κέλευε","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urged"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b20-l156","source":"τῶν δʼ ἅπαν ἐπλήσθη πεδίον καὶ λάμπετο χαλκῷ","translation":"The whole plain was filled with them and gleamed with bronze,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l156.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἠδ̓","gloss":"with them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅπαν","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πεδίον","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐπλήσθη","lemma":"πίμπλημι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"πεδίον","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"the plain"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λάμπετο","lemma":"λάμπω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκοῦς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to λάμπετο","gloss":"with bronze"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b20-l157","source":"ἀνδρῶν ἠδʼ ἵππων· κάρκαιρε δὲ γαῖα πόδεσσιν","translation":"with men and horses; the earth rattled beneath their feet","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l157.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδ̓","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἵππων","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδ̓","gloss":"of horses"},{"surface":"κάρκαιρε","lemma":"καρκαίρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rattled"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γαῖα","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κάρκαιρε","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"πόδεσσιν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κάρκαιρε","gloss":"beneath their feet"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b20-l158","source":"ὀρνυμένων ἄμυδις. δύο δʼ ἀνέρες ἔξοχʼ ἄριστοι","translation":"as they surged together. Two men, outstanding above all,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l158.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἄμυδις","title":"All together","body":"ἄμυδις means together or all at once. The armies advance as one mass before the poem singles out the two champions."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὀρνυμένων","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"modifies πόδεσσιν","gloss":"as they surged"},{"surface":"ἄμυδις","lemma":"ἄμυδις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀρνυμένων","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"δύο","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἀνέρες","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀνέρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἔξοχ","lemma":"ἔξοχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἄριστοι","gloss":"outstandingly"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέρες","gloss":"best of all"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b20-l159","source":"ἐς μέσον ἀμφοτέρων συνίτην μεμαῶτε μάχεσθαι","translation":"met between the two armies, both eager to fight,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l159.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"μέσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"the middle"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρων","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μέσον","gloss":"of both"},{"surface":"συνίτην","lemma":"σύνειμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"met","note":"A dual verb precisely marks the two warriors coming together."},{"surface":"μεμαῶτε","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to συνίτην","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of μεμαῶτε","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b20-l160","source":"Αἰνείας τʼ Ἀγχισιάδης καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς.","translation":"Aeneas, son of Anchises, and godlike Achilles.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l160.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰνείας","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀγχισιάδης","lemma":"Ἀγχισιάδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Αἰνείας","gloss":"son of Anchises"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεύς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b20-l161","source":"Αἰνείας δὲ πρῶτος ἀπειλήσας ἐβεβήκει","translation":"Aeneas came on first, uttering threats,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l161.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰνείας","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐβεβήκει","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πρῶτος","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἀπειλήσας","lemma":"ἀπειλέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐβεβήκει","gloss":"uttering threats"},{"surface":"ἐβεβήκει","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had come on"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b20-l162","source":"νευστάζων κόρυθι βριαρῇ· ἀτὰρ ἀσπίδα θοῦριν","translation":"nodding beneath his heavy helmet; he held his battle-shield","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l162.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νευστάζων","lemma":"νευστάζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐβεβήκει","gloss":"nodding"},{"surface":"κόρυθι","lemma":"κόρυς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of νευστάζων","gloss":"helmet"},{"surface":"βριαρῇ","lemma":"βριαρός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κόρυθι","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδα","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχε","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"θοῦριν","lemma":"θοῦρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδα","gloss":"battle-shield"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b20-l163","source":"πρόσθεν ἔχε στέρνοιο, τίνασσε δὲ χάλκεον ἔγχος.","translation":"before his chest and brandished his bronze spear.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l163.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἔχε","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"στέρνοιο","lemma":"στέρνον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to πρόσθεν","gloss":"his chest"},{"surface":"τίνασσε","lemma":"τινάσσω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"brandished"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χάλκεον","lemma":"χάλκεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τίνασσε","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b20-l164","source":"Πηλεΐδης δʼ ἑτέρωθεν ἐναντίον ὦρτο λέων ὣς","translation":"From the other side the son of Peleus sprang against him like a lion,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"λέων ὣς","title":"A lion comparison","body":"The comparison places ὣς, “like,” after λέων, “a lion.” The lion simile unfolds for ten lines before returning to Achilles."}],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλεΐδης","lemma":"Πηλείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὦρτο","gloss":"son of Peleus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἑτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὦρτο","gloss":"on the other side"},{"surface":"ἐναντίον","lemma":"ἐναντίον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὦρτο","gloss":"against him"},{"surface":"ὦρτο","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"λέων","lemma":"λέων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a lion"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b20-l165","source":"σίντης, ὅν τε καὶ ἄνδρες ἀποκτάμεναι μεμάασιν","translation":"a ravager whom men are eager to kill,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l165.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σίντης","lemma":"σίντης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λέων","gloss":"a ravager"},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀποκτάμεναι","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"typically"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἀποκτάμεναι","lemma":"ἀποκτείνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μεμάασιν","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"μεμάασιν","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing λέων","gloss":"they are eager"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b20-l166","source":"ἀγρόμενοι πᾶς δῆμος· ὃ δὲ πρῶτον μὲν ἀτίζων","translation":"the whole district gathered against him. At first he goes on, scorning them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l166.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγρόμενοι","lemma":"ἀγείρω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies δῆμος","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"πᾶς","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δῆμος","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δῆμος","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔρχεται","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔρχεται","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀτίζων","lemma":"ἀτίζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔρχεται","gloss":"scorning them"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b20-l167","source":"ἔρχεται, ἀλλʼ ὅτε κέν τις ἀρηϊθόων αἰζηῶν","translation":"but when one of the warlike young men","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l167.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρχεται","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he goes on"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βάλῃ","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ἀρηϊθόων","lemma":"ἀρηίθοος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἰζηῶν","gloss":"warlike"},{"surface":"αἰζηῶν","lemma":"αἰζηός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"young men"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b20-l168","source":"δουρὶ βάλῃ ἐάλη τε χανών, περί τʼ ἀφρὸς ὀδόντας","translation":"strikes him with a spear, he crouches with jaws agape, and foam gathers","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l168.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to βάλῃ","gloss":"with a spear"},{"surface":"βάλῃ","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"strikes him"},{"surface":"ἐάλη","lemma":"εἴλω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he crouches"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"χανών","lemma":"χάσκω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐάλη","gloss":"jaws agape"},{"surface":"περί","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀφρὸς","lemma":"ἀφρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of γίγνεται","gloss":"foam"},{"surface":"ὀδόντας","lemma":"ὀδούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to περί","gloss":"his teeth"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b20-l169","source":"γίγνεται, ἐν δέ τέ οἱ κραδίῃ στένει ἄλκιμον ἦτορ,","translation":"about his teeth, while within his heart his valiant spirit groans;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l169.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γίγνεται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gathers"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κραδίῃ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"κραδίῃ","lemma":"καρδία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"στένει","lemma":"στένω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"groans"},{"surface":"ἄλκιμον","lemma":"ἄλκιμος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"valiant"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of στένει","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b20-l170","source":"οὐρῇ δὲ πλευράς τε καὶ ἰσχία ἀμφοτέρωθεν","translation":"with his tail he lashes his ribs and hips on either side,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l170.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐρῇ","lemma":"οὐρά","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to μαστίεται","gloss":"with his tail"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πλευράς","lemma":"πλευρά","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"ribs"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰσχία","lemma":"ἰσχίον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"haunches"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἀμφοτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μαστίεται","gloss":"on either side"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b20-l171","source":"μαστίεται, ἑὲ δʼ αὐτὸν ἐποτρύνει μαχέσασθαι,","translation":"and drives himself on to fight;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l171.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μαστίεται","lemma":"μαστίω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lashes"},{"surface":"ἑὲ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐποτρύνει","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ἐποτρύνει","lemma":"ἐποτρύνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urges"},{"surface":"μαχέσασθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐποτρύνει","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b20-l172","source":"γλαυκιόων δʼ ἰθὺς φέρεται μένει, ἤν τινα πέφνῃ","translation":"glaring, he charges straight ahead in fury, to see whether he kills","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l172.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γλαυκιόων","lemma":"γλαυκιάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φέρεται","gloss":"glaring"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰθὺς","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φέρεται","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"φέρεται","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"charges"},{"surface":"μένει","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to φέρεται","gloss":"in fury"},{"surface":"ἤν","lemma":"ἐάν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τινα","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πέφνῃ","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"πέφνῃ","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"he kills"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b20-l173","source":"ἀνδρῶν, ἢ αὐτὸς φθίεται πρώτῳ ἐν ὁμίλῳ·","translation":"one of the men or himself dies among the foremost throng.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l173.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τινα","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"φθίεται","lemma":"φθίω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"dies"},{"surface":"πρώτῳ","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὁμίλῳ","gloss":"foremost"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ὁμίλῳ","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"throng"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b20-l174","source":"ὣς Ἀχιλῆʼ ὄτρυνε μένος καὶ θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ","translation":"So did his might and proud spirit urge Achilles","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l174.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄτρυνε","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὄτρυνε","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"ὄτρυνε","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urged"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"proud"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b20-l175","source":"ἀντίον ἐλθέμεναι μεγαλήτορος Αἰνείαο.","translation":"to go against great-hearted Aeneas.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l175.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντίον","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ἐλθέμεναι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ὄτρυνε","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορος","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἰνείαο","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"Αἰνείαο","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντίον","gloss":"Aeneas"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b20-l176","source":"οἳ δʼ ὅτε δὴ σχεδὸν ἦσαν ἐπʼ ἀλλήλοισιν ἰόντες,","translation":"Now when they had come near, advancing on one another,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l176.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦσαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦσαν","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισιν","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπ̓","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"ἰόντες","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦσαν","gloss":"advancing"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b20-l177","source":"τὸν πρότερος προσέειπε ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς·","translation":"swift-footed godlike Achilles spoke to him first:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l177.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς","title":"Swift-footed godlike Achilles","body":"The paired epithets praise Achilles' speed and heroic splendor. This fuller formula keeps its fixed wording distinct from the simpler “swift-footed Achilles.”"}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πρότερος","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"ποδάρκης","lemma":"ποδαρκής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"swift-footed"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεύς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b20-l178","source":"Αἰνεία τί σὺ τόσσον ὁμίλου πολλὸν ἐπελθὼν","translation":"\"Aeneas, why have you come so far out from the crowded ranks","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l178.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰνεία","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τίς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔστης","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔστης","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"τόσσον","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐπελθὼν","gloss":"so far"},{"surface":"ὁμίλου","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τόσσον","gloss":"the throng"},{"surface":"πολλὸν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τόσσον","gloss":"very far"},{"surface":"ἐπελθὼν","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔστης","gloss":"having advanced"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b20-l179","source":"ἔστης; ἦ σέ γε θυμὸς ἐμοὶ μαχέσασθαι ἀνώγει","translation":"and taken your stand? Does your heart command you to fight me,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l179.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστης","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have you stood"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"is it that"},{"surface":"σέ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μαχέσασθαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνώγει","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μαχέσασθαι","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"μαχέσασθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἀνώγει","gloss":"to fight"},{"surface":"ἀνώγει","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"commands"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b20-l180","source":"ἐλπόμενον Τρώεσσιν ἀνάξειν ἱπποδάμοισι","translation":"in hope of ruling the horse-taming Trojans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l180.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλπόμενον","lemma":"ἔλπω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μαχέσασθαι","gloss":"hoping"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσιν","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνάξειν","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἀνάξειν","lemma":"ἀνάσσω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ἐλπόμενον","gloss":"to rule"},{"surface":"ἱπποδάμοισι","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρώεσσιν","gloss":"horse-taming"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b20-l181","source":"τιμῆς τῆς Πριάμου; ἀτὰρ εἴ κεν ἔμʼ ἐξεναρίξῃς,","translation":"with Priam's honor? Yet even if you should kill me,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l181.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἴ κεν","title":"A future condition","body":"εἴ κεν introduces a prospective condition: “even if you should.” The particle κεν marks the event as possible rather than asserted."}],"words":[{"surface":"τιμῆς","lemma":"τιμή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνάξειν","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"τῆς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine article","role":"modifies τιμῆς","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"Πριάμου","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τιμῆς","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἔμ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξεναρίξῃς","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐξεναρίξῃς","lemma":"ἐξεναρίζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"you should kill"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b20-l182","source":"οὔ τοι τοὔνεκά γε Πρίαμος γέρας ἐν χερὶ θήσει·","translation":"Priam will not for that place a prize of honor in your hand.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l182.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to θήσει","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"τοὔνεκά","lemma":"τοὔνεκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θήσει","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Πρίαμος","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of θήσει","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"γέρας","lemma":"γέρας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of θήσει","gloss":"prize"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χερὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"θήσει","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will set"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b20-l183","source":"εἰσὶν γάρ οἱ παῖδες, ὃ δʼ ἔμπεδος οὐδʼ ἀεσίφρων.","translation":"He has sons, and he is steadfast, not witless.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l183.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰσὶν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"παῖδες","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εἰσὶν","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδος","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"steadfast"},{"surface":"ἀεσίφρων","lemma":"ἀεσίφρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"witless"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b20-l184","source":"ἦ νύ τί τοι Τρῶες τέμενος τάμον ἔξοχον ἄλλων","translation":"Or have the Trojans marked off for you a choice demesne beyond all others,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l184.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to τάμον","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τάμον","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τάμον","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"τέμενος","lemma":"τέμενος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τάμον","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"τάμον","lemma":"τέμνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"allotted"},{"surface":"ἔξοχον","lemma":"ἔξοχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέμενος","gloss":"far beyond"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔξοχον","gloss":"than others"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b20-l185","source":"καλὸν φυταλιῆς καὶ ἀρούρης, ὄφρα νέμηαι","translation":"fair with orchard and plowland, for you to possess,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l185.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλὸν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέμενος","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"φυταλιῆς","lemma":"φυταλιά","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"orchard ground"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρούρης","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"plowland"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"νέμηαι","lemma":"νέμω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"you may possess"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b20-l186","source":"αἴ κεν ἐμὲ κτείνῃς; χαλεπῶς δέ σʼ ἔολπα τὸ ῥέξειν.","translation":"if you kill me? But I think you will find that hard to do.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l186.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κτείνῃς","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κτείνῃς","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"you kill"},{"surface":"χαλεπῶς","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ῥέξειν","gloss":"with difficulty"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ῥέξειν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔολπα","lemma":"ἔλπω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"i expect"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ῥέξειν","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ῥέξειν","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ἔολπα","gloss":"to do"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b20-l187","source":"ἤδη μὲν σέ γέ φημι καὶ ἄλλοτε δουρὶ φοβῆσαι.","translation":"I say that once before I made you flee from my spear.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l187.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φοβῆσαι","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σέ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φοβῆσαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γέ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"φημι","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"i say"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἄλλοτε","lemma":"ἄλλοτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φοβῆσαι","gloss":"another time"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to φοβῆσαι","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"φοβῆσαι","lemma":"φοβέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of φημι","gloss":"made flee"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b20-l188","source":"ἦ οὐ μέμνῃ ὅτε πέρ σε βοῶν ἄπο μοῦνον ἐόντα","translation":"Do you not remember when I found you alone, away from the cattle,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l188.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μέμνῃ","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"πέρ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of σεῦα","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἄπο","gloss":"of oxen"},{"surface":"ἄπο","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"μοῦνον","lemma":"μόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b20-l189","source":"σεῦα κατʼ Ἰδαίων ὀρέων ταχέεσσι πόδεσσι","translation":"and drove you down the mountains of Ida on my swift feet,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l189.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σεῦα","lemma":"σεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of ὅτε","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"Ἰδαίων","lemma":"Ἰδαῖος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὀρέων","gloss":"of Ida"},{"surface":"ὀρέων","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατ̓","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"ταχέεσσι","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόδεσσι","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"πόδεσσι","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to σεῦα","gloss":"feet"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b20-l190","source":"καρπαλίμως; τότε δʼ οὔ τι μετατροπαλίζεο φεύγων.","translation":"at full speed? You never once turned back as you fled.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l190.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καρπαλίμως","lemma":"καρπάλιμος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σεῦα","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μετατροπαλίζεο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετατροπαλίζεο","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"μετατροπαλίζεο","lemma":"μετατροπαλίζομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turned back"},{"surface":"φεύγων","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μετατροπαλίζεο","gloss":"fleeing"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b20-l191","source":"ἔνθεν δʼ ἐς Λυρνησσὸν ὑπέκφυγες· αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ τὴν","translation":"From there you escaped to Lyrnessus; but I","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l191.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑπέκφυγες","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Λυρνησσὸν","lemma":"Λυρνησσός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"Lyrnessus"},{"surface":"ὑπέκφυγες","lemma":"ὑπεκφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πέρσα","gloss":"i"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of πέρσα","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b20-l192","source":"πέρσα μεθορμηθεὶς σὺν Ἀθήνῃ καὶ Διὶ πατρί,","translation":"pursued you and sacked it with Athena and father Zeus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l192.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πέρσα","lemma":"πέρθω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sacked"},{"surface":"μεθορμηθεὶς","lemma":"μεθορμάομαι","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πέρσα","gloss":"having pursued"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνῃ","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"Athena"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Διὶ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"πατρί","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Διὶ","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b20-l193","source":"ληϊάδας δὲ γυναῖκας ἐλεύθερον ἦμαρ ἀπούρας","translation":"and I led away its captive women, robbing them of the day of freedom;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l193.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ληϊάδας","lemma":"ληιάς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναῖκας","gloss":"captive"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γυναῖκας","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἦγον","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"ἐλεύθερον","lemma":"ἐλεύθερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"of freedom"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπούρας","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"ἀπούρας","lemma":"ἀπαυράω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦγον","gloss":"stripping away"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b20-l194","source":"ἦγον· ἀτὰρ σὲ Ζεὺς ἐρρύσατο καὶ θεοὶ ἄλλοι.","translation":"but Zeus and the other gods saved you.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l194.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦγον","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σὲ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐρρύσατο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"ἐρρύσατο","lemma":"ῥύομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rescued"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b20-l195","source":"ἀλλʼ οὐ νῦν ἐρύεσθαι ὀΐομαι, ὡς ἐνὶ θυμῷ","translation":"Yet I do not think they will save you now, as you","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l195.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρύεσθαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἐρύεσθαι","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ὀΐομαι","gloss":"will save"},{"surface":"ὀΐομαι","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"i think"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βάλλεαι","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b20-l196","source":"βάλλεαι· ἀλλά σʼ ἔγωγʼ ἀναχωρήσαντα κελεύω","translation":"imagine in your heart. No, I advise you to withdraw","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l196.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βάλλεαι","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐρύεσθαι","gloss":"you imagine"},{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἰέναι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔγωγ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κελεύω","gloss":"i"},{"surface":"ἀναχωρήσαντα","lemma":"ἀναχωρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἰέναι","gloss":"drawing back"},{"surface":"κελεύω","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"i urge"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b20-l197","source":"ἐς πληθὺν ἰέναι, μηδʼ ἀντίος ἵστασʼ ἐμεῖο,","translation":"into the throng, and not stand face to face with me,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l197.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πληθὺν","lemma":"πληθύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"the throng"},{"surface":"ἰέναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of κελεύω","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ἀντίος","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"ἵστασ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"ἐμεῖο","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀντίος","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b20-l198","source":"πρίν τι κακὸν παθέειν· ῥεχθὲν δέ τε νήπιος ἔγνω.","translation":"before you suffer harm; even a fool learns once the deed is done.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l198.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρίν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of παθέειν","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τι","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"παθέειν","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρίν","gloss":"to suffer"},{"surface":"ῥεχθὲν","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative singular neuter","role":"object of ἔγνω","gloss":"once done"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἔγνω","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"νήπιος","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔγνω","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"ἔγνω","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"learns"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b20-l199","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτʼ Αἰνείας ἀπαμείβετο φώνησέν τε·","translation":"Then Aeneas answered him and spoke:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l199.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπαμείβετο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπαμείβετο","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Αἰνείας","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"ἀπαμείβετο","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"φώνησέν","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b20-l200","source":"Πηλεΐδη μὴ δὴ ἐπέεσσί με νηπύτιον ὣς","translation":"\"Son of Peleus, do not expect with words, as though I were a child,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l200.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νηπύτιον","title":"Like a little child","body":"νηπύτιος is a belittling form of νήπιος, a child or childish fool. Aeneas rejects Achilles' attempt to frighten him as if he lacked an adult warrior's judgment."}],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλεΐδη","lemma":"Πηλείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Peleus"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσί","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to δειδίξεσθαι","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δειδίξεσθαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"νηπύτιον","lemma":"νηπύτιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"little child"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b20-l201","source":"ἔλπεο δειδίξεσθαι, ἐπεὶ σάφα οἶδα καὶ αὐτὸς","translation":"to frighten me, since I myself know well","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l201.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔλπεο","lemma":"ἔλπω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"δειδίξεσθαι","lemma":"δειδίσσομαι","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔλπεο","gloss":"frighten"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"σάφα","lemma":"σάφα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οἶδα","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"οἶδα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"i know"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b20-l202","source":"ἠμὲν κερτομίας ἠδʼ αἴσυλα μυθήσασθαι.","translation":"both taunts and overbearing words to speak.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l202.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠμὲν","lemma":"ἠμέν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"κερτομίας","lemma":"κερτομία","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδ̓","gloss":"taunts"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἴσυλα","lemma":"αἴσυλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἠδ̓","gloss":"overbearing"},{"surface":"μυθήσασθαι","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of οἶδα","gloss":"to speak"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b20-l203","source":"ἴδμεν δʼ ἀλλήλων γενεήν, ἴδμεν δὲ τοκῆας","translation":"We know each other's lineage, and we know each other's parents,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l203.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴδμεν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλων","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies γενεήν","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"γενεήν","lemma":"γενεά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἴδμεν","gloss":"lineage"},{"surface":"ἴδμεν","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοκῆας","lemma":"τοκεύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἴδμεν","gloss":"parents"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b20-l204","source":"πρόκλυτʼ ἀκούοντες ἔπεα θνητῶν ἀνθρώπων·","translation":"hearing the reports of mortal men told long before;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l204.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρόκλυτ","lemma":"πρόκλυτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"long-heard"},{"surface":"ἀκούοντες","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἴδμεν","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀκούοντες","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"θνητῶν","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπων","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b20-l205","source":"ὄψει δʼ οὔτʼ ἄρ πω σὺ ἐμοὺς ἴδες οὔτʼ ἄρʼ ἐγὼ σούς.","translation":"but by sight you have never seen mine, nor have I seen yours.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l205.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄψει","lemma":"ὄψις","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"by sight"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἴδες","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴδες","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐμοὺς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἴδες","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"ἴδες","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"i"},{"surface":"σούς","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"yours"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b20-l206","source":"φασὶ σὲ μὲν Πηλῆος ἀμύμονος ἔκγονον εἶναι,","translation":"They say that you are the offspring of blameless Peleus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l206.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φασὶ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"σὲ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἶναι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Πηλῆος","lemma":"Πηλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔκγονον","gloss":"of Peleus"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πηλῆος","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"ἔκγονον","lemma":"ἔκγονος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"descendant"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φασὶ","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b20-l207","source":"μητρὸς δʼ ἐκ Θέτιδος καλλιπλοκάμου ἁλοσύδνης·","translation":"and that your mother is Thetis, fair-tressed daughter of the sea;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l207.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἁλοσύδνης","title":"Daughter of the sea","body":"ἁλοσύδνη is a poetic sea epithet, here applied to Thetis. It marks Achilles' mother as a divine being born from the sea."}],"words":[{"surface":"μητρὸς","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Θέτιδος","lemma":"Θέτις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Thetis"},{"surface":"καλλιπλοκάμου","lemma":"καλλιπλόκαμος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Θέτιδος","gloss":"fair-tressed"},{"surface":"ἁλοσύδνης","lemma":"ʽἁλοσύδνη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Θέτιδος","gloss":"sea-born"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b20-l208","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν υἱὸς μεγαλήτορος Ἀγχίσαο","translation":"while I claim to have been born the son of great-hearted Anchises,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l208.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εὔχομαι","gloss":"i"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορος","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀγχίσαο","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"Ἀγχίσαο","lemma":"Ἀγχίσης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Anchises"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b20-l209","source":"εὔχομαι ἐκγεγάμεν, μήτηρ δέ μοί ἐστʼ Ἀφροδίτη·","translation":"and my mother is Aphrodite.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l209.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εὔχομαι ἐκγεγάμεν","title":"Claiming descent","body":"εὔχομαι with the perfect infinitive ἐκγεγάμεν means “I claim to have been born.” In heroic speech, the verb presents ancestry as a source of standing and pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"εὔχομαι","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"i claim"},{"surface":"ἐκγεγάμεν","lemma":"ἐκγίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active infinitive","role":"object of εὔχομαι","gloss":"to have been born"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐστ̓","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies μήτηρ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἐστ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτη","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Aphrodite"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b20-l210","source":"τῶν δὴ νῦν ἕτεροί γε φίλον παῖδα κλαύσονται","translation":"Of these parents, one pair will mourn a dear son","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l210.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἕτεροί","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κλαύσονται","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἕτεροί","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of κλαύσονται","gloss":"one pair"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies παῖδα","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"παῖδα","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κλαύσονται","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"κλαύσονται","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will mourn"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b20-l211","source":"σήμερον· οὐ γάρ φημʼ ἐπέεσσί γε νηπυτίοισιν","translation":"today; for I do not think that with childish words alone","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l211.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σήμερον","lemma":"σήμερον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κλαύσονται","gloss":"today"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"φημ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"i say"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσί","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to διακρινθέντε","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νηπυτίοισιν","lemma":"νηπύτιος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσί","gloss":"childish"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b20-l212","source":"ὧδε διακρινθέντε μάχης ἐξαπονέεσθαι.","translation":"we shall part here and come away from battle.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l212.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διακρινθέντε","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"διακρινθέντε","lemma":"διακρίνω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐξαπονέεσθαι","gloss":"having parted"},{"surface":"μάχης","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξαπονέεσθαι","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"ἐξαπονέεσθαι","lemma":"ἐξαπονέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of φημ̓","gloss":"depart from"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b20-l213","source":"εἰ δʼ ἐθέλεις καὶ ταῦτα δαήμεναι, ὄφρʼ ἐῢ εἰδῇς","translation":"But if you wish to learn this too, so that you may know well","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l213.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐθέλεις","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"you wish"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of δαήμεναι","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"δαήμεναι","lemma":"δάω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"to learn"},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἐῢ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰδῇς","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"εἰδῇς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφῤ","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b20-l214","source":"ἡμετέρην γενεήν, πολλοὶ δέ μιν ἄνδρες ἴσασι·","translation":"our lineage, which many men know:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l214.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμετέρην","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γενεήν","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"γενεήν","lemma":"γενεά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰδῇς","gloss":"lineage"},{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρες","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἴσασι","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἴσασι","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἴσασι","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b20-l215","source":"Δάρδανον αὖ πρῶτον τέκετο νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς,","translation":"Zeus the cloud-gatherer first fathered Dardanus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l215.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς","title":"Zeus the cloud-gatherer","body":"νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς is Zeus's standing cloud epithet. Its fixed English wording keeps this formula distinct from his thunder and lightning epithets."}],"words":[{"surface":"Δάρδανον","lemma":"Δάρδανος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τέκετο","gloss":"Dardanus"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to τέκετο","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"τέκετο","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"begot"},{"surface":"νεφεληγερέτα","lemma":"νεφεληγερέτα","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεύς","gloss":"cloud-gatherer"},{"surface":"Ζεύς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τέκετο","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b20-l216","source":"κτίσσε δὲ Δαρδανίην, ἐπεὶ οὔ πω Ἴλιος ἱρὴ","translation":"and Dardanus founded Dardania, since sacred Ilion had not yet","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l216.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτίσσε","lemma":"κτίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Δαρδανίην","lemma":"Δαρδανία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κτίσσε","gloss":"Dardania"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to πεπόλιστο","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"Ἴλιος","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πεπόλιστο","gloss":"Ilion"},{"surface":"ἱρὴ","lemma":"ἱρός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἴλιος","gloss":"sacred"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b20-l217","source":"ἐν πεδίῳ πεπόλιστο πόλις μερόπων ἀνθρώπων,","translation":"been built on the plain as a city of mortal men;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l217.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πεδίῳ","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"πεπόλιστο","lemma":"πολίζω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλ̓","gloss":"had been built"},{"surface":"πόλις","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"μερόπων","lemma":"μέροψ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπων","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πόλις","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b20-l218","source":"ἀλλʼ ἔθʼ ὑπωρείας ᾤκεον πολυπίδακος Ἴδης.","translation":"they still dwelt on the lower slopes of many-springed Ida.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l218.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πολυπίδακος Ἴδης","title":"Many-springed Ida","body":"πολυπίδακος describes Mount Ida as rich in springs. The epithet fixes the older Dardanian settlement in the well-watered foothills before Ilion stood on the plain."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔθ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ᾤκεον","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ὑπωρείας","lemma":"ὑπώρεια","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ᾤκεον","gloss":"lower slopes"},{"surface":"ᾤκεον","lemma":"οἰκέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλ̓","gloss":"dwelt"},{"surface":"πολυπίδακος","lemma":"πολυπῖδαξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἴδης","gloss":"many-fountained"},{"surface":"Ἴδης","lemma":"Ἴδη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὑπωρείας","gloss":"of Ida"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b20-l219","source":"Δάρδανος αὖ τέκεθʼ υἱὸν Ἐριχθόνιον βασιλῆα,","translation":"Dardanus in turn fathered a son, King Erichthonius,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l219.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Δάρδανος","lemma":"Δάρδανος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τέκεθ̓","gloss":"Dardanus"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"τέκεθ","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"begot"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἐριχθόνιον","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Ἐριχθόνιον","lemma":"Ἐριχθόνιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τέκεθ̓","gloss":"Erichthonius"},{"surface":"βασιλῆα","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἐριχθόνιον","gloss":"the king"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b20-l220","source":"ὃς δὴ ἀφνειότατος γένετο θνητῶν ἀνθρώπων·","translation":"who became the wealthiest of mortal men.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l220.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of γένετο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀφνειότατος","lemma":"ἀφνειός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"wealthiest"},{"surface":"γένετο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἐριχθόνιον","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"θνητῶν","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπων","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀφνειότατος","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b20-l221","source":"τοῦ τρισχίλιαι ἵπποι ἕλος κάτα βουκολέοντο","translation":"His three thousand mares grazed through the marsh,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l221.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"τρισχίλιαι","lemma":"τρισχίλιοι","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"three thousand"},{"surface":"ἵπποι","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of βουκολέοντο","gloss":"mares"},{"surface":"ἕλος","lemma":"ἕλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κάτα","gloss":"marsh"},{"surface":"κάτα","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"βουκολέοντο","lemma":"βουκολέω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grazed"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b20-l222","source":"θήλειαι, πώλοισιν ἀγαλλόμεναι ἀταλῇσι.","translation":"females glorying in their tender foals.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l222.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θήλειαι","lemma":"θῆλυς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"πώλοισιν","lemma":"πῶλος","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀγαλλόμεναι","gloss":"foals"},{"surface":"ἀγαλλόμεναι","lemma":"ἀγάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to βουκολέοντο","gloss":"glorying"},{"surface":"ἀταλῇσι","lemma":"ἀταλός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πώλοισιν","gloss":"with tender foals"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b20-l223","source":"τάων καὶ Βορέης ἠράσσατο βοσκομενάων,","translation":"Boreas fell in love with them as they grazed,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l223.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τάων","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἠράσσατο","gloss":"of them"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Βορέης","lemma":"Βορέας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠράσσατο","gloss":"Boreas"},{"surface":"ἠράσσατο","lemma":"ἔραμαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"desired"},{"surface":"βοσκομενάων","lemma":"βόσκω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"grazing"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b20-l224","source":"ἵππῳ δʼ εἰσάμενος παρελέξατο κυανοχαίτῃ·","translation":"and taking the likeness of a dark-maned stallion, he lay with them;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l224.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἵππῳ δʼ εἰσάμενος","title":"Taking a likeness","body":"The participle εἰσάμενος means “making himself like” or “taking the likeness of.” Boreas remains the agent while assuming a stallion's form."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἵππῳ","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰσάμενος","gloss":"as a stallion"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰσάμενος","lemma":"εἴδομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to παρελέξατο","gloss":"taking the likeness"},{"surface":"παρελέξατο","lemma":"παραλέγω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mated"},{"surface":"κυανοχαίτῃ","lemma":"κυανοχαίτης","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵππῳ","gloss":"dark-maned"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b20-l225","source":"αἳ δʼ ὑποκυσάμεναι ἔτεκον δυοκαίδεκα πώλους.","translation":"they conceived and bore twelve foals.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l225.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔτεκον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑποκυσάμεναι","lemma":"ὑποκύομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔτεκον","gloss":"having conceived"},{"surface":"ἔτεκον","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"δυοκαίδεκα","lemma":"δυοκαίδεκα","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies πώλους","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"πώλους","lemma":"πῶλος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔτεκον","gloss":"foals"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b20-l226","source":"αἳ δʼ ὅτε μὲν σκιρτῷεν ἐπὶ ζείδωρον ἄρουραν,","translation":"Whenever they bounded over the grain-giving field,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l226.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"σκιρτῷεν","title":"Repeated action in the past","body":"The optative σκιρτῷεν stands in a past general temporal clause: “whenever they bounded.” It describes what the marvelous horses would repeatedly do."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σκιρτῷεν","lemma":"σκιρτάω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"bounded"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ζείδωρον","lemma":"ζείδωρος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄρουραν","gloss":"grain-giving"},{"surface":"ἄρουραν","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"a field"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b20-l227","source":"ἄκρον ἐπʼ ἀνθερίκων καρπὸν θέον οὐδὲ κατέκλων·","translation":"they ran upon the tips of the ears of grain and did not break them;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l227.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄκρον","lemma":"ἄκρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies καρπὸν","gloss":"on the tips"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἀνθερίκων","lemma":"ἀνθέρικος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καρπὸν","gloss":"grain stalks"},{"surface":"καρπὸν","lemma":"καρπός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπ̓","gloss":"crop"},{"surface":"θέον","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"κατέκλων","lemma":"κατακλάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they broke"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b20-l228","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ σκιρτῷεν ἐπʼ εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης,","translation":"and whenever they bounded over the broad back of the sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l228.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σκιρτῷεν","lemma":"σκιρτάω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"bounded"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"εὐρέα","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies νῶτα","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"νῶτα","lemma":"νῶτον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπ̓","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νῶτα","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b20-l229","source":"ἄκρον ἐπὶ ῥηγμῖνος ἁλὸς πολιοῖο θέεσκον.","translation":"they would run upon the crest of the gray sea's breaking wave.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l229.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄκρον","lemma":"ἄκρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"crest"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ῥηγμῖνος","lemma":"ῥηγμίν","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄκρον","gloss":"breaking wave"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ῥηγμῖνος","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"πολιοῖο","lemma":"πολιός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἁλὸς","gloss":"of a gray"},{"surface":"θέεσκον","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would run"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b20-l230","source":"Τρῶα δʼ Ἐριχθόνιος τέκετο Τρώεσσιν ἄνακτα·","translation":"Erichthonius fathered Tros, king of the Trojans;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l230.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶα","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τέκετο","gloss":"Tros"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἐριχθόνιος","lemma":"Ἐριχθόνιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τέκετο","gloss":"Erichthonius"},{"surface":"τέκετο","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"begot"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσιν","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἄνακτα","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἄνακτα","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Τρῶα","gloss":"lord"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b20-l231","source":"Τρωὸς δʼ αὖ τρεῖς παῖδες ἀμύμονες ἐξεγένοντο","translation":"and from Tros in turn three blameless sons were born,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l231.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρωὸς","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξεγένοντο","gloss":"Tros"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"τρεῖς","lemma":"τρεῖς","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies παῖδες","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"παῖδες","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονες","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies παῖδες","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"ἐξεγένοντο","lemma":"ἐκγίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were born"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b20-l232","source":"Ἶλός τʼ Ἀσσάρακός τε καὶ ἀντίθεος Γανυμήδης,","translation":"Ilus and Assaracus and godlike Ganymede,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l232.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἶλός","lemma":"Ἶλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Ilus"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀσσάρακός","lemma":"Ἀσσάρακος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Assaracus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀντίθεος","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Γανυμήδης","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Γανυμήδης","lemma":"Γανυμήδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Ganymede"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b20-l233","source":"ὃς δὴ κάλλιστος γένετο θνητῶν ἀνθρώπων·","translation":"who became the most beautiful of mortal men.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l233.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of γένετο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κάλλιστος","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"loveliest"},{"surface":"γένετο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Γανυμήδης","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"θνητῶν","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπων","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κάλλιστος","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b20-l234","source":"τὸν καὶ ἀνηρείψαντο θεοὶ Διὶ οἰνοχοεύειν","translation":"The gods snatched him away to pour wine for Zeus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l234.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀνηρείψαντο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἀνηρείψαντο","lemma":"ἀνερείπομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"snatched away"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνηρείψαντο","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"Διὶ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of οἰνοχοεύειν","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"οἰνοχοεύειν","lemma":"οἰνοχοεύω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἀνηρείψαντο","gloss":"to pour wine"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b20-l235","source":"κάλλεος εἵνεκα οἷο ἵνʼ ἀθανάτοισι μετείη.","translation":"because of his beauty, so that he might dwell among the immortals.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l235.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κάλλεος","lemma":"κάλλος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to εἵνεκα","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"εἵνεκα","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"οἷο","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κάλλεος","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ἵν","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετείη","gloss":"immortals"},{"surface":"μετείη","lemma":"μέτειμι","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵν̓","gloss":"might dwell"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b20-l236","source":"Ἶλος δʼ αὖ τέκεθʼ υἱὸν ἀμύμονα Λαομέδοντα·","translation":"Ilus in turn fathered a blameless son, Laomedon;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l236.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἶλος","lemma":"Ἶλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τέκεθ̓","gloss":"Ilus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"τέκεθ","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"begot"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Λαομέδοντα","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονα","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Λαομέδοντα","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"Λαομέδοντα","lemma":"Λαομέδων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τέκεθ̓","gloss":"Laomedon"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b20-l237","source":"Λαομέδων δʼ ἄρα Τιθωνὸν τέκετο Πρίαμόν τε","translation":"and Laomedon fathered Tithonus and Priam,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l237.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Λαομέδων","lemma":"Λαομέδων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τέκετο","gloss":"Laomedon"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Τιθωνὸν","lemma":"Τιθωνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"Tithonus"},{"surface":"τέκετο","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"begot"},{"surface":"Πρίαμόν","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b20-l238","source":"Λάμπόν τε Κλυτίον θʼ Ἱκετάονά τʼ ὄζον Ἄρηος·","translation":"and Lampus and Clytius and Hicetaon, scion of Ares","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l238.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὄζον Ἄρηος","title":"Scion of Ares","body":"ὄζον Ἄρηος is a fixed heroic praise-name, literally a “shoot” or “branch of Ares.” It marks Hicetaon as warlike without making him Ares's literal son."}],"words":[{"surface":"Λάμπόν","lemma":"Λάμπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"Lampus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Κλυτίον","lemma":"Κλυτίος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"Clytius"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἱκετάονά","lemma":"Ἱκετάων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"Hicetaon"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄζον","lemma":"ὄζος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἱκετάονά","gloss":"scion"},{"surface":"Ἄρηος","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄζον","gloss":"of Ares"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b20-l239","source":"Ἀσσάρακος δὲ Κάπυν, ὃ δʼ ἄρʼ Ἀγχίσην τέκε παῖδα·","translation":"Assaracus fathered Capys, and Capys fathered his son Anchises;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l239.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀσσάρακος","lemma":"Ἀσσάρακος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Assaracus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Κάπυν","lemma":"Κάπυς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Capys"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τέκε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἀγχίσην","lemma":"̓ἀγχίσης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τέκε","gloss":"Anchises"},{"surface":"τέκε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fathered"},{"surface":"παῖδα","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγχίσην","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b20-l240","source":"αὐτὰρ ἔμʼ Ἀγχίσης, Πρίαμος δʼ ἔτεχʼ Ἕκτορα δῖον.","translation":"Anchises fathered me, while Priam fathered godlike Hector.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l240.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔμ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Ἀγχίσης","lemma":"Ἀγχίσης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Anchises"},{"surface":"Πρίαμος","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔτεχ̓","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτεχ","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔτεχ̓","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δῖον","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτορα","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b20-l241","source":"ταύτης τοι γενεῆς τε καὶ αἵματος εὔχομαι εἶναι.","translation":"From this lineage and blood I claim to come.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l241.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταύτης","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γενεῆς","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γενεῆς","lemma":"γενεά","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"lineage"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἵματος","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"εὔχομαι","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"i claim"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of εὔχομαι","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b20-l242","source":"Ζεὺς δʼ ἀρετὴν ἄνδρεσσιν ὀφέλλει τε μινύθει τε","translation":"Zeus increases a man's valor and diminishes it","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l242.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρετὴν","lemma":"ἀρετή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"valor"},{"surface":"ἄνδρεσσιν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ὀφέλλει","lemma":"ὀφέλλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"increases"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μινύθει","lemma":"μινύθω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"diminishes"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b20-l243","source":"ὅππως κεν ἐθέλῃσιν· ὃ γὰρ κάρτιστος ἁπάντων.","translation":"as he chooses, for he is the strongest of all.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l243.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅππως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἐθέλῃσιν","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅππως","gloss":"he chooses"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κάρτιστος","lemma":"κράτιστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"strongest"},{"surface":"ἁπάντων","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κάρτιστος","gloss":"of all"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b20-l244","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε μηκέτι ταῦτα λεγώμεθα νηπύτιοι ὣς","translation":"But come, let us no longer talk thus like children","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l244.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"μηκέτι","lemma":"μηκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λεγώμεθα","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of λεγώμεθα","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"λεγώμεθα","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us speak"},{"surface":"νηπύτιοι","lemma":"νηπύτιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b20-l245","source":"ἑσταότʼ ἐν μέσσῃ ὑσμίνῃ δηϊοτῆτος.","translation":"as we stand in the midst of murderous battle.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l245.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑσταότ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to λεγώμεθα","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μέσσῃ","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὑσμίνῃ","gloss":"midst"},{"surface":"ὑσμίνῃ","lemma":"ὑσμίνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"δηϊοτῆτος","lemma":"δηιοτής","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὑσμίνῃ","gloss":"deadly strife"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b20-l246","source":"ἔστι γὰρ ἀμφοτέροισιν ὀνείδεα μυθήσασθαι","translation":"Both of us can utter insults,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l246.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέροισιν","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔστι","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ὀνείδεα","lemma":"ὄνειδος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"reproaches"},{"surface":"μυθήσασθαι","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive infinitive","role":"modifies ὀνείδεα","gloss":"to tell"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b20-l247","source":"πολλὰ μάλʼ, οὐδʼ ἂν νηῦς ἑκατόζυγος ἄχθος ἄροιτο.","translation":"so very many that a hundred-benched ship could not bear the load.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l247.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νηῦς ἑκατόζυγος","title":"A hundred-benched ship","body":"ἑκατόζυγος pictures a huge ship fitted with a hundred rowing benches. Aeneas turns its carrying capacity into a comic measure for the abuse both heroes could trade."}],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὀνείδεα","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"νηῦς","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἄροιτο","gloss":"ship"},{"surface":"ἑκατόζυγος","lemma":"ἑκατόζυγος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηῦς","gloss":"hundred-benched"},{"surface":"ἄχθος","lemma":"ἄχθος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἄροιτο","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"ἄροιτο","lemma":"αἴρω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could carry"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b20-l248","source":"στρεπτὴ δὲ γλῶσσʼ ἐστὶ βροτῶν, πολέες δʼ ἔνι μῦθοι","translation":"A mortal's tongue is twisting, and within it are many words","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l248.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"στρεπτὴ δὲ γλῶσσʼ","title":"The twisting tongue","body":"στρεπτός can mean turning, flexible, or twisting. The image presents speech as able to turn in many directions and answer one insult with another."}],"words":[{"surface":"στρεπτὴ","lemma":"στρεπτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"twisting"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γλῶσσ","lemma":"γλῶσσα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐστὶ","gloss":"tongue"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"βροτῶν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies γλῶσσ̓","gloss":"of mortals"},{"surface":"πολέες","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μῦθοι","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔνι","lemma":"ἔνειμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"within are"},{"surface":"μῦθοι","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔνι","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b20-l249","source":"παντοῖοι, ἐπέων δὲ πολὺς νομὸς ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα.","translation":"of every kind, and the range of speech runs far both this way and that.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l249.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παντοῖοι","lemma":"παντοῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μῦθοι","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"ἐπέων","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies νομὸς","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πολὺς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νομὸς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"νομὸς","lemma":"νομός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"range"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"this way"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"that way"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b20-l250","source":"ὁπποῖόν κʼ εἴπῃσθα ἔπος, τοῖόν κʼ ἐπακούσαις.","translation":"Whatever word you speak, such a word you may hear in answer.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l250.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὁπποῖόν κʼ εἴπῃσθα ἔπος, τοῖόν κʼ ἐπακούσαις","title":"Word matched by word","body":"The first κεν makes the relative indefinite: whatever kind of word a person may speak. The second accompanies the potential optative ἐπακούσαις: that same kind might come back in reply."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὁπποῖόν","lemma":"ὁποῖος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"εἴπῃσθα","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τοῖόν","gloss":"you speak"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἴπῃσθα","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"τοῖόν","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐπακούσαις","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἐπακούσαις","lemma":"ἐπακούω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you may hear"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b20-l251","source":"ἀλλὰ τί ἢ ἔριδας καὶ νείκεα νῶϊν ἀνάγκη","translation":"But why must the two of us hurl quarrels and abuse","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l251.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τίς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔριδας","lemma":"ἔρις","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"quarrels"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νείκεα","lemma":"νεῖκος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"abuse"},{"surface":"νῶϊν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative dual masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"for us two"},{"surface":"ἀνάγκη","lemma":"ἀνάγκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"must"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b20-l252","source":"νεικεῖν ἀλλήλοισιν ἐναντίον ὥς τε γυναῖκας,","translation":"at each other face-to-face like women","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l252.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νεικεῖν","lemma":"νεικέω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"modifies ἀνάγκη","gloss":"hurl abuse"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισιν","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐναντίον","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"ἐναντίον","lemma":"ἐναντίος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"preposition","gloss":"face-to-face"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"γυναῖκας","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"women"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b20-l253","source":"αἵ τε χολωσάμεναι ἔριδος πέρι θυμοβόροιο","translation":"who, angered over a heart-devouring quarrel,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l253.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θυμοβόροιο","title":"Heart-devouring anger","body":"θυμοβόρος joins θυμός, the heart or spirit, with the root of “devour.” The quarrel consumes the inner life of those caught in it."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of νεικεῦσ̓","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χολωσάμεναι","lemma":"χολόω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to νεικεῦσ̓","gloss":"in their anger"},{"surface":"ἔριδος","lemma":"ἔρις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πέρι","gloss":"strife"},{"surface":"πέρι","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"θυμοβόροιο","lemma":"θυμοβόρος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἔριδος","gloss":"heart-devouring"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b20-l254","source":"νεικεῦσʼ ἀλλήλῃσι μέσην ἐς ἄγυιαν ἰοῦσαι","translation":"go into the middle of the street and trade abuse,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l254.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νεικεῦσ","lemma":"νεικέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing γυναῖκας","gloss":"trade abuse"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλῃσι","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of νεικεῦσ̓","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"μέσην","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄγυιαν","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἄγυιαν","lemma":"ἀγυιά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"street"},{"surface":"ἰοῦσαι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to νεικεῦσ̓","gloss":"going"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b20-l255","source":"πόλλʼ ἐτεά τε καὶ οὐκί· χόλος δέ τε καὶ τὰ κελεύει.","translation":"much of it true and much not, as anger bids them?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l255.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πόλλ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of νεικεῦσ̓","gloss":"many things"},{"surface":"ἐτεά","lemma":"ἐτεός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐκί","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"false"},{"surface":"χόλος","lemma":"χόλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κελεύει","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of κελεύει","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"κελεύει","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bids"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b20-l256","source":"ἀλκῆς δʼ οὔ μʼ ἐπέεσσιν ἀποτρέψεις μεμαῶτα","translation":"You will not turn me from valor with words, eager as I am,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l256.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλκῆς","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀποτρέψεις","gloss":"valor"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀποτρέψεις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀποτρέψεις","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"ἀποτρέψεις","lemma":"ἀποτρέπω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turn away"},{"surface":"μεμαῶτα","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"though eager"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b20-l257","source":"πρὶν χαλκῷ μαχέσασθαι ἐναντίον· ἀλλʼ ἄγε θᾶσσον","translation":"before we fight face-to-face with bronze. Come then, quickly,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l257.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μαχέσασθαι","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"μαχέσασθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρὶν","gloss":"to fight"},{"surface":"ἐναντίον","lemma":"ἐναντίον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μαχέσασθαι","gloss":"face-to-face"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"θᾶσσον","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"adverbial to γευσόμεθ̓","gloss":"quickly"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b20-l258","source":"γευσόμεθʼ ἀλλήλων χαλκήρεσιν ἐγχείῃσιν.","translation":"let us taste one another with bronze-shod spears.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l258.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"γευσόμεθʼ ἀλλήλων","title":"Let us taste each other","body":"The future middle γευσόμεθα, “we shall taste,” is used as a forceful invitation. The metaphor makes combat an immediate bodily test of one another."}],"words":[{"surface":"γευσόμεθ","lemma":"γεύω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us taste"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλων","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"object of γευσόμεθ̓","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"χαλκήρεσιν","lemma":"χαλκήρης","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐγχείῃσιν","gloss":"bronze-shod"},{"surface":"ἐγχείῃσιν","lemma":"ἐγχείη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to γευσόμεθ̓","gloss":"spears"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b20-l259","source":"ἦ ῥα καὶ ἐν δεινῷ σάκει ἤλασεν ὄβριμον ἔγχος","translation":"So he spoke and drove his mighty spear at the dread shield,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l259.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"so he spoke"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"δεινῷ","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σάκει","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"σάκει","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"ἤλασεν","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"ὄβριμον","lemma":"ὄβριμος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἤλασεν","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b20-l260","source":"σμερδαλέῳ· μέγα δʼ ἀμφὶ σάκος μύκε δουρὸς ἀκωκῇ.","translation":"terrible to behold; loudly the shield groaned around the spearpoint.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l260.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"σάκος μύκε","title":"The shield groans","body":"The verb μύκε describes a deep bellow or groan. Homer makes the shield sound almost alive when Aeneas' spearpoint strikes it."}],"words":[{"surface":"σμερδαλέῳ","lemma":"σμερδαλέος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σάκει","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to μύκε","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"σάκος","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of μύκε","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"μύκε","lemma":"μυκάομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"groaned"},{"surface":"δουρὸς","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἀκωκῇ","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"ἀκωκῇ","lemma":"ἀκωκή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"point"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b20-l261","source":"Πηλεΐδης δὲ σάκος μὲν ἀπὸ ἕο χειρὶ παχείῃ","translation":"The son of Peleus held the shield away from himself with his stout hand,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l261.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλεΐδης","lemma":"Πηλείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσχετο","gloss":"son of Peleus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σάκος","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔσχετο","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"away from"},{"surface":"ἕο","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"χειρὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔσχετο","gloss":"with his hand"},{"surface":"παχείῃ","lemma":"παχύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χειρὶ","gloss":"stout"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b20-l262","source":"ἔσχετο ταρβήσας· φάτο γὰρ δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος","translation":"afraid; for he thought the long-shadowed spear","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l262.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσχετο","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held away"},{"surface":"ταρβήσας","lemma":"ταρβέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔσχετο","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he thought"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"δολιχόσκιον","lemma":"δολιχόσκιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"long-shadowed"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of διελεύσεσθαι","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b20-l263","source":"ῥέα διελεύσεσθαι μεγαλήτορος Αἰνείαο","translation":"of great-hearted Aeneas would pass easily through it,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l263.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥέα","lemma":"ῥέα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διελεύσεσθαι","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"διελεύσεσθαι","lemma":"διέρχομαι","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of φάτο","gloss":"would pass through"},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορος","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἰνείαο","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"Αἰνείαο","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"of Aeneas"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b20-l264","source":"νήπιος, οὐδʼ ἐνόησε κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμὸν","translation":"fool that he was, nor did he know in mind and heart","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l264.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νήπιος","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"ἐνόησε","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρένα","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b20-l265","source":"ὡς οὐ ῥηΐδιʼ ἐστὶ θεῶν ἐρικυδέα δῶρα","translation":"that the glorious gifts of gods are not easily","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l265.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ῥηΐδι","lemma":"ῥᾴδιος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὡς","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶρα","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"ἐρικυδέα","lemma":"ἐρικυδής","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶρα","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"δῶρα","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"gifts"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b20-l266","source":"ἀνδράσι γε θνητοῖσι δαμήμεναι οὐδʼ ὑποείκειν.","translation":"subdued by mortal men, nor do they yield.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l266.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδράσι","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to δαμήμεναι","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θνητοῖσι","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδράσι","gloss":"mortals"},{"surface":"δαμήμεναι","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"to be subdued"},{"surface":"ὑποείκειν","lemma":"ὑπείκω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"to yield"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b20-l267","source":"οὐδὲ τότʼ Αἰνείαο δαΐφρονος ὄβριμον ἔγχος","translation":"Not even then did the mighty spear of warlike Aeneas","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l267.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ῥῆξε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Αἰνείαο","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"δαΐφρονος","lemma":"δαίφρων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἰνείαο","gloss":"warlike"},{"surface":"ὄβριμον","lemma":"ὄβριμος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ῥῆξε","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b20-l268","source":"ῥῆξε σάκος· χρυσὸς γὰρ ἐρύκακε, δῶρα θεοῖο·","translation":"break the shield; the gold held it back, the god's gift.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l268.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥῆξε","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"σάκος","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ῥῆξε","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"χρυσὸς","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐρύκακε","lemma":"ἐρύκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held back"},{"surface":"δῶρα","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"θεοῖο","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶρα","gloss":"of the god"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b20-l269","source":"ἀλλὰ δύω μὲν ἔλασσε διὰ πτύχας, αἳ δʼ ἄρʼ ἔτι τρεῖς","translation":"It drove through two folds, but three were still beyond them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l269.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"δύω","title":"Homeric ‘two’","body":"δύω is a Homeric form of the cardinal numeral δύο, ‘two.’ Here it modifies the accusative plural πτύχας, ‘folds’; the line then says that three folds remained."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies πτύχας","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔλασσε","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove through"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"πτύχας","lemma":"πτύξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"folds"},{"surface":"αἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦσαν","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦσαν","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"τρεῖς","lemma":"τρεῖς","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies αἳ","gloss":"three"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b20-l270","source":"ἦσαν, ἐπεὶ πέντε πτύχας ἤλασε κυλλοποδίων,","translation":"for the god of crooked feet had hammered out five folds:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l270.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"πέντε","lemma":"πέντε","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies πτύχας","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"πτύχας","lemma":"πτύξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"folds"},{"surface":"ἤλασε","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"hammered out"},{"surface":"κυλλοποδίων","lemma":"Κυλλοποδίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤλασε","gloss":"crooked-footed"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b20-l271","source":"τὰς δύο χαλκείας, δύο δʼ ἔνδοθι κασσιτέροιο,","translation":"two of bronze, two within them of tin,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l271.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὰς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine article","role":"modifies χαλκείας","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δύο","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies χαλκείας","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"χαλκείας","lemma":"χάλκειος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"of bronze"},{"surface":"δύο","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔνδοθι","lemma":"ἔνδοθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies δύο","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"κασσιτέροιο","lemma":"κασσίτερος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δύο","gloss":"of tin"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b20-l272","source":"τὴν δὲ μίαν χρυσῆν, τῇ ῥʼ ἔσχετο μείλινον ἔγχος.","translation":"and one of gold; there the ash-wood spear was stopped.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l272.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"τὴν δὲ μίαν χρυσῆν","title":"The golden layer","body":"The single golden fold is the final layer named and the one that checks Aeneas' ash-wood spear. The sequence preserves all five: two bronze, two tin, and one gold."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine article","role":"modifies χρυσῆν","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μίαν","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χρυσῆν","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"χρυσῆν","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔσχετο","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔσχετο","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing χρυσῆν","gloss":"was stopped"},{"surface":"μείλινον","lemma":"μέλινος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"ash-wood"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔσχετο","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b20-l273","source":"δεύτερος αὖτʼ Ἀχιλεὺς προΐει δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος,","translation":"Then Achilles cast his long-shadowed spear in turn,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l273.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεύτερος","lemma":"δεύτερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προΐει","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προΐει","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"προΐει","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"δολιχόσκιον","lemma":"δολιχόσκιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"long-shadowed"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προΐει","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b20-l274","source":"καὶ βάλεν Αἰνείαο κατʼ ἀσπίδα πάντοσʼ ἐΐσην","translation":"and struck Aeneas' perfectly round shield,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l274.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βάλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Αἰνείαο","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀσπίδα","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδα","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατ̓","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"πάντοσ","lemma":"πάντοσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐΐσην","gloss":"perfectly"},{"surface":"ἐΐσην","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδα","gloss":"round"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b20-l275","source":"ἄντυγʼ ὕπο πρώτην, ᾗ λεπτότατος θέε χαλκός,","translation":"beneath its outer rim, where the bronze ran thinnest","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l275.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄντυγ","lemma":"ἄντυξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὕπο","gloss":"outer rim"},{"surface":"ὕπο","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"πρώτην","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄντυγ̓","gloss":"outermost"},{"surface":"ᾗ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"λεπτότατος","lemma":"λεπτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"modifies χαλκός","gloss":"thinnest"},{"surface":"θέε","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ̓","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"χαλκός","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of θέε","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b20-l276","source":"λεπτοτάτη δʼ ἐπέην ῥινὸς βοός· ἣ δὲ διὰ πρὸ","translation":"and the oxhide was thinnest; straight through it","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l276.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λεπτοτάτη","lemma":"λεπτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine superlative adjective","role":"modifies ῥινὸς","gloss":"thinnest"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπέην","lemma":"ἔπειμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ̓","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"ῥινὸς","lemma":"ῥινός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐπέην","gloss":"hide"},{"surface":"βοός","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ῥινὸς","gloss":"ox"},{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine article","role":"modifies μελίη","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"πρὸ","lemma":"πρό","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤϊξεν","gloss":"forward"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b20-l277","source":"Πηλιὰς ἤϊξεν μελίη, λάκε δʼ ἀσπὶς ὑπʼ αὐτῆς.","translation":"the Pelian ash spear flew, and the shield cracked beneath it.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l277.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλιὰς","lemma":"Πηλιάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μελίη","gloss":"Pelian"},{"surface":"ἤϊξεν","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"μελίη","lemma":"μελία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤϊξεν","gloss":"ash spear"},{"surface":"λάκε","lemma":"λάσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cracked"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀσπὶς","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of λάκε","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"αὐτῆς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to ὑπ̓","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b20-l278","source":"Αἰνείας δʼ ἐάλη καὶ ἀπὸ ἕθεν ἀσπίδʼ ἀνέσχε","translation":"Aeneas crouched and held the shield away from himself,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l278.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰνείας","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐάλη","lemma":"εἴλω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"crouched"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἕθεν","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδ","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνέσχε","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"ἀνέσχε","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held up"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b20-l279","source":"δείσας· ἐγχείη δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπὲρ νώτου ἐνὶ γαίῃ","translation":"afraid; the spear flew over his back and in the ground","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l279.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δείσας","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνέσχε","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"ἐγχείη","lemma":"ἐγχείη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔστη","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"νώτου","lemma":"νῶτον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὲρ","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"γαίῃ","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"ground"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b20-l280","source":"ἔστη ἱεμένη, διὰ δʼ ἀμφοτέρους ἕλε κύκλους","translation":"stood quivering, after passing through both circles","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l280.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀμφοτέρους","title":"Both shield circles","body":"ἀμφοτέρους is accusative plural and means ‘both.’ Achilles' spear passes through both circles of Aeneas' shield before fixing itself in the earth."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστη","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"ἱεμένη","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔστη","gloss":"quivering"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρους","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κύκλους","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἕλε","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pierced"},{"surface":"κύκλους","lemma":"κύκλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἕλε","gloss":"circles"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b20-l281","source":"ἀσπίδος ἀμφιβρότης· ὃ δʼ ἀλευάμενος δόρυ μακρὸν","translation":"of the man-enclosing shield. He escaped the long spear","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l281.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσπίδος","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies κύκλους","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"ἀμφιβρότης","lemma":"ἀμφίβροτος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδος","gloss":"man-covering"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔστη","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλευάμενος","lemma":"ἀλέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔστη","gloss":"avoiding"},{"surface":"δόρυ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀλευάμενος","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"μακρὸν","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δόρυ","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b20-l282","source":"ἔστη, κὰδ δʼ ἄχος οἱ χύτο μυρίον ὀφθαλμοῖσι,","translation":"and stood there, while boundless anguish poured over his eyes,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l282.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστη","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"κὰδ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"adverbial to χύτο","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄχος","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of χύτο","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὀφθαλμοῖσι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"χύτο","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"μυρίον","lemma":"μυρίος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄχος","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσι","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to χύτο","gloss":"over his eyes"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b20-l283","source":"ταρβήσας ὅ οἱ ἄγχι πάγη βέλος. αὐτὰρ Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"terrified that the missile had fixed so close. But Achilles","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l283.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταρβήσας","lemma":"ταρβέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔστη","gloss":"terrified"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἄγχι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἄγχι","lemma":"ἄγχι","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"πάγη","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὅ","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"βέλος","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of πάγη","gloss":"shaft"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπόρουσεν","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b20-l284","source":"ἐμμεμαὼς ἐπόρουσεν ἐρυσσάμενος ξίφος ὀξὺ","translation":"rushed upon him eagerly, drawing his sharp sword","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l284.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐμμεμαὼς","lemma":"ἐμμεμαώς","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρουσεν","gloss":"eagerly"},{"surface":"ἐπόρουσεν","lemma":"ἐπορούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rushed upon"},{"surface":"ἐρυσσάμενος","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρουσεν","gloss":"drawing"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρυσσάμενος","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφος","gloss":"sharp"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b20-l285","source":"σμερδαλέα ἰάχων· ὃ δὲ χερμάδιον λάβε χειρὶ","translation":"shouting terribly. But he took up a stone in his hand,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l285.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σμερδαλέα","lemma":"σμερδαλέος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἰάχων","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"ἰάχων","lemma":"ἰάχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρουσεν","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies Αἰνείας","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χερμάδιον","lemma":"χερμάδιον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of λάβε","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"λάβε","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"χειρὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to λάβε","gloss":"hand"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b20-l286","source":"Αἰνείας, μέγα ἔργον, ὃ οὐ δύο γʼ ἄνδρε φέροιεν,","translation":"Aeneas—a great weight that two men could not carry,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l286.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰνείας","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of λάβε","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies λάβε","gloss":"weight"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of φέροιεν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"δύο","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἄνδρε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄνδρε","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine noun","role":"subject of φέροιεν","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"φέροιεν","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing χερμάδιον","gloss":"could carry"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b20-l287","source":"οἷοι νῦν βροτοί εἰσʼ· ὃ δέ μιν ῥέα πάλλε καὶ οἶος.","translation":"such as mortals now are; but he alone swung it with ease.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l287.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἷοι","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰσ̓","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"βροτοί","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εἰσ̓","gloss":"mortals"},{"surface":"εἰσ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄνδρε","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πάλλε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of πάλλε","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ῥέα","lemma":"ῥέα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πάλλε","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"πάλλε","lemma":"πάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"swung"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b20-l288","source":"ἔνθά κεν Αἰνείας μὲν ἐπεσσύμενον βάλε πέτρῳ","translation":"Then Aeneas would have struck the onrushing Achilles with the stone,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l288.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθά","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Αἰνείας","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βάλε","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐπεσσύμενον","lemma":"ἐπισεύω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"onrushing"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would have struck"},{"surface":"πέτρῳ","lemma":"πέτρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"rock"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b20-l289","source":"ἢ κόρυθʼ ἠὲ σάκος, τό οἱ ἤρκεσε λυγρὸν ὄλεθρον,","translation":"on helmet or shield, which warded grim death from him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l289.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"κόρυθ","lemma":"κόρυς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἠὲ","gloss":"helmet"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"σάκος","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἠὲ","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"τό","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἤρκεσε","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἤρκεσε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἤρκεσε","lemma":"ἀρκέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σάκος","gloss":"warded off"},{"surface":"λυγρὸν","lemma":"λυγρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄλεθρον","gloss":"grim"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἤρκεσε","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b20-l290","source":"τὸν δέ κε Πηλεΐδης σχεδὸν ἄορι θυμὸν ἀπηύρα,","translation":"and the son of Peleus would have taken his life at close range with the sword,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l290.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπηύρα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐδης","lemma":"Πηλείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀπηύρα","gloss":"son of Peleus"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπηύρα","gloss":"at close range"},{"surface":"ἄορι","lemma":"ἄορ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπηύρα","gloss":"with the sword"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπηύρα","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ἀπηύρα","lemma":"ἀπαυράω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"taken away"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b20-l291","source":"εἰ μὴ ἄρʼ ὀξὺ νόησε Ποσειδάων ἐνοσίχθων·","translation":"had not Poseidon the earth-shaker swiftly perceived it.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l291.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἰ μὴ","title":"An action narrowly prevented","body":"The negative condition εἰ μή closes the paired counterfactual: Aeneas would have struck, and Achilles would have killed him, had Poseidon not noticed. The grammar delays the divine intervention until both threatened outcomes have been stated."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to νόησε","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"νόησε","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"perceived"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of νόησε","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"ἐνοσίχθων","lemma":"Ἐνοσίχθων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ποσειδάων","gloss":"earth-shaker"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b20-l292","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖς μετὰ μῦθον ἔειπεν·","translation":"At once he spoke among the immortal gods:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l292.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔειπεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖς","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"θεοῖς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔειπεν","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ἔειπεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b20-l293","source":"ὢ πόποι ἦ μοι ἄχος μεγαλήτορος Αἰνείαο,","translation":"\"Ah me, I grieve for great-hearted Aeneas,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l293.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὢ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"πόποι","lemma":"πόποι","morphology":"interjection","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἄχος","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορος","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἰνείαο","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"Αἰνείαο","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄχος","gloss":"Aeneas"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b20-l294","source":"ὃς τάχα Πηλεΐωνι δαμεὶς Ἄϊδος δὲ κάτεισι","translation":"who soon, subdued by the son of Peleus, will go down to Hades,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l294.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κάτεισι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τάχα","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κάτεισι","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνι","lemma":"Πηλείων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δαμεὶς","gloss":"son of Peleus"},{"surface":"δαμεὶς","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κάτεισι","gloss":"subdued"},{"surface":"Ἄϊδος","lemma":"Ἀίδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of κάτεισι","gloss":"Hades"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κάτεισι","lemma":"κάτειμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"will go down"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b20-l295","source":"πειθόμενος μύθοισιν Ἀπόλλωνος ἑκάτοιο","translation":"because he obeyed the words of Apollo the far-shooter,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l295.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ἀπόλλωνος ἑκάτοιο","title":"Apollo the far-shooter","body":"ἕκατος is Apollo's substantive byname, rendered by the locked title “the far-shooter.” Poseidon makes clear that Apollo urged Aeneas into this fight but will not perform the rescue."}],"words":[{"surface":"πειθόμενος","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κάτεισι","gloss":"obeying"},{"surface":"μύθοισιν","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of πειθόμενος","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλωνος","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μύθοισιν","gloss":"of Apollo"},{"surface":"ἑκάτοιο","lemma":"ἕκατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλωνος","gloss":"of the far-shooter"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b20-l296","source":"νήπιος, οὐδέ τί οἱ χραισμήσει λυγρὸν ὄλεθρον.","translation":"fool that he was; yet Apollo will not ward grim death from him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l296.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νήπιος","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to χραισμήσει","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of χραισμήσει","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"χραισμήσει","lemma":"χραισμέω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"will ward off"},{"surface":"λυγρὸν","lemma":"λυγρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄλεθρον","gloss":"grim"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρον","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of χραισμήσει","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b20-l297","source":"ἀλλὰ τί ἢ νῦν οὗτος ἀναίτιος ἄλγεα πάσχει","translation":"But why does this guiltless man now suffer pains","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l297.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to πάσχει","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πάσχει","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"οὗτος","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of πάσχει","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"ἀναίτιος","lemma":"ἀναίτιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὗτος","gloss":"guiltless"},{"surface":"ἄλγεα","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πάσχει","gloss":"pains"},{"surface":"πάσχει","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"suffers"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b20-l298","source":"μὰψ ἕνεκʼ ἀλλοτρίων ἀχέων, κεχαρισμένα δʼ αἰεὶ","translation":"to no purpose for the sorrows of others, when always he gives","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l298.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μὰψ","lemma":"μάψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πάσχει","gloss":"for nothing"},{"surface":"ἕνεκ","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"ἀλλοτρίων","lemma":"ἀλλότριος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἀχέων","gloss":"others'"},{"surface":"ἀχέων","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἕνεκ̓","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"κεχαρισμένα","lemma":"χαρίζομαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies δῶρα","gloss":"pleasing"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δίδωσι","gloss":"always"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b20-l299","source":"δῶρα θεοῖσι δίδωσι τοὶ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἔχουσιν;","translation":"gifts pleasing to the gods who hold broad heaven?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l299.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δῶρα","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δίδωσι","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"θεοῖσι","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δίδωσι","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"δίδωσι","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gives"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"εὐρὺν","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανὸν","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"ἔχουσιν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θεοῖσι","gloss":"hold"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b20-l300","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγεθʼ ἡμεῖς πέρ μιν ὑπὲκ θανάτου ἀγάγωμεν,","translation":"Come, let us lead him away from death,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l300.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγεθ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀγάγωμεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"πέρ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀγάγωμεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ὑπὲκ","lemma":"ὑπέκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"away from"},{"surface":"θανάτου","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπὲκ","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"ἀγάγωμεν","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us lead"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b20-l301","source":"μή πως καὶ Κρονίδης κεχολώσεται, αἴ κεν Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"lest the son of Cronos somehow grow angry if Achilles","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l301.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to κεχολώσεται","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Κρονίδης","lemma":"Κρονίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κεχολώσεται","gloss":"son of Cronos"},{"surface":"κεχολώσεται","lemma":"χολόω","morphology":"future perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"grow angry"},{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κατακτείνῃ","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b20-l302","source":"τόνδε κατακτείνῃ· μόριμον δέ οἵ ἐστʼ ἀλέασθαι,","translation":"kills this man. It is fated that he escape,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l302.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μόριμον δέ οἵ ἐστʼ ἀλέασθαι","title":"Fated to escape","body":"The impersonal phrase μόριμόν ἐστι with the infinitive states what is allotted: escape is fated for Aeneas. Poseidon intervenes to preserve that fate, not to reverse it."}],"words":[{"surface":"τόνδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατακτείνῃ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"κατακτείνῃ","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"kills"},{"surface":"μόριμον","lemma":"μόριμος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fated"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐστ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἐστ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ἀλέασθαι","lemma":"ἀλέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"subject of ἐστ̓","gloss":"to escape"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b20-l303","source":"ὄφρα μὴ ἄσπερμος γενεὴ καὶ ἄφαντος ὄληται","translation":"so that the line of Dardanus may not perish without seed and vanish,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l303.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἄσπερμος","lemma":"ἄσπερμος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"without seed"},{"surface":"γενεὴ","lemma":"γενεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ὄληται","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄφαντος","lemma":"ἄφαντος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unseen"},{"surface":"ὄληται","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"perish"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b20-l304","source":"Δαρδάνου, ὃν Κρονίδης περὶ πάντων φίλατο παίδων","translation":"Dardanus, whom the son of Cronos loved above all the sons","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l304.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Δαρδάνου","lemma":"Δάρδανος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γενεὴ","gloss":"Dardanus"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φίλατο","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Κρονίδης","lemma":"Κρονίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φίλατο","gloss":"son of Cronos"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies παίδων","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"φίλατο","lemma":"φιλέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Δαρδάνου","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"παίδων","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b20-l305","source":"οἳ ἕθεν ἐξεγένοντο γυναικῶν τε θνητάων.","translation":"born to him from mortal women.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l305.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐξεγένοντο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἕθεν","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"from him"},{"surface":"ἐξεγένοντο","lemma":"ἐκγίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing παίδων","gloss":"were born"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"women"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θνητάων","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναικῶν","gloss":"mortal"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b20-l306","source":"ἤδη γὰρ Πριάμου γενεὴν ἔχθηρε Κρονίων·","translation":"For now the son of Cronos has come to hate the line of Priam,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l306.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχθηρε","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Πριάμου","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γενεὴν","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"γενεὴν","lemma":"γενεά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχθηρε","gloss":"lineage"},{"surface":"ἔχθηρε","lemma":"ἐχθαίρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has hated"},{"surface":"Κρονίων","lemma":"Κρονίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔχθηρε","gloss":"the son of Cronos"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b20-l307","source":"νῦν δὲ δὴ Αἰνείαο βίη Τρώεσσιν ἀνάξει","translation":"and now the might of Aeneas shall rule the Trojans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l307.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνάξει","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Αἰνείαο","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βίη","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"βίη","lemma":"βία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσιν","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνάξει","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἀνάξει","lemma":"ἀνάσσω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rule over"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b20-l308","source":"καὶ παίδων παῖδες, τοί κεν μετόπισθε γένωνται.","translation":"and his children's children, who shall be born hereafter.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l308.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παίδων","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies παῖδες","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"παῖδες","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of γένωνται","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"μετόπισθε","lemma":"μετόπισθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γένωνται","gloss":"hereafter"},{"surface":"γένωνται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing παῖδες","gloss":"shall be born"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b20-l309","source":"τὸν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα βοῶπις πότνια Ἥρη·","translation":"Then ox-eyed queenly Hera answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l309.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἠμείβετ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠμείβετ","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετ̓","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"βοῶπις","lemma":"βοῶπις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἥρη","gloss":"ox-eyed"},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἥρη","gloss":"queenly"},{"surface":"Ἥρη","lemma":"Ἥρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠμείβετ̓","gloss":"Hera"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b20-l310","source":"ἐννοσίγαιʼ, αὐτὸς σὺ μετὰ φρεσὶ σῇσι νόησον","translation":"\"Earth-shaker, consider for yourself within your own mind","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l310.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐννοσίγαι","lemma":"Ἐννοσίγαιος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"earth-shaker"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of νόησον","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"σῇσι","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρεσὶ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"νόησον","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"consider"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b20-l311","source":"Αἰνείαν ἤ κέν μιν ἐρύσσεαι ἦ κεν ἐάσῃς","translation":"whether you will rescue Aeneas or let him","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l311.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰνείαν","lemma":"αἰνείας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of νόησον","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐρύσσεαι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἐρύσσεαι","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"will rescue"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἐάσῃς","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"will let"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b20-l312","source":"Πηλεΐδῃ Ἀχιλῆϊ δαμήμεναι, ἐσθλὸν ἐόντα.","translation":"be subdued by Achilles, son of Peleus, noble though he is.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l312.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλεΐδῃ","lemma":"Πηλείδης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀχιλῆϊ","gloss":"son of Peleus"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆϊ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δαμήμεναι","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"δαμήμεναι","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"object of ἐάσῃς","gloss":"to be subdued"},{"surface":"ἐσθλὸν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"though being"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b20-l313","source":"ἤτοι μὲν γὰρ νῶϊ πολέας ὠμόσσαμεν ὅρκους","translation":"For we two have sworn many oaths","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l313.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νῶϊ","title":"We two goddesses","body":"νῶϊ is the first-person dual pronoun, “we two.” Hera names herself and Athena as the pair bound by their repeated oaths."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"νῶϊ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative dual feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"we two"},{"surface":"πολέας","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκους","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ὠμόσσαμεν","lemma":"ὄμνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have sworn"},{"surface":"ὅρκους","lemma":"ὅρκος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὠμόσσαμεν","gloss":"oaths"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b20-l314","source":"πᾶσι μετʼ ἀθανάτοισιν ἐγὼ καὶ Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη","translation":"among all the immortals, Pallas Athena and I,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l314.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀθανάτοισιν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισιν","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to μετ̓","gloss":"immortals"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"i"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Παλλὰς","lemma":"Παλλάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Pallas"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b20-l315","source":"μή ποτʼ ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀλεξήσειν κακὸν ἦμαρ,","translation":"never to ward the evil day from the Trojans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l315.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἀλεξήσειν","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσιν","lemma":"τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀλεξήσειν","gloss":"to the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἀλεξήσειν","lemma":"ἀλέξω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ὠμόσσαμεν","gloss":"to ward off"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀλεξήσειν","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b20-l316","source":"μηδʼ ὁπότʼ ἂν Τροίη μαλερῷ πυρὶ πᾶσα δάηται","translation":"not even when all Troy burns in ravening fire,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l316.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁπότ","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"Τροίη","lemma":"Τροία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δάηται","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"μαλερῷ","lemma":"μαλερός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πυρὶ","gloss":"ravening"},{"surface":"πυρὶ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to δάηται","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"πᾶσα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Τροίη","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"δάηται","lemma":"δαίω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"burns"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b20-l317","source":"καιομένη, καίωσι δʼ ἀρήϊοι υἷες Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"burning as the warlike sons of the Achaeans set it ablaze.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l317.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καιομένη","lemma":"καίω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to δάηται","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"καίωσι","lemma":"καίω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"set ablaze"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρήϊοι","lemma":"ἄρειος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷες","gloss":"warlike"},{"surface":"υἷες","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καίωσι","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷες","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b20-l318","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ τό γʼ ἄκουσε Ποσειδάων ἐνοσίχθων,","translation":"But when Poseidon the earth-shaker heard this,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l318.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τό","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἄκουσε","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄκουσε","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"heard"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἄκουσε","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"ἐνοσίχθων","lemma":"Ἐνοσίχθων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ποσειδάων","gloss":"earth-shaker"}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b20-l319","source":"βῆ ῥʼ ἴμεν ἄν τε μάχην καὶ ἀνὰ κλόνον ἐγχειάων,","translation":"he went through the battle and the din of spears","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l319.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἴμεν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ἄν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάχην","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἄν","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"κλόνον","lemma":"κλόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"tumult"},{"surface":"ἐγχειάων","lemma":"ἐγχείη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies κλόνον","gloss":"spears"}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b20-l320","source":"ἷξε δʼ ὅθʼ Αἰνείας ἠδʼ ὃ κλυτὸς ἦεν Ἀχιλλεύς.","translation":"and came where Aeneas and renowned Achilles stood.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l320.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἷξε","lemma":"ἵκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅθ","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Αἰνείας","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδ̓","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"κλυτὸς","lemma":"κλυτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"famed"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἷξε","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεύς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδ̓","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b20-l321","source":"αὐτίκα τῷ μὲν ἔπειτα κατʼ ὀφθαλμῶν χέεν ἀχλὺν","translation":"At once he poured a mist down over the eyes","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l321.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χέεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine article","role":"modifies Ἀχιλῆϊ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χέεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμῶν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of κατ̓","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"χέεν","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"ἀχλὺν","lemma":"ἀχλύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of χέεν","gloss":"a mist"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b20-l322","source":"Πηλεΐδῃ Ἀχιλῆϊ· ὃ δὲ μελίην εὔχαλκον","translation":"of Achilles, son of Peleus; then the bronze-shod ash spear","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l322.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλεΐδῃ","lemma":"Πηλείδης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀχιλῆϊ","gloss":"son of Peleus"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆϊ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to χέεν","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐξέρυσεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μελίην","lemma":"μελία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξέρυσεν","gloss":"ash spear"},{"surface":"εὔχαλκον","lemma":"εὔχαλκος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μελίην","gloss":"bronze-bound"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b20-l323","source":"ἀσπίδος ἐξέρυσεν μεγαλήτορος Αἰνείαο·","translation":"he drew from the shield of great-hearted Aeneas","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l323.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσπίδος","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξέρυσεν","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"ἐξέρυσεν","lemma":"ἐξερύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορος","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἰνείαο","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"Αἰνείαο","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀσπίδος","gloss":"Aeneas"}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b20-l324","source":"καὶ τὴν μὲν προπάροιθε ποδῶν Ἀχιλῆος ἔθηκεν,","translation":"and set it down before Achilles' feet,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l324.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔθηκεν","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"προπάροιθε","lemma":"προπάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ποδῶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of προπάροιθε","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ποδῶν","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"ἔθηκεν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b20-l325","source":"Αἰνείαν δʼ ἔσσευεν ἀπὸ χθονὸς ὑψόσʼ ἀείρας.","translation":"but he swept Aeneas from the earth, lifting him high.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l325.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Αἰνείαν δʼ ἔσσευεν","title":"Poseidon carries Aeneas away","body":"Aeneas is the accusative object of ἔσσευεν: Poseidon is the unstated subject who sweeps him away. The mortal does not leap clear under his own power."}],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰνείαν","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔσσευεν","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσσευεν","lemma":"σεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"swept away"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"χθονὸς","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"ὑψόσ","lemma":"ὑψόσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀείρας","gloss":"aloft"},{"surface":"ἀείρας","lemma":"ἀείρω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔσσευεν","gloss":"lifted"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b20-l326","source":"πολλὰς δὲ στίχας ἡρώων, πολλὰς δὲ καὶ ἵππων","translation":"Over many ranks of heroes and many ranks of horses","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l326.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὰς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies στίχας","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στίχας","lemma":"στίξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"ἡρώων","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies στίχας","gloss":"of heroes"},{"surface":"πολλὰς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἵππων","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πολλὰς","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b20-l327","source":"Αἰνείας ὑπερᾶλτο θεοῦ ἀπὸ χειρὸς ὀρούσας,","translation":"Aeneas leapt, sped onward by the god's hand,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l327.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰνείας","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὑπερᾶλτο","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"ὑπερᾶλτο","lemma":"ὑπεράλλομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leapt over"},{"surface":"θεοῦ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies χειρὸς","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"χειρὸς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"ὀρούσας","lemma":"ὀρούω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑπερᾶλτο","gloss":"springing"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b20-l328","source":"ἷξε δʼ ἐπʼ ἐσχατιὴν πολυάϊκος πολέμοιο,","translation":"until he reached the far edge of the battle's many charges,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l328.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἷξε","lemma":"ἵκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἐσχατιὴν","lemma":"ἐσχατιά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπ̓","gloss":"far edge"},{"surface":"πολυάϊκος","lemma":"πολυάιξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πολέμοιο","gloss":"many-charging"},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐσχατιὴν","gloss":"battle"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b20-l329","source":"ἔνθά τε Καύκωνες πόλεμον μέτα θωρήσσοντο.","translation":"where the Cauconians were arming amid the war.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l329.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθά","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θωρήσσοντο","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Καύκωνες","lemma":"Καύκωνες","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of θωρήσσοντο","gloss":"Cauconians"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μέτα","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"μέτα","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"θωρήσσοντο","lemma":"θωρήσσω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἐσχατιὴν","gloss":"were arming"}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b20-l330","source":"τῷ δὲ μάλʼ ἐγγύθεν ἦλθε Ποσειδάων ἐνοσίχθων,","translation":"Poseidon the earth-shaker came very near him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l330.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐγγύθεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἐγγύθεν","lemma":"ἐγγύθεν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Ποσειδάων","lemma":"Ποσειδεών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθε","gloss":"Poseidon"},{"surface":"ἐνοσίχθων","lemma":"Ἐνοσίχθων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ποσειδάων","gloss":"earth-shaker"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b20-l331","source":"καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and speaking to him, he addressed him with winged words:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l331.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b20-l332","source":"Αἰνεία, τίς σʼ ὧδε θεῶν ἀτέοντα κελεύει","translation":"\"Aeneas, what god commands you in such blindness","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l332.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἰνεία","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κελεύει","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μάχεσθαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κελεύει","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἀτέοντα","lemma":"ἀτέω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"blinded"},{"surface":"κελεύει","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"commands"}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b20-l333","source":"ἀντία Πηλεΐωνος ὑπερθύμοιο μάχεσθαι,","translation":"to fight face to face with the high-hearted son of Peleus?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l333.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντία","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"preposition","gloss":"face-to-face"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνος","lemma":"Πηλείων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντία","gloss":"of Peleus’s son"},{"surface":"ὑπερθύμοιο","lemma":"ὑπέρθυμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πηλεΐωνος","gloss":"high-spirited"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of κελεύει","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b20-l334","source":"ὃς σεῦ ἅμα κρείσσων καὶ φίλτερος ἀθανάτοισιν;","translation":"He is at once stronger than you and dearer to the immortals.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l334.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"σεῦ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to κρείσσων","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"κρείσσων","lemma":"κρείσσων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φίλτερος","lemma":"φίλτερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dearer"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισιν","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to φίλτερος","gloss":"immortals"}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b20-l335","source":"ἀλλʼ ἀναχωρῆσαι ὅτε κεν συμβλήσεαι αὐτῷ,","translation":"Draw back whenever you meet him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l335.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὅτε κεν συμβλήσεαι","title":"Whenever they meet","body":"ὅτε with κεν and the future middle συμβλήσεαι gives an open future occasion: whenever Aeneas encounters Achilles. Poseidon's warning applies to every meeting while Achilles lives."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀναχωρῆσαι","lemma":"ἀναχωρέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"draw back"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"συμβλήσεαι","lemma":"συμβάλλω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"you meet"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of συμβλήσεαι","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b20-l336","source":"μὴ καὶ ὑπὲρ μοῖραν δόμον Ἄϊδος εἰσαφίκηαι.","translation":"lest you enter the house of Hades even beyond your fate.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l336.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"μοῖραν","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὲρ","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰσαφίκηαι","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Ἄϊδος","lemma":"Ἀίδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"of Hades"},{"surface":"εἰσαφίκηαι","lemma":"εἰσαφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μὴ","gloss":"you reach"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b20-l337","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεί κʼ Ἀχιλεὺς θάνατον καὶ πότμον ἐπίσπῃ,","translation":"But when Achilles meets his death and doom,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l337.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μάχεσθαι","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπίσπῃ","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"θάνατον","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"ἐπίσπῃ","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεί","gloss":"meets"}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b20-l338","source":"θαρσήσας δὴ ἔπειτα μετὰ πρώτοισι μάχεσθαι·","translation":"then take courage and fight among the foremost,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l338.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θαρσήσας","lemma":"θαρσέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μάχεσθαι","gloss":"taking courage"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μάχεσθαι","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"πρώτοισι","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"the foremost"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"fight"}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b20-l339","source":"οὐ μὲν γάρ τίς σʼ ἄλλος Ἀχαιῶν ἐξεναρίξει.","translation":"for no other Achaean shall kill you.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l339.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐξεναρίξει","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξεναρίξει","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"ἐξεναρίξει","lemma":"ἐξεναρίζω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will slay"}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b20-l340","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν λίπεν αὐτόθʼ, ἐπεὶ διεπέφραδε πάντα.","translation":"So he spoke and left him there, when he had explained all.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l340.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to λίπεν","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"λίπεν","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"αὐτόθ","lemma":"αὐτόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λίπεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"διεπέφραδε","lemma":"διαφράζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"had explained"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of διεπέφραδε","gloss":"everything"}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b20-l341","source":"αἶψα δʼ ἔπειτʼ Ἀχιλῆος ἀπʼ ὀφθαλμῶν σκέδασʼ ἀχλὺν","translation":"Then swiftly from Achilles' eyes he scattered the mist,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l341.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σκέδασ̓","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σκέδασ̓","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὀφθαλμῶν","gloss":"of Achilles"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμῶν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπ̓","gloss":"his eyes"},{"surface":"σκέδασ","lemma":"σκεδάννυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"scattered"},{"surface":"ἀχλὺν","lemma":"ἀχλύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of σκέδασ̓","gloss":"the mist"}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b20-l342","source":"θεσπεσίην· ὃ δʼ ἔπειτα μέγʼ ἔξιδεν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν,","translation":"wondrous and divine; and Achilles saw clearly with his eyes.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l342.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θεσπεσίην","lemma":"θεσπέσιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀχλὺν","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔξιδεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔξιδεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔξιδεν","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"ἔξιδεν","lemma":"ἐξεῖδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔξιδεν","gloss":"with his eyes"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b20-l343","source":"ὀχθήσας δʼ ἄρα εἶπε πρὸς ὃν μεγαλήτορα θυμόν·","translation":"then in anguish he spoke to his own great-hearted spirit:\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l343.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀχθήσας","lemma":"ὀχθέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἶπε","gloss":"in anguish"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"εἶπε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμόν","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορα","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμόν","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"spirit"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b20-l344","source":"ὢ πόποι ἦ μέγα θαῦμα τόδʼ ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ὁρῶμαι·","translation":"Ah me, truly a great wonder this my eyes behold","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l344.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὢ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"πόποι","lemma":"πόποι","morphology":"interjection","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies θαῦμα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"θαῦμα","lemma":"θαῦμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὁρῶμαι","gloss":"wonder"},{"surface":"τόδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies θαῦμα","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὁρῶμαι","gloss":"with my eyes"},{"surface":"ὁρῶμαι","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I behold"}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b20-l345","source":"ἔγχος μὲν τόδε κεῖται ἐπὶ χθονός, οὐδέ τι φῶτα","translation":"My spear lies here upon the ground, but nowhere do I see the man","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l345.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of κεῖται","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"κεῖται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"χθονός","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to λεύσσω","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"φῶτα","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λεύσσω","gloss":"the man"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b20-l346","source":"λεύσσω, τῷ ἐφέηκα κατακτάμεναι μενεαίνων.","translation":"at whom I cast it, raging to kill him.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l346.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λεύσσω","lemma":"λεύσσω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐφέηκα","gloss":"at whom"},{"surface":"ἐφέηκα","lemma":"ἐφίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing φῶτα","gloss":"I hurled it"},{"surface":"κατακτάμεναι","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μενεαίνων","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"μενεαίνων","lemma":"μενεαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐφέηκα","gloss":"raging"}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b20-l347","source":"ἦ ῥα καὶ Αἰνείας φίλος ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσιν","translation":"So Aeneas too was dear to the immortal gods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l347.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Αἰνείας","lemma":"Αἰνείας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"Aeneas"},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοῖσιν","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"θεοῖσιν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"to the gods"}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b20-l348","source":"ἦεν· ἀτάρ μιν ἔφην μὰψ αὔτως εὐχετάασθαι.","translation":"though I thought his boasting was empty and vain.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l348.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἀτάρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εὐχετάασθαι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔφην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"μὰψ","lemma":"μάψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εὐχετάασθαι","gloss":"vainly"},{"surface":"αὔτως","lemma":"αὔτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εὐχετάασθαι","gloss":"idly"},{"surface":"εὐχετάασθαι","lemma":"εὐχετάομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἔφην","gloss":"was boasting"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b20-l349","source":"ἐρρέτω· οὔ οἱ θυμὸς ἐμεῦ ἔτι πειρηθῆναι","translation":"Away with him! He will have no heart to test himself","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l349.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐρρέτω","lemma":"ἔρρω","morphology":"present active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"away with him"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔσσεται","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσσεται","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἐμεῦ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πειρηθῆναι","gloss":"of me"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πειρηθῆναι","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"πειρηθῆναι","lemma":"πειράω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"to make trial","note":"the passive infinitive means to make trial of or test oneself against someone."}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b20-l350","source":"ἔσσεται, ὃς καὶ νῦν φύγεν ἄσμενος ἐκ θανάτοιο.","translation":"against me again, when even now he escaped death with joy.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l350.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσσεται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will there be"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φύγεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φύγεν","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"φύγεν","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing οἱ","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"ἄσμενος","lemma":"ἄσμενος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"death"}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b20-l351","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε δὴ Δαναοῖσι φιλοπτολέμοισι κελεύσας","translation":"Come, then: I shall give orders to the war-loving Danaans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l351.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Δαναοῖσι","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κελεύσας","gloss":"to the Danaans"},{"surface":"φιλοπτολέμοισι","lemma":"φιλοπόλεμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Δαναοῖσι","gloss":"war-loving"},{"surface":"κελεύσας","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πειρήσομαι","gloss":"having commanded"}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b20-l352","source":"τῶν ἄλλων Τρώων πειρήσομαι ἀντίος ἐλθών.","translation":"and go face-to-face to test the other Trojans.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l352.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine article","role":"modifies Τρώων","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρώων","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of πειρήσομαι","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"πειρήσομαι","lemma":"πειράω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will test"},{"surface":"ἀντίος","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"face-to-face"},{"surface":"ἐλθών","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πειρήσομαι","gloss":"having gone"}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b20-l353","source":"ἦ, καὶ ἐπὶ στίχας ἆλτο, κέλευε δὲ φωτὶ ἑκάστῳ·","translation":"So he spoke, and leapt along the ranks, urging each man:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l353.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"στίχας","lemma":"στίξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the ranks"},{"surface":"ἆλτο","lemma":"ἅλλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leapt"},{"surface":"κέλευε","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urged"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φωτὶ","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κέλευε","gloss":"to a man"},{"surface":"ἑκάστῳ","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies φωτὶ","gloss":"each"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b20-l354","source":"μηκέτι νῦν Τρώων ἑκὰς ἕστατε δῖοι Ἀχαιοί,","translation":"\"Godlike Achaeans, no longer stand far off from the Trojans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l354.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μηκέτι","lemma":"μηκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕστατε","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕστατε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"adverbial to ἑκὰς","gloss":"from the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἑκὰς","lemma":"ἑκάς","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition","gloss":"far from"},{"surface":"ἕστατε","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"δῖοι","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοί","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b20-l355","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγʼ ἀνὴρ ἄντʼ ἀνδρὸς ἴτω, μεμάτω δὲ μάχεσθαι.","translation":"but come, let man go against man, eager to fight.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l355.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἴτω, μεμάτω","title":"Two third-person commands","body":"ἴτω and μεμάτω are third-person imperatives: Achilles orders each man to go forward and be eager for battle. English renders them naturally with ‘let man go’ and the accompanying command."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἴτω","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἄντ","lemma":"ἄντα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ἀνδρὸς","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄντ̓","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἴτω","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let him go"},{"surface":"μεμάτω","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let him be eager","note":"a perfect imperative with present force: let him be eager."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of μεμάτω","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b20-l356","source":"ἀργαλέον δέ μοί ἐστι καὶ ἰφθίμῳ περ ἐόντι","translation":"It is hard for me, strong though I am,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l356.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀργαλέον","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐστι","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ἐστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it is"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἰφθίμῳ","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἐόντι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b20-l357","source":"τοσσούσδʼ ἀνθρώπους ἐφέπειν καὶ πᾶσι μάχεσθαι·","translation":"to pursue so many men and fight them all.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l357.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοσσούσδ","lemma":"τοσόσδε","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπους","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπους","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφέπειν","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἐφέπειν","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"to pursue"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μάχεσθαι","gloss":"with all"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b20-l358","source":"οὐδέ κʼ Ἄρης, ὅς περ θεὸς ἄμβροτος, οὐδέ κʼ Ἀθήνη","translation":"Not even Ares, though he is an immortal god, nor Athena","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l358.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"could","note":"the particle marks potential force with the understood verb."},{"surface":"Ἄρης","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Ares"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ἄμβροτος","lemma":"ἄμβροτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεὸς","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b20-l359","source":"τοσσῆσδʼ ὑσμίνης ἐφέποι στόμα καὶ πονέοιτο·","translation":"could press through the mouth of so great a battle and labor there.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l359.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὑσμίνης ἐφέποι στόμα","title":"The mouth of battle","body":"Homer calls the fighting front the ‘mouth’ of battle, the place where combat opens and devours those entering it. The image makes even a god’s advance sound perilous."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοσσῆσδ","lemma":"τοσόσδε","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ὑσμίνης","gloss":"so great"},{"surface":"ὑσμίνης","lemma":"ὑσμίνη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies στόμα","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"ἐφέποι","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could press through","note":"the optative expresses what even a god could accomplish."},{"surface":"στόμα","lemma":"στόμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐφέποι","gloss":"the mouth"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πονέοιτο","lemma":"πονέω","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could labor"}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b20-l360","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅσσον μὲν ἐγὼ δύναμαι χερσίν τε ποσίν τε","translation":"But so far as I have power in hands and feet","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l360.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅσσον","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to δύναμαι","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δύναμαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δύναμαι","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to μεθησέμεν","gloss":"am able"},{"surface":"χερσίν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"with hands"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ποσίν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"with feet"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b20-l361","source":"καὶ σθένει, οὔ μʼ ἔτι φημὶ μεθησέμεν οὐδʼ ἠβαιόν,","translation":"and strength, I say I shall no longer slacken, not even a little,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l361.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"οὔ μʼ ἔτι φημὶ μεθησέμεν","title":"Claim with an infinitive","body":"φημί introduces the future infinitive μεθησέμεν: Achilles says that he will no longer let up. The accusative μʼ supplies the understood subject of the infinitive, ‘me.’"}],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σθένει","lemma":"σθένος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"in strength"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μεθησέμεν","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μεθησέμεν","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"φημὶ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I say"},{"surface":"μεθησέμεν","lemma":"μεθίημι","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of φημὶ","gloss":"will slacken","note":"epic future infinitive dependent on “I say.”"},{"surface":"ἠβαιόν","lemma":"ἠβαιός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to μεθησέμεν","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b20-l362","source":"ἀλλὰ μάλα στιχὸς εἶμι διαμπερές, οὐδέ τινʼ οἴω","translation":"but I shall pass clean through the battle-line; and I think no","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l362.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"στιχὸς","lemma":"στίξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of διαμπερές","gloss":"of the line"},{"surface":"εἶμι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will go"},{"surface":"διαμπερές","lemma":"διαμπερές","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition","gloss":"right through"},{"surface":"τιν","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of χαιρήσειν","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"οἴω","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I think"}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b20-l363","source":"Τρώων χαιρήσειν, ὅς τις σχεδὸν ἔγχεος ἔλθῃ.","translation":"Trojan will rejoice who comes within reach of my spear.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l363.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies τιν̓","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"χαιρήσειν","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of οἴω","gloss":"will rejoice"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔλθῃ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἔγχεος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of σχεδὸν","gloss":"of my spear"},{"surface":"ἔλθῃ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τιν̓","gloss":"comes"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b20-l364","source":"ὣς φάτʼ ἐποτρύνων· Τρώεσσι δὲ φαίδιμος Ἕκτωρ","translation":"So he spoke, urging them on; but to the Trojans glorious Hector","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l364.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ἐποτρύνων","lemma":"ἐποτρύνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φάτ̓","gloss":"urging"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κέκλεθ̓","gloss":"to the Trojans"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"φαίδιμος","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κέκλεθ̓","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b20-l365","source":"κέκλεθʼ ὁμοκλήσας, φάτο δʼ ἴμεναι ἄντʼ Ἀχιλῆος·","translation":"called out loudly, and said he would go against Achilles:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l365.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κέκλεθ","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called out","note":"the middle aorist is an epic form meaning he called or commanded."},{"surface":"ὁμοκλήσας","lemma":"ὁμοκλέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κέκλεθ̓","gloss":"having shouted"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴμεναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φάτο","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ἄντ","lemma":"ἄντα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄντ̓","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b20-l366","source":"Τρῶες ὑπέρθυμοι μὴ δείδιτε Πηλεΐωνα.","translation":"\"High-hearted Trojans, do not fear the son of Peleus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l366.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"ὑπέρθυμοι","lemma":"ὑπέρθυμος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρῶες","gloss":"high-hearted"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"δείδιτε","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"perfect active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνα","lemma":"Πηλείων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δείδιτε","gloss":"Peleus’ son"}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b20-l367","source":"καί κεν ἐγὼ ἐπέεσσι καὶ ἀθανάτοισι μαχοίμην,","translation":"With words I could fight even the immortals,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l367.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"καί κεν ἐγὼ ἐπέεσσι καὶ ἀθανάτοισι μαχοίμην","title":"A boast kept hypothetical","body":"κεν with the optative μαχοίμην makes the claim potential: Hector ‘could’ fight even immortals if the contest were only words. The next line sharply limits that boast when spears are involved."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μαχοίμην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to μαχοίμην","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μαχοίμην","gloss":"immortals"},{"surface":"μαχοίμην","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fight"}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b20-l368","source":"ἔγχεϊ δʼ ἀργαλέον, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτεροί εἰσιν.","translation":"but with the spear it is hard, for they are far stronger.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l368.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγχεϊ","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"with a spear"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀργαλέον","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"it is hard"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"φέρτεροί","lemma":"φέρτατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"εἰσιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"they are"}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b20-l369","source":"οὐδʼ Ἀχιλεὺς πάντεσσι τέλος μύθοις ἐπιθήσει,","translation":"Achilles will not bring all his words to fulfillment:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l369.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀχιλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπιθήσει","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"πάντεσσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μύθοις","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"τέλος","lemma":"τέλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπιθήσει","gloss":"fulfillment"},{"surface":"μύθοις","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπιθήσει","gloss":"his words"},{"surface":"ἐπιθήσει","lemma":"ἐπιτίθημι","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will give"}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b20-l370","source":"ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν τελέει, τὸ δὲ καὶ μεσσηγὺ κολούει.","translation":"he fulfills one part, but cuts another short midway.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l370.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of τελέει","gloss":"one part"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"τελέει","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will fulfill"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of κολούει","gloss":"another part"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"μεσσηγὺ","lemma":"μεσηγύ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κολούει","gloss":"midway"},{"surface":"κολούει","lemma":"κολούω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cuts short"}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b20-l371","source":"τοῦ δʼ ἐγὼ ἀντίος εἶμι καὶ εἰ πυρὶ χεῖρας ἔοικεν,","translation":"I shall go against him, even if his hands are like fire,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l371.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"καὶ εἰ πυρὶ χεῖρας ἔοικεν","title":"Even if his hands are fire","body":"καὶ εἰ introduces a concessive condition: Hector will face Achilles even if his hands resemble fire. The repeated phrase carries the image directly into the next line."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀντίος","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἶμι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἀντίος","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"εἶμι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πυρὶ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔοικεν","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔοικεν","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"ἔοικεν","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"resemble"}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b20-l372","source":"εἰ πυρὶ χεῖρας ἔοικε, μένος δʼ αἴθωνι σιδήρῳ.","translation":"if his hands are like fire and his fury like blazing iron.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l372.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πυρὶ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔοικε","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔοικε","gloss":"his hands"},{"surface":"ἔοικε","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"resemble"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"his fury"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἴθωνι","lemma":"αἴθων","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies σιδήρῳ","gloss":"blazing"},{"surface":"σιδήρῳ","lemma":"σίδηρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"iron"}]},{"number":373,"label":"373","id":"b20-l373","source":"ὣς φάτʼ ἐποτρύνων, οἳ δʼ ἀντίοι ἔγχεʼ ἄειραν","translation":"So he spoke, urging them on; and spears they raised against him—","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l373.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ἐποτρύνων","lemma":"ἐποτρύνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φάτ̓","gloss":"urging"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies Τρῶες","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀντίοι","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"opposing"},{"surface":"ἔγχε","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἄειραν","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"ἄειραν","lemma":"ἀείρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"raised"}]},{"number":374,"label":"374","id":"b20-l374","source":"Τρῶες· τῶν δʼ ἄμυδις μίχθη μένος, ὦρτο δʼ ἀϋτή.","translation":"the Trojans; their fury mingled all together, and the war-cry rose.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l374.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἄειραν","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄμυδις","lemma":"ἄμυδις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μίχθη","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"μίχθη","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mingled"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of μίχθη","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"ὦρτο","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀϋτή","lemma":"ἀυτή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ὦρτο","gloss":"war cry"}]},{"number":375,"label":"375","id":"b20-l375","source":"καὶ τότʼ ἄρʼ Ἕκτορα εἶπε παραστὰς Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων·","translation":"Then Phoebus Apollo stood beside Hector and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l375.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἶπε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἶπε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"εἶπε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"παραστὰς","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἶπε","gloss":"standing beside"},{"surface":"Φοῖβος","lemma":"Φοῖβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶπε","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":376,"label":"376","id":"b20-l376","source":"Ἕκτορ μηκέτι πάμπαν Ἀχιλλῆϊ προμάχιζε,","translation":"\"Hector, do not challenge Achilles out in front at all,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l376.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"μηκέτι","lemma":"μηκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προμάχιζε","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"πάμπαν","lemma":"πάμπαν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προμάχιζε","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλῆϊ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προμάχιζε","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"προμάχιζε","lemma":"προμαχίζω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"challenge in front"}]},{"number":377,"label":"377","id":"b20-l377","source":"ἀλλὰ κατὰ πληθύν τε καὶ ἐκ φλοίσβοιο δέδεξο,","translation":"but wait for him among the throng and away from the battle-din,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l377.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐκ φλοίσβοιο","title":"Away from the battle-din","body":"φλοῖσβος is the loud roar or din of battle. Apollo tells Hector to remain among the mass of troops but outside the most exposed fighting."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"πληθύν","lemma":"πληθύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the throng"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"away from"},{"surface":"φλοίσβοιο","lemma":"φλοῖσβος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκ","gloss":"battle din"},{"surface":"δέδεξο","lemma":"δέχομαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"await","note":"the perfect imperative has present force: wait for or receive him."}]},{"number":378,"label":"378","id":"b20-l378","source":"μή πώς σʼ ἠὲ βάλῃ ἠὲ σχεδὸν ἄορι τύψῃ.","translation":"lest he strike you with his spear or cut you down nearby with his sword.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l378.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"πώς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἠὲ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"βάλῃ","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"he strikes"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τύψῃ","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"ἄορι","lemma":"ἄορ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τύψῃ","gloss":"with a sword"},{"surface":"τύψῃ","lemma":"τύπτω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"cuts down"}]},{"number":379,"label":"379","id":"b20-l379","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, Ἕκτωρ δʼ αὖτις ἐδύσετο οὐλαμὸν ἀνδρῶν","translation":"So he spoke, and Hector went back into the company of men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l379.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδύσετο","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐδύσετο","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἐδύσετο","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"οὐλαμὸν","lemma":"οὐλαμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐδύσετο","gloss":"the company"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies οὐλαμὸν","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":380,"label":"380","id":"b20-l380","source":"ταρβήσας, ὅτʼ ἄκουσε θεοῦ ὄπα φωνήσαντος.","translation":"afraid when he heard the voice of the god who spoke.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l380.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ταρβήσας","lemma":"ταρβέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐδύσετο","gloss":"afraid"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἄκουσε","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτ̓","gloss":"he heard"},{"surface":"θεοῦ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄπα","gloss":"of the god"},{"surface":"ὄπα","lemma":"ὄψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἄκουσε","gloss":"the voice"},{"surface":"φωνήσαντος","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"speaking"}]},{"number":381,"label":"381","id":"b20-l381","source":"ἐν δʼ Ἀχιλεὺς Τρώεσσι θόρε φρεσὶν εἱμένος ἀλκὴν","translation":"Then Achilles sprang among the Trojans, his heart clothed in courage,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l381.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of θόρε","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"θόρε","lemma":"θρῴσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprang"},{"surface":"φρεσὶν","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to εἱμένος","gloss":"in his heart"},{"surface":"εἱμένος","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"perfect passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θόρε","gloss":"clothed","note":"the perfect passive participle is figurative: clothed in courage."},{"surface":"ἀλκὴν","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἱμένος","gloss":"in courage"}]},{"number":382,"label":"382","id":"b20-l382","source":"σμερδαλέα ἰάχων, πρῶτον δʼ ἕλεν Ἰφιτίωνα","translation":"shouting terribly; first he slew Iphition,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l382.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σμερδαλέα","lemma":"σμερδαλέος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἰάχων","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"ἰάχων","lemma":"ἰάχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θόρε","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἕλεν","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕλεν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slew"},{"surface":"Ἰφιτίωνα","lemma":"Ἰφιτίων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕλεν","gloss":"Iphition"}]},{"number":383,"label":"383","id":"b20-l383","source":"ἐσθλὸν Ὀτρυντεΐδην πολέων ἡγήτορα λαῶν,","translation":"the noble son of Otrynteus, leader of many peoples,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l383.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσθλὸν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀτρυντεΐδην","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Ὀτρυντεΐδην","lemma":"Ὀτρυντείδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἰφιτίωνα","gloss":"son of Otrynteus"},{"surface":"πολέων","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαῶν","gloss":"of many"},{"surface":"ἡγήτορα","lemma":"ἡγήτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἰφιτίωνα","gloss":"leader"},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἡγήτορα","gloss":"peoples"}]},{"number":384,"label":"384","id":"b20-l384","source":"ὃν νύμφη τέκε νηῒς Ὀτρυντῆϊ πτολιπόρθῳ","translation":"whom a Naiad nymph bore to Otrynteus, sacker of cities,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l384.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τέκε","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"νύμφη","lemma":"νύμφη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τέκε","gloss":"a nymph"},{"surface":"τέκε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἰφιτίωνα","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"νηῒς","lemma":"Ναιάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies νύμφη","gloss":"Naiad"},{"surface":"Ὀτρυντῆϊ","lemma":"Ὀτρυντεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τέκε","gloss":"to Otrynteus"},{"surface":"πτολιπόρθῳ","lemma":"πτολίπορθος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀτρυντῆϊ","gloss":"city-sacking"}]},{"number":385,"label":"385","id":"b20-l385","source":"Τμώλῳ ὕπο νιφόεντι Ὕδης ἐν πίονι δήμῳ·","translation":"beneath snowy Tmolus, in the fertile district of Hyde.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l385.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τμώλῳ","lemma":"Τμῶλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὕπο","gloss":"Tmolus"},{"surface":"ὕπο","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"νιφόεντι","lemma":"νιφόεις","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τμώλῳ","gloss":"snowy"},{"surface":"Ὕδης","lemma":"Ὕδη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δήμῳ","gloss":"of Hyde"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πίονι","lemma":"πίων","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δήμῳ","gloss":"fertile"},{"surface":"δήμῳ","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":386,"label":"386","id":"b20-l386","source":"τὸν δʼ ἰθὺς μεμαῶτα βάλʼ ἔγχεϊ δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"Godlike Achilles struck him with his spear as he charged straight on,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l386.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βάλ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰθὺς","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μεμαῶτα","gloss":"straight on"},{"surface":"μεμαῶτα","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"charging"},{"surface":"βάλ","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ἔγχεϊ","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to βάλ̓","gloss":"with his spear"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βάλ̓","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":387,"label":"387","id":"b20-l387","source":"μέσσην κὰκ κεφαλήν· ἣ δʼ ἄνδιχα πᾶσα κεάσθη,","translation":"squarely on the head, and his whole head split in two;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l387.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μέσσην","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κεφαλήν","gloss":"in the middle"},{"surface":"κὰκ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"κεφαλήν","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κὰκ","gloss":"the head"},{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of κεάσθη","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνδιχα","lemma":"ἄνδιχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κεάσθη","gloss":"in two"},{"surface":"πᾶσα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἣ","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"κεάσθη","lemma":"κεάζω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was split"}]},{"number":388,"label":"388","id":"b20-l388","source":"δούπησεν δὲ πεσών, ὃ δʼ ἐπεύξατο δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς·","translation":"he fell with a thud, and godlike Achilles boasted over him:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l388.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δούπησεν","lemma":"δουπέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell with a thud"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πεσών","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δούπησεν","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεύξατο","lemma":"ἐπεύχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"boasted over him"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεύς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπεύξατο","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":389,"label":"389","id":"b20-l389","source":"κεῖσαι Ὀτρυντεΐδη πάντων ἐκπαγλότατʼ ἀνδρῶν·","translation":"\"Lie there, son of Otrynteus, most terrible of all men.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l389.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐκπαγλότατʼ","title":"Most terrible of men","body":"ἐκπαγλότατε is the superlative of an adjective for what strikes awe or terror. Achilles gives the fallen Iphition a grim distinction in the moment of triumphing over him."}],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖσαι","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lie there"},{"surface":"Ὀτρυντεΐδη","lemma":"Ὀτρυντείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Otrynteus"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"ἐκπαγλότατ","lemma":"ἔκπαγλος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"modifies Ὀτρυντεΐδη","gloss":"most terrible"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐκπαγλότατ̓","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":390,"label":"390","id":"b20-l390","source":"ἐνθάδε τοι θάνατος, γενεὴ δέ τοί ἐστʼ ἐπὶ λίμνῃ","translation":"Here is your death, though your lineage is beside the","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l390.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐνθάδε","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θάνατος","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"θάνατος","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"γενεὴ","lemma":"γενεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐστ̓","gloss":"lineage"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies γενεὴ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἐστ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is","note":"the verb is understood with “death” earlier, then stated with “lineage.”"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"λίμνῃ","lemma":"λίμνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"the lake"}]},{"number":391,"label":"391","id":"b20-l391","source":"Γυγαίῃ, ὅθι τοι τέμενος πατρώϊόν ἐστιν","translation":"Gygaean lake, where your ancestral estate lies,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l391.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Γυγαίῃ","lemma":"Γυγαίη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies λίμνῃ","gloss":"Gygaean"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστιν","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies τέμενος","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"τέμενος","lemma":"τέμενος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐστιν","gloss":"estate"},{"surface":"πατρώϊόν","lemma":"πατρώιος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέμενος","gloss":"ancestral"},{"surface":"ἐστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing λίμνῃ","gloss":"lies"}]},{"number":392,"label":"392","id":"b20-l392","source":"Ὕλλῳ ἐπʼ ἰχθυόεντι καὶ Ἕρμῳ δινήεντι.","translation":"by fish-filled Hyllus and eddying Hermus.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l392.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ὕλλῳ","lemma":"Ὕλλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"Hyllus"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ἰχθυόεντι","lemma":"ἰχθυόεις","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὕλλῳ","gloss":"fish-filled"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἕρμῳ","lemma":"Ἕρμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"Hermus"},{"surface":"δινήεντι","lemma":"δινήεις","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕρμῳ","gloss":"eddying"}]},{"number":393,"label":"393","id":"b20-l393","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ εὐχόμενος, τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψε.","translation":"So he spoke in triumph, and darkness covered his eyes.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l393.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"εὐχόμενος","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ̓","gloss":"boasting"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κάλυψε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σκότος","lemma":"σκότος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κάλυψε","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσε","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"object of κάλυψε","gloss":"both eyes"},{"surface":"κάλυψε","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"covered"}]},{"number":394,"label":"394","id":"b20-l394","source":"τὸν μὲν Ἀχαιῶν ἵπποι ἐπισσώτροις δατέοντο","translation":"The Achaeans' horses tore him apart with their wheel-rims","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l394.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐπισσώτροις","title":"The wheel-rims","body":"ἐπίσσωτρον is the outer rim or tire fitted around a chariot wheel. The detail makes Iphition’s body part of the physical wreckage under the advancing Achaean chariots."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δατέοντο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"Achaean"},{"surface":"ἵπποι","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δατέοντο","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"ἐπισσώτροις","lemma":"ἐπίσωτρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to δατέοντο","gloss":"with wheel rims"},{"surface":"δατέοντο","lemma":"δατέομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tore apart"}]},{"number":395,"label":"395","id":"b20-l395","source":"πρώτῃ ἐν ὑσμίνῃ· ὃ δʼ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ Δημολέοντα","translation":"in the foremost battle; over him Achilles attacked Demoleon,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l395.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρώτῃ","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὑσμίνῃ","gloss":"foremost"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ὑσμίνῃ","lemma":"ὑσμίνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of νύξε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Δημολέοντα","lemma":"Δημολέων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of νύξε","gloss":"Demoleon"}]},{"number":396,"label":"396","id":"b20-l396","source":"ἐσθλὸν ἀλεξητῆρα μάχης Ἀντήνορος υἱὸν","translation":"the noble defender in battle, Antenor's son,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l396.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσθλὸν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλεξητῆρα","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ἀλεξητῆρα","lemma":"ἀλεξητήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Δημολέοντα","gloss":"defender"},{"surface":"μάχης","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀλεξητῆρα","gloss":"in battle"},{"surface":"Ἀντήνορος","lemma":"Ἀντήνωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"of Antenor"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Δημολέοντα","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":397,"label":"397","id":"b20-l397","source":"νύξε κατὰ κρόταφον, κυνέης διὰ χαλκοπαρῄου.","translation":"and stabbed his temple through the bronze-cheeked helmet.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l397.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νύξε","lemma":"νύσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stabbed"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"κρόταφον","lemma":"κρόταφος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the temple"},{"surface":"κυνέης","lemma":"κυνέη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to διὰ","gloss":"of the helmet"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"χαλκοπαρῄου","lemma":"χαλκοπάρῃος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κυνέης","gloss":"bronze-cheeked"}]},{"number":398,"label":"398","id":"b20-l398","source":"οὐδʼ ἄρα χαλκείη κόρυς ἔσχεθεν, ἀλλὰ διʼ αὐτῆς","translation":"The bronze helmet did not stop it, but straight through it","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l398.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"χαλκείη","lemma":"χάλκειος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κόρυς","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"κόρυς","lemma":"κόρυς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔσχεθεν","gloss":"helmet"},{"surface":"ἔσχεθεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"δι","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through","note":"elided form of “through”; it governs “it,” referring to the helmet."},{"surface":"αὐτῆς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to δἰ","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":399,"label":"399","id":"b20-l399","source":"αἰχμὴ ἱεμένη ῥῆξʼ ὀστέον, ἐγκέφαλος δὲ","translation":"the hurtling spearpoint broke the bone, and all the brain","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l399.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰχμὴ","lemma":"αἰχμή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ῥῆξ̓","gloss":"spearpoint"},{"surface":"ἱεμένη","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ῥῆξ̓","gloss":"hurtling"},{"surface":"ῥῆξ","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"ὀστέον","lemma":"ὀστέον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ῥῆξ̓","gloss":"the bone"},{"surface":"ἐγκέφαλος","lemma":"ἐγκέφαλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πεπάλακτο","gloss":"brain"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":400,"label":"400","id":"b20-l400","source":"ἔνδον ἅπας πεπάλακτο· δάμασσε δέ μιν μεμαῶτα.","translation":"within was spattered; and he brought him down as he charged.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l400.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἔνδον ἅπας πεπάλακτο","title":"Spattered within","body":"The phrase completes the wound across the line break: all the brain named just before is now spattered within the helmet. Homer then closes the action by stopping Demoleon in mid-charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πεπάλακτο","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἅπας","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐγκέφαλος","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"πεπάλακτο","lemma":"παλάσσω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was spattered"},{"surface":"δάμασσε","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"brought down"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δάμασσε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μεμαῶτα","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"charging"}]},{"number":401,"label":"401","id":"b20-l401","source":"Ἱπποδάμαντα δʼ ἔπειτα καθʼ ἵππων ἀΐξαντα","translation":"Then Hippodamas, leaping down from his chariot,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l401.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἱπποδάμαντα","lemma":"Ἱπποδάμας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of οὔτασε","gloss":"Hippodamas"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οὔτασε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down from"},{"surface":"ἵππων","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καθ̓","gloss":"the horses"},{"surface":"ἀΐξαντα","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"leaping"}]},{"number":402,"label":"402","id":"b20-l402","source":"πρόσθεν ἕθεν φεύγοντα μετάφρενον οὔτασε δουρί.","translation":"fled before him, and Achilles stabbed him in the back with his spear.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l402.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἕθεν","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to πρόσθεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"φεύγοντα","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fleeing"},{"surface":"μετάφρενον","lemma":"μετάφρενον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of οὔτασε","gloss":"in the back"},{"surface":"οὔτασε","lemma":"οὐτάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stabbed"},{"surface":"δουρί","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to οὔτασε","gloss":"with his spear"}]},{"number":403,"label":"403","id":"b20-l403","source":"αὐτὰρ ὃ θυμὸν ἄϊσθε καὶ ἤρυγεν, ὡς ὅτε ταῦρος","translation":"He breathed out his life and bellowed, as when a bull","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l403.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄϊσθε","gloss":"his life"},{"surface":"ἄϊσθε","lemma":"ἀίσθω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"breathed out","note":"the imperfect pictures his life-breath leaving him."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἤρυγεν","lemma":"ἐρεύγομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bellowed"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ταῦρος","lemma":"ταῦρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤρυγεν","gloss":"a bull"}]},{"number":404,"label":"404","id":"b20-l404","source":"ἤρυγεν ἑλκόμενος Ἑλικώνιον ἀμφὶ ἄνακτα","translation":"bellows while being dragged around the lord of Helice,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l404.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤρυγεν","lemma":"ἐρεύγομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"bellows"},{"surface":"ἑλκόμενος","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤρυγεν","gloss":"being dragged"},{"surface":"Ἑλικώνιον","lemma":"Ἑλικώνιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνακτα","gloss":"of Helice"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"ἄνακτα","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"lord"}]},{"number":405,"label":"405","id":"b20-l405","source":"κούρων ἑλκόντων· γάνυται δέ τε τοῖς ἐνοσίχθων·","translation":"as young men drag it, and the earth-shaker delights in them;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l405.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κούρων","lemma":"κοῦρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἑλκόντων","gloss":"young men","note":"genitive absolute with “dragging”: while young men drag the bull."},{"surface":"ἑλκόντων","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤρυγεν","gloss":"dragging"},{"surface":"γάνυται","lemma":"γάνυμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"delights"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"τοῖς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of γάνυται","gloss":"in them"},{"surface":"ἐνοσίχθων","lemma":"Ἐνοσίχθων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of γάνυται","gloss":"earth-shaker"}]},{"number":406,"label":"406","id":"b20-l406","source":"ὣς ἄρα τόν γʼ ἐρυγόντα λίπʼ ὀστέα θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ·","translation":"so as he bellowed, his proud spirit left his bones.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l406.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρυγόντα","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of λίπ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐρυγόντα","lemma":"ἐρεύγομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"bellowing"},{"surface":"λίπ","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"ὀστέα","lemma":"ὀστέον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of λίπ̓","gloss":"the bones"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of λίπ̓","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"proud"}]},{"number":407,"label":"407","id":"b20-l407","source":"αὐτὰρ ὃ βῆ σὺν δουρὶ μετʼ ἀντίθεον Πολύδωρον","translation":"But Achilles went with his spear after godlike Polydorus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l407.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βῆ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"his spear"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ἀντίθεον","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πολύδωρον","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Πολύδωρον","lemma":"Πολύδωρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"Polydorus"}]},{"number":408,"label":"408","id":"b20-l408","source":"Πριαμίδην. τὸν δʼ οὔ τι πατὴρ εἴασκε μάχεσθαι,","translation":"Priam's son. His father would never let him fight,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l408.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πριαμίδην","lemma":"Πριαμίδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Πολύδωρον","gloss":"son of Priam"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μάχεσθαι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἴασκε","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἴασκε","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"εἴασκε","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would allow"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of εἴασκε","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":409,"label":"409","id":"b20-l409","source":"οὕνεκά οἱ μετὰ παισὶ νεώτατος ἔσκε γόνοιο,","translation":"because among his children he was the youngest by birth","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l409.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕνεκά","lemma":"οὕνεκα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies παισὶ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"παισὶ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"νεώτατος","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"youngest"},{"surface":"ἔσκε","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"γόνοιο","lemma":"γόνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to νεώτατος","gloss":"by birth"}]},{"number":410,"label":"410","id":"b20-l410","source":"καί οἱ φίλτατος ἔσκε, πόδεσσι δὲ πάντας ἐνίκα","translation":"and dearest to him, and he surpassed them all in speed.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l410.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔσκε","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"φίλτατος","lemma":"φίλτατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dearest"},{"surface":"ἔσκε","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"πόδεσσι","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνίκα","gloss":"in speed"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐνίκα","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐνίκα","lemma":"νικάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"surpassed"}]},{"number":411,"label":"411","id":"b20-l411","source":"δὴ τότε νηπιέῃσι ποδῶν ἀρετὴν ἀναφαίνων","translation":"Then, in his childish folly, displaying his excellence of foot,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l411.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νηπιέῃσι","title":"Fatal childish folly","body":"νηπιέη is childish folly or lack of judgment. Polydorus uses his speed to show himself among the front fighters, ignoring the caution behind his father’s command."}],"words":[{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θῦνε","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"νηπιέῃσι","lemma":"νηπιέη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to θῦνε","gloss":"in childish folly"},{"surface":"ποδῶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀρετὴν","gloss":"of his feet"},{"surface":"ἀρετὴν","lemma":"ἀρετή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀναφαίνων","gloss":"excellence"},{"surface":"ἀναφαίνων","lemma":"ἀναφαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θῦνε","gloss":"displaying"}]},{"number":412,"label":"412","id":"b20-l412","source":"θῦνε διὰ προμάχων, εἷος φίλον ὤλεσε θυμόν.","translation":"charged through the front ranks until he lost his dear life.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l412.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θῦνε","lemma":"θύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"προμάχων","lemma":"πρόμαχος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"front fighters"},{"surface":"εἷος","lemma":"εἷος","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμόν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ὤλεσε","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἷος","gloss":"lost"},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὤλεσε","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":413,"label":"413","id":"b20-l413","source":"τὸν βάλε μέσσον ἄκοντι ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"Swift-footed godlike Achilles struck him with his spear in the middle","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l413.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"μέσσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies νῶτα","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"ἄκοντι","lemma":"ἄκων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"with a spear"},{"surface":"ποδάρκης","lemma":"ποδαρκής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"swift-footed"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βάλε","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":414,"label":"414","id":"b20-l414","source":"νῶτα παραΐσσοντος, ὅθι ζωστῆρος ὀχῆες","translation":"of the back as he darted past, where the golden clasps of his belt","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l414.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῶτα","lemma":"νῶτον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"the back"},{"surface":"παραΐσσοντος","lemma":"παραίσσω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"darting past","note":"genitive circumstantial participle referring to Polydorus as he darts past."},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ζωστῆρος","lemma":"ζωστήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὀχῆες","gloss":"of his belt"},{"surface":"ὀχῆες","lemma":"ὀχεύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of σύνεχον","gloss":"clasps"}]},{"number":415,"label":"415","id":"b20-l415","source":"χρύσειοι σύνεχον καὶ διπλόος ἤντετο θώρηξ·","translation":"held fast, and the double corselet met it.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l415.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χρύσειοι","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀχῆες","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"σύνεχον","lemma":"συνόχωκα","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"held fast"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διπλόος","lemma":"διπλόος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θώρηξ","gloss":"double"},{"surface":"ἤντετο","lemma":"ἄντομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"met it"},{"surface":"θώρηξ","lemma":"θώραξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤντετο","gloss":"corselet"}]},{"number":416,"label":"416","id":"b20-l416","source":"ἀντικρὺ δὲ διέσχε παρʼ ὀμφαλὸν ἔγχεος αἰχμή,","translation":"The spearpoint passed straight through and came out beside his navel;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l416.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντικρὺ","lemma":"ἀντικρύ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διέσχε","gloss":"straight through"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διέσχε","lemma":"διέχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"passed through"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ὀμφαλὸν","lemma":"ὀμφαλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to παῤ","gloss":"the navel"},{"surface":"ἔγχεος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies αἰχμή","gloss":"of the spear"},{"surface":"αἰχμή","lemma":"αἰχμή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of διέσχε","gloss":"point"}]},{"number":417,"label":"417","id":"b20-l417","source":"γνὺξ δʼ ἔριπʼ οἰμώξας, νεφέλη δέ μιν ἀμφεκάλυψε","translation":"groaning, he fell to his knees; a cloud enfolded him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l417.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γνὺξ","lemma":"γνύξ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔριπ̓","gloss":"to his knees"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔριπ","lemma":"ἐρείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"οἰμώξας","lemma":"οἰμώζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔριπ̓","gloss":"groaning"},{"surface":"νεφέλη","lemma":"νεφέλη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀμφεκάλυψε","gloss":"a cloud"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφεκάλυψε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀμφεκάλυψε","lemma":"ἀμφικαλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"enfolded"}]},{"number":418,"label":"418","id":"b20-l418","source":"κυανέη, προτὶ οἷ δʼ ἔλαβʼ ἔντερα χερσὶ λιασθείς.","translation":"dark, and as he hunched forward he gathered his entrails into his hands.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l418.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἔντερα χερσὶ","title":"Entrails in his hands","body":"ἔντερα is the concrete word for the intestines or entrails. The spear has passed through Polydorus beside the navel, and the next image shows the bodily result without softening it."}],"words":[{"surface":"κυανέη","lemma":"κυάνεος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νεφέλη","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"προτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"οἷ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προτὶ","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔλαβ","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"ἔντερα","lemma":"ἔντερον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔλαβ̓","gloss":"entrails"},{"surface":"χερσὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔλαβ̓","gloss":"in his hands"},{"surface":"λιασθείς","lemma":"λιάζομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔλαβ̓","gloss":"hunched forward"}]},{"number":419,"label":"419","id":"b20-l419","source":"Ἕκτωρ δʼ ὡς ἐνόησε κασίγνητον Πολύδωρον","translation":"When Hector saw his brother Polydorus","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l419.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐνόησε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐνόησε","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἐνόησε","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to κέχυτ̓","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"κασίγνητον","lemma":"κασίγνητος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Πολύδωρον","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Πολύδωρον","lemma":"Πολύδωρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνόησε","gloss":"Polydorus"}]},{"number":420,"label":"420","id":"b20-l420","source":"ἔντερα χερσὶν ἔχοντα λιαζόμενον ποτὶ γαίη","translation":"holding his entrails in his hands and sinking toward the earth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l420.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔντερα","lemma":"ἔντερον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχοντα","gloss":"entrails"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔχοντα","gloss":"in his hands"},{"surface":"ἔχοντα","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"λιαζόμενον","lemma":"λιάζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"sinking"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"γαίη","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ποτὶ","gloss":"the earth"}]},{"number":421,"label":"421","id":"b20-l421","source":"κάρ ῥά οἱ ὀφθαλμῶν κέχυτʼ ἀχλύς· οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ἔτʼ ἔτλη","translation":"a mist poured over his eyes; he could no longer bear","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l421.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κάρ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down over","note":"Apocopated preverb, separated from the verb: the mist has poured down over his eyes."},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὀφθαλμῶν","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμῶν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of κάρ","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"κέχυτ","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had been poured","note":"Perfect middle-passive presents the mist as already spread and still covering his eyes."},{"surface":"ἀχλύς","lemma":"ἀχλύς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κέχυτ̓","gloss":"mist"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔτλη","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"ἔτλη","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"endure"}]},{"number":422,"label":"422","id":"b20-l422","source":"δηρὸν ἑκὰς στρωφᾶσθʼ, ἀλλʼ ἀντίος ἦλθʼ Ἀχιλῆϊ","translation":"to range far off, but came straight against Achilles,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l422.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δηρὸν","lemma":"δηρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to στρωφᾶσθ̓","gloss":"for long"},{"surface":"ἑκὰς","lemma":"ἑκάς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στρωφᾶσθ̓","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"στρωφᾶσθ","lemma":"στρωφάω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἔτλη","gloss":"to range about"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀντίος","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"face-to-face"},{"surface":"ἦλθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he came"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆϊ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντίος","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":423,"label":"423","id":"b20-l423","source":"ὀξὺ δόρυ κραδάων φλογὶ εἴκελος· αὐτὰρ Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"brandishing his sharp spear, like a flame. But Achilles,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l423.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δόρυ","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"δόρυ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of κραδάων","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"κραδάων","lemma":"κραδάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθ̓","gloss":"brandishing"},{"surface":"φλογὶ","lemma":"φλόξ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἴκελος","gloss":"a flame"},{"surface":"εἴκελος","lemma":"εἴκελος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":424,"label":"424","id":"b20-l424","source":"ὡς εἶδʼ, ὣς ἀνεπᾶλτο, καὶ εὐχόμενος ἔπος ηὔδα·","translation":"when he saw him, sprang up and spoke a word in triumph:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l424.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἶδ̓","gloss":"when","note":"Paired with the following “then”: “when … then,” marking immediate response."},{"surface":"εἶδ","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀνεπᾶλτο","lemma":"ἀναπάλλω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprang upward"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὐχόμενος","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ηὔδα","gloss":"boasting"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ηὔδα","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"ηὔδα","lemma":"αὐδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"}]},{"number":425,"label":"425","id":"b20-l425","source":"ἐγγὺς ἀνὴρ ὃς ἐμόν γε μάλιστʼ ἐσεμάσσατο θυμόν,","translation":"\"Near is the man who has stirred my heart above all,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l425.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐγγὺς","lemma":"ἐγγύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"the man"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐσεμάσσατο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἐμόν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμόν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μάλιστ","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐσεμάσσατο","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"ἐσεμάσσατο","lemma":"εἰσμαίομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"stirred violently","note":"The middle gives the sense of violently rousing or stirring Achilles inwardly."},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐσεμάσσατο","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":426,"label":"426","id":"b20-l426","source":"ὅς μοι ἑταῖρον ἔπεφνε τετιμένον· οὐδʼ ἂν ἔτι δὴν","translation":"who killed my honored companion; no longer shall we","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l426.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔπεφνε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἑταῖρον","gloss":"of mine"},{"surface":"ἑταῖρον","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔπεφνε","gloss":"companion"},{"surface":"ἔπεφνε","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"killed","note":"Epic aorist form of a poetic verb for killing."},{"surface":"τετιμένον","lemma":"τίω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἑταῖρον","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πτώσσοιμεν","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"δὴν","lemma":"δήν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πτώσσοιμεν","gloss":"for long"}]},{"number":427,"label":"427","id":"b20-l427","source":"ἀλλήλους πτώσσοιμεν ἀνὰ πτολέμοιο γεφύρας.","translation":"shrink from each other along the causeways of battle.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l427.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πτολέμοιο γεφύρας","title":"The causeways of battle","body":"The plural γεφύρας literally suggests dikes, bridges, or causeways. In battle language it evokes the lanes or contested ground across which warriors meet."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλήλους","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of πτώσσοιμεν","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"πτώσσοιμεν","lemma":"πτώσσω","morphology":"present active optative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we should shrink from","note":"Potential optative with the preceding particle: “we would no longer shrink.”"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"πτολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γεφύρας","gloss":"of war"},{"surface":"γεφύρας","lemma":"γέφυρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνὰ","gloss":"causeways"}]},{"number":428,"label":"428","id":"b20-l428","source":"ἦ, καὶ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσεφώνεεν Ἕκτορα δῖον·","translation":"Then, glaring at him from under his brows, he addressed godlike Hector:\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l428.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke","note":"Formulaic speech-introducing verb: “he spoke.”"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπόδρα","lemma":"ὑπόδρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδὼν","gloss":"from beneath his brows"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσεφώνεεν","gloss":"having glared"},{"surface":"προσεφώνεεν","lemma":"προσφωνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσεφώνεεν","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δῖον","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτορα","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":429,"label":"429","id":"b20-l429","source":"ἆσσον ἴθʼ ὥς κεν θᾶσσον ὀλέθρου πείραθʼ ἵκηαι.","translation":"Come closer, so you may sooner reach the bounds of death.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l429.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἆσσον","lemma":"ἆσσον","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἴθ̓","gloss":"closer"},{"surface":"ἴθ","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"θᾶσσον","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"adverbial to ἵκηαι","gloss":"sooner"},{"surface":"ὀλέθρου","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πείραθ̓","gloss":"of destruction"},{"surface":"πείραθ","lemma":"πεῖραρ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἵκηαι","gloss":"bounds"},{"surface":"ἵκηαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὥς","gloss":"you may reach"}]},{"number":430,"label":"430","id":"b20-l430","source":"τὸν δʼ οὐ ταρβήσας προσέφη κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ·","translation":"But Hector of the flashing helm answered him without fear:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l430.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ταρβήσας","lemma":"ταρβέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"having feared"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"κορυθαίολος","lemma":"κορυθαίολος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"with flashing helm"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":431,"label":"431","id":"b20-l431","source":"Πηλεΐδη μὴ δὴ ἐπέεσσί με νηπύτιον ὣς","translation":"\"Son of Peleus, do not expect with words, as though I were a child,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l431.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλεΐδη","lemma":"Πηλείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Peleus"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσί","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to δειδίξεσθαι","gloss":"with words","note":"Epic dative plural form of “word.”"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δειδίξεσθαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"νηπύτιον","lemma":"νηπύτιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"like a child"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"}]},{"number":432,"label":"432","id":"b20-l432","source":"ἔλπεο δειδίξεσθαι, ἐπεὶ σάφα οἶδα καὶ αὐτὸς","translation":"to frighten me, since I myself know well","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l432.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔλπεο","lemma":"ἔλπω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"expect"},{"surface":"δειδίξεσθαι","lemma":"δειδίσσομαι","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔλπεο","gloss":"to frighten"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"σάφα","lemma":"σάφα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οἶδα","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"οἶδα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":433,"label":"433","id":"b20-l433","source":"ἠμὲν κερτομίας ἠδʼ αἴσυλα μυθήσασθαι.","translation":"both taunts and overbearing words to speak.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l433.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠμὲν","lemma":"ἠμέν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both","note":"Correlative “both,” answered by “and” later in the line."},{"surface":"κερτομίας","lemma":"κερτομία","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἠδ̓","gloss":"taunts"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἴσυλα","lemma":"αἴσυλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἠδ̓","gloss":"insolent words"},{"surface":"μυθήσασθαι","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of οἶδα","gloss":"to speak"}]},{"number":434,"label":"434","id":"b20-l434","source":"οἶδα δʼ ὅτι σὺ μὲν ἐσθλός, ἐγὼ δὲ σέθεν πολὺ χείρων.","translation":"I know that you are noble and I am far weaker than you.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l434.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶδα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτι","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐσθλός","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σέθεν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to χείρων","gloss":"than you"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"χείρων","lemma":"χείρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"weaker"}]},{"number":435,"label":"435","id":"b20-l435","source":"ἀλλʼ ἤτοι μὲν ταῦτα θεῶν ἐν γούνασι κεῖται,","translation":"Yet these things lie upon the knees of the gods.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l435.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in truth"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies γούνασι","gloss":"of the gods","note":"“On the gods’ knees” is a formula for an outcome resting with divine will."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"γούνασι","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"κεῖται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lie"}]},{"number":436,"label":"436","id":"b20-l436","source":"αἴ κέ σε χειρότερός περ ἐὼν ἀπὸ θυμὸν ἕλωμαι","translation":"Though I am the weaker man, I may take your life from you","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l436.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"αἴ κέ σε χειρότερός περ ἐὼν ἀπὸ θυμὸν ἕλωμαι","title":"A possible reversal","body":"αἴ κε with the subjunctive ἕλωμαι presents a possible future outcome: Hector may take Achilles’ life even while being the worse fighter. περ makes his concession explicit, ‘though I am weaker.’"}],"words":[{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἕλωμαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"χειρότερός","lemma":"χερείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"weaker"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕλωμαι","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away","note":"Preverb separated from “take”: literally “take life away from you.”"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕλωμαι","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ἕλωμαι","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"subject of αἴ","gloss":"I take"}]},{"number":437,"label":"437","id":"b20-l437","source":"δουρὶ βαλών, ἐπεὶ ἦ καὶ ἐμὸν βέλος ὀξὺ πάροιθεν.","translation":"by striking with my spear, for my weapon too has proved sharp before.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l437.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to βαλών","gloss":"with my spear"},{"surface":"βαλών","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕλωμαι","gloss":"having struck"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies βέλος","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"βέλος","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"weapon"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"πάροιθεν","lemma":"πάροιθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":438,"label":"438","id":"b20-l438","source":"ἦ ῥα, καὶ ἀμπεπαλὼν προΐει δόρυ, καὶ τό γʼ Ἀθήνη","translation":"He spoke, and balancing the spear, cast it; but Athena","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l438.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀμπεπαλὼν","title":"Balancing the spear","body":"ἀμπεπαλών describes the practiced motion of poising or brandishing a spear before the cast. Hector completes the throw, but Athena immediately controls its course."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμπεπαλὼν","lemma":"ἀναπάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προΐει","gloss":"having poised","note":"Aorist participle describes poising or balancing the spear before the cast."},{"surface":"προΐει","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"δόρυ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative neuter noun","role":"object of προΐει","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τό","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἔτραπε","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔτραπε","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":439,"label":"439","id":"b20-l439","source":"πνοιῇ Ἀχιλλῆος πάλιν ἔτραπε κυδαλίμοιο","translation":"turned it back from renowned Achilles with a breath,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l439.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πνοιῇ","lemma":"πνοή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔτραπε","gloss":"with a breath"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of πάλιν","gloss":"from Achilles"},{"surface":"πάλιν","lemma":"πάλιν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔτραπε","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἔτραπε","lemma":"τρέπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turned"},{"surface":"κυδαλίμοιο","lemma":"κυδάλιμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλῆος","gloss":"renowned"}]},{"number":440,"label":"440","id":"b20-l440","source":"ἦκα μάλα ψύξασα· τὸ δʼ ἂψ ἵκεθʼ Ἕκτορα δῖον,","translation":"blowing ever so lightly; it came back to godlike Hector","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l440.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦκα","lemma":"ἦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ψύξασα","gloss":"gently"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ψύξασα","lemma":"ψύχω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔτραπε","gloss":"having blown"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἵκεθ̓","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵκεθ̓","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἵκεθ","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἵκεθ̓","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δῖον","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτορα","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":441,"label":"441","id":"b20-l441","source":"αὐτοῦ δὲ προπάροιθε ποδῶν πέσεν. αὐτὰρ Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"and fell there before his feet. But Achilles","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l441.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέσεν","gloss":"right there"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προπάροιθε","lemma":"προπάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ποδῶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to προπάροιθε","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"πέσεν","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":442,"label":"442","id":"b20-l442","source":"ἐμμεμαὼς ἐπόρουσε κατακτάμεναι μενεαίνων,","translation":"leapt upon him eagerly, raging to kill him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l442.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐμμεμαὼς","lemma":"ἐμμεμαώς","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"eagerly"},{"surface":"ἐπόρουσε","lemma":"ἐπορούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprang upon him"},{"surface":"κατακτάμεναι","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μενεαίνων","gloss":"to kill"},{"surface":"μενεαίνων","lemma":"μενεαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"raging"}]},{"number":443,"label":"443","id":"b20-l443","source":"σμερδαλέα ἰάχων· τὸν δʼ ἐξήρπαξεν Ἀπόλλων","translation":"shouting terribly; but Apollo snatched Hector away,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l443.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σμερδαλέα","lemma":"σμερδαλέος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἰάχων","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"ἰάχων","lemma":"ἰάχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξήρπαξεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐξήρπαξεν","lemma":"ἐξαρπάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"snatched away"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐξήρπαξεν","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":444,"label":"444","id":"b20-l444","source":"ῥεῖα μάλʼ ὥς τε θεός, ἐκάλυψε δʼ ἄρʼ ἠέρι πολλῇ.","translation":"easily, as a god does, and wrapped him in thick mist,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l444.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥεῖα","lemma":"ῥεῖα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξήρπαξεν","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as","note":"With the following particle, formulaic “as a god can.”"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θεός","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ἐκάλυψε","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἠέρι","lemma":"ἀήρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκάλυψε","gloss":"in mist"},{"surface":"πολλῇ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠέρι","gloss":"thick"}]},{"number":445,"label":"445","id":"b20-l445","source":"τρὶς μὲν ἔπειτʼ ἐπόρουσε ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"Three times swift-footed godlike Achilles sprang upon him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l445.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τρὶς","lemma":"τρίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"three times","note":"The repeated “three times … three times” gives a formulaic triple assault."},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπόρουσε","lemma":"ἐπορούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprang upon him"},{"surface":"ποδάρκης","lemma":"ποδαρκής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"swift-footed"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":446,"label":"446","id":"b20-l446","source":"ἔγχεϊ χαλκείῳ, τρὶς δʼ ἠέρα τύψε βαθεῖαν.","translation":"with his bronze spear, and three times he struck the deep mist.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l446.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγχεϊ","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"with spear"},{"surface":"χαλκείῳ","lemma":"χάλκειος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχεϊ","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"τρὶς","lemma":"τρίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τύψε","gloss":"three times"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἠέρα","lemma":"ἀήρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τύψε","gloss":"mist"},{"surface":"τύψε","lemma":"τύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"βαθεῖαν","lemma":"βαθύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠέρα","gloss":"deep"}]},{"number":447,"label":"447","id":"b20-l447","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ τὸ τέταρτον ἐπέσσυτο δαίμονι ἶσος,","translation":"But when he charged a fourth time, equal to a god,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l447.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies τέταρτον","gloss":"for the"},{"surface":"τέταρτον","lemma":"τέταρτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπέσσυτο","gloss":"fourth time"},{"surface":"ἐπέσσυτο","lemma":"ἐπισεύω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"δαίμονι","lemma":"δαίμων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἶσος","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ἶσος","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"equal to"}]},{"number":448,"label":"448","id":"b20-l448","source":"δεινὰ δʼ ὁμοκλήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"Achilles cried out terribly and addressed him with winged words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l448.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεινὰ","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὁμοκλήσας","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὁμοκλήσας","lemma":"ὁμοκλέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"having cried out"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"“Winged words” is a Homeric speech formula."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":449,"label":"449","id":"b20-l449","source":"ἐξ αὖ νῦν ἔφυγες θάνατον κύον· ἦ τέ τοι ἄγχι","translation":"\"Again now you have escaped death, dog, though evil came","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l449.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out of","note":"Adverbialized preverb intensifying escape: he has gotten clear out of death."},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφυγες","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφυγες","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἔφυγες","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you escaped"},{"surface":"θάνατον","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔφυγες","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"κύον","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly","note":"With the following particle, an emphatic asseveration: “truly indeed.”"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἄγχι","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἄγχι","lemma":"ἄγχι","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"near"}]},{"number":450,"label":"450","id":"b20-l450","source":"ἦλθε κακόν· νῦν αὖτέ σʼ ἐρύσατο Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων,","translation":"close to you. Now once more Phoebus Apollo has saved you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l450.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"κακόν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject of ἦλθε","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρύσατο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖτέ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρύσατο","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐρύσατο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐρύσατο","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"Φοῖβος","lemma":"Φοῖβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐρύσατο","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":451,"label":"451","id":"b20-l451","source":"ᾧ μέλλεις εὔχεσθαι ἰὼν ἐς δοῦπον ἀκόντων.","translation":"to whom you must pray whenever you enter the din of spears.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l451.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εὔχεσθαι","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"μέλλεις","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"you must","note":"With an infinitive, “be destined or bound to”; here Achilles taunts Hector that he must pray to Apollo."},{"surface":"εὔχεσθαι","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of μέλλεις","gloss":"to pray"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μέλλεις","gloss":"when going"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"δοῦπον","lemma":"δοῦπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"din"},{"surface":"ἀκόντων","lemma":"ἄκων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies δοῦπον","gloss":"of spears"}]},{"number":452,"label":"452","id":"b20-l452","source":"ἦ θήν σʼ ἐξανύω γε καὶ ὕστερον ἀντιβολήσας,","translation":"Surely I shall finish you later, when I meet you again,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l452.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"θήν","lemma":"θήν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξανύω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐξανύω","lemma":"ἐξανύω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I shall finish","note":"Present subjunctive used with confident future force: Achilles vows to make an end of Hector."},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ὕστερον","lemma":"ὕστερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀντιβολήσας","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"ἀντιβολήσας","lemma":"ἀντιβολέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐξανύω","gloss":"having met again"}]},{"number":453,"label":"453","id":"b20-l453","source":"εἴ πού τις καὶ ἔμοιγε θεῶν ἐπιτάρροθός ἐστι.","translation":"if some god also stands as helper beside me.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l453.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πού","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστι","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἔμοιγε","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐστι","gloss":"for me indeed"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"ἐπιτάρροθός","lemma":"ἐπιτάρροθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a helper"},{"surface":"ἐστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":454,"label":"454","id":"b20-l454","source":"νῦν αὖ τοὺς ἄλλους ἐπιείσομαι, ὅν κε κιχείω.","translation":"For now I shall fall upon the others, whoever I meet.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l454.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὅν κε κιχείω","title":"Whoever he meets","body":"The relative ὅν with κε and the subjunctive κιχείω is indefinite: Achilles will attack whichever Trojan he happens to reach. The construction opens the kill sequence that follows."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπιείσομαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπιείσομαι","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἄλλους","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἄλλους","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπιείσομαι","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"ἐπιείσομαι","lemma":"ἔπειμι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I shall attack","note":"Future middle of a compound meaning “go against, attack.”"},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κιχείω","gloss":"whomever"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"κιχείω","lemma":"κιχάνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄλλους","gloss":"I encounter"}]},{"number":455,"label":"455","id":"b20-l455","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν Δρύοπʼ οὖτα κατʼ αὐχένα μέσσον ἄκοντι·","translation":"So he spoke and stabbed Dryops with his spear through the middle of the neck;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l455.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to οὖτα","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"Δρύοπ","lemma":"Δρύοψ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of οὖτα","gloss":"Dryops"},{"surface":"οὖτα","lemma":"οὐτάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stabbed"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through","note":"Apocopated preposition; “through the middle of the neck.”"},{"surface":"αὐχένα","lemma":"αὐχήν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατ̓","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"μέσσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αὐχένα","gloss":"middle"},{"surface":"ἄκοντι","lemma":"ἄκων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to οὖτα","gloss":"with spear"}]},{"number":456,"label":"456","id":"b20-l456","source":"ἤριπε δὲ προπάροιθε ποδῶν· ὃ δὲ τὸν μὲν ἔασε,","translation":"he fell before his feet. Achilles left him there,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l456.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤριπε","lemma":"ἐρείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he fell"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προπάροιθε","lemma":"προπάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ποδῶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to προπάροιθε","gloss":"his feet"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔασε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔασε","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":457,"label":"457","id":"b20-l457","source":"Δημοῦχον δὲ Φιλητορίδην ἠΰν τε μέγαν τε","translation":"but Demuchus, Philetor's son, noble and tall,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l457.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Δημοῦχον","lemma":"Δημοῦχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠρύκακε","gloss":"Demuchus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Φιλητορίδην","lemma":"Φιλητορίδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Δημοῦχον","gloss":"son of Philetor"},{"surface":"ἠΰν","lemma":"ἐύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"noble","note":"Epic adjective meaning “noble” or “good,” paired with “tall.”"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"tall"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":458,"label":"458","id":"b20-l458","source":"κὰγ γόνυ δουρὶ βαλὼν ἠρύκακε. τὸν μὲν ἔπειτα","translation":"he checked with a spear-cast to the knee; then","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l458.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κὰγ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at","note":"Assimilated, apocopated form of “down at,” governing “knee.”"},{"surface":"γόνυ","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κὰγ","gloss":"knee"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to βαλὼν","gloss":"with spear"},{"surface":"βαλὼν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠρύκακε","gloss":"having struck"},{"surface":"ἠρύκακε","lemma":"ἐρύκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"checked"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of οὐτάζων","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξαίνυτο","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":459,"label":"459","id":"b20-l459","source":"οὐτάζων ξίφεϊ μεγάλῳ ἐξαίνυτο θυμόν·","translation":"striking him with his great sword, he took away his life.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l459.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐτάζων","lemma":"οὐτάζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐξαίνυτο","gloss":"stabbing"},{"surface":"ξίφεϊ","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to οὐτάζων","gloss":"with sword"},{"surface":"μεγάλῳ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφεϊ","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἐξαίνυτο","lemma":"ἐξαίνυμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took away","note":"Middle voice: he stripped or took the life out of his victim."},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξαίνυτο","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":460,"label":"460","id":"b20-l460","source":"αὐτὰρ ὃ Λαόγονον καὶ Δάρδανον υἷε Βίαντος","translation":"Then upon Laogonus and Dardanus, the two sons of Bias,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l460.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὦσε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Λαόγονον","lemma":"Λαόγονος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Laogonus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Δάρδανον","lemma":"Δάρδανος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Dardanus"},{"surface":"υἷε","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"two sons"},{"surface":"Βίαντος","lemma":"Βίας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἷε","gloss":"of Bias"}]},{"number":461,"label":"461","id":"b20-l461","source":"ἄμφω ἐφορμηθεὶς ἐξ ἵππων ὦσε χαμᾶζε,","translation":"rushing at both, he hurled them from their chariot to the ground,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l461.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἄμφω","title":"Both sons together","body":"ἄμφω is the dual form ‘both,’ grouping the two sons of Bias as one pair. The next line then distinguishes the weapon Achilles uses against each brother."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄμφω","lemma":"ἄμφω","morphology":"accusative dual masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷε","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἐφορμηθεὶς","lemma":"ἐφορμάω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὦσε","gloss":"rushing upon","note":"Passive in form but intransitive in sense: “having rushed upon.”"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἵππων","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"ὦσε","lemma":"ὠθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"χαμᾶζε","lemma":"χαμᾶζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ὦσε","gloss":"to the ground"}]},{"number":462,"label":"462","id":"b20-l462","source":"τὸν μὲν δουρὶ βαλών, τὸν δὲ σχεδὸν ἄορι τύψας.","translation":"striking one with his spear and the other at close range with his sword.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l462.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βαλών","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to βαλών","gloss":"with spear"},{"surface":"βαλών","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"having struck"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τύψας","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τύψας","gloss":"close by"},{"surface":"ἄορι","lemma":"ἄορ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τύψας","gloss":"with sword"},{"surface":"τύψας","lemma":"τύπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"having struck"}]},{"number":463,"label":"463","id":"b20-l463","source":"Τρῶα δʼ Ἀλαστορίδην, ὃ μὲν ἀντίος ἤλυθε γούνων,","translation":"Tros, son of Alastor, came before Achilles' knees,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l463.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶα","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Tros"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἀλαστορίδην","lemma":"Ἀλαστορίδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Τρῶα","gloss":"son of Alastor"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἤλυθε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀντίος","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἤλυθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"γούνων","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀντίος","gloss":"knees"}]},{"number":464,"label":"464","id":"b20-l464","source":"εἴ πώς εὑ πεφίδοιτο λαβὼν καὶ ζωὸν ἀφείη","translation":"in hope that he might spare him, take him alive, and let him go,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l464.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἴ πώς εὑ πεφίδοιτο","title":"A desperate hope","body":"εἴ πως with the optative πεφίδοιτο expresses Tros’ uncertain hope: perhaps Achilles might spare him. The optative keeps the wished-for mercy remote, and the narrator immediately denies it."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πώς","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"εὑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πεφίδοιτο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πεφίδοιτο","lemma":"φείδομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"might spare","note":"Optative expresses Tros’s desperate hope that Achilles might spare him."},{"surface":"λαβὼν","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πεφίδοιτο","gloss":"having taken"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ζωὸν","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"ἀφείη","lemma":"ἀφίημι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"might release"}]},{"number":465,"label":"465","id":"b20-l465","source":"μηδὲ κατακτείνειεν ὁμηλικίην ἐλεήσας,","translation":"and not kill him, taking pity on one of his own age—","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l465.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κατακτείνειεν","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"might kill"},{"surface":"ὁμηλικίην","lemma":"ὁμηλικία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐλεήσας","gloss":"same age"},{"surface":"ἐλεήσας","lemma":"ἐλεέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κατακτείνειεν","gloss":"having pitied"}]},{"number":466,"label":"466","id":"b20-l466","source":"νήπιος, οὐδὲ τὸ ᾔδη ὃ οὐ πείσεσθαι ἔμελλεν·","translation":"fool, he did not know that Achilles was not going to be persuaded,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l466.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νήπιος","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ᾔδη","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ᾔδη","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he knew","note":"Pluperfect of a perfect-present verb: “he knew.”"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πείσεσθαι","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔμελλεν","gloss":"would be persuaded"},{"surface":"ἔμελλεν","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὃ","gloss":"was going"}]},{"number":467,"label":"467","id":"b20-l467","source":"οὐ γάρ τι γλυκύθυμος ἀνὴρ ἦν οὐδʼ ἀγανόφρων,","translation":"for he was not a sweet-hearted man, nor gentle-minded,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l467.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἦν","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"γλυκύθυμος","lemma":"γλυκύθυμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"gentle-hearted"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦν","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he was"},{"surface":"ἀγανόφρων","lemma":"ἀγανόφρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"gentle-minded"}]},{"number":468,"label":"468","id":"b20-l468","source":"ἀλλὰ μάλʼ ἐμμεμαώς· ὃ μὲν ἥπτετο χείρεσι γούνων","translation":"but fiercely intent. Tros gripped his knees with both hands,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l468.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἐμμεμαώς","lemma":"ἐμμεμαώς","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fiercely intent","note":"Perfect participle expresses a settled, intense eagerness for battle."},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἥπτετο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἥπτετο","lemma":"ἅπτω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"clung"},{"surface":"χείρεσι","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἥπτετο","gloss":"with both hands"},{"surface":"γούνων","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἥπτετο","gloss":"knees"}]},{"number":469,"label":"469","id":"b20-l469","source":"ἱέμενος λίσσεσθʼ, ὃ δὲ φασγάνῳ οὖτα καθʼ ἧπαρ·","translation":"eager to supplicate him, but Achilles stabbed his liver with the sword;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l469.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱέμενος","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἥπτετο","gloss":"eager","note":"Middle participle with infinitive: “eager to supplicate.”"},{"surface":"λίσσεσθ","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἱέμενος","gloss":"to supplicate"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of οὖτα","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"φασγάνῳ","lemma":"φάσγανον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to οὖτα","gloss":"with sword"},{"surface":"οὖτα","lemma":"οὐτάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stabbed"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ἧπαρ","lemma":"ἧπαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καθ̓","gloss":"liver"}]},{"number":470,"label":"470","id":"b20-l470","source":"ἐκ δέ οἱ ἧπαρ ὄλισθεν, ἀτὰρ μέλαν αἷμα κατʼ αὐτοῦ","translation":"his liver slipped out, and black blood down over him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l470.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out","note":"Preverb separated from “slipped,” emphasizing that the liver slipped out."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἧπαρ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ἧπαρ","lemma":"ἧπαρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ὄλισθεν","gloss":"liver"},{"surface":"ὄλισθεν","lemma":"ὀλισθάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slipped"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μέλαν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἷμα","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"αἷμα","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐνέπλησεν","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down over","note":"Tmesis with “filled” in the next line: the blood filled his lap down over him."},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κατ̓","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":471,"label":"471","id":"b20-l471","source":"κόλπον ἐνέπλησεν· τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψε","translation":"filled his lap; and darkness covered his eyes","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l471.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κόλπον","lemma":"κόλπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνέπλησεν","gloss":"lap"},{"surface":"ἐνέπλησεν","lemma":"ἐμπίπλημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κάλυψε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σκότος","lemma":"σκότος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κάλυψε","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσε","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"object of κάλυψε","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"κάλυψε","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"covered"}]},{"number":472,"label":"472","id":"b20-l472","source":"θυμοῦ δευόμενον· ὃ δὲ Μούλιον οὖτα παραστὰς","translation":"as his life failed. Achilles stood near Mulius and stabbed him","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l472.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θυμοῦ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of δευόμενον","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"δευόμενον","lemma":"δεύω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"failing","note":"Literally “lacking life,” describing Tros as his spirit fails."},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of οὖτα","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Μούλιον","lemma":"Μούλιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of οὖτα","gloss":"Mulius"},{"surface":"οὖτα","lemma":"οὐτάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stabbed"},{"surface":"παραστὰς","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to οὖτα","gloss":"standing beside"}]},{"number":473,"label":"473","id":"b20-l473","source":"δουρὶ κατʼ οὖς· εἶθαρ δὲ διʼ οὔατος ἦλθʼ ἑτέροιο","translation":"with his spear through the ear; at once through the other ear passed","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l473.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"διʼ οὔατος ἦλθʼ ἑτέροιο","title":"Through the other ear","body":"The phrase fixes the spear’s full path: it enters at one ear and the bronze point comes out through the other. The direction belongs to Mulius’ wound alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to οὖτα","gloss":"with spear"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"οὖς","lemma":"οὖς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατ̓","gloss":"ear"},{"surface":"εἶθαρ","lemma":"εἶθαρ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦλθ̓","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δι","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through","note":"Elided preposition: the spearpoint passed through the other ear."},{"surface":"οὔατος","lemma":"οὖς","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of δἰ","gloss":"ear"},{"surface":"ἦλθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"ἑτέροιο","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies οὔατος","gloss":"the other"}]},{"number":474,"label":"474","id":"b20-l474","source":"αἰχμὴ χαλκείη· ὃ δʼ Ἀγήνορος υἱὸν Ἔχεκλον","translation":"the bronze spearpoint. Then the son of Agenor, Echeclus—","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l474.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰχμὴ","lemma":"αἰχμή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθ̓","gloss":"spearpoint"},{"surface":"χαλκείη","lemma":"χάλκειος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἰχμὴ","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἤλασε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἀγήνορος","lemma":"Ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"of Agenor"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἔχεκλον","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Ἔχεκλον","lemma":"Ἔχεκλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἤλασε","gloss":"Echeclus"}]},{"number":475,"label":"475","id":"b20-l475","source":"μέσσην κὰκ κεφαλὴν ξίφει ἤλασε κωπήεντι,","translation":"Achilles struck him squarely on the head with his hilted sword;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l475.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μέσσην","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κεφαλὴν","gloss":"squarely"},{"surface":"κὰκ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on","note":"Apocopated preposition in the phrase “on the middle of the head.”"},{"surface":"κεφαλὴν","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κὰκ","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"ξίφει","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἤλασε","gloss":"with sword"},{"surface":"ἤλασε","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"κωπήεντι","lemma":"κωπήεις","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφει","gloss":"hilted"}]},{"number":476,"label":"476","id":"b20-l476","source":"πᾶν δʼ ὑπεθερμάνθη ξίφος αἵματι· τὸν δὲ κατʼ ὄσσε","translation":"the whole sword grew hot with blood; over his eyes","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l476.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφος","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπεθερμάνθη","lemma":"ὑποθερμαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grew hot"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ὑπεθερμάνθη","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"αἵματι","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπεθερμάνθη","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔλλαβε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"over","note":"Tmesis with “seized” in the next line: death seized him over the eyes."},{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσε","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἔλλαβε","gloss":"eyes"}]},{"number":477,"label":"477","id":"b20-l477","source":"ἔλλαβε πορφύρεος θάνατος καὶ μοῖρα κραταιή.","translation":"came purple death and mighty fate.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l477.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔλλαβε","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"πορφύρεος","lemma":"πορφύρεος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θάνατος","gloss":"purple","note":"“Purple death” is a Homeric formula evoking the dark blood and shadow of violent death."},{"surface":"θάνατος","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοῖρα","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"κραταιή","lemma":"κραταιός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μοῖρα","gloss":"mighty"}]},{"number":478,"label":"478","id":"b20-l478","source":"Δευκαλίωνα δʼ ἔπειθʼ, ἵνα τε ξυνέχουσι τένοντες","translation":"Then Deucalion, where the tendons of the elbow join,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l478.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἵνα τε ξυνέχουσι τένοντες","title":"The elbow tendons","body":"Homer locates the wound where the tendons hold the elbow together. The anatomical precision explains why Deucalion’s arm immediately hangs heavy and useless."}],"words":[{"surface":"Δευκαλίωνα","lemma":"Δευκαλίων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔπειρεν","gloss":"Deucalion"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπειθ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔπειρεν","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ξυνέχουσι","gloss":"where","note":"Introduces the precise point of the wound: where the elbow tendons join."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ξυνέχουσι","lemma":"συνόχωκα","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τῇ","gloss":"join"},{"surface":"τένοντες","lemma":"τένων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ξυνέχουσι","gloss":"tendons"}]},{"number":479,"label":"479","id":"b20-l479","source":"ἀγκῶνος, τῇ τόν γε φίλης διὰ χειρὸς ἔπειρεν","translation":"there through his dear arm Achilles pierced him","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l479.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγκῶνος","lemma":"ἀγκών","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τένοντες","gloss":"of the elbow"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"τῇ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔπειρεν","gloss":"there","note":"The adverb resumes the preceding “where”: “there,” at the elbow joint."},{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies Δευκαλίωνα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"φίλης","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χειρὸς","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"χειρὸς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to διὰ","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"ἔπειρεν","lemma":"πείρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pierced"}]},{"number":480,"label":"480","id":"b20-l480","source":"αἰχμῇ χαλκείῃ· ὃ δέ μιν μένε χεῖρα βαρυνθεὶς","translation":"with the bronze spearpoint; his arm weighed down, he awaited him,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l480.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰχμῇ","lemma":"αἰχμή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔπειρεν","gloss":"with spearpoint"},{"surface":"χαλκείῃ","lemma":"χάλκειος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἰχμῇ","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μένε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μένε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μένε","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"χεῖρα","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of βαρυνθεὶς","gloss":"arm"},{"surface":"βαρυνθεὶς","lemma":"βαρύνω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μένε","gloss":"weighed down","note":"Passive participle describes the wounded arm hanging heavy and useless."}]},{"number":481,"label":"481","id":"b20-l481","source":"πρόσθʼ ὁρόων θάνατον· ὃ δὲ φασγάνῳ αὐχένα θείνας","translation":"seeing death before him. Achilles struck his neck with the sword","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l481.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρόσθ","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὁρόων","gloss":"before him"},{"surface":"ὁρόων","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μένε","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"θάνατον","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὁρόων","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βάλε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φασγάνῳ","lemma":"φάσγανον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to θείνας","gloss":"with sword"},{"surface":"αὐχένα","lemma":"αὐχήν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of θείνας","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"θείνας","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"having struck"}]},{"number":482,"label":"482","id":"b20-l482","source":"τῆλʼ αὐτῇ πήληκι κάρη βάλε· μυελὸς αὖτε","translation":"and sent the head far off, helmet and all; the marrow","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l482.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"τῆλʼ αὐτῇ πήληκι κάρη βάλε","title":"Head and helmet together","body":"The adverb τῆλε marks how far the blow sends Deucalion’s head, while αὐτῇ πήληκι specifies that the helmet remains on it. The sword, not the spear, delivers this final stroke."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῆλ","lemma":"τῆλε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"αὐτῇ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"together with","note":"Dative of accompaniment: the head flew off together with the helmet."},{"surface":"πήληκι","lemma":"πήληξ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"helmet"},{"surface":"κάρη","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"μυελὸς","lemma":"μυελός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔκπαλθ̓","gloss":"marrow"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"}]},{"number":483,"label":"483","id":"b20-l483","source":"σφονδυλίων ἔκπαλθʼ, ὃ δʼ ἐπὶ χθονὶ κεῖτο τανυσθείς.","translation":"sprang from the vertebrae, and he lay stretched upon the ground.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l483.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σφονδυλίων","lemma":"σφονδύλιος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔκπαλθ̓","gloss":"from vertebrae"},{"surface":"ἔκπαλθ","lemma":"ἐκπάλλω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprang out","note":"Aorist passive in form but intransitive in meaning: the marrow “sprang out.”"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κεῖτο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"χθονὶ","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"κεῖτο","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"τανυσθείς","lemma":"τανύω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κεῖτο","gloss":"stretched out"}]},{"number":484,"label":"484","id":"b20-l484","source":"αὐτὰρ ὃ βῆ ῥʼ ἰέναι μετʼ ἀμύμονα Πείρεω υἱὸν","translation":"Then Achilles went after the blameless son of Peires,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l484.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βῆ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went","note":"The finite verb plus infinitive is an epic idiom meaning “set out, went.”"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἰέναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονα","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ῥίγμον","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"Πείρεω","lemma":"Πείροος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"of Peires"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ῥίγμον","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":485,"label":"485","id":"b20-l485","source":"Ῥίγμον, ὃς ἐκ Θρῄκης ἐριβώλακος εἰληλούθει·","translation":"Rhigmus, who had come from Thrace of the rich soil.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l485.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ῥίγμον","lemma":"Ῥίγμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"Rhigmus"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰληλούθει","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Θρῄκης","lemma":"Θρᾴκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"Thrace"},{"surface":"ἐριβώλακος","lemma":"ἐριβῶλαξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Θρῄκης","gloss":"rich-soiled"},{"surface":"εἰληλούθει","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ῥίγμον","gloss":"had come","note":"Pluperfect marks Rhigmus’s prior arrival from Thrace."}]},{"number":486,"label":"486","id":"b20-l486","source":"τὸν βάλε μέσσον ἄκοντι, πάγη δʼ ἐν νηδύϊ χαλκός,","translation":"He struck him through the middle with his spear, and the bronze fixed in his belly;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l486.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"μέσσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"through the middle","note":"Adverbial neuter: Achilles struck him through his middle."},{"surface":"ἄκοντι","lemma":"ἄκων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"with spear"},{"surface":"πάγη","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was fixed","note":"Passive aorist emphasizes the bronze point becoming lodged in his belly."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νηδύϊ","lemma":"νηδύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"χαλκός","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πάγη","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":487,"label":"487","id":"b20-l487","source":"ἤριπε δʼ ἐξ ὀχέων· ὃ δʼ Ἀρηΐθοον θεράποντα","translation":"he fell from the chariot. Then Areithous, his attendant,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l487.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤριπε","lemma":"ἐρείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he fell"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὀχέων","lemma":"ὄχος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξ","gloss":"chariot"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἀρηΐθοον","lemma":"Ἀρηίθοος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of νύξ̓","gloss":"Areithous","note":"The name is proleptic object of “stabbed” in the following line."},{"surface":"θεράποντα","lemma":"θεράπων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀρηΐθοον","gloss":"attendant"}]},{"number":488,"label":"488","id":"b20-l488","source":"ἂψ ἵππους στρέψαντα μετάφρενον ὀξέϊ δουρὶ","translation":"as he turned the horses back, Achilles stabbed in the back with his sharp spear","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l488.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στρέψαντα","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of στρέψαντα","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"στρέψαντα","lemma":"στρέφω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"having turned","note":"Accusative participle agrees with Areithous: Achilles strikes him as he turns the horses."},{"surface":"μετάφρενον","lemma":"μετάφρενον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of νύξ̓","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ὀξέϊ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δουρὶ","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to νύξ̓","gloss":"with spear"}]},{"number":489,"label":"489","id":"b20-l489","source":"νύξʼ, ἀπὸ δʼ ἅρματος ὦσε· κυκήθησαν δέ οἱ ἵπποι.","translation":"and thrust him from the chariot; the horses were thrown into confusion.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l489.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νύξ","lemma":"νύσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stabbed","note":"Its final vowel is elided before the following word."},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅρματος","lemma":"ἅρμα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"chariot"},{"surface":"ὦσε","lemma":"ὠθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"thrust"},{"surface":"κυκήθησαν","lemma":"κυκάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were thrown into confusion"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἵπποι","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of κυκήθησαν","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":490,"label":"490","id":"b20-l490","source":"ὡς δʼ ἀναμαιμάει βαθέʼ ἄγκεα θεσπιδαὲς πῦρ","translation":"As a wondrous blaze rages through the deep valleys","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l490.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀναμαιμάει","lemma":"ἀναμαιμάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"rages"},{"surface":"βαθέ","lemma":"βαθύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄγκεα","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"ἄγκεα","lemma":"ἄγκος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀναμαιμάει","gloss":"valleys"},{"surface":"θεσπιδαὲς","lemma":"θεσπιδαής","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πῦρ","gloss":"wondrous-blazing","note":"A compact epic compound for fire blazing with uncanny or divine force."},{"surface":"πῦρ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἀναμαιμάει","gloss":"fire"}]},{"number":491,"label":"491","id":"b20-l491","source":"οὔρεος ἀζαλέοιο, βαθεῖα δὲ καίεται ὕλη,","translation":"of a parched mountain, and the deep forest burns,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l491.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔρεος","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἄγκεα","gloss":"of a mountain"},{"surface":"ἀζαλέοιο","lemma":"ἀζαλέος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies οὔρεος","gloss":"parched"},{"surface":"βαθεῖα","lemma":"βαθύς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὕλη","gloss":"deep"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καίεται","lemma":"καίω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"burns"},{"surface":"ὕλη","lemma":"ὕλη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καίεται","gloss":"forest"}]},{"number":492,"label":"492","id":"b20-l492","source":"πάντῃ τε κλονέων ἄνεμος φλόγα εἰλυφάζει,","translation":"and the wind, wheeling everywhere, twists the flame,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l492.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντῃ","lemma":"πάντῃ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰλυφάζει","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κλονέων","lemma":"κλονέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἰλυφάζει","gloss":"whirling"},{"surface":"ἄνεμος","lemma":"ἄνεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἰλυφάζει","gloss":"wind"},{"surface":"φλόγα","lemma":"φλόξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰλυφάζει","gloss":"flame"},{"surface":"εἰλυφάζει","lemma":"εἰλυφάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"twists"}]},{"number":493,"label":"493","id":"b20-l493","source":"ὣς ὅ γε πάντῃ θῦνε σὺν ἔγχεϊ δαίμονι ἶσος","translation":"so he rushed everywhere with his spear, equal to a god,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l493.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θῦνε","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of θῦνε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάντῃ","lemma":"πάντῃ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θῦνε","gloss":"everywhere"},{"surface":"θῦνε","lemma":"θύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἔγχεϊ","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"δαίμονι","lemma":"δαίμων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἶσος","gloss":"a god","note":"“Equal to a god” is a formula for a warrior’s superhuman battle fury."},{"surface":"ἶσος","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"equal to"}]},{"number":494,"label":"494","id":"b20-l494","source":"κτεινομένους ἐφέπων· ῥέε δʼ αἵματι γαῖα μέλαινα.","translation":"pursuing those he killed; the black earth ran with blood.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l494.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτεινομένους","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"object of ἐφέπων","gloss":"those being killed","note":"Middle-passive form is contextually passive: the men being killed by Achilles."},{"surface":"ἐφέπων","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θῦνε","gloss":"pursuing"},{"surface":"ῥέε","lemma":"ῥέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἵματι","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ῥέε","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"γαῖα","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ῥέε","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"μέλαινα","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖα","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":495,"label":"495","id":"b20-l495","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτε τις ζεύξῃ βόας ἄρσενας εὐρυμετώπους","translation":"And as when a man yokes broad-browed oxen","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l495.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"as","note":"Opens the extended simile comparing Achilles’s horses to threshing oxen."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ζεύξῃ","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ζεύξῃ","lemma":"ζεύγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"yokes"},{"surface":"βόας","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ζεύξῃ","gloss":"oxen"},{"surface":"ἄρσενας","lemma":"ἄρσην","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βόας","gloss":"male"},{"surface":"εὐρυμετώπους","lemma":"εὐρυμέτωπος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βόας","gloss":"broad-browed"}]},{"number":496,"label":"496","id":"b20-l496","source":"τριβέμεναι κρῖ λευκὸν ἐϋκτιμένῃ ἐν ἀλωῇ,","translation":"to tread white barley on a well-built threshing floor,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l496.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τριβέμεναι","lemma":"τρίβω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ζεύξῃ","gloss":"to tread","note":"Epic infinitive ending; it expresses the purpose for which the oxen are yoked."},{"surface":"κρῖ","lemma":"κρῖ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τριβέμεναι","gloss":"barley"},{"surface":"λευκὸν","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρῖ","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"ἐϋκτιμένῃ","lemma":"ἐυκτίμενος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλωῇ","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"ἀλωῇ","lemma":"ἀλωή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"threshing floor"}]},{"number":497,"label":"497","id":"b20-l497","source":"ῥίμφά τε λέπτʼ ἐγένοντο βοῶν ὑπὸ πόσσʼ ἐριμύκων,","translation":"and swiftly the grain grows fine beneath the feet of the loud-lowing oxen,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l497.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥίμφά","lemma":"ῥίμφα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐγένοντο","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λέπτ","lemma":"λεπτός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fine","note":"Neuter plural predicate adjective; the understood barley grains become fine."},{"surface":"ἐγένοντο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πόσσ̓","gloss":"of oxen"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"πόσσ","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὸ","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"ἐριμύκων","lemma":"ἐρίμυκος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βοῶν","gloss":"loud-lowing"}]},{"number":498,"label":"498","id":"b20-l498","source":"ὣς ὑπʼ Ἀχιλλῆος μεγαθύμου μώνυχες ἵπποι","translation":"so beneath great-hearted Achilles his single-hoofed horses","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l498.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στεῖβον","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπ̓","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"μεγαθύμου","lemma":"μεγάθυμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλῆος","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"μώνυχες","lemma":"μῶνυξ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"single-hoofed","note":"Epic epithet literally “single-hoofed,” describing solid-hoofed horses."},{"surface":"ἵπποι","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of στεῖβον","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":499,"label":"499","id":"b20-l499","source":"στεῖβον ὁμοῦ νέκυάς τε καὶ ἀσπίδας· αἵματι δʼ ἄξων","translation":"trampled corpses and shields together; with blood the axle","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l499.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στεῖβον","lemma":"στείβω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"trampled"},{"surface":"ὁμοῦ","lemma":"ὁμοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στεῖβον","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"νέκυάς","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"corpses"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδας","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shields"},{"surface":"αἵματι","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πεπάλακτο","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄξων","lemma":"ἄξων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"axle"}]},{"number":500,"label":"500","id":"b20-l500","source":"νέρθεν ἅπας πεπάλακτο καὶ ἄντυγες αἳ περὶ δίφρον,","translation":"beneath was wholly spattered, and the rails around the chariot,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l500.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νέρθεν","lemma":"ἔνερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πεπάλακτο","gloss":"underneath"},{"surface":"ἅπας","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄξων","gloss":"entire"},{"surface":"πεπάλακτο","lemma":"παλάσσω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had been spattered","note":"Pluperfect middle-passive presents the axle as already thoroughly blood-spattered."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄντυγες","lemma":"ἄντυξ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"chariot rails"},{"surface":"αἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δίφρον","lemma":"δίφρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"chariot"}]},{"number":501,"label":"501","id":"b20-l501","source":"ἃς ἄρʼ ἀφʼ ἱππείων ὁπλέων ῥαθάμιγγες ἔβαλλον","translation":"struck by droplets flung from the horses' hooves","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l501.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔβαλλον","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀφ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἱππείων","lemma":"ἵππειος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὁπλέων","gloss":"horses’"},{"surface":"ὁπλέων","lemma":"ὁπλή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀφ̓","gloss":"hooves"},{"surface":"ῥαθάμιγγες","lemma":"ῥαθάμιγξ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of τ̓","gloss":"droplets","note":"Rare poetic noun for drops or splashes of liquid."},{"surface":"ἔβαλλον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄντυγες","gloss":"struck"}]},{"number":502,"label":"502","id":"b20-l502","source":"αἵ τʼ ἀπʼ ἐπισσώτρων· ὃ δὲ ἵετο κῦδος ἀρέσθαι","translation":"and from the wheel-rims; but he was eager to win glory,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l502.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of τ̓","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἐπισσώτρων","lemma":"ἐπίσωτρον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἀπ̓","gloss":"wheel-rims"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies Πηλεΐδης","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἵετο","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was eager","note":"Middle of “send” used idiomatically for eager striving or yearning."},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀρέσθαι","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ἀρέσθαι","lemma":"αἴρω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἵετο","gloss":"to win","note":"Aorist middle infinitive: literally “to take up,” hence win glory for oneself."}]},{"number":503,"label":"503","id":"b20-l503","source":"Πηλεΐδης, λύθρῳ δὲ παλάσσετο χεῖρας ἀάπτους.","translation":"the son of Peleus, spattering his irresistible hands with gore.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b20-l503.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"χεῖρας ἀάπτους","title":"Irresistible hands","body":"ἀάπτους χεῖρας is the poem’s locked formula for hands that cannot be checked or mastered. Book 20 closes by staining Achilles’ overwhelming hands with the gore of his own charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλεΐδης","lemma":"Πηλείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἵετο","gloss":"son of Peleus"},{"surface":"λύθρῳ","lemma":"λύθρον","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of παλάσσετο","gloss":"with gore"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παλάσσετο","lemma":"παλάσσω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was spattering","note":"Middle voice emphasizes Achilles getting gore over his own hands."},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of παλάσσετο","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἀάπτους","lemma":"ἄαπτος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χεῖρας","gloss":"irresistible","note":"Epic epithet meaning not to be touched, checked, or resisted."}]}]}