{"work":{"slug":"iliad","title":{"source":"Ἰλιάς","translated":"The Iliad"},"author":"Homer","language":"Ancient Greek","languageCode":"grc","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad"},"unit":{"kind":"book","number":22,"id":"book-22","title":{"source":"Ἰλιάδος Χ","translated":"Book 22 — The Death of Hector"},"section":"The Ransom of Hector","summary":"Hector waits for Achilles outside the gate, runs, and turns. Achilles kills him and drags the body behind his chariot.","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/22","lines":515},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/21","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/23","license":"Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original line-aligned draft, pending editorial review. Word-by-word morphology and syntax derived from the Perseus Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank (CC BY-SA 3.0); English glosses and notes © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b22-l1","source":"ὣς οἳ μὲν κατὰ ἄστυ πεφυζότες ἠΰτε νεβροὶ","translation":"Thus they, having fled throughout the city like fawns,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πεφυζότες","title":"Perfect participle","body":"The perfect participle presents the Trojans as remaining in the state of having fled."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"πεφυζότες","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"having fled"},{"surface":"ἠΰτε","lemma":"ἠύτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"νεβροὶ","lemma":"νεβρός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"fawns"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b22-l2","source":"ἱδρῶ ἀπεψύχοντο πίον τʼ ἀκέοντό τε δίψαν","translation":"were cooling their sweat; they drank and quenched their thirst,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱδρῶ","lemma":"ἱδρώς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπεψύχοντο","gloss":"sweat"},{"surface":"ἀπεψύχοντο","lemma":"ἀποψύχω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were cooling off"},{"surface":"πίον","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drank"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀκέοντό","lemma":"ἀκέομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were quenching"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δίψαν","lemma":"δίψα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀκέοντό","gloss":"thirst"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b22-l3","source":"κεκλιμένοι καλῇσιν ἐπάλξεσιν· αὐτὰρ Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"as they leaned against the fair battlements; meanwhile the Achaeans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l3.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κεκλιμένοι","title":"Middle participle","body":"This perfect middle participle describes the Trojans leaning or resting themselves against the battlements."}],"words":[{"surface":"κεκλιμένοι","lemma":"κλίνω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"leaning"},{"surface":"καλῇσιν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐπάλξεσιν","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"ἐπάλξεσιν","lemma":"ἔπαλξις","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of κεκλιμένοι","gloss":"battlements"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἴσαν","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b22-l4","source":"τείχεος ἆσσον ἴσαν σάκεʼ ὤμοισι κλίναντες.","translation":"advanced nearer the wall, their shields inclined upon their shoulders.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τείχεος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἆσσον","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ἆσσον","lemma":"ἆσσον","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"ἴσαν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"advanced"},{"surface":"σάκε","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κλίναντες","gloss":"shields"},{"surface":"ὤμοισι","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κλίναντες","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"κλίναντες","lemma":"κλίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἴσαν","gloss":"having inclined"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b22-l5","source":"Ἕκτορα δʼ αὐτοῦ μεῖναι ὀλοιὴ μοῖρα πέδησεν","translation":"But deadly fate bound Hector to remain there","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πέδησεν","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μεῖναι","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μεῖναι","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of πέδησεν","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"ὀλοιὴ","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μοῖρα","gloss":"deadly"},{"surface":"μοῖρα","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πέδησεν","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"πέδησεν","lemma":"πεδάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bound"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b22-l6","source":"Ἰλίου προπάροιθε πυλάων τε Σκαιάων.","translation":"before Ilion and the Scaean Gates.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἰλίου","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Ilion"},{"surface":"προπάροιθε","lemma":"προπάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"πυλάων","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Σκαιάων","lemma":"Σκαιαί","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies πυλάων","gloss":"Scaean"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b22-l7","source":"αὐτὰρ Πηλείωνα προσηύδα Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων·","translation":"Then Phoebus Apollo addressed Achilles:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Πηλείωνα","lemma":"Πηλείων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"son of Peleus"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"Φοῖβος","lemma":"Φοῖβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσηύδα","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b22-l8","source":"τίπτέ με Πηλέος υἱὲ ποσὶν ταχέεσσι διώκεις","translation":"\"Why, son of Peleus, do you pursue me with your swift feet,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Πηλέος υἱὲ","title":"Direct address","body":"The noun for “son” is vocative because Apollo is addressing Achilles directly; the genitive identifies his father."}],"words":[{"surface":"τίπτέ","lemma":"τίπτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διώκεις","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Πηλέος","lemma":"Πηλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὲ","gloss":"of Peleus"},{"surface":"υἱὲ","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ποσὶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to διώκεις","gloss":"with feet"},{"surface":"ταχέεσσι","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποσὶν","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"διώκεις","lemma":"διώκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you pursue"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b22-l9","source":"αὐτὸς θνητὸς ἐὼν θεὸν ἄμβροτον; οὐδέ νύ πώ με","translation":"mortal though you are, an immortal god? Have you not yet","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l9.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"αὐτὸς θνητὸς ἐὼν","title":"Concessive participle","body":"The participle means “being mortal,” while the context gives it the concessive force “mortal though you are.”"}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"θνητὸς","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to διώκεις","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"θεὸν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"ἄμβροτον","lemma":"ἄμβροτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεὸν","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἔγνως","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔγνως","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b22-l10","source":"ἔγνως ὡς θεός εἰμι, σὺ δʼ ἀσπερχὲς μενεαίνεις.","translation":"recognized that I am a god? Yet you rage without respite.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀσπερχὲς","title":"Without respite","body":"The adverb conveys relentless, unremitting intensity in Achilles' anger and pursuit."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγνως","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have you recognized"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"θεός","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"εἰμι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of ὡς","gloss":"I am"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μενεαίνεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ἀσπερχὲς","lemma":"ἀσπερχές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μενεαίνεις","gloss":"relentlessly"},{"surface":"μενεαίνεις","lemma":"μενεαίνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rage"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b22-l11","source":"ἦ νύ τοι οὔ τι μέλει Τρώων πόνος, οὓς ἐφόβησας,","translation":"Do you care nothing for the suffering of the Trojans, whom you routed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l11.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"οὓς ἐφόβησας","title":"Aorist action","body":"The relative clause refers to the Trojans whom Achilles has already driven into flight."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μέλει","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to μέλει","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"μέλει","lemma":"μέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πόνος","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"πόνος","lemma":"πόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μέλει","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"οὓς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐφόβησας","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ἐφόβησας","lemma":"φοβέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Τρώων","gloss":"you routed"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b22-l12","source":"οἳ δή τοι εἰς ἄστυ ἄλεν, σὺ δὲ δεῦρο λιάσθης.","translation":"and who have now crowded into the city, while you have turned aside here?","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἄλεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"ἄλεν","lemma":"εἴλω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"were crowded"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of λιάσθης","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"δεῦρο","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of λιάσθης","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"λιάσθης","lemma":"λιάζομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"turned aside"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b22-l13","source":"οὐ μέν με κτενέεις, ἐπεὶ οὔ τοι μόρσιμός εἰμι.","translation":"You will not kill me, since I am not destined to die by you.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κτενέεις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κτενέεις","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will you kill"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μόρσιμός","lemma":"μόρσιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fated"},{"surface":"εἰμι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"I am"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b22-l14","source":"τὸν δὲ μέγʼ ὀχθήσας προσέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς·","translation":"Greatly troubled, swift-footed Achilles answered him:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l14.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς","title":"Traditional epithet","body":"The fixed description “swift-footed Achilles” identifies the hero through a characteristic Homeric epithet."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὀχθήσας","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"ὀχθήσας","lemma":"ὀχθέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"deeply troubled"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὠκὺς","gloss":"in feet"},{"surface":"ὠκὺς","lemma":"ὠκύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεύς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b22-l15","source":"ἔβλαψάς μʼ ἑκάεργε θεῶν ὀλοώτατε πάντων","translation":"\"You have harmed me, far-worker, most ruinous of all the gods,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔβλαψάς","lemma":"βλάπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you harmed"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔβλαψάς","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἑκάεργε","lemma":"Ἑκάεργος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"far-worker"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὀλοώτατε","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"ὀλοώτατε","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"vocative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"modifies ἑκάεργε","gloss":"most ruinous"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεῶν","gloss":"of all"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b22-l16","source":"ἐνθάδε νῦν τρέψας ἀπὸ τείχεος· ἦ κʼ ἔτι πολλοὶ","translation":"turning me here away from the wall; otherwise many more","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐνθάδε","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of τρέψας","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τρέψας","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"τρέψας","lemma":"τρέπω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔβλαψάς","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"away from"},{"surface":"τείχεος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἷλον","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of εἷλον","gloss":"many"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b22-l17","source":"γαῖαν ὀδὰξ εἷλον πρὶν Ἴλιον εἰσαφικέσθαι.","translation":"would have bitten the earth before they reached Troy.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l17.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἷλον","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"ὀδὰξ","lemma":"ὀδάξ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἷλον","gloss":"with their teeth"},{"surface":"εἷλον","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would have bitten"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Ἴλιον","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰσαφικέσθαι","gloss":"Ilion"},{"surface":"εἰσαφικέσθαι","lemma":"εἰσαφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρὶν","gloss":"reaching"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b22-l18","source":"νῦν δʼ ἐμὲ μὲν μέγα κῦδος ἀφείλεο, τοὺς δὲ σάωσας","translation":"Now you have robbed me of great glory and saved them","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀφείλεο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀφείλεο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῦδος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀφείλεο","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ἀφείλεο","lemma":"ἀφαιρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you robbed"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of σάωσας","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σάωσας","lemma":"σώζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you saved"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b22-l19","source":"ῥηϊδίως, ἐπεὶ οὔ τι τίσιν γʼ ἔδεισας ὀπίσσω.","translation":"with ease, because you feared no vengeance afterward.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥηϊδίως","lemma":"ῥᾴδιος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σάωσας","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔδεισας","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"τίσιν","lemma":"τίσις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔδεισας","gloss":"vengeance"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"ἔδεισας","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"you feared"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔδεισας","gloss":"afterward"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b22-l20","source":"ἦ σʼ ἂν τισαίμην, εἴ μοι δύναμίς γε παρείη.","translation":"I would indeed punish you, if the power were mine.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l20.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἴ μοι δύναμίς γε παρείη","title":"Potential condition","body":"The optative in the protasis, paired with ἄν and an optative in the apodosis, presents a remote hypothetical possibility; the context makes clear that Achilles lacks the power to punish a god."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τισαίμην","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"τισαίμην","lemma":"τίνω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I punish"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of παρείη","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"δύναμίς","lemma":"δύναμις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of παρείη","gloss":"power"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"παρείη","lemma":"πάρειμι","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"were available"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b22-l21","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν προτὶ ἄστυ μέγα φρονέων ἐβεβήκει,","translation":"So speaking, he strode toward the city, his heart set on great deeds,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l21.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐβεβήκει","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"προτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προτὶ","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to φρονέων","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"φρονέων","lemma":"φρονέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐβεβήκει","gloss":"intending"},{"surface":"ἐβεβήκει","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he strode"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b22-l22","source":"σευάμενος ὥς θʼ ἵππος ἀεθλοφόρος σὺν ὄχεσφιν,","translation":"rushing like a prize-winning horse with its chariot,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l22.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὥς θʼ ἵππος ἀεθλοφόρος","title":"Heroic comparison","body":"Achilles' charge is compared to the easy, full-striding run of a prize-winning horse together with its chariot."}],"words":[{"surface":"σευάμενος","lemma":"σεύω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐβεβήκει","gloss":"rushing"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἵππος","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"horse"},{"surface":"ἀεθλοφόρος","lemma":"ἀθλοφόρος","morphology":"nominative singular 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θέῃσι","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"θέῃσι","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἵππος","gloss":"runs"},{"surface":"τιταινόμενος","lemma":"τιταίνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θέῃσι","gloss":"stretching out"},{"surface":"πεδίοιο","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τιταινόμενος","gloss":"across the plain"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b22-l24","source":"ὣς Ἀχιλεὺς λαιψηρὰ πόδας καὶ γούνατʼ ἐνώμα.","translation":"so Achilles swiftly drove his feet and knees onward.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐνώμα","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐνώμα","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"λαιψηρὰ","lemma":"λαιψηρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐνώμα","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γούνατ","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"ἐνώμα","lemma":"νωμάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove onward"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b22-l25","source":"τὸν δʼ ὃ γέρων Πρίαμος πρῶτος ἴδεν ὀφθαλμοῖσι","translation":"Aged Priam was the first to see him with his eyes,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l25.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of 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πεδίοιο,","translation":"blazing as he swept across the plain like the star","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l26.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παμφαίνονθ","lemma":"παμφαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"blazing brightly"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀστέρ","lemma":"ἀστήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"star"},{"surface":"ἐπεσσύμενον","lemma":"ἐπισεύω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"sweeping onward"},{"surface":"πεδίοιο","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπεσσύμενον","gloss":"across the plain"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b22-l27","source":"ὅς ῥά τʼ ὀπώρης εἶσιν, ἀρίζηλοι δέ οἱ αὐγαὶ","translation":"that rises in late summer, whose radiant beams","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l27.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἶσιν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"typically"},{"surface":"ὀπώρης","lemma":"ὀπώρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to εἶσιν","gloss":"in late summer"},{"surface":"εἶσιν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"rises"},{"surface":"ἀρίζηλοι","lemma":"ἀρίζηλος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies αὐγαὶ","gloss":"conspicuous"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies αὐγαὶ","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"αὐγαὶ","lemma":"αὐγή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of φαίνονται","gloss":"rays"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b22-l28","source":"φαίνονται πολλοῖσι μετʼ ἀστράσι νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ,","translation":"shine conspicuous among the many stars in the dead of night,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l28.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φαίνονται","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"shine"},{"surface":"πολλοῖσι","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀστράσι","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀστράσι","lemma":"ἀστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετ̓","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"νυκτὸς","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀμολγῷ","gloss":"of night"},{"surface":"ἀμολγῷ","lemma":"ἀμολγός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to φαίνονται","gloss":"in the depths"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b22-l29","source":"ὅν τε κύνʼ Ὠρίωνος ἐπίκλησιν καλέουσι.","translation":"the star that men call Orion's Dog.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l29.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καλέουσι","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating 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adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"brightest"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστί","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"ἐστί","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σῆμα","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"typically"},{"surface":"σῆμα","lemma":"σῆμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"τέτυκται","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has become"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b22-l31","source":"καί τε φέρει πολλὸν πυρετὸν δειλοῖσι βροτοῖσιν·","translation":"and brings consuming fever upon wretched mortals.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l31.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"typically"},{"surface":"φέρει","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"brings"},{"surface":"πολλὸν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πυρετὸν","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"πυρετὸν","lemma":"πυρετός","morphology":"accusative singular 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armor"},{"surface":"ἔλαμπε","lemma":"λάμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"στήθεσσι","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"θέοντος","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as he ran"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b22-l33","source":"ᾤμωξεν δʼ ὃ γέρων, κεφαλὴν δʼ ὅ γε κόψατο χερσὶν","translation":"The old man groaned and struck his head with his hands;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l33.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ᾤμωξεν","lemma":"οἰμώζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"groaned"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ᾤμωξεν","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"κεφαλὴν","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κόψατο","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κόψατο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"κόψατο","lemma":"κόπτω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κόψατο","gloss":"with his hands"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b22-l34","source":"ὑψόσʼ ἀνασχόμενος, μέγα δʼ οἰμώξας ἐγεγώνει","translation":"raising them high, he groaned aloud and cried out,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l34.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑψόσ","lemma":"ὑψόσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀνασχόμενος","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"ἀνασχόμενος","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κόψατο","gloss":"raising"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to οἰμώξας","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἰμώξας","lemma":"οἰμώζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐγεγώνει","gloss":"having groaned"},{"surface":"ἐγεγώνει","lemma":"γέγωνα","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he cried out"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b22-l35","source":"λισσόμενος φίλον υἱόν· ὃ δὲ προπάροιθε πυλάων","translation":"imploring his dear son; but Hector before the gates","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l35.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λισσόμενος","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐγεγώνει","gloss":"imploring"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱόν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"υἱόν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λισσόμενος","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἑστήκει","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"προπάροιθε","lemma":"προπάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"πυλάων","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to προπάροιθε","gloss":"gates"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b22-l36","source":"ἑστήκει ἄμοτον μεμαὼς Ἀχιλῆϊ μάχεσθαι·","translation":"stood fast, fiercely resolved to fight Achilles.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l36.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἑστήκει","title":"Past state","body":"The pluperfect form means that Hector had taken his stand and remained standing there."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἑστήκει","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood fast"},{"surface":"ἄμοτον","lemma":"ἄμοτον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μεμαὼς","gloss":"fiercely"},{"surface":"μεμαὼς","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἑστήκει","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆϊ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μάχεσθαι","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of μεμαὼς","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b22-l37","source":"τὸν δʼ ὃ γέρων ἐλεεινὰ προσηύδα χεῖρας ὀρεγνύς·","translation":"The old man addressed him pitifully, stretching out his hands:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l37.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσηύδα","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"ἐλεεινὰ","lemma":"ἐλεεινός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"pitifully"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὀρεγνύς","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ὀρεγνύς","lemma":"ὀρέγνυμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"stretching out"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b22-l38","source":"Ἕκτορ μή μοι μίμνε φίλον τέκος ἀνέρα τοῦτον","translation":"\"Hector, my dear child, do not await this man","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l38.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μή μοι μίμνε","title":"Negative command","body":"The present imperative with the negative particle urges Hector not to continue waiting where he stands."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies τέκος","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"μίμνε","lemma":"μίμνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"await"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκος","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τέκος","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ἀνέρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μίμνε","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"τοῦτον","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέρα","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b22-l39","source":"οἶος ἄνευθʼ ἄλλων, ἵνα μὴ τάχα πότμον ἐπίσπῃς","translation":"alone and apart from the others, lest you swiftly meet your doom,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l39.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἄνευθ","lemma":"ἄνευθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"apart from"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἄνευθ̓","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τάχα","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπίσπῃς","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπίσπῃς","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"ἐπίσπῃς","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"you meet"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b22-l40","source":"Πηλεΐωνι δαμείς, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτερός ἐστι","translation":"slain by Achilles, since he is far stronger,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l40.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνι","lemma":"Πηλείων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δαμείς","gloss":"by Achilles"},{"surface":"δαμείς","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπίσπῃς","gloss":"slain"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to φέρτερός","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"φέρτερός","lemma":"φέρτατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"ἐστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"he is"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b22-l41","source":"σχέτλιος· αἴθε θεοῖσι φίλος τοσσόνδε γένοιτο","translation":"the ruthless man. If only he were as hateful to the gods","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σχέτλιος","lemma":"σχέτλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"ruthless"},{"surface":"αἴθε","lemma":"εἴθε","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"θεοῖσι","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to γένοιτο","gloss":"to the gods"},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τοσσόνδε","lemma":"τοσόσδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to γένοιτο","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"γένοιτο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he were"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b22-l42","source":"ὅσσον ἐμοί· τάχα κέν ἑ κύνες καὶ γῦπες ἔδοιεν","translation":"as he is to me; then dogs and vultures would soon devour him","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l42.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσον","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as much as"},{"surface":"ἐμοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"τάχα","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔδοιεν","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔδοιεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"κύνες","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γῦπες","lemma":"γύψ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"vultures"},{"surface":"ἔδοιεν","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"devour"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b22-l43","source":"κείμενον· ἦ κέ μοι αἰνὸν ἀπὸ πραπίδων ἄχος ἔλθοι·","translation":"where he lay, and bitter anguish would depart from my heart.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l43.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείμενον","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"lying dead"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies πραπίδων","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"αἰνὸν","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄχος","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πραπίδων","lemma":"πραπίδες","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἄχος","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔλθοι","gloss":"anguish"},{"surface":"ἔλθοι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"depart"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b22-l44","source":"ὅς μʼ υἱῶν πολλῶν τε καὶ ἐσθλῶν εὖνιν ἔθηκε","translation":"He has left me bereft of many brave sons,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l44.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔθηκε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔθηκε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"υἱῶν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of εὖνιν","gloss":"of sons"},{"surface":"πολλῶν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐσθλῶν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"εὖνιν","lemma":"εὖνις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of ἔθηκε","gloss":"bereft"},{"surface":"ἔθηκε","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"made"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b22-l45","source":"κτείνων καὶ περνὰς νήσων ἔπι τηλεδαπάων.","translation":"killing them or selling them upon distant islands.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l45.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτείνων","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"killing"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"περνὰς","lemma":"πέρνημι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"selling"},{"surface":"νήσων","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔπι","gloss":"islands"},{"surface":"ἔπι","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"τηλεδαπάων","lemma":"τηλεδαπός","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νήσων","gloss":"faraway"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b22-l46","source":"καὶ γὰρ νῦν δύο παῖδε Λυκάονα καὶ Πολύδωρον","translation":"Even now I cannot find my two sons, Lycaon and Polydorus,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l46.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δύναμαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δύο","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies παῖδε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"παῖδε","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Λυκάονα","lemma":"Λυκάων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Lycaon"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πολύδωρον","lemma":"Πολύδωρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Polydorus"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b22-l47","source":"οὐ δύναμαι ἰδέειν Τρώων εἰς ἄστυ ἀλέντων,","translation":"among the Trojans who have crowded into the city,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l47.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"δύναμαι","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I can"},{"surface":"ἰδέειν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δύναμαι","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀλέντων","gloss":"among the Trojans"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"ἀλέντων","lemma":"εἴλω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"adverbial to δύναμαι","gloss":"having crowded"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b22-l48","source":"τούς μοι Λαοθόη τέκετο κρείουσα γυναικῶν.","translation":"whom Laothoe, queen among women, bore to me.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l48.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τούς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of τέκετο","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to τέκετο","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Λαοθόη","lemma":"Λαοθόη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τέκετο","gloss":"Laothoe"},{"surface":"τέκετο","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"κρείουσα","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Λαοθόη","gloss":"queen"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies κρείουσα","gloss":"among women"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b22-l49","source":"ἀλλʼ εἰ μὲν ζώουσι μετὰ στρατῷ, ἦ τʼ ἂν ἔπειτα","translation":"But if they are alive among the army, then indeed afterward","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l49.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ζώουσι","lemma":"ζώω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"they live"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"στρατῷ","lemma":"στρατός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπολυσόμεθ̓","gloss":"afterward"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b22-l50","source":"χαλκοῦ τε χρυσοῦ τʼ ἀπολυσόμεθʼ, ἔστι γὰρ ἔνδον·","translation":"we shall ransom them with bronze and gold, for there is wealth within.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l50.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χαλκοῦ","lemma":"χαλκοῦς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"with bronze"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"χρυσοῦ","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"with gold"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπολυσόμεθ","lemma":"ἀπολύω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we shall ransom"},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to γὰρ","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔνδον","lemma":"ἔνδον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔστι","gloss":"within"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b22-l51","source":"πολλὰ γὰρ ὤπασε παιδὶ γέρων ὀνομάκλυτος Ἄλτης.","translation":"For renowned old Altes gave much to his daughter.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ὤπασε","gloss":"much wealth"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ὤπασε","lemma":"ὀπάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"παιδὶ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὤπασε","gloss":"to his daughter"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἄλτης","gloss":"old"},{"surface":"ὀνομάκλυτος","lemma":"ὀνομάκλυτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἄλτης","gloss":"renowned"},{"surface":"Ἄλτης","lemma":"Ἄλτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὤπασε","gloss":"Altes"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b22-l52","source":"εἰ δʼ ἤδη τεθνᾶσι καὶ εἰν Ἀΐδαο δόμοισιν,","translation":"But if they are already dead and within the house of Hades,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἰ δʼ ἤδη τεθνᾶσι","title":"Perfect in a condition","body":"The conditional clause uses the perfect τεθνᾶσι, presenting their death as an accomplished state: if they are already dead."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τεθνᾶσι","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"τεθνᾶσι","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"they are dead"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"Ἀΐδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δόμοισιν","gloss":"of Hades"},{"surface":"δόμοισιν","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to εἰν","gloss":"halls"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b22-l53","source":"ἄλγος ἐμῷ θυμῷ καὶ μητέρι τοὶ τεκόμεσθα·","translation":"there will be grief for my heart and for their mother—for us two who begot them;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l53.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλγος","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"ἐμῷ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μητέρι","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τεκόμεσθα","gloss":"we two"},{"surface":"τεκόμεσθα","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"begot them"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b22-l54","source":"λαοῖσιν δʼ ἄλλοισι μινυνθαδιώτερον ἄλγος","translation":"but for the rest of the people the grief will be briefer,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l54.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λαοῖσιν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔσσεται","gloss":"for the people"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄλλοισι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαοῖσιν","gloss":"rest of"},{"surface":"μινυνθαδιώτερον","lemma":"μινυνθάδιος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"modifies ἄλγος","gloss":"briefer"},{"surface":"ἄλγος","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔσσεται","gloss":"grief"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b22-l55","source":"ἔσσεται, ἢν μὴ καὶ σὺ θάνῃς Ἀχιλῆϊ δαμασθείς.","translation":"unless you too die, overcome by Achilles.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l55.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἢν μὴ καὶ σὺ θάνῃς","title":"Negative condition","body":"ἤν with the subjunctive θάνῃς expresses a future condition: unless you too should die."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσσεται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"ἢν","lemma":"ἐάν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"unless"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of θάνῃς","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"θάνῃς","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἢν","gloss":"die"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆϊ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δαμασθείς","gloss":"by Achilles"},{"surface":"δαμασθείς","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θάνῃς","gloss":"overcome"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b22-l56","source":"ἀλλʼ εἰσέρχεο τεῖχος ἐμὸν τέκος, ὄφρα σαώσῃς","translation":"But come inside the wall, my child, so that you may save","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l56.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὄφρα σαώσῃς","title":"Purpose clause","body":"ὄφρα with the subjunctive σαώσῃς states the purpose of entering the city: so that Hector may save his people."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"εἰσέρχεο","lemma":"εἰσέρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"come inside"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰσέρχεο","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκος","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"τέκος","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"σαώσῃς","lemma":"σώζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"you may save"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b22-l57","source":"Τρῶας καὶ Τρῳάς, μὴ δὲ μέγα κῦδος ὀρέξῃς","translation":"the Trojan men and women, and not grant great glory","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Trojan men"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρῳάς","lemma":"Τρωιός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Trojan women"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῦδος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὀρέξῃς","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ὀρέξῃς","lemma":"ὀρέγω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"you grant"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b22-l58","source":"Πηλεΐδῃ, αὐτὸς δὲ φίλης αἰῶνος ἀμερθῇς.","translation":"to Achilles, while you yourself are robbed of dear life.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l58.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλεΐδῃ","lemma":"Πηλείδης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀρέξῃς","gloss":"to Achilles"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"φίλης","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἰῶνος","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"αἰῶνος","lemma":"αἰών","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀμερθῇς","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ἀμερθῇς","lemma":"ἀμέρδω","morphology":"aorist passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"you are robbed"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b22-l59","source":"πρὸς δʼ ἐμὲ τὸν δύστηνον ἔτι φρονέοντʼ ἐλέησον","translation":"And pity me, still conscious, wretched as I am,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l59.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"moreover"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐλέησον","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine article","role":"modifies δύστηνον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δύστηνον","lemma":"δύστηνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐμὲ","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φρονέοντ̓","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"φρονέοντ","lemma":"φρονέω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἐμὲ","gloss":"conscious"},{"surface":"ἐλέησον","lemma":"ἐλεέω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pity"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b22-l60","source":"δύσμορον, ὅν ῥα πατὴρ Κρονίδης ἐπὶ γήραος οὐδῷ","translation":"ill-fated, whom father Zeus, at the threshold of old age,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l60.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δύσμορον","lemma":"δύσμορος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐμὲ","gloss":"ill-fated"},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φθίσει","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Κρονίδης","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Κρονίδης","lemma":"Κρονίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φθίσει","gloss":"son of Cronus"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"γήραος","lemma":"γῆρας","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies οὐδῷ","gloss":"of old age"},{"surface":"οὐδῷ","lemma":"οὐδός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"threshold"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b22-l61","source":"αἴσῃ ἐν ἀργαλέῃ φθίσει κακὰ πόλλʼ ἐπιδόντα","translation":"will destroy beneath a cruel fate, after I have seen many horrors:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l61.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἴσῃ","lemma":"Αἶσα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"ἀργαλέῃ","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἴσῃ","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"φθίσει","lemma":"φθίω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἐμὲ","gloss":"will destroy"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object","gloss":"horrors"},{"surface":"πόλλ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κακὰ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ἐπιδόντα","lemma":"ἐπεῖδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"having witnessed"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b22-l62","source":"υἷάς τʼ ὀλλυμένους ἑλκηθείσας τε θύγατρας,","translation":"sons being slain and daughters dragged away,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l62.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"υἷάς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀλλυμένους","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being slain"},{"surface":"ἑλκηθείσας","lemma":"ἑλκέω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative plural feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"dragged away"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θύγατρας","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"daughters"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b22-l63","source":"καὶ θαλάμους κεραϊζομένους, καὶ νήπια τέκνα","translation":"bedchambers ravaged, and infant children","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l63.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θαλάμους","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"bedchambers"},{"surface":"κεραϊζομένους","lemma":"κεραίζω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being ravaged"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νήπια","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκνα","gloss":"infant"},{"surface":"τέκνα","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b22-l64","source":"βαλλόμενα προτὶ γαίῃ ἐν αἰνῇ δηϊοτῆτι,","translation":"hurled to the ground amid dreadful warfare,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l64.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βαλλόμενα","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being hurled"},{"surface":"προτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"γαίῃ","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of προτὶ","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"amid"},{"surface":"αἰνῇ","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δηϊοτῆτι","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"δηϊοτῆτι","lemma":"δηιοτής","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"warfare"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b22-l65","source":"ἑλκομένας τε νυοὺς ὀλοῇς ὑπὸ χερσὶν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"and daughters-in-law dragged off beneath the ruinous hands of Achaeans.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l65.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑλκομένας","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"dragged away"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νυοὺς","lemma":"νυός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"daughters-in-law"},{"surface":"ὀλοῇς","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χερσὶν","gloss":"ruinous"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies χερσὶν","gloss":"of Achaeans"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b22-l66","source":"αὐτὸν δʼ ἂν πύματόν με κύνες πρώτῃσι θύρῃσιν","translation":"Last of all, at the foremost doors, flesh-eating dogs","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l66.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"αὐτὸν δʼ ἂν πύματόν με","title":"Intensive pronoun","body":"αὐτόν intensifies με, emphasizing that Priam himself will be the final victim. The placement of πύματον reinforces last of all."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"πύματόν","lemma":"πύματος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"last of all"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐρύουσιν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κύνες","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐρύουσιν","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"πρώτῃσι","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies θύρῃσιν","gloss":"foremost"},{"surface":"θύρῃσιν","lemma":"θύρα","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐρύουσιν","gloss":"doors"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b22-l67","source":"ὠμησταὶ ἐρύουσιν, ἐπεί κέ τις ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ","translation":"will drag me, after someone with sharp bronze","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l67.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὠμησταὶ","lemma":"ὠμηστής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κύνες","gloss":"flesh-eating"},{"surface":"ἐρύουσιν","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will drag"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕληται","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕληται","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ὀξέϊ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b22-l68","source":"τύψας ἠὲ βαλὼν ῥεθέων ἐκ θυμὸν ἕληται,","translation":"has struck or speared me and taken the life from my limbs—","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l68.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τύψας","lemma":"τύπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"having struck"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἠέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"βαλὼν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠὲ","gloss":"having speared"},{"surface":"ῥεθέων","lemma":"ῥέθος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἕληται","gloss":"from my limbs"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕληται","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ἕληται","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐρύουσιν","gloss":"take"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b22-l69","source":"οὓς τρέφον ἐν μεγάροισι τραπεζῆας θυραωρούς,","translation":"dogs I raised in my halls to guard my doors and eat at my table.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l69.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὓς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of τρέφον","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"τρέφον","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing κύνες","gloss":"I raised"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"halls"},{"surface":"τραπεζῆας","lemma":"τραπεζεύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυραωρούς","gloss":"table-fed"},{"surface":"θυραωρούς","lemma":"θυραωρός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"door-guards"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b22-l70","source":"οἵ κʼ ἐμὸν αἷμα πιόντες ἀλύσσοντες περὶ θυμῷ","translation":"After drinking my blood, maddened at heart, they","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l70.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κείσοντ̓","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἷμα","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"αἷμα","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πιόντες","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"πιόντες","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κείσοντ̓","gloss":"having drunk"},{"surface":"ἀλύσσοντες","lemma":"ἀλύσσω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to κείσοντ̓","gloss":"maddened"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b22-l71","source":"κείσοντʼ ἐν προθύροισι. νέῳ δέ τε πάντʼ ἐπέοικεν","translation":"will lie in the forecourt. For a young man everything is seemly","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l71.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείσοντ","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing κύνες","gloss":"will lie"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"προθύροισι","lemma":"πρόθυρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"forecourt"},{"surface":"νέῳ","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of κεῖσθαι","gloss":"for a young man"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πάντῃ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπέοικεν","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"ἐπέοικεν","lemma":"ἐπέοικε","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is seemly"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b22-l72","source":"ἄρηϊ κταμένῳ δεδαϊγμένῳ ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ","translation":"when he lies slain in war and gashed by sharp bronze;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρηϊ","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κταμένῳ","gloss":"in war"},{"surface":"κταμένῳ","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, dative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κεῖσθαι","gloss":"slain"},{"surface":"δεδαϊγμένῳ","lemma":"δαίζω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κεῖσθαι","gloss":"gashed"},{"surface":"ὀξέϊ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκοῦς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δεδαϊγμένῳ","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b22-l73","source":"κεῖσθαι· πάντα δὲ καλὰ θανόντι περ ὅττι φανήῃ·","translation":"though he is dead, whatever may be exposed is fair.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"θανόντι περ","title":"Concessive participle","body":"The aorist participle θανόντι with περ is concessive: even though he has died. It contrasts death with the beauty still attributed to the young warrior's body."}],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖσθαι","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"subject of ἐπέοικεν","gloss":"to lie"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καλὰ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"θανόντι","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"though dead"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ὅττι","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"φανήῃ","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πάντα","gloss":"may be exposed"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b22-l74","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ πολιόν τε κάρη πολιόν τε γένειον","translation":"But when dogs defile the grey head and grey beard","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to αἰσχύνωσι","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πολιόν","lemma":"πολιός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κάρη","gloss":"grey"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"κάρη","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"πολιόν","lemma":"πολιός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γένειον","gloss":"grey"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γένειον","lemma":"γένειον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"beard"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b22-l75","source":"αἰδῶ τʼ αἰσχύνωσι κύνες κταμένοιο γέροντος,","translation":"and the nakedness of an old man who has been slain,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l75.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰδῶ","lemma":"αἰδώς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"nakedness"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰσχύνωσι","lemma":"αἰσχύνω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to πέλεται","gloss":"defile"},{"surface":"κύνες","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of αἰσχύνωσι","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"κταμένοιο","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"modifies γέροντος","gloss":"slain"},{"surface":"γέροντος","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τ̓","gloss":"of an old man"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b22-l76","source":"τοῦτο δὴ οἴκτιστον πέλεται δειλοῖσι βροτοῖσιν.","translation":"that is the most pitiable fate for wretched mortals.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l76.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦτο","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject of πέλεται","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οἴκτιστον","lemma":"οἴκτιστος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"most pitiable"},{"surface":"πέλεται","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"δειλοῖσι","lemma":"δειλός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies βροτοῖσιν","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"βροτοῖσιν","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to πέλεται","gloss":"for mortals"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b22-l77","source":"ἦ ῥʼ ὃ γέρων, πολιὰς δʼ ἄρʼ ἀνὰ τρίχας ἕλκετο χερσὶ","translation":"So spoke the old man, and with his hands he pulled at his grey hair,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l77.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦ","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"πολιὰς","lemma":"πολιός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies τρίχας","gloss":"grey"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"upward"},{"surface":"τρίχας","lemma":"θρίξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἕλκετο","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"ἕλκετο","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pulled"},{"surface":"χερσὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἕλκετο","gloss":"with his hands"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b22-l78","source":"τίλλων ἐκ κεφαλῆς· οὐδʼ Ἕκτορι θυμὸν ἔπειθε.","translation":"tearing it from his head; yet he did not persuade Hector's heart.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l78.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίλλων","lemma":"τίλλω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕλκετο","gloss":"plucking"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"κεφαλῆς","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορι","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"Hector's"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔπειθε","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἔπειθε","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he persuaded"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b22-l79","source":"μήτηρ δʼ αὖθʼ ἑτέρωθεν ὀδύρετο δάκρυ χέουσα","translation":"His mother in turn lamented from the other side, shedding tears;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l79.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ὀδύρετο","gloss":"mother"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖθ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ἑτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἑτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀδύρετο","gloss":"from the other side"},{"surface":"ὀδύρετο","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lamented"},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χέουσα","gloss":"a tear"},{"surface":"χέουσα","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ὀδύρετο","gloss":"shedding"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b22-l80","source":"κόλπον ἀνιεμένη, ἑτέρηφι δὲ μαζὸν ἀνέσχε·","translation":"she opened her robe and raised one breast with her other hand.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l80.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κόλπον","lemma":"κόλπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνιεμένη","gloss":"robe fold"},{"surface":"ἀνιεμένη","lemma":"ἀνίημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ὀδύρετο","gloss":"opening"},{"surface":"ἑτέρηφι","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀνέσχε","gloss":"with the other hand"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μαζὸν","lemma":"μαστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνέσχε","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"ἀνέσχε","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"raised"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b22-l81","source":"καί μιν δάκρυ χέουσʼ ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"Shedding tears, she addressed him with winged words:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l81.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χέουσ̓","gloss":"a tear"},{"surface":"χέουσ","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"shedding"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b22-l82","source":"Ἕκτορ τέκνον ἐμὸν τάδε τʼ αἴδεο καί μʼ ἐλέησον","translation":"\"Hector, my child, respect this and pity me","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l82.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"τέκνον","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκνον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of αἴδεο","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἴδεο","lemma":"αἰδέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"respect"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐλέησον","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐλέησον","lemma":"ἐλεέω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pity"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b22-l83","source":"αὐτήν, εἴ ποτέ τοι λαθικηδέα μαζὸν ἐπέσχον·","translation":"myself, if ever I held out to you the breast that made sorrow forgotten.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l83.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"λαθικηδέα μαζὸν","title":"Sorrow-forgetting breast","body":"λαθικηδέα is a compound meaning that which makes cares or sorrows forgotten. Hecuba invokes the comfort and nurture Hector received as an infant."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτήν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ποτέ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἐπέσχον","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπέσχον","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"λαθικηδέα","lemma":"λαθικηδής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μαζὸν","gloss":"sorrow-soothing"},{"surface":"μαζὸν","lemma":"μαστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπέσχον","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"ἐπέσχον","lemma":"ἐπέχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"I held out"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b22-l84","source":"τῶν μνῆσαι φίλε τέκνον ἄμυνε δὲ δήϊον ἄνδρα","translation":"Remember this, dear child, and ward off the hostile man","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l84.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of μνῆσαι","gloss":"of these things"},{"surface":"μνῆσαι","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"φίλε","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τέκνον","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τέκνον","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ἄμυνε","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ward off"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δήϊον","lemma":"δάιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"hostile"},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄμυνε","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b22-l85","source":"τείχεος ἐντὸς ἐών, μὴ δὲ πρόμος ἵστασο τούτῳ","translation":"while remaining within the wall; do not stand foremost against him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l85.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τείχεος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐντὸς","gloss":"of the wall"},{"surface":"ἐντὸς","lemma":"ἐντός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"ἐών","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἄμυνε","gloss":"remaining"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πρόμος","lemma":"πρόμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in the forefront"},{"surface":"ἵστασο","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"τούτῳ","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἵστασο","gloss":"against him"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b22-l86","source":"σχέτλιος· εἴ περ γάρ σε κατακτάνῃ, οὔ σʼ ἔτʼ ἔγωγε","translation":"reckless one. For if he kills you, never again shall I","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l86.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σχέτλιος","lemma":"σχέτλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"reckless one"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατακτάνῃ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"κατακτάνῃ","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"he kills"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κλαύσομαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κλαύσομαι","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ἔγωγε","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of κλαύσομαι","gloss":"I myself"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b22-l87","source":"κλαύσομαι ἐν λεχέεσσι φίλον θάλος, ὃν τέκον αὐτή,","translation":"mourn you upon a bier, dear shoot whom I myself bore,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l87.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαύσομαι","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will mourn"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"λεχέεσσι","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"a bier","note":"Epic plural used with singular force for the bier or funeral bed."},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies θάλος","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"θάλος","lemma":"θάλος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"young shoot","note":"A tender plant metaphor for a beloved child."},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τέκον","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"τέκον","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σ̓","gloss":"I bore"},{"surface":"αὐτή","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b22-l88","source":"οὐδʼ ἄλοχος πολύδωρος· ἄνευθε δέ σε μέγα νῶϊν","translation":"nor shall your richly dowered wife; far away from us both,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l88.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλοχος","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"πολύδωρος","lemma":"πολύδωρος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄλοχος","gloss":"richly dowered"},{"surface":"ἄνευθε","lemma":"ἄνευθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"far from"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατέδονται","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἄνευθε","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"νῶϊν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive dual masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἄνευθε","gloss":"us both"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b22-l89","source":"Ἀργείων παρὰ νηυσὶ κύνες ταχέες κατέδονται.","translation":"beside the ships of the Achaeans, swift dogs will devour you.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l89.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies νηυσὶ","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"κύνες","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of κατέδονται","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"ταχέες","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κύνες","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"κατέδονται","lemma":"κατεσθίω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will devour"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b22-l90","source":"ὣς τώ γε κλαίοντε προσαυδήτην φίλον υἱὸν","translation":"Thus those two, weeping, addressed their dear son","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l90.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τώ γε κλαίοντε προσαυδήτην","title":"The dual number","body":"τώ, κλαίοντε, and προσαυδήτην are dual forms, marking Priam and Hecuba specifically as a pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσαυδήτην","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"τώ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of προσαυδήτην","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κλαίοντε","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to προσαυδήτην","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"προσαυδήτην","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept addressing","note":"The imperfect and dual form present both parents repeatedly addressing him."},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσαυδήτην","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b22-l91","source":"πολλὰ λισσομένω· οὐδʼ Ἕκτορι θυμὸν ἔπειθον,","translation":"with many entreaties; yet they did not persuade Hector's heart,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l91.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to λισσομένω","gloss":"earnestly"},{"surface":"λισσομένω","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to προσαυδήτην","gloss":"entreating"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορι","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"Hector's"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔπειθον","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἔπειθον","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they persuaded"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b22-l92","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅ γε μίμνʼ Ἀχιλῆα πελώριον ἆσσον ἰόντα.","translation":"but he remained where he was as monstrous Achilles drew nearer.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l92.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μίμν̓","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μίμν","lemma":"μίμνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"awaited"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆα","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μίμν̓","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"πελώριον","lemma":"πελώριος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλῆα","gloss":"monstrous"},{"surface":"ἆσσον","lemma":"ἆσσον","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἰόντα","gloss":"nearer"},{"surface":"ἰόντα","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"coming"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b22-l93","source":"ὡς δὲ δράκων ἐπὶ χειῇ ὀρέστερος ἄνδρα μένῃσι","translation":"As a mountain snake beside its lair awaits a man,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l93.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δράκων","lemma":"δράκων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μένῃσι","gloss":"a snake"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"χειῇ","lemma":"χειά","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"its lair"},{"surface":"ὀρέστερος","lemma":"ὀρέστερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δράκων","gloss":"mountain-dwelling"},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μένῃσι","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"μένῃσι","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"awaits"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b22-l94","source":"βεβρωκὼς κακὰ φάρμακʼ, ἔδυ δέ τέ μιν χόλος αἰνός,","translation":"after swallowing deadly herbs, and terrible anger has entered it,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l94.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"βεβρωκὼς κακὰ φάρμακʼ","title":"Perfect participle","body":"βεβρωκώς is a perfect participle: the snake has consumed the harmful substances and remains affected by them."}],"words":[{"surface":"βεβρωκὼς","lemma":"βιβρώσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μένῃσι","gloss":"having swallowed","note":"The perfect participle marks the poison as already consumed with continuing effect."},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάρμακ̓","gloss":"deadly"},{"surface":"φάρμακ","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of βεβρωκὼς","gloss":"poisonous herbs"},{"surface":"ἔδυ","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"typically"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔδυ","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"χόλος","lemma":"χόλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔδυ","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"αἰνός","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χόλος","gloss":"terrible"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b22-l95","source":"σμερδαλέον δὲ δέδορκεν ἑλισσόμενος περὶ χειῇ·","translation":"and it glares fearfully as it coils around its lair;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l95.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σμερδαλέον","lemma":"σμερδαλέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to δέδορκεν","gloss":"fearfully"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δέδορκεν","lemma":"δέρκομαι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"it glares","note":"The perfect conveys a fixed, baleful stare."},{"surface":"ἑλισσόμενος","lemma":"ἑλίσσω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δέδορκεν","gloss":"coiling itself"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"χειῇ","lemma":"χειά","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"its lair"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b22-l96","source":"ὣς Ἕκτωρ ἄσβεστον ἔχων μένος οὐχ ὑπεχώρει","translation":"so Hector, possessing unquenchable fury, did not give ground,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l96.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑπεχώρει","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὑπεχώρει","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ἄσβεστον","lemma":"ἄσβεστος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"unquenchable"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑπεχώρει","gloss":"possessing"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"οὐχ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ὑπεχώρει","lemma":"ὑποχωρέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave ground"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b22-l97","source":"πύργῳ ἔπι προὔχοντι φαεινὴν ἀσπίδʼ ἐρείσας·","translation":"but braced his shining shield against a projecting tower.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l97.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πύργῳ","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔπι","gloss":"against a tower"},{"surface":"ἔπι","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"προὔχοντι","lemma":"προέχω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"modifies πύργῳ","gloss":"projecting"},{"surface":"φαεινὴν","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδ̓","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδ","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐρείσας","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"ἐρείσας","lemma":"ἐρείδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὑπεχώρει","gloss":"having braced"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b22-l98","source":"ὀχθήσας δʼ ἄρα εἶπε πρὸς ὃν μεγαλήτορα θυμόν·","translation":"then in anguish he spoke to his own great-hearted spirit:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l98.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀχθήσας","lemma":"ὀχθέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἶπε","gloss":"deeply troubled"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"εἶπε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμόν","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"μεγαλήτορα","lemma":"μεγαλήτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμόν","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"spirit"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b22-l99","source":"ὤ μοι ἐγών, εἰ μέν κε πύλας καὶ τείχεα δύω,","translation":"\"Ah, wretched me! If I enter within the gates and walls,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l99.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἰ μέν κε","title":"Prospective condition","body":"The conditional particle εἰ is reinforced by κε, presenting Hector’s imagined retreat as a possible course of action."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὤ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"woe to me"},{"surface":"ἐγών","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"πύλας","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the gates"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τείχεα","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"I enter"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b22-l100","source":"Πουλυδάμας μοι πρῶτος ἐλεγχείην ἀναθήσει,","translation":"Polydamas will be the first to heap disgrace upon me,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l100.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πουλυδάμας","lemma":"Πουλυδάμας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀναθήσει","gloss":"Polydamas"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀναθήσει","gloss":"upon me"},{"surface":"πρῶτος","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἐλεγχείην","lemma":"ἐλεγχείη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀναθήσει","gloss":"disgrace"},{"surface":"ἀναθήσει","lemma":"ἀνατίθημι","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will heap"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b22-l101","source":"ὅς μʼ ἐκέλευε Τρωσὶ ποτὶ πτόλιν ἡγήσασθαι","translation":"for he urged me to lead the Trojans back toward the city","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l101.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐκέλευε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐκέλευε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευε","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Πουλυδάμας","gloss":"was urging"},{"surface":"Τρωσὶ","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἡγήσασθαι","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"πτόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ποτὶ","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"ἡγήσασθαι","lemma":"ἡγέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐκέλευε","gloss":"to lead"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b22-l102","source":"νύχθʼ ὕπο τήνδʼ ὀλοὴν ὅτε τʼ ὤρετο δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς.","translation":"during this ruinous night, when glorious Achilles rose to battle.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l102.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νύχθ","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὕπο","gloss":"during the night"},{"surface":"ὕπο","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"τήνδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies νύχθ̓","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ὀλοὴν","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νύχθ̓","gloss":"ruinous"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὤρετο","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὤρετο","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing νύχθ̓","gloss":"rose to battle"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεύς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὤρετο","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b22-l103","source":"ἀλλʼ ἐγὼ οὐ πιθόμην· ἦ τʼ ἂν πολὺ κέρδιον ἦεν.","translation":"But I did not obey him; it would have been far better if I had.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l103.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πιθόμην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"πιθόμην","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"obeyed"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κέρδιον","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"κέρδιον","lemma":"κερδίων","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have been"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b22-l104","source":"νῦν δʼ ἐπεὶ ὤλεσα λαὸν ἀτασθαλίῃσιν ἐμῇσιν,","translation":"But now, since through my recklessness I have destroyed the people,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀτασθαλίῃσιν","title":"Reckless wrongdoing","body":"The word denotes ruinous, morally blameworthy recklessness rather than a simple mistake. Hector accepts responsibility for the consequences of his judgment."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to αἰδέομαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ὤλεσα","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"I destroyed"},{"surface":"λαὸν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὤλεσα","gloss":"the people"},{"surface":"ἀτασθαλίῃσιν","lemma":"ἀτασθαλία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὤλεσα","gloss":"through recklessness"},{"surface":"ἐμῇσιν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀτασθαλίῃσιν","gloss":"my own"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b22-l105","source":"αἰδέομαι Τρῶας καὶ Τρῳάδας ἑλκεσιπέπλους,","translation":"I am ashamed before the Trojans and the trailing-robed Trojan women","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l105.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰδέομαι","lemma":"αἰδέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I feel shame"},{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρῳάδας","lemma":"Τρῳάς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Trojan women"},{"surface":"ἑλκεσιπέπλους","lemma":"ἑλκεσίπεπλος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies Τρῳάδας","gloss":"trailing-robed"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b22-l106","source":"μή ποτέ τις εἴπῃσι κακώτερος ἄλλος ἐμεῖο·","translation":"lest someday another man, baser than I, should say:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l106.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"ποτέ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to εἴπῃσι","gloss":"someday"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπῃσι","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"εἴπῃσι","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"should say"},{"surface":"κακώτερος","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"baser"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ἐμεῖο","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to κακώτερος","gloss":"than me"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b22-l107","source":"Ἕκτωρ ἧφι βίηφι πιθήσας ὤλεσε λαόν.","translation":"‘Hector trusted in his own might and destroyed the people.’","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l107.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὤλεσε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ἧφι","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies βίηφι","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"βίηφι","lemma":"βία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of πιθήσας","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"πιθήσας","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὤλεσε","gloss":"trusting"},{"surface":"ὤλεσε","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"destroyed"},{"surface":"λαόν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὤλεσε","gloss":"the people"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b22-l108","source":"ὣς ἐρέουσιν· ἐμοὶ δὲ τότʼ ἂν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη","translation":"So they will say; but then it would be far better for me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l108.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρέουσιν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἐρέουσιν","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they will say"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἴη","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴη","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κέρδιον","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"κέρδιον","lemma":"κερδίων","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b22-l109","source":"ἄντην ἢ Ἀχιλῆα κατακτείναντα νέεσθαι,","translation":"to return only after killing Achilles face to face,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l109.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄντην","lemma":"ἄντην","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατακτείναντα","gloss":"face to face"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆα","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατακτείναντα","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"κατακτείναντα","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to νέεσθαι","gloss":"having killed"},{"surface":"νέεσθαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"subject of ἠέ","gloss":"to return"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b22-l110","source":"ἠέ κεν αὐτῷ ὀλέσθαι ἐϋκλειῶς πρὸ πόληος.","translation":"or else to perish gloriously myself before the city.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l110.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠέ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"by him"},{"surface":"ὀλέσθαι","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"subject of ἠέ","gloss":"to perish"},{"surface":"ἐϋκλειῶς","lemma":"εὐκλεής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀλέσθαι","gloss":"gloriously"},{"surface":"πρὸ","lemma":"πρό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"πόληος","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πρὸ","gloss":"the city"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b22-l111","source":"εἰ δέ κεν ἀσπίδα μὲν καταθείομαι ὀμφαλόεσσαν","translation":"But what if I were to lay down my bossed shield","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l111.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἰ δέ κεν","title":"Imagined alternative","body":"Hector opens another hypothetical course of action with εἰ and the modal particle κεν. The following subjunctive forms sustain the tentative deliberation."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδα","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"καταθείομαι","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"I lay down"},{"surface":"ὀμφαλόεσσαν","lemma":"ὀμφαλόεις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδα","gloss":"bossed"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b22-l112","source":"καὶ κόρυθα βριαρήν, δόρυ δὲ πρὸς τεῖχος ἐρείσας","translation":"and my heavy helmet, and, leaning my spear against the wall,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κόρυθα","lemma":"κόρυς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"helmet"},{"surface":"βριαρήν","lemma":"βριαρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κόρυθα","gloss":"heavy"},{"surface":"δόρυ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρείσας","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"ἐρείσας","lemma":"ἐρείδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔλθω","gloss":"having leaned"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b22-l113","source":"αὐτὸς ἰὼν Ἀχιλῆος ἀμύμονος ἀντίος ἔλθω","translation":"go myself to meet blameless Achilles","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l113.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔλθω","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντίος","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλῆος","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"ἀντίος","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"to meet"},{"surface":"ἔλθω","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"I approach"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b22-l114","source":"καί οἱ ὑπόσχωμαι Ἑλένην καὶ κτήμαθʼ ἅμʼ αὐτῇ,","translation":"and promise him Helen and all the possessions with her,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l114.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δωσέμεν","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ὑπόσχωμαι","lemma":"ὑπισχνέομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"I promise"},{"surface":"Ἑλένην","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κτήμαθ","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"αὐτῇ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἅμ̓","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b22-l115","source":"πάντα μάλʼ ὅσσά τʼ Ἀλέξανδρος κοίλῃς ἐνὶ νηυσὶν","translation":"all that Paris brought in the hollow ships","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l115.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἠγάγετο","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"ὅσσά","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of πάντα","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρος","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠγάγετο","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"κοίλῃς","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶν","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νηυσὶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"ships"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b22-l116","source":"ἠγάγετο Τροίηνδʼ, ἥ τʼ ἔπλετο νείκεος ἀρχή,","translation":"to Troy—and she became the beginning of the quarrel—","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l116.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠγάγετο","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing κτήμαθ̓","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"Τροίηνδ","lemma":"Τροίανδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἠγάγετο","gloss":"to Troy","note":"An epic directional form meaning toward Troy."},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔπλετο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπλετο","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"νείκεος","lemma":"νεῖκος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἀρχή","gloss":"of the quarrel"},{"surface":"ἀρχή","lemma":"ἀρχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"the beginning"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b22-l117","source":"δωσέμεν Ἀτρεΐδῃσιν ἄγειν, ἅμα δʼ ἀμφὶς Ἀχαιοῖς","translation":"to give to the sons of Atreus to carry off, and among the Achaeans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l117.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δωσέμεν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδῃσιν","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δωσέμεν","gloss":"Atreus' sons"},{"surface":"ἄγειν","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δωσέμεν","gloss":"to carry away"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποδάσσεσθαι","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶς","lemma":"ἀμφίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποδάσσεσθαι","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοῖς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀποδάσσεσθαι","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b22-l118","source":"ἄλλʼ ἀποδάσσεσθαι ὅσα τε πτόλις ἥδε κέκευθε·","translation":"to divide all the rest that this city keeps hidden within it;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l118.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλ","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἀποδάσσεσθαι","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"ἀποδάσσεσθαι","lemma":"ἀποδατέομαι","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"to distribute"},{"surface":"ὅσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of κέκευθε","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"πτόλις","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κέκευθε","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"ἥδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies πτόλις","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"κέκευθε","lemma":"κεύθω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄλλ̓","gloss":"keeps hidden","note":"The perfect emphasizes wealth stored and still concealed within Troy."}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b22-l119","source":"Τρωσὶν δʼ αὖ μετόπισθε γερούσιον ὅρκον ἕλωμαι","translation":"and afterward exact from the Trojans a solemn oath before the elders","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l119.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρωσὶν","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἕλωμαι","gloss":"from the Trojans"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"μετόπισθε","lemma":"μετόπισθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕλωμαι","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"γερούσιον","lemma":"γερούσιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκον","gloss":"before the elders"},{"surface":"ὅρκον","lemma":"ὅρκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕλωμαι","gloss":"an oath"},{"surface":"ἕλωμαι","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"I exact"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b22-l120","source":"μή τι κατακρύψειν, ἀλλʼ ἄνδιχα πάντα δάσασθαι","translation":"that they will conceal nothing, but divide everything into two shares,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l120.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of κατακρύψειν","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"κατακρύψειν","lemma":"κατακρύπτω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"modifies ἀλλ̓","gloss":"to conceal"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄνδιχα","lemma":"ἄνδιχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δάσασθαι","gloss":"in two shares"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of δάσασθαι","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"δάσασθαι","lemma":"δατέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"modifies ἀλλ̓","gloss":"to divide"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b22-l121","source":"κτῆσιν ὅσην πτολίεθρον ἐπήρατον ἐντὸς ἐέργει·","translation":"all the wealth that the lovely citadel contains within it?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l121.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτῆσιν","lemma":"κτῆσις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐέργει","gloss":"wealth"},{"surface":"ὅσην","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κτῆσιν","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"πτολίεθρον","lemma":"πτολίεθρον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐέργει","gloss":"citadel"},{"surface":"ἐπήρατον","lemma":"ἐπήρατος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πτολίεθρον","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"ἐντὸς","lemma":"ἐντός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐέργει","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"ἐέργει","lemma":"ἔργω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πάντα","gloss":"contains"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b22-l122","source":"ἀλλὰ τί ἤ μοι ταῦτα φίλος διελέξατο θυμός;","translation":"But why has my dear spirit debated this with me?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l122.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τίη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διελέξατο","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"τίη","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of διελέξατο","gloss":"with me"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of διελέξατο","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμός","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"διελέξατο","lemma":"διαλέγω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"debated"},{"surface":"θυμός","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of διελέξατο","gloss":"spirit"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b22-l123","source":"μή μιν ἐγὼ μὲν ἵκωμαι ἰών, ὃ δέ μʼ οὐκ ἐλεήσει","translation":"I must not go and approach him, for he will show me no pity","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μή μιν ἐγὼ μὲν ἵκωμαι","title":"Rejected course of action","body":"μή with the subjunctive marks the course Hector rejects: going to approach Achilles."}],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"I must not"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἵκωμαι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἵκωμαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for my part"},{"surface":"ἵκωμαι","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"approach"},{"surface":"ἰών","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἵκωμαι","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐλεήσει","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐλεήσει","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐλεήσει","lemma":"ἐλεέω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will pity"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b22-l124","source":"οὐδέ τί μʼ αἰδέσεται, κτενέει δέ με γυμνὸν ἐόντα","translation":"nor any respect, but will kill me while I am unarmed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l124.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to αἰδέσεται","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of αἰδέσεται","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αἰδέσεται","lemma":"αἰδέομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will respect"},{"surface":"κτενέει","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κτενέει","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"γυμνὸν","lemma":"γυμνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"unarmed"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies με","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b22-l125","source":"αὔτως ὥς τε γυναῖκα, ἐπεί κʼ ἀπὸ τεύχεα δύω.","translation":"as simply as a woman, once I have stripped off my armor.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l125.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὔτως","lemma":"αὔτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντα","gloss":"just like that"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"γυναῖκα","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"I should"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"off","note":"Used adverbially with the verb: literally, enter out of the armor, hence strip it off."},{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δύω","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεί","gloss":"I strip"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b22-l126","source":"οὐ μέν πως νῦν ἔστιν ἀπὸ δρυὸς οὐδʼ ἀπὸ πέτρης","translation":"There can be no talk with him now about an oak or a rock,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l126.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἔστιν","gloss":"in any way"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔστιν","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἔστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is it possible"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"δρυὸς","lemma":"δρῦς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"an oak"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"πέτρης","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"a rock"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b22-l127","source":"τῷ ὀαριζέμεναι, ἅ τε παρθένος ἠΐθεός τε","translation":"as a maiden and a young man converse together,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l127.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀαριζέμεναι","gloss":"with him"},{"surface":"ὀαριζέμεναι","lemma":"ὀαρίζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject of ἔστιν","gloss":"to converse intimately"},{"surface":"ἅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὀαρίζετον","gloss":"such things as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"παρθένος","lemma":"παρθένος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"a maiden"},{"surface":"ἠΐθεός","lemma":"ἠίθεος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"a young man"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b22-l128","source":"παρθένος ἠΐθεός τʼ ὀαρίζετον ἀλλήλοιιν.","translation":"a maiden and a young man speaking intimately with one another.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l128.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὀαρίζετον ἀλλήλοιιν","title":"Dual forms","body":"Both the verb and reciprocal pronoun are dual, marking the maiden and young man as a pair engaged in intimate conversation."}],"words":[{"surface":"παρθένος","lemma":"παρθένος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"a maiden"},{"surface":"ἠΐθεός","lemma":"ἠίθεος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"a young man"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀαρίζετον","lemma":"ὀαρίζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"adverbial to ὀαριζέμεναι","gloss":"converse intimately","note":"The dual verb presents the maiden and young man as a pair."},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοιιν","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative dual masculine adjective","role":"object of ὀαρίζετον","gloss":"with each other"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b22-l129","source":"βέλτερον αὖτʼ ἔριδι ξυνελαυνέμεν ὅττι τάχιστα·","translation":"Better once more to meet in combat with all speed;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l129.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βέλτερον","lemma":"βέλτερος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"ἔριδι","lemma":"ἔρις","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ξυνελαυνέμεν","gloss":"in combat"},{"surface":"ξυνελαυνέμεν","lemma":"συνελαύνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to clash together"},{"surface":"ὅττι","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τάχιστα","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter superlative adjective","role":"adverbial to ξυνελαυνέμεν","gloss":"quickly as possible"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b22-l130","source":"εἴδομεν ὁπποτέρῳ κεν Ὀλύμπιος εὖχος ὀρέξῃ.","translation":"let us see to which of us the Olympian will grant the triumph.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l130.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴδομεν","lemma":"εἴδω","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us see","note":"Perfect in form but functioning with present sense: let us find out."},{"surface":"ὁπποτέρῳ","lemma":"ὁπότερος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ὀρέξῃ","gloss":"to which of us"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"Ὀλύμπιος","lemma":"Ὀλύμπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ὀρέξῃ","gloss":"the Olympian"},{"surface":"εὖχος","lemma":"εὖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὀρέξῃ","gloss":"triumph"},{"surface":"ὀρέξῃ","lemma":"ὀρέγω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of εἴδομεν","gloss":"grant"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b22-l131","source":"ὣς ὅρμαινε μένων, ὃ δέ οἱ σχεδὸν ἦλθεν Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"So he pondered as he waited, and Achilles came close upon him,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l131.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὅρμαινε","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ὅρμαινε","lemma":"ὁρμαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he pondered"},{"surface":"μένων","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὅρμαινε","gloss":"waiting"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to σχεδὸν","gloss":"upon him"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἦλθεν","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"ἦλθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθεν","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b22-l132","source":"ἶσος Ἐνυαλίῳ κορυθάϊκι πτολεμιστῇ","translation":"like Enyalius, the warrior whose helmet shakes,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l132.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἶσος","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Ἐνυαλίῳ","lemma":"Ἐνυάλιος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Enyalius"},{"surface":"κορυθάϊκι","lemma":"κορυθάιξ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πτολεμιστῇ","gloss":"helmet-shaking"},{"surface":"πτολεμιστῇ","lemma":"πολεμιστής","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"warrior"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b22-l133","source":"σείων Πηλιάδα μελίην κατὰ δεξιὸν ὦμον","translation":"brandishing the terrible ash spear from Pelion over his right shoulder;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l133.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σείων","lemma":"σείω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθεν","gloss":"brandishing"},{"surface":"Πηλιάδα","lemma":"Πηλιάς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μελίην","gloss":"Pelian"},{"surface":"μελίην","lemma":"μελία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of σείων","gloss":"ash spear"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"δεξιὸν","lemma":"δεξιός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὦμον","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ὦμον","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"shoulder"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b22-l134","source":"δεινήν· ἀμφὶ δὲ χαλκὸς ἐλάμπετο εἴκελος αὐγῇ","translation":"and the bronze flashed around him like the gleam","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l134.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεινήν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μελίην","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλάμπετο","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαλκὸς","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐλάμπετο","gloss":"bronze armor"},{"surface":"ἐλάμπετο","lemma":"λάμπω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was flashing"},{"surface":"εἴκελος","lemma":"εἴκελος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"αὐγῇ","lemma":"αὐγή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἴκελος","gloss":"the gleam"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b22-l135","source":"ἢ πυρὸς αἰθομένου ἢ ἠελίου ἀνιόντος.","translation":"of blazing fire or of the rising sun.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l135.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"πυρὸς","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"of fire"},{"surface":"αἰθομένου","lemma":"αἴθω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular neuter","role":"modifies πυρὸς","gloss":"blazing"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἠελίου","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"of the sun"},{"surface":"ἀνιόντος","lemma":"ἄνειμι","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"modifies ἠελίου","gloss":"rising"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b22-l136","source":"Ἕκτορα δʼ, ὡς ἐνόησεν, ἕλε τρόμος· οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ἔτʼ ἔτλη","translation":"But when Hector saw him, trembling seized him, and he no longer dared","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὡς ἐνόησεν","title":"Temporal clause","body":"Here ὡς introduces the moment at which Hector sees Achilles, immediately triggering his terror and flight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕλε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἐνόησεν","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"he saw him"},{"surface":"ἕλε","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"τρόμος","lemma":"τρόμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕλε","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔτλη","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"ἔτλη","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he dared"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b22-l137","source":"αὖθι μένειν, ὀπίσω δὲ πύλας λίπε, βῆ δὲ φοβηθείς·","translation":"to remain there; he left the gates behind and fled in fear,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l137.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖθι","lemma":"αὖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μένειν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μένειν","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἔτλη","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"ὀπίσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of λίπε","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πύλας","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of λίπε","gloss":"the gates"},{"surface":"λίπε","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he left"},{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he fled"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φοβηθείς","lemma":"φοβέω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"terrified","note":"The passive participle expresses being put to flight by fear."}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b22-l138","source":"Πηλεΐδης δʼ ἐπόρουσε ποσὶ κραιπνοῖσι πεποιθώς.","translation":"and the son of Peleus sprang after him, trusting in his swift feet.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l138.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλεΐδης","lemma":"Πηλείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"Peleus' son"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπόρουσε","lemma":"ἐπορούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprang after him"},{"surface":"ποσὶ","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of πεποιθώς","gloss":"in his feet"},{"surface":"κραιπνοῖσι","lemma":"κραιπνός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποσὶ","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"πεποιθώς","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"trusting","note":"The perfect participle conveys settled confidence in his speed."}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b22-l139","source":"ἠΰτε κίρκος ὄρεσφιν ἐλαφρότατος πετεηνῶν","translation":"As a hawk in the mountains, swiftest of winged creatures,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l139.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠΰτε","lemma":"ἠύτε","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to τέ","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"κίρκος","lemma":"κίρκος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a hawk"},{"surface":"ὄρεσφιν","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies κίρκος","gloss":"in the mountains"},{"surface":"ἐλαφρότατος","lemma":"ἐλαφρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"swiftest"},{"surface":"πετεηνῶν","lemma":"πετεινός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐλαφρότατος","gloss":"of winged creatures"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b22-l140","source":"ῥηϊδίως οἴμησε μετὰ τρήρωνα πέλειαν,","translation":"swoops easily after a trembling dove,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l140.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥηϊδίως","lemma":"ῥᾴδιος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οἴμησε","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"οἴμησε","lemma":"οἰμάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τέ","gloss":"swoops"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"τρήρωνα","lemma":"τρήρων","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πέλειαν","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"πέλειαν","lemma":"πέλεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of μετὰ","gloss":"dove"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b22-l141","source":"ἣ δέ θʼ ὕπαιθα φοβεῖται, ὃ δʼ ἐγγύθεν ὀξὺ λεληκὼς","translation":"and she flees beneath him, while close behind, shrieking sharply,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l141.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of φοβεῖται","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"typically"},{"surface":"ὕπαιθα","lemma":"ὕπαιθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φοβεῖται","gloss":"beneath him"},{"surface":"φοβεῖται","lemma":"φοβέω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τέ","gloss":"flees"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπαΐσσει","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ἐγγύθεν","lemma":"ἐγγύθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπαΐσσει","gloss":"close behind"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to λεληκὼς","gloss":"sharply"},{"surface":"λεληκὼς","lemma":"λάσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπαΐσσει","gloss":"shrieking","note":"The perfect participle portrays the hawk in a sustained state of shrill crying."}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b22-l142","source":"ταρφέʼ ἐπαΐσσει, ἑλέειν τέ ἑ θυμὸς ἀνώγει·","translation":"he darts at her again and again, and his spirit urges him to seize her—","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l142.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἑλέειν τέ ἑ θυμὸς ἀνώγει","title":"Infinitive after urging","body":"The verb ἀνώγει takes the infinitive ἑλέειν to express what the hawk’s spirit urges him to do: seize the dove."}],"words":[{"surface":"ταρφέ","lemma":"ταρφύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπαΐσσει","gloss":"repeatedly"},{"surface":"ἐπαΐσσει","lemma":"ἐπαίσσω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τέ","gloss":"darts at her"},{"surface":"ἑλέειν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἀνώγει","gloss":"to seize"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀνώγει","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνώγει","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἀνώγει","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τέ","gloss":"urges"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b22-l143","source":"ὣς ἄρʼ ὅ γʼ ἐμμεμαὼς ἰθὺς πέτετο, τρέσε δʼ Ἕκτωρ","translation":"Thus he flew straight onward in his eagerness, and Hector fled","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l143.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐμμεμαὼς","title":"Perfect participle","body":"This perfect participle expresses his settled eagerness and intent as he presses the pursuit."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέτετο","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πέτετο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐμμεμαὼς","lemma":"ἐμμεμαώς","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πέτετο","gloss":"eagerly intent","note":"A perfect participle expressing a settled, intense eagerness."},{"surface":"ἰθὺς","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέτετο","gloss":"straight ahead"},{"surface":"πέτετο","lemma":"πέτομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flew"},{"surface":"τρέσε","lemma":"τρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fled"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τρέσε","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b22-l144","source":"τεῖχος ὕπο Τρώων, λαιψηρὰ δὲ γούνατʼ ἐνώμα.","translation":"beneath the Trojans' wall, and swiftly plied his knees.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l144.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὕπο","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"ὕπο","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"λαιψηρὰ","lemma":"λαιψηρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies γούνατ̓","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γούνατ","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνώμα","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"ἐνώμα","lemma":"νωμάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he plied"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b22-l145","source":"οἳ δὲ παρὰ σκοπιὴν καὶ ἐρινεὸν ἠνεμόεντα","translation":"Past the lookout-place and the wind-swept fig tree they","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l145.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐσσεύοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"past"},{"surface":"σκοπιὴν","lemma":"σκοπιά","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"the lookout post"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐρινεὸν","lemma":"ἐρινεός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"fig tree"},{"surface":"ἠνεμόεντα","lemma":"ἠνεμόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐρινεὸν","gloss":"wind-swept"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b22-l146","source":"τείχεος αἰὲν ὑπʼ ἐκ κατʼ ἀμαξιτὸν ἐσσεύοντο,","translation":"rushed ever away from beneath the wall along the wagon road,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l146.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τείχεος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπ̓","gloss":"from the wall"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑπ̓","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from beneath"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out from","note":"This adverbial preverb reinforces movement away from beneath the wall."},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"ἀμαξιτὸν","lemma":"ἁμαξιτός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κατ̓","gloss":"wagon road"},{"surface":"ἐσσεύοντο","lemma":"σεύω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they rushed"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b22-l147","source":"κρουνὼ δʼ ἵκανον καλλιρρόω· ἔνθα δὲ πηγαὶ","translation":"and reached the fair-flowing springs; there the fountains","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l147.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κρουνὼ","lemma":"κρουνός","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object of ἵκανον","gloss":"two springs"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἵκανον","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they reached"},{"surface":"καλλιρρόω","lemma":"καλλίρροος","morphology":"accusative dual masculine adjective","role":"modifies κρουνὼ","gloss":"fair-flowing"},{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀναΐσσουσι","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πηγαὶ","lemma":"πηγή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀναΐσσουσι","gloss":"fountains"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b22-l148","source":"δοιαὶ ἀναΐσσουσι Σκαμάνδρου δινήεντος.","translation":"rise in a pair from eddying Scamander.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l148.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δοιαὶ","lemma":"δοιοί","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πηγαὶ","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ἀναΐσσουσι","lemma":"ἀναίσσω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"well up"},{"surface":"Σκαμάνδρου","lemma":"Σκάμανδρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πηγαὶ","gloss":"of Scamander"},{"surface":"δινήεντος","lemma":"δινήεις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Σκαμάνδρου","gloss":"eddying"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b22-l149","source":"ἣ μὲν γάρ θʼ ὕδατι λιαρῷ ῥέει, ἀμφὶ δὲ καπνὸς","translation":"One of them flows with warm water, and all around it steam","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l149.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἣ μὲν","title":"Contrasted pair","body":"The particles beginning here and answered by ἣ δʼ in line 151 set the two springs in balanced contrast."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ῥέει","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"typically"},{"surface":"ὕδατι","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ῥέει","gloss":"with water"},{"surface":"λιαρῷ","lemma":"λιαρός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὕδατι","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"ῥέει","lemma":"ῥέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flows"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γίγνεται","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καπνὸς","lemma":"καπνός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of γίγνεται","gloss":"steam"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b22-l150","source":"γίγνεται ἐξ αὐτῆς ὡς εἰ πυρὸς αἰθομένοιο·","translation":"rises from it as though from a blazing fire;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l150.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γίγνεται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rises"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"αὐτῆς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"πυρὸς","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"from fire"},{"surface":"αἰθομένοιο","lemma":"αἴθω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular neuter","role":"modifies πυρὸς","gloss":"blazing"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b22-l151","source":"ἣ δʼ ἑτέρη θέρεϊ προρέει ἐϊκυῖα χαλάζῃ,","translation":"but the other, even in summer, runs forth like hail,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l151.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine article","role":"modifies ἑτέρη","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἑτέρη","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject of προρέει","gloss":"other spring"},{"surface":"θέρεϊ","lemma":"θέρος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to προρέει","gloss":"in summer"},{"surface":"προρέει","lemma":"προρέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flows forth"},{"surface":"ἐϊκυῖα","lemma":"εἰκός","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προρέει","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"χαλάζῃ","lemma":"χάλαζα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"hail"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b22-l152","source":"ἢ χιόνι ψυχρῇ ἢ ἐξ ὕδατος κρυστάλλῳ.","translation":"or cold snow, or ice formed from water.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l152.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"χιόνι","lemma":"χιών","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"snow"},{"surface":"ψυχρῇ","lemma":"ψυχρός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χιόνι","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὕδατος","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐξ","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"κρυστάλλῳ","lemma":"κρύσταλλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"ice"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b22-l153","source":"ἔνθα δʼ ἐπʼ αὐτάων πλυνοὶ εὐρέες ἐγγὺς ἔασι","translation":"There beside them, close at hand, are broad washing basins,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l153.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔασι","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"αὐτάων","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπ̓","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"πλυνοὶ","lemma":"πλυνός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔασι","gloss":"washing basins"},{"surface":"εὐρέες","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πλυνοὶ","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"ἐγγὺς","lemma":"ἐγγύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔασι","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"ἔασι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b22-l154","source":"καλοὶ λαΐνεοι, ὅθι εἵματα σιγαλόεντα","translation":"beautiful and made of stone, where the gleaming garments","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l154.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλοὶ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πλυνοὶ","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"λαΐνεοι","lemma":"λαίνεος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πλυνοὶ","gloss":"made of stone"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πλύνεσκον","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"εἵματα","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πλύνεσκον","gloss":"garments"},{"surface":"σιγαλόεντα","lemma":"σιγαλόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἵματα","gloss":"gleaming"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b22-l155","source":"πλύνεσκον Τρώων ἄλοχοι καλαί τε θύγατρες","translation":"were once washed by the Trojans' wives and lovely daughters","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l155.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλύνεσκον","lemma":"πλύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πλυνοὶ","gloss":"used to wash","note":"The iterative imperfect describes a customary action in former peacetime."},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄλοχοι","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἄλοχοι","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"καλαί","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies θύγατρες","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θύγατρες","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"daughters"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b22-l156","source":"τὸ πρὶν ἐπʼ εἰρήνης πρὶν ἐλθεῖν υἷας Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"in former days of peace, before the sons of the Achaeans came.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l156.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πρὶν","gloss":"in the"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πλύνεσκον","gloss":"former time"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"εἰρήνης","lemma":"εἰρήνη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπ̓","gloss":"peace"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἐλθεῖν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρὶν","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"υἷας","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐλθεῖν","gloss":"the sons"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷας","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b22-l157","source":"τῇ ῥα παραδραμέτην φεύγων ὃ δʼ ὄπισθε διώκων·","translation":"Past these the two ran, one fleeing and the other pursuing behind;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l157.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"παραδραμέτην","title":"Dual verb","body":"The dual verb marks the two runners, Hector and Achilles, as a tightly paired subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"τῇ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παραδραμέτην","gloss":"past there"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"παραδραμέτην","lemma":"παρατρέχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"the two ran past","note":"The dual verb explicitly treats Hector and Achilles as the two runners."},{"surface":"φεύγων","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies","gloss":"one fleeing"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄπισθε","lemma":"ὄπισθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διώκων","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"διώκων","lemma":"διώκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies ὃ","gloss":"pursuing"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b22-l158","source":"πρόσθε μὲν ἐσθλὸς ἔφευγε, δίωκε δέ μιν μέγʼ ἀμείνων","translation":"in front fled a noble man, but one far mightier pursued him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l158.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρόσθε","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφευγε","gloss":"in front"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ἐσθλὸς","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔφευγε","gloss":"a noble man"},{"surface":"ἔφευγε","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was fleeing"},{"surface":"δίωκε","lemma":"διώκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was pursuing"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δίωκε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"ἀμείνων","lemma":"ἀμείνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"subject of δίωκε","gloss":"a mightier man"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b22-l159","source":"καρπαλίμως, ἐπεὶ οὐχ ἱερήϊον οὐδὲ βοείην","translation":"swiftly, since they strove neither for a sacrificial beast nor for an oxhide,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l159.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καρπαλίμως","lemma":"καρπάλιμος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δίωκε","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὐχ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἱερήϊον","lemma":"ἱερεῖον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"sacrificial beast"},{"surface":"βοείην","lemma":"βοείη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"oxhide"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b22-l160","source":"ἀρνύσθην, ἅ τε ποσσὶν ἀέθλια γίγνεται ἀνδρῶν,","translation":"such prizes as become men's rewards in races on foot,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l160.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀρνύσθην","lemma":"ἄρνυμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"they were competing"},{"surface":"ἅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of γίγνεται","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"typically"},{"surface":"ποσσὶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀέθλια","gloss":"in footraces"},{"surface":"ἀέθλια","lemma":"ἆθλον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"prizes"},{"surface":"γίγνεται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"become"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀέθλια","gloss":"for men"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b22-l161","source":"ἀλλὰ περὶ ψυχῆς θέον Ἕκτορος ἱπποδάμοιο.","translation":"but they ran for the life of horse-taming Hector.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l161.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ψυχῆς","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"the life"},{"surface":"θέον","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"they ran"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορος","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ψυχῆς","gloss":"of Hector"},{"surface":"ἱπποδάμοιο","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτορος","gloss":"horse-taming"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b22-l162","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἀεθλοφόροι περὶ τέρματα μώνυχες ἵπποι","translation":"As when single-hoofed prize-winning horses about the turning posts","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l162.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἀεθλοφόροι","lemma":"ἀθλοφόρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"prize-winning"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"τέρματα","lemma":"τέρμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"turning posts"},{"surface":"μώνυχες","lemma":"μῶνυξ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"single-hoofed"},{"surface":"ἵπποι","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τρωχῶσι","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b22-l163","source":"ῥίμφα μάλα τρωχῶσι· τὸ δὲ μέγα κεῖται ἄεθλον","translation":"race at full speed, and a great prize is set before them,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l163.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥίμφα","lemma":"ῥίμφα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τρωχῶσι","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"τρωχῶσι","lemma":"τρωχάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"race"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter article","role":"modifies ἄεθλον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄεθλον","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"κεῖται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"is set"},{"surface":"ἄεθλον","lemma":"ἆθλον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"prize"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b22-l164","source":"ἢ τρίπος ἠὲ γυνὴ ἀνδρὸς κατατεθνηῶτος·","translation":"a tripod or a woman in honor of a man who has died,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l164.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"τρίπος","lemma":"τρίπους","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"a tripod"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"γυνὴ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠὲ","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"ἀνδρὸς","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κατατεθνηῶτος","gloss":"of a man"},{"surface":"κατατεθνηῶτος","lemma":"καταθνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κεῖται","gloss":"who has died"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b22-l165","source":"ὣς τὼ τρὶς Πριάμοιο πόλιν πέρι δινηθήτην","translation":"so those two wheeled three times around the city of Priam","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l165.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τὼ","title":"Dual pronoun","body":"The dual pronoun means “those two” and again binds pursuer and fugitive into a single matched pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δινηθήτην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δινηθήτην","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"τρὶς","lemma":"τρίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δινηθήτην","gloss":"three times"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόλιν","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"πόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πέρι","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"πέρι","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δινηθήτην","lemma":"δινεύω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wheeled"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b22-l166","source":"καρπαλίμοισι πόδεσσι· θεοὶ δʼ ἐς πάντες ὁρῶντο·","translation":"on their swift feet, while all the gods looked on.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l166.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καρπαλίμοισι","lemma":"καρπάλιμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόδεσσι","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"πόδεσσι","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to δινηθήτην","gloss":"on their feet"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ὁρῶντο","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at them"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὁρῶντο","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"looked on"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b22-l167","source":"τοῖσι δὲ μύθων ἦρχε πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε·","translation":"Then among them the father of men and gods began to speak:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l167.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἦρχε","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μύθων","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἦρχε","gloss":"of speeches"},{"surface":"ἦρχε","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦρχε","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of gods"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b22-l168","source":"ὢ πόποι ἦ φίλον ἄνδρα διωκόμενον περὶ τεῖχος","translation":"\"Ah me, I see with my eyes a man dear to me pursued about the wall;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l168.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὢ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"πόποι","lemma":"πόποι","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὁρῶμαι","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"διωκόμενον","lemma":"διώκω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being pursued"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"the wall"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b22-l169","source":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ὁρῶμαι· ἐμὸν δʼ ὀλοφύρεται ἦτορ","translation":"my heart grieves for","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l169.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὁρῶμαι","gloss":"with my eyes"},{"surface":"ὁρῶμαι","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I behold"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀλοφύρεται","lemma":"ὀλοφύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grieves for"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ὀλοφύρεται","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b22-l170","source":"Ἕκτορος, ὅς μοι πολλὰ βοῶν ἐπὶ μηρίʼ ἔκηεν","translation":"Hector, who burned for me many thighs of oxen","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l170.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορος","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀλοφύρεται","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔκηεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔκηεν","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μηρί̓","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"βοῶν","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies μηρί̓","gloss":"of oxen"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"μηρί","lemma":"μηρία","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔκηεν","gloss":"thigh pieces"},{"surface":"ἔκηεν","lemma":"καίω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ̓","gloss":"burned"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b22-l171","source":"Ἴδης ἐν κορυφῇσι πολυπτύχου, ἄλλοτε δʼ αὖτε","translation":"upon the peaks of many-ridged Ida, and at other times","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l171.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἴδης","lemma":"Ἴδη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies κορυφῇσι","gloss":"of Ida"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"κορυφῇσι","lemma":"κορυφή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"peaks"},{"surface":"πολυπτύχου","lemma":"πολύπτυχος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἴδης","gloss":"many-ridged"},{"surface":"ἄλλοτε","lemma":"ἄλλοτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"at other times"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b22-l172","source":"ἐν πόλει ἀκροτάτῃ· νῦν αὖτέ ἑ δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"on the city's height; but now divine Achilles pursues him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l172.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πόλει","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"ἀκροτάτῃ","lemma":"ἄκρος","morphology":"dative singular feminine superlative adjective","role":"modifies πόλει","gloss":"highest"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διώκει","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖτέ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διώκει","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of διώκει","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of διώκει","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b22-l173","source":"ἄστυ πέρι Πριάμοιο ποσὶν ταχέεσσι διώκει.","translation":"around Priam's city on his swift feet.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l173.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to πέρι","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"πέρι","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄστυ","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"ποσὶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to διώκει","gloss":"on feet"},{"surface":"ταχέεσσι","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποσὶν","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"διώκει","lemma":"διώκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pursues"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b22-l174","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγετε φράζεσθε θεοὶ καὶ μητιάασθε","translation":"Come then, gods, consider and take counsel","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l174.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"φράζεσθε","title":"Middle imperative","body":"This plural imperative calls upon the gods to deliberate for themselves as a council."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγετε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"φράζεσθε","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"consider"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μητιάασθε","lemma":"μητιάω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take counsel"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b22-l175","source":"ἠέ μιν ἐκ θανάτοιο σαώσομεν, ἦέ μιν ἤδη","translation":"whether we shall save him from death, or now","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l175.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠέ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of σαώσομεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"σαώσομεν","lemma":"σώζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"object of ἦέ","gloss":"we should save"},{"surface":"ἦέ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δαμάσσομεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δαμάσσομεν","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b22-l176","source":"Πηλεΐδῃ Ἀχιλῆϊ δαμάσσομεν ἐσθλὸν ἐόντα.","translation":"subdue him, noble though he is, beneath Achilles, Peleus' son.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l176.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλεΐδῃ","lemma":"Πηλεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀχιλῆϊ","gloss":"Peleus' son"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆϊ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to δαμάσσομεν","gloss":"to Achilles"},{"surface":"δαμάσσομεν","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"object of ἦέ","gloss":"we should subdue"},{"surface":"ἐσθλὸν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies μιν","gloss":"though being"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b22-l177","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη·","translation":"Then the goddess, bright-eyed Athena, answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l177.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"θεὰ","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"γλαυκῶπις","lemma":"γλαυκῶπις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"bright-eyed"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b22-l178","source":"ὦ πάτερ ἀργικέραυνε κελαινεφὲς οἷον ἔειπες·","translation":"\"Father of the bright thunderbolt, lord of the dark cloud, what a thing you have said!","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l178.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"o"},{"surface":"πάτερ","lemma":"πάτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἀργικέραυνε","lemma":"ἀργικέραυνος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πάτερ","gloss":"bright-thunderbolted"},{"surface":"κελαινεφὲς","lemma":"κελαινεφής","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πάτερ","gloss":"dark-clouded"},{"surface":"οἷον","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἔειπες","gloss":"what a thing"},{"surface":"ἔειπες","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you said"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b22-l179","source":"ἄνδρα θνητὸν ἐόντα πάλαι πεπρωμένον αἴσῃ","translation":"A mortal man, long since appointed to fate,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l179.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πεπρωμένον αἴσῃ","title":"Appointed fate","body":"The phrase describes Hector as already allotted to his destined end; πεπρωμένον is a perfect participle emphasizing that fixed condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξαναλῦσαι","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"θνητὸν","lemma":"θνητός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"πάλαι","lemma":"πάλαι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πεπρωμένον","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"πεπρωμένον","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"destined"},{"surface":"αἴσῃ","lemma":"Αἶσα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πεπρωμένον","gloss":"by fate"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b22-l180","source":"ἂψ ἐθέλεις θανάτοιο δυσηχέος ἐξαναλῦσαι;","translation":"you wish to loose again from harsh-sounding death?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l180.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξαναλῦσαι","gloss":"back again"},{"surface":"ἐθέλεις","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you wish"},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξαναλῦσαι","gloss":"from death"},{"surface":"δυσηχέος","lemma":"δυσηχής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θανάτοιο","gloss":"harsh-sounding"},{"surface":"ἐξαναλῦσαι","lemma":"ἐξαναλύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλεις","gloss":"to release"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b22-l181","source":"ἔρδʼ· ἀτὰρ οὔ τοι πάντες ἐπαινέομεν θεοὶ ἄλλοι.","translation":"Do it; but not all we other gods approve.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l181.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρδ","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do it"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπαινέομεν","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐπαινέομεν","lemma":"ἐπαινέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"approve"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπαινέομεν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b22-l182","source":"τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς·","translation":"Then Zeus the cloud-gatherer answered her and said:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l182.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"νεφεληγερέτα","lemma":"νεφεληγερέτα","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεύς","gloss":"cloud-gatherer"},{"surface":"Ζεύς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b22-l183","source":"θάρσει Τριτογένεια φίλον τέκος· οὔ νύ τι θυμῷ","translation":"\"Take heart, Tritogeneia, my dear child. I do not speak","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l183.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"θάρσει","title":"Command of reassurance","body":"This present imperative tells Athena to remain confident or take courage."}],"words":[{"surface":"θάρσει","lemma":"θαρσέω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take heart"},{"surface":"Τριτογένεια","lemma":"Τριτογένεια","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Tritogeneia"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκος","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τέκος","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to μυθέομαι","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μυθέομαι","gloss":"in heart"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b22-l184","source":"πρόφρονι μυθέομαι, ἐθέλω δέ τοι ἤπιος εἶναι·","translation":"from a willing heart; I mean to deal with you gently.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l184.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρόφρονι","lemma":"πρόφρων","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"willing"},{"surface":"μυθέομαι","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I speak"},{"surface":"ἐθέλω","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I wish"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἶναι","gloss":"toward you"},{"surface":"ἤπιος","lemma":"ἤπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλω","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b22-l185","source":"ἔρξον ὅπῃ δή τοι νόος ἔπλετο, μὴ δʼ ἔτʼ ἐρώει.","translation":"Do as your purpose has resolved; hold back no longer.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l185.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρξον","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ὅπῃ","lemma":"ὅπη","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔπλετο","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"νόος","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔπλετο","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"ἔπλετο","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἔρξον","gloss":"was resolved"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρώει","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"ἐρώει","lemma":"ἐρωέω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold back"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b22-l186","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν ὄτρυνε πάρος μεμαυῖαν Ἀθήνην·","translation":"So speaking, he spurred on Athena, who was eager already,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l186.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὄτρυνε","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"ὄτρυνε","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he urged on"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μεμαυῖαν","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"μεμαυῖαν","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"modifies Ἀθήνην","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνην","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὄτρυνε","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b22-l187","source":"βῆ δὲ κατʼ Οὐλύμποιο καρήνων ἀΐξασα.","translation":"but went darting down from the peaks of Olympus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l187.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀΐξασα","title":"Aorist participle","body":"The aorist participle presents Athena's darting movement as the decisive action accompanying her descent."}],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she went"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down from"},{"surface":"Οὐλύμποιο","lemma":"Ὄλυμπος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καρήνων","gloss":"of Olympus"},{"surface":"καρήνων","lemma":"κάρηνον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀΐξασα","gloss":"peaks"},{"surface":"ἀΐξασα","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"darting"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b22-l188","source":"Ἕκτορα δʼ ἀσπερχὲς κλονέων ἔφεπʼ ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς.","translation":"But swift Achilles followed, relentlessly driving Hector on.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l188.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔφεπ̓","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀσπερχὲς","lemma":"ἀσπερχές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κλονέων","gloss":"relentlessly"},{"surface":"κλονέων","lemma":"κλονέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔφεπ̓","gloss":"driving onward"},{"surface":"ἔφεπ","lemma":"ἐφέπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept following"},{"surface":"ὠκὺς","lemma":"ὠκύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεύς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔφεπ̓","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b22-l189","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτε νεβρὸν ὄρεσφι κύων ἐλάφοιο δίηται","translation":"As when a hound pursues a fawn of a deer through the mountains,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l189.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὡς δʼ ὅτε","title":"Epic simile opening","body":"This formula introduces an extended Homeric comparison whose application follows in line 193."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"νεβρὸν","lemma":"νεβρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δίηται","gloss":"a fawn"},{"surface":"ὄρεσφι","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to δίηται","gloss":"through mountains"},{"surface":"κύων","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δίηται","gloss":"a hound"},{"surface":"ἐλάφοιο","lemma":"ἔλαφος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies νεβρὸν","gloss":"of a deer"},{"surface":"δίηται","lemma":"δίω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"pursues"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b22-l190","source":"ὄρσας ἐξ εὐνῆς διά τʼ ἄγκεα καὶ διὰ βήσσας·","translation":"rousing it from its lair, through glens and wooded hollows;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l190.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄρσας","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δίηται","gloss":"rousing it"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"εὐνῆς","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"its lair"},{"surface":"διά","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἄγκεα","lemma":"ἄγκος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to διά","gloss":"glens"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"βήσσας","lemma":"βῆσσα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to διὰ","gloss":"wooded hollows"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b22-l191","source":"τὸν δʼ εἴ πέρ τε λάθῃσι καταπτήξας ὑπὸ θάμνῳ,","translation":"and even if it eludes him by crouching beneath a thicket,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l191.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of λάθῃσι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"πέρ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"as usual"},{"surface":"λάθῃσι","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"it eludes"},{"surface":"καταπτήξας","lemma":"καταπτήσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to λάθῃσι","gloss":"crouching down"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"θάμνῳ","lemma":"θάμνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὸ","gloss":"a thicket"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b22-l192","source":"ἀλλά τʼ ἀνιχνεύων θέει ἔμπεδον ὄφρά κεν εὕρῃ·","translation":"still he runs steadily, tracking it until he finds it;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l192.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὄφρά κεν εὕρῃ","title":"Prospective temporal clause","body":"The conjunction with κεν and the subjunctive εὕρῃ expresses the point up to which the hound continues searching."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"as usual"},{"surface":"ἀνιχνεύων","lemma":"ἀνιχνεύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θέει","gloss":"tracking"},{"surface":"θέει","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"he runs"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδον","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to θέει","gloss":"steadily"},{"surface":"ὄφρά","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"εὕρῃ","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρά","gloss":"he finds it"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b22-l193","source":"ὣς Ἕκτωρ οὐ λῆθε ποδώκεα Πηλεΐωνα.","translation":"so Hector did not escape the notice of the swift-footed son of Peleus.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l193.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λῆθε","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of λῆθε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"λῆθε","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped notice"},{"surface":"ποδώκεα","lemma":"ποδώκης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πηλεΐωνα","gloss":"swift-footed"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνα","lemma":"Πηλεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λῆθε","gloss":"Peleus' son"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b22-l194","source":"ὁσσάκι δʼ ὁρμήσειε πυλάων Δαρδανιάων","translation":"As often as he sought to rush toward the Dardanian gates","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l194.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁσσάκι","lemma":"ὁσάκις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὁρμήσειε","gloss":"as often as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁρμήσειε","lemma":"ὁρμάω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τοσσάκι","gloss":"he would rush"},{"surface":"πυλάων","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀντίον","gloss":"toward the gates"},{"surface":"Δαρδανιάων","lemma":"Δαρδάνιος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πυλάων","gloss":"Dardanian"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b22-l195","source":"ἀντίον ἀΐξασθαι ἐϋδμήτους ὑπὸ πύργους,","translation":"and dart straight beneath the well-built towers,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l195.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντίον","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀΐξασθαι","gloss":"straight toward"},{"surface":"ἀΐξασθαι","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ὁρμήσειε","gloss":"to dart"},{"surface":"ἐϋδμήτους","lemma":"εὔδμητος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πύργους","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"πύργους","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"towers"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b22-l196","source":"εἴ πως οἷ καθύπερθεν ἀλάλκοιεν βελέεσσι,","translation":"in hope that those above might somehow defend him with missiles,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l196.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀλάλκοιεν","title":"Potential protection","body":"The optative presents the hoped-for possibility that the Trojans on the walls might ward Achilles off."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"in hope that"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"οἷ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀλάλκοιεν","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"καθύπερθεν","lemma":"καθύπερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀλάλκοιεν","gloss":"from above"},{"surface":"ἀλάλκοιεν","lemma":"ἄλαλκε","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"they might defend"},{"surface":"βελέεσσι","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀλάλκοιεν","gloss":"with missiles"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b22-l197","source":"τοσσάκι μιν προπάροιθεν ἀποστρέψασκε παραφθὰς","translation":"so often Achilles would race past him, cut him off, and turn him back","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l197.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοσσάκι","lemma":"τοσάκις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποστρέψασκε","gloss":"so often"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀποστρέψασκε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"προπάροιθεν","lemma":"προπάροιθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποστρέψασκε","gloss":"ahead"},{"surface":"ἀποστρέψασκε","lemma":"ἀποστρέφω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he kept turning back"},{"surface":"παραφθὰς","lemma":"παραφθάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀποστρέψασκε","gloss":"racing past"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b22-l198","source":"πρὸς πεδίον· αὐτὸς δὲ ποτὶ πτόλιος πέτετʼ αἰεί.","translation":"toward the plain, while he himself kept flying close to the city.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l198.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"πεδίον","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"the plain"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"close to"},{"surface":"πτόλιος","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ποτὶ","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"πέτετ","lemma":"πέτομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept flying"},{"surface":"αἰεί","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέτετ̓","gloss":"always"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b22-l199","source":"ὡς δʼ ἐν ὀνείρῳ οὐ δύναται φεύγοντα διώκειν·","translation":"As in a dream one cannot pursue a man who flees;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l199.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δύναται","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ὀνείρῳ","lemma":"ὄνειρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"a dream"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"δύναται","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"φεύγοντα","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"object of διώκειν","gloss":"one fleeing"},{"surface":"διώκειν","lemma":"διώκω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δύναται","gloss":"to pursue"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b22-l200","source":"οὔτʼ ἄρʼ ὃ τὸν δύναται ὑποφεύγειν οὔθʼ ὃ διώκειν·","translation":"the one cannot escape him, nor can the other pursue;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l200.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"οὔτʼ ἄρʼ ὃ","title":"Contrasted pronouns","body":"Repeated ὃ distinguishes the fleeing man from his pursuer, while the paired negatives hold both in the paralysis of a dream."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δύναται","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὑποφεύγειν","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"δύναται","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ὑποφεύγειν","lemma":"ὑποφεύγω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δύναται","gloss":"to escape"},{"surface":"οὔθ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"διώκειν","lemma":"διώκω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"to pursue"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b22-l201","source":"ὣς ὃ τὸν οὐ δύνατο μάρψαι ποσίν, οὐδʼ ὃς ἀλύξαι.","translation":"so Achilles could not catch Hector with his feet, nor could Hector escape.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l201.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δύνατο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δύνατο","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μάρψαι","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"δύνατο","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"μάρψαι","lemma":"μάρπτω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δύνατο","gloss":"to catch"},{"surface":"ποσίν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μάρψαι","gloss":"with his feet"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"ἀλύξαι","lemma":"ἀλύσκω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object","gloss":"to escape"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b22-l202","source":"πῶς δέ κεν Ἕκτωρ κῆρας ὑπεξέφυγεν θανάτοιο,","translation":"And how could Hector have escaped the fates of death,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l202.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πῶς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑπεξέφυγεν","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὑπεξέφυγεν","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"κῆρας","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπεξέφυγεν","gloss":"fates"},{"surface":"ὑπεξέφυγεν","lemma":"ὑπεκφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have escaped"},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κῆρας","gloss":"of death"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b22-l203","source":"εἰ μή οἱ πύματόν τε καὶ ὕστατον ἤντετʼ Ἀπόλλων","translation":"had Apollo not met him for the last and final time,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l203.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἤντετ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πύματόν","lemma":"πύματος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"for the last"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὕστατον","lemma":"ὕστερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter superlative adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"final time"},{"surface":"ἤντετ","lemma":"ἄντομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"had met"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤντετ̓","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b22-l204","source":"ἐγγύθεν, ὅς οἱ ἐπῶρσε μένος λαιψηρά τε γοῦνα;","translation":"close at hand, and stirred his strength and his swift knees?","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l204.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐγγύθεν","lemma":"ἐγγύθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤντετ̓","gloss":"close at hand"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπῶρσε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐπῶρσε","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"ἐπῶρσε","lemma":"ἐπόρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"λαιψηρά","lemma":"λαιψηρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies γοῦνα","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γοῦνα","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"knees"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b22-l205","source":"λαοῖσιν δʼ ἀνένευε καρήατι δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς,","translation":"But noble Achilles shook his head at the host,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l205.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λαοῖσιν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνένευε","gloss":"to the host"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀνένευε","lemma":"ἀνανεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shook his head"},{"surface":"καρήατι","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνένευε","gloss":"with his head"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεύς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνένευε","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b22-l206","source":"οὐδʼ ἔα ἱέμεναι ἐπὶ Ἕκτορι πικρὰ βέλεμνα,","translation":"and would not allow them to launch bitter missiles at Hector,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l206.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἱέμεναι","title":"Homeric infinitive","body":"The infinitive depends on ἔα, expressing what Achilles refused to allow the warriors to do."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔα","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he allowed"},{"surface":"ἱέμεναι","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἔα","gloss":"to launch"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορι","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"πικρὰ","lemma":"πικρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies βέλεμνα","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"βέλεμνα","lemma":"βέλεμνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἱέμεναι","gloss":"missiles"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b22-l207","source":"μή τις κῦδος ἄροιτο βαλών, ὃ δὲ δεύτερος ἔλθοι.","translation":"lest another strike him and win the glory, while he came second.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l207.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἄροιτο","gloss":"someone else"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἄροιτο","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ἄροιτο","lemma":"αἴρω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"might win"},{"surface":"βαλών","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἄροιτο","gloss":"by striking"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔλθοι","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"δεύτερος","lemma":"δεύτερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"ἔλθοι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"might come"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b22-l208","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ τὸ τέταρτον ἐπὶ κρουνοὺς ἀφίκοντο,","translation":"But when for the fourth time they reached the springs,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l208.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀφίκοντο","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies τέταρτον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"τέταρτον","lemma":"τέταρτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀφίκοντο","gloss":"fourth time"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"κρουνοὺς","lemma":"κρουνός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the springs"},{"surface":"ἀφίκοντο","lemma":"ἀφικνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to τότε","gloss":"they reached"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b22-l209","source":"καὶ τότε δὴ χρύσεια πατὴρ ἐτίταινε τάλαντα,","translation":"the father raised his golden scales and stretched them level;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l209.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐτίταινε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"χρύσεια","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τάλαντα","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐτίταινε","gloss":"the father"},{"surface":"ἐτίταινε","lemma":"τιταίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held level"},{"surface":"τάλαντα","lemma":"τάλαντον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐτίταινε","gloss":"scales"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b22-l210","source":"ἐν δʼ ἐτίθει δύο κῆρε τανηλεγέος θανάτοιο,","translation":"within he set two fates of death that lays men low,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l210.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐτίθει","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he placed"},{"surface":"δύο","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies κῆρε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"κῆρε","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative dual feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"fates"},{"surface":"τανηλεγέος","lemma":"τανηλεγής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θανάτοιο","gloss":"laying men low"},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κῆρε","gloss":"of death"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b22-l211","source":"τὴν μὲν Ἀχιλλῆος, τὴν δʼ Ἕκτορος ἱπποδάμοιο,","translation":"one for Achilles, one for Hector, tamer of horses,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l211.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τὴν","gloss":"for Achilles"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορος","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τὴν","gloss":"for Hector"},{"surface":"ἱπποδάμοιο","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτορος","gloss":"horse-taming"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b22-l212","source":"ἕλκε δὲ μέσσα λαβών· ῥέπε δʼ Ἕκτορος αἴσιμον ἦμαρ,","translation":"and grasping the middle he raised it; Hector's fated day sank down,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l212.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"αἴσιμον ἦμαρ","title":"The appointed day","body":"Literally an allotted or fated day, the phrase here signifies Hector's destined day of death."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἕλκε","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he raised them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέσσα","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of λαβών","gloss":"the middle"},{"surface":"λαβών","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕλκε","gloss":"grasping"},{"surface":"ῥέπε","lemma":"ῥέπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sank"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορος","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"Hector's"},{"surface":"αἴσιμον","lemma":"αἴσιμος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"fated"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ῥέπε","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b22-l213","source":"ᾤχετο δʼ εἰς Ἀΐδαο, λίπεν δέ ἑ Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων.","translation":"and went away to the house of Hades, and Phoebus Apollo left him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l213.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ᾤχετο","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went away"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ἀΐδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Hades"},{"surface":"λίπεν","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of λίπεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Φοῖβος","lemma":"Φοῖβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of λίπεν","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b22-l214","source":"Πηλεΐωνα δʼ ἵκανε θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη,","translation":"Then the goddess, bright-eyed Athena, came to the son of Peleus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l214.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνα","lemma":"Πηλεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἵκανε","gloss":"Peleus' son"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἵκανε","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came to"},{"surface":"θεὰ","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"γλαυκῶπις","lemma":"γλαυκῶπις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"bright-eyed"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἵκανε","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b22-l215","source":"ἀγχοῦ δʼ ἱσταμένη ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"Standing close beside him, she addressed him with winged words:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l215.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγχοῦ","lemma":"ἀγχοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱσταμένη","gloss":"close beside"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱσταμένη","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed him"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b22-l216","source":"νῦν δὴ νῶι ἔολπα Διῒ φίλε φαίδιμʼ Ἀχιλλεῦ","translation":"\"Now at last, Achilles glorious and dear to Zeus, I expect that we two","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l216.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νῶι","title":"The dual pronoun","body":"The dual form means specifically “we two,” here Athena and Achilles acting together."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"νῶι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of οἴσεσθαι","gloss":"we two"},{"surface":"ἔολπα","lemma":"ἔλπω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I expect"},{"surface":"Διῒ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to φίλε","gloss":"to Zeus"},{"surface":"φίλε","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεῦ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"φαίδιμ","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεῦ","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεῦ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b22-l217","source":"οἴσεσθαι μέγα κῦδος Ἀχαιοῖσι προτὶ νῆας","translation":"shall bring great glory to the Achaeans beside their ships,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l217.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴσεσθαι","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔολπα","gloss":"will bring"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῦδος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of οἴσεσθαι","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοῖσι","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴσεσθαι","gloss":"to the Achaeans"},{"surface":"προτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of προτὶ","gloss":"ships"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b22-l218","source":"Ἕκτορα δῃώσαντε μάχης ἄατόν περ ἐόντα.","translation":"once we have slain Hector, insatiable though he is in battle.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l218.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δῃώσαντε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δῃώσαντε","lemma":"δηιόω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to οἴσεσθαι","gloss":"having slain"},{"surface":"μάχης","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἄατόν","gloss":"for battle"},{"surface":"ἄατόν","lemma":"ἄατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"insatiable"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies Ἕκτορα","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b22-l219","source":"οὔ οἱ νῦν ἔτι γʼ ἔστι πεφυγμένον ἄμμε γενέσθαι,","translation":"Now there is no longer any chance for him to escape us,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l219.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔστι","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔστι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔστι","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"πεφυγμένον","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"ἄμμε","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of πεφυγμένον","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"γενέσθαι","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"to become"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b22-l220","source":"οὐδʼ εἴ κεν μάλα πολλὰ πάθοι ἑκάεργος Ἀπόλλων","translation":"not even if Apollo the far-worker should suffer greatly","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l220.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πάθοι","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"πάθοι","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"might suffer"},{"surface":"ἑκάεργος","lemma":"Ἑκάεργος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"far-working"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πάθοι","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b22-l221","source":"προπροκυλινδόμενος πατρὸς Διὸς αἰγιόχοιο.","translation":"and roll again and again before father Zeus who bears the aegis.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l221.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"προπροκυλινδόμενος","lemma":"προπροκυλίνδομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πάθοι","gloss":"rolling repeatedly"},{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of προπροκυλινδόμενος","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"αἰγιόχοιο","lemma":"αἰγίοχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"aegis-bearing"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b22-l222","source":"ἀλλὰ σὺ μὲν νῦν στῆθι καὶ ἄμπνυε, τόνδε δʼ ἐγώ τοι","translation":"But now stand still and recover your breath, while I shall go","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l222.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"στῆθι καὶ ἄμπνυε","title":"Paired commands","body":"The two imperatives command Achilles first to halt and then to recover his breath."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for your part"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"στῆθι","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stand still"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄμπνυε","lemma":"ἀναπνέω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"catch your breath"},{"surface":"τόνδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πεπιθήσω","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of πεπιθήσω","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of μαχέσασθαι","gloss":"with you"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b22-l223","source":"οἰχομένη πεπιθήσω ἐναντίβιον μαχέσασθαι.","translation":"and persuade this man to face you in battle.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l223.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἰχομένη","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to πεπιθήσω","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"πεπιθήσω","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shall persuade"},{"surface":"ἐναντίβιον","lemma":"ἐναντίβιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to μαχέσασθαι","gloss":"face-to-face"},{"surface":"μαχέσασθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of πεπιθήσω","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b22-l224","source":"ὣς φάτʼ Ἀθηναίη, ὃ δʼ ἐπείθετο, χαῖρε δὲ θυμῷ,","translation":"So spoke Athena; he obeyed and rejoiced in his heart,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l224.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτ̓","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"φάτ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"Ἀθηναίη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φάτ̓","gloss":"Athena"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπείθετο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπείθετο","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"obeyed"},{"surface":"χαῖρε","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to χαῖρε","gloss":"in his heart"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b22-l225","source":"στῆ δʼ ἄρʼ ἐπὶ μελίης χαλκογλώχινος ἐρεισθείς.","translation":"and stood leaning upon his bronze-pointed ash spear.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l225.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στῆ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he stood"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"μελίης","lemma":"μελία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ash spear"},{"surface":"χαλκογλώχινος","lemma":"χαλκογλώχιν","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μελίης","gloss":"bronze-pointed"},{"surface":"ἐρεισθείς","lemma":"ἐρείδω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to στῆ","gloss":"leaning"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b22-l226","source":"ἣ δʼ ἄρα τὸν μὲν ἔλειπε, κιχήσατο δʼ Ἕκτορα δῖον","translation":"Then she left him there and overtook noble Hector,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l226.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔλειπε","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"accordingly"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔλειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ἔλειπε","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"κιχήσατο","lemma":"κιχάνω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"overtook"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κιχήσατο","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δῖον","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτορα","gloss":"noble"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b22-l227","source":"Δηϊφόβῳ ἐϊκυῖα δέμας καὶ ἀτειρέα φωνήν·","translation":"in bodily form and tireless voice resembling Deiphobus;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l227.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Δηϊφόβῳ ἐϊκυῖα","title":"Athena's disguise","body":"The feminine participle refers to Athena, while the dative Deiphobus marks the person whom she resembles. Athena assumes his appearance and voice; the real Deiphobus remains within Troy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Δηϊφόβῳ","lemma":"Δηίφοβος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐϊκυῖα","gloss":"Deiphobus"},{"surface":"ἐϊκυῖα","lemma":"εἰκός","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κιχήσατο","gloss":"resembling"},{"surface":"δέμας","lemma":"δέμας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"in bodily form"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀτειρέα","lemma":"ἀτειρής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φωνήν","gloss":"tireless"},{"surface":"φωνήν","lemma":"φωνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"in voice"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b22-l228","source":"ἀγχοῦ δʼ ἱσταμένη ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"Standing close beside him, she addressed him with winged words:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l228.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγχοῦ","lemma":"ἀγχοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱσταμένη","gloss":"close beside"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱσταμένη","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed him"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b22-l229","source":"ἠθεῖʼ ἦ μάλα δή σε βιάζεται ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"\"Brother, truly swift Achilles is pressing you hard,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l229.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠθεῖ","lemma":"ἠθεῖος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βιάζεται","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"βιάζεται","lemma":"βιάζω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"presses hard"},{"surface":"ὠκὺς","lemma":"ὠκύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βιάζεται","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b22-l230","source":"ἄστυ πέρι Πριάμοιο ποσὶν ταχέεσσι διώκων·","translation":"pursuing you around Priam's city with his swift feet;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l230.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to πέρι","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"πέρι","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄστυ","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"ποσὶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to διώκων","gloss":"with feet"},{"surface":"ταχέεσσι","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποσὶν","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"διώκων","lemma":"διώκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βιάζεται","gloss":"pursuing"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b22-l231","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε δὴ στέωμεν καὶ ἀλεξώμεσθα μένοντες.","translation":"Come, let us stand and defend ourselves, holding our ground.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l231.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"στέωμεν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us stand"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλεξώμεσθα","lemma":"ἀλέξω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us defend ourselves"},{"surface":"μένοντες","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀλεξώμεσθα","gloss":"holding our ground"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b22-l232","source":"τὴν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε μέγας κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ·","translation":"Then great Hector of the flashing helm addressed her in turn:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l232.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τὴν","title":"Athena's divine identity","body":"The feminine accusative pronoun refers grammatically to Athena, despite her outward disguise as Deiphobus."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"μέγας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"κορυθαίολος","lemma":"κορυθαίολος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"flashing-helmeted"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b22-l233","source":"Δηΐφοβʼ ἦ μέν μοι τὸ πάρος πολὺ φίλτατος ἦσθα","translation":"\"Deiphobus, before now you were by far the dearest to me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l233.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Δηΐφοβ","lemma":"Δηίφοβος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Deiphobus"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἦσθα","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πάρος","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦσθα","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"by far"},{"surface":"φίλτατος","lemma":"φίλτατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dearest"},{"surface":"ἦσθα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you were"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b22-l234","source":"γνωτῶν οὓς Ἑκάβη ἠδὲ Πρίαμος τέκε παῖδας·","translation":"of all the brothers whom Hecuba and Priam begot as sons;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l234.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γνωτῶν","lemma":"γνωτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to φίλτατος","gloss":"among the brothers"},{"surface":"οὓς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies παῖδας","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Ἑκάβη","lemma":"Ἑκάβη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"Hecuba"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πρίαμος","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"τέκε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing γνωτῶν","gloss":"begot"},{"surface":"παῖδας","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τέκε","gloss":"as sons"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b22-l235","source":"νῦν δʼ ἔτι καὶ μᾶλλον νοέω φρεσὶ τιμήσασθαι,","translation":"but now I think to honor you still more in my heart,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l235.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νοέω","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"μᾶλλον","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"comparative adverb","role":"adverbial to νοέω","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"νοέω","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I intend"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τιμήσασθαι","gloss":"in my heart"},{"surface":"τιμήσασθαι","lemma":"τιμάω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of νοέω","gloss":"to honor"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b22-l236","source":"ὃς ἔτλης ἐμεῦ εἵνεκʼ, ἐπεὶ ἴδες ὀφθαλμοῖσι,","translation":"because for my sake, when you saw me with your eyes,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l236.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔτλης","gloss":"you who"},{"surface":"ἔτλης","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"dared"},{"surface":"ἐμεῦ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἵνεκ̓","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"εἵνεκ","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for the sake"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἴδες","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"you saw"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσι","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἴδες","gloss":"with your eyes"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b22-l237","source":"τείχεος ἐξελθεῖν, ἄλλοι δʼ ἔντοσθε μένουσι.","translation":"you dared to come outside the wall, while the others remain within.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l237.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τείχεος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐξελθεῖν","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"ἐξελθεῖν","lemma":"ἐξέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἔτλης","gloss":"to come outside"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of μένουσι","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ἔντοσθε","lemma":"ἔντοσθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μένουσι","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"μένουσι","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"remain"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b22-l238","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπε θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη·","translation":"Then the goddess, bright-eyed Athena, answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l238.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"θεὰ","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"γλαυκῶπις","lemma":"γλαυκῶπις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"bright-eyed"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b22-l239","source":"ἠθεῖʼ ἦ μὲν πολλὰ πατὴρ καὶ πότνια μήτηρ","translation":"\"Brother, indeed our father and honored mother pleaded greatly with me","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l239.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠθεῖ","lemma":"ἠθεῖος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to λίσσονθ̓","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μήτηρ","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b22-l240","source":"λίσσονθʼ ἑξείης γουνούμενοι, ἀμφὶ δʼ ἑταῖροι,","translation":"in turn, clasping my knees, and all my companions around me,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l240.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λίσσονθ","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept begging"},{"surface":"ἑξείης","lemma":"ἑξῆς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γουνούμενοι","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"γουνούμενοι","lemma":"γουνόομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to λίσσονθ̓","gloss":"clasping my knees"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"adverb","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"around me"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b22-l241","source":"αὖθι μένειν· τοῖον γὰρ ὑποτρομέουσιν ἅπαντες·","translation":"to remain there, for they all tremble so before Achilles;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l241.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖθι","lemma":"αὖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μένειν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"μένειν","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of λίσσονθ̓","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"τοῖον","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὑποτρομέουσιν","gloss":"so greatly"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ὑποτρομέουσιν","lemma":"ὑποτρομέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tremble before him"},{"surface":"ἅπαντες","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ὑποτρομέουσιν","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b22-l242","source":"ἀλλʼ ἐμὸς ἔνδοθι θυμὸς ἐτείρετο πένθεϊ λυγρῷ.","translation":"but my heart within was worn away by grievous sorrow.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l242.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐμὸς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἔνδοθι","lemma":"ἔνδοθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐτείρετο","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐτείρετο","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἐτείρετο","lemma":"τείρω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was worn away"},{"surface":"πένθεϊ","lemma":"πένθος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐτείρετο","gloss":"by sorrow"},{"surface":"λυγρῷ","lemma":"λυγρός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πένθεϊ","gloss":"grievous"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b22-l243","source":"νῦν δʼ ἰθὺς μεμαῶτε μαχώμεθα, μὴ δέ τι δούρων","translation":"Now let us both fight straight on with eager spirit, and let there be no","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l243.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μεμαῶτε","title":"Dual perfect participle","body":"The dual participle describes Hector and the disguised Athena together as being fiercely eager for combat."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μαχώμεθα","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰθὺς","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μεμαῶτε","gloss":"straight on"},{"surface":"μεμαῶτε","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to μαχώμεθα","gloss":"both eager"},{"surface":"μαχώμεθα","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us fight"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"let there not"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔστω","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"δούρων","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies φειδωλή","gloss":"of spears"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b22-l244","source":"ἔστω φειδωλή, ἵνα εἴδομεν εἴ κεν Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"sparing of spears, so that we may know whether Achilles","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l244.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστω","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let there be"},{"surface":"φειδωλή","lemma":"φειδωλή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔστω","gloss":"sparing"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"εἴδομεν","lemma":"εἴδω","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"we may know"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φέρηται","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b22-l245","source":"νῶϊ κατακτείνας ἔναρα βροτόεντα φέρηται","translation":"will slay us both and carry our bloodstained spoils","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l245.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῶϊ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative dual masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατακτείνας","gloss":"us both"},{"surface":"κατακτείνας","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to φέρηται","gloss":"having slain"},{"surface":"ἔναρα","lemma":"ἔναρα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of φέρηται","gloss":"spoils"},{"surface":"βροτόεντα","lemma":"βροτόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔναρα","gloss":"bloodstained"},{"surface":"φέρηται","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"carry away"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b22-l246","source":"νῆας ἔπι γλαφυράς, ἦ κεν σῷ δουρὶ δαμήῃ.","translation":"to the hollow ships, or be subdued by your spear.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l246.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔπι","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ἔπι","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"γλαφυράς","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆας","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"σῷ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δουρὶ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δαμήῃ","gloss":"by spear"},{"surface":"δαμήῃ","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"be subdued"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b22-l247","source":"ὣς φαμένη καὶ κερδοσύνῃ ἡγήσατʼ Ἀθήνη·","translation":"So saying, Athena led the way with cunning;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l247.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"φαμένη","title":"Feminine participle","body":"This feminine present middle participle means “speaking” and agrees with Athena."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φαμένη","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"φαμένη","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἡγήσατ̓","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"κερδοσύνῃ","lemma":"κερδοσύνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἡγήσατ̓","gloss":"with cunning"},{"surface":"ἡγήσατ","lemma":"ἡγέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led the way"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἡγήσατ̓","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b22-l248","source":"οἳ δʼ ὅτε δὴ σχεδὸν ἦσαν ἐπʼ ἀλλήλοισιν ἰόντες,","translation":"Now when they had come near, advancing on one another,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l248.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦσαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦσαν","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισιν","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπ̓","gloss":"each other"},{"surface":"ἰόντες","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦσαν","gloss":"advancing"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b22-l249","source":"τὸν πρότερος προσέειπε μέγας κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ·","translation":"Hector of the flashing helm addressed him first:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l249.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πρότερος","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"μέγας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"κορυθαίολος","lemma":"κορυθαίολος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"flashing-helmeted"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b22-l250","source":"οὔ σʼ ἔτι Πηλέος υἱὲ φοβήσομαι, ὡς τὸ πάρος περ","translation":"\"No longer, son of Peleus, shall I fear you as I did before,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l250.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φοβήσομαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φοβήσομαι","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"Πηλέος","lemma":"Πηλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὲ","gloss":"of Peleus"},{"surface":"υἱὲ","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"φοβήσομαι","lemma":"φοβέω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shall I flee from"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δίον","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πάρος","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δίον","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b22-l251","source":"τρὶς περὶ ἄστυ μέγα Πριάμου δίον, οὐδέ ποτʼ ἔτλην","translation":"when three times I circled the great city of Priam and never dared","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l251.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τρὶς","lemma":"τρίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δίον","gloss":"three times"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄστυ","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Πριάμου","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄστυ","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"δίον","lemma":"δείξω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to φοβήσομαι","gloss":"I fled"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἔτλην","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἔτλην","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I dared"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b22-l252","source":"μεῖναι ἐπερχόμενον· νῦν αὖτέ με θυμὸς ἀνῆκε","translation":"to await your advance; but now my heart has urged me once more","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l252.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μεῖναι","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἔτλην","gloss":"to await"},{"surface":"ἐπερχόμενον","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"you advancing"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνῆκε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖτέ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνῆκε","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀνῆκε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνῆκε","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἀνῆκε","lemma":"ἀνίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has urged"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b22-l253","source":"στήμεναι ἀντία σεῖο· ἕλοιμί κεν ἤ κεν ἁλοίην.","translation":"to stand against you; I may slay you, or I may be slain.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l253.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἕλοιμί κεν ἤ κεν ἁλοίην","title":"Alternative possibilities","body":"The two optatives with κεν present opposed potential outcomes: Hector might kill Achilles, or he might himself be killed."}],"words":[{"surface":"στήμεναι","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἀνῆκε","gloss":"to stand"},{"surface":"ἀντία","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"σεῖο","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀντία","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἕλοιμί","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I might slay"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ἁλοίην","lemma":"ἁλίσκομαι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I might be slain"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b22-l254","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε δεῦρο θεοὺς ἐπιδώμεθα· τοὶ γὰρ ἄριστοι","translation":"But come, let us invoke the gods; for they shall be the best","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l254.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐπιδώμεθα","title":"Hortatory subjunctive","body":"The first-person plural subjunctive expresses Hector’s proposal that they call upon the gods as witnesses."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"δεῦρο","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπιδώμεθα","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"θεοὺς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπιδώμεθα","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"ἐπιδώμεθα","lemma":"ἐπιδίδωμι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us invoke"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔσσονται","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine superlative adjective","role":"modifies μάρτυροι","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b22-l255","source":"μάρτυροι ἔσσονται καὶ ἐπίσκοποι ἁρμονιάων·","translation":"witnesses and guardians of our agreements.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l255.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μάρτυροι","lemma":"μάρτυρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"ἔσσονται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπίσκοποι","lemma":"ἐπίσκοπος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"guardians"},{"surface":"ἁρμονιάων","lemma":"ἁρμονία","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ἐπίσκοποι","gloss":"of agreements"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b22-l256","source":"οὐ γὰρ ἐγώ σʼ ἔκπαγλον ἀεικιῶ, αἴ κεν ἐμοὶ Ζεὺς","translation":"I shall not outrage you cruelly, if Zeus grants me","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l256.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"αἴ κεν ἐμοὶ Ζεὺς","title":"Future condition","body":"The conditional clause with αἴ κεν makes Hector’s promise dependent upon what Zeus may grant him."}],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀεικιῶ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀεικιῶ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔκπαγλον","lemma":"ἔκπαγλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀεικιῶ","gloss":"cruelly"},{"surface":"ἀεικιῶ","lemma":"ἀεικίζω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will outrage"},{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δώῃ","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δώῃ","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b22-l257","source":"δώῃ καμμονίην, σὴν δὲ ψυχὴν ἀφέλωμαι·","translation":"the strength to endure and I take away your life;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l257.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δώῃ","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"grants"},{"surface":"καμμονίην","lemma":"καμμονίη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of δώῃ","gloss":"endurance"},{"surface":"σὴν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ψυχὴν","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ψυχὴν","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀφέλωμαι","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ἀφέλωμαι","lemma":"ἀφαιρέω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"I take away"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b22-l258","source":"ἀλλʼ ἐπεὶ ἄρ κέ σε συλήσω κλυτὰ τεύχεʼ Ἀχιλλεῦ","translation":"but when I have stripped your glorious armor from you, Achilles,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l258.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of συλήσω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"συλήσω","lemma":"συλάω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"I strip"},{"surface":"κλυτὰ","lemma":"κλυτός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχἐ","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"τεύχε","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of συλήσω","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεῦ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b22-l259","source":"νεκρὸν Ἀχαιοῖσιν δώσω πάλιν· ὣς δὲ σὺ ῥέζειν.","translation":"I shall return your body to the Achaeans; you must do likewise.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l259.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νεκρὸν","lemma":"νεκρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δώσω","gloss":"your corpse"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of δώσω","gloss":"to the Achaeans"},{"surface":"δώσω","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will return"},{"surface":"πάλιν","lemma":"πάλιν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δώσω","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ῥέζειν","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ῥέζειν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ῥέζειν","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"must do"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b22-l260","source":"τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς·","translation":"Then, glaring at him from under his brows, swift-footed Achilles spoke:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l260.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"ὑπόδρα","lemma":"ὑπόδρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδὼν","gloss":"from beneath his brows"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"glaring"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὠκὺς","gloss":"in his feet"},{"surface":"ὠκὺς","lemma":"ὠκύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεύς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b22-l261","source":"Ἕκτορ μή μοι ἄλαστε συνημοσύνας ἀγόρευε·","translation":"\"Hector, accursed man, do not speak to me of agreements;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l261.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ἕκτορ","title":"Direct address","body":"Hector’s name is in the vocative because Achilles addresses him directly."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀγόρευε","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἄλαστε","lemma":"ἄλαστος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτορ","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"συνημοσύνας","lemma":"συνημοσύνη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀγόρευε","gloss":"agreements"},{"surface":"ἀγόρευε","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"speak of"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b22-l262","source":"ὡς οὐκ ἔστι λέουσι καὶ ἀνδράσιν ὅρκια πιστά,","translation":"as there are no trustworthy oaths between lions and men,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l262.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"there are"},{"surface":"λέουσι","lemma":"λέων","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"between lions"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνδράσιν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"πιστά","lemma":"πιστός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκια","gloss":"trustworthy"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b22-l263","source":"οὐδὲ λύκοι τε καὶ ἄρνες ὁμόφρονα θυμὸν ἔχουσιν,","translation":"nor do wolves and lambs possess a like-minded heart,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l263.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λύκοι","lemma":"λύκος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"wolves"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρνες","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"lambs"},{"surface":"ὁμόφρονα","lemma":"ὁμόφρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"like-minded"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἔχουσιν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"possess"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b22-l264","source":"ἀλλὰ κακὰ φρονέουσι διαμπερὲς ἀλλήλοισιν,","translation":"but continually devise evil against one another,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l264.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of φρονέουσι","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"φρονέουσι","lemma":"φρονέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"devise"},{"surface":"διαμπερὲς","lemma":"διαμπερές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φρονέουσι","gloss":"continually"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισιν","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of φρονέουσι","gloss":"against one another"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b22-l265","source":"ὣς οὐκ ἔστʼ ἐμὲ καὶ σὲ φιλήμεναι, οὐδέ τι νῶϊν","translation":"so there can be no affection between you and me, nor shall there be for us","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l265.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νῶϊν","title":"Dual pronoun","body":"This dual form means “for us two,” restricting the statement specifically to Achilles and Hector."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔστ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἔστ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is it possible"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σὲ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"φιλήμεναι","lemma":"φιλέω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject of ἔστ̓","gloss":"to love"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔσσονται","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"νῶϊν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative dual masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔσσονται","gloss":"for us both"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b22-l266","source":"ὅρκια ἔσσονται, πρίν γʼ ἢ ἕτερόν γε πεσόντα","translation":"any oaths, until one or the other has fallen","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l266.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔσσονται","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"ἔσσονται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"πρίν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἕτερόν","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἆσαι","gloss":"one of us"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"πεσόντα","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἕτερόν","gloss":"having fallen"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b22-l267","source":"αἵματος ἆσαι Ἄρηα ταλαύρινον πολεμιστήν.","translation":"to glut Ares with blood, the steadfast shield-bearing warrior.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l267.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵματος","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἆσαι","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"ἆσαι","lemma":"ἄω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἢ","gloss":"to glut"},{"surface":"Ἄρηα","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Ares"},{"surface":"ταλαύρινον","lemma":"ταλαύρινος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πολεμιστήν","gloss":"steadfast in battle"},{"surface":"πολεμιστήν","lemma":"πολεμιστής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"warrior"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b22-l268","source":"παντοίης ἀρετῆς μιμνήσκεο· νῦν σε μάλα χρὴ","translation":"Remember every kind of valor; now above all you must be fit","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l268.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παντοίης","lemma":"παντοῖος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀρετῆς","gloss":"every kind of"},{"surface":"ἀρετῆς","lemma":"ἀρετή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of μιμνήσκεο","gloss":"valor"},{"surface":"μιμνήσκεο","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"remember"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χρὴ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔμεναι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"χρὴ","lemma":"χρή","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"must"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b22-l269","source":"αἰχμητήν τʼ ἔμεναι καὶ θαρσαλέον πολεμιστήν.","translation":"for being a spearman and a courageous warrior!","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l269.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰχμητήν","lemma":"αἰχμητής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a spearman"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject of χρὴ","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θαρσαλέον","lemma":"θαρσαλέος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πολεμιστήν","gloss":"courageous"},{"surface":"πολεμιστήν","lemma":"πολεμιστής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"warrior"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b22-l270","source":"οὔ τοι ἔτʼ ἔσθʼ ὑπάλυξις, ἄφαρ δέ σε Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη","translation":"There is no escape for you now; at once Pallas Athena","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l270.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔσθ̓","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσθ̓","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"ἔσθ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"ὑπάλυξις","lemma":"ὑπάλυξις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔσθ̓","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"ἄφαρ","lemma":"ἄφαρ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δαμάᾳ","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δαμάᾳ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Παλλὰς","lemma":"Παλλάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Pallas"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δαμάᾳ","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b22-l271","source":"ἔγχει ἐμῷ δαμάᾳ· νῦν δʼ ἀθρόα πάντʼ ἀποτίσεις","translation":"will subdue you with my spear, and now all together you shall repay","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l271.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγχει","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to δαμάᾳ","gloss":"with spear"},{"surface":"ἐμῷ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχει","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"δαμάᾳ","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will subdue"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀποτίσεις","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀθρόα","lemma":"ἀθρόος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κήδἐ","gloss":"all together"},{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κήδἐ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀποτίσεις","lemma":"ἀποτίνω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will repay"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b22-l272","source":"κήδεʼ ἐμῶν ἑτάρων οὓς ἔκτανες ἔγχεϊ θύων.","translation":"the sorrows of my companions, whom you slew while raging with the spear.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l272.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κήδε","lemma":"κῆδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀποτίσεις","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"ἐμῶν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κήδἐ","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"οὓς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔκτανες","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ἔκτανες","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑτάρων","gloss":"you slew"},{"surface":"ἔγχεϊ","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to θύων","gloss":"with spear"},{"surface":"θύων","lemma":"θύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔκτανες","gloss":"raging"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b22-l273","source":"ἦ ῥα, καὶ ἀμπεπαλὼν προΐει δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος·","translation":"So he spoke, and poising it, hurled his long-shadowed spear,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l273.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἦ ῥα, καὶ ἀμπεπαλὼν προΐει δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος","title":"Battle formula","body":"This recurring hexameter formula introduces a spear cast and is repeated verbatim when Hector throws at line 289."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμπεπαλὼν","lemma":"ἀναπάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προΐει","gloss":"having poised it"},{"surface":"προΐει","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he hurled"},{"surface":"δολιχόσκιον","lemma":"δολιχόσκιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"long-shadowed"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προΐει","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b22-l274","source":"καὶ τὸ μὲν ἄντα ἰδὼν ἠλεύατο φαίδιμος Ἕκτωρ·","translation":"but glorious Hector saw it coming straight at him and avoided it;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l274.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἠλεύατο","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄντα","lemma":"ἄντα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδὼν","gloss":"straight at him"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠλεύατο","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"ἠλεύατο","lemma":"ἀλέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he avoided"},{"surface":"φαίδιμος","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠλεύατο","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b22-l275","source":"ἕζετο γὰρ προϊδών, τὸ δʼ ὑπέρπτατο χάλκεον ἔγχος,","translation":"for he crouched when he saw it, and the bronze spear flew over him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l275.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕζετο","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he crouched"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"προϊδών","lemma":"προεῖδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕζετο","gloss":"seeing beforehand"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter article","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπέρπτατο","lemma":"ὑπερπέτομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flew over"},{"surface":"χάλκεον","lemma":"χάλκεος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ὑπέρπτατο","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b22-l276","source":"ἐν γαίῃ δʼ ἐπάγη· ἀνὰ δʼ ἥρπασε Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη,","translation":"and fixed itself in the earth; but Pallas Athena snatched it up","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l276.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"γαίῃ","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπάγη","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was fixed"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἥρπασε","lemma":"ἁρπάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"snatched"},{"surface":"Παλλὰς","lemma":"Παλλάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Pallas"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἥρπασε","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b22-l277","source":"ἂψ δʼ Ἀχιλῆϊ δίδου, λάθε δʼ Ἕκτορα ποιμένα λαῶν.","translation":"and gave it back to Achilles, escaping the notice of Hector, shepherd of the people.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l277.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δίδου","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλῆϊ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δίδου","gloss":"to Achilles"},{"surface":"δίδου","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she gave"},{"surface":"λάθε","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped notice of"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λάθε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ποιμένα","lemma":"ποιμήν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἕκτορα","gloss":"shepherd"},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ποιμένα","gloss":"of the people"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b22-l278","source":"Ἕκτωρ δὲ προσέειπεν ἀμύμονα Πηλεΐωνα·","translation":"Then Hector addressed the blameless son of Peleus:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l278.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπεν","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"προσέειπεν","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονα","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πηλεΐωνα","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐωνα","lemma":"Πηλεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσέειπεν","gloss":"son of Peleus"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b22-l279","source":"ἤμβροτες, οὐδʼ ἄρα πώ τι θεοῖς ἐπιείκελʼ Ἀχιλλεῦ","translation":"\"You missed, and so, godlike Achilles, you knew nothing after all","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l279.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤμβροτες","lemma":"ἁμαρτάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you missed"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἠείδης","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἠείδης","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"θεοῖς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπιείκελ̓","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"ἐπιείκελ","lemma":"ἐπιείκελος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεῦ","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεῦ","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b22-l280","source":"ἐκ Διὸς ἠείδης τὸν ἐμὸν μόρον, ἦ τοι ἔφης γε·","translation":"from Zeus about my fate, though you certainly claimed you did;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l280.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"ἠείδης","lemma":"εἴδω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you knew"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine article","role":"modifies μόρον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μόρον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"μόρον","lemma":"μόρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠείδης","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔφης","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you claimed"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b22-l281","source":"ἀλλά τις ἀρτιεπὴς καὶ ἐπίκλοπος ἔπλεο μύθων,","translation":"instead you proved glib in speech and deceitful in words,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l281.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀρτιεπὴς καὶ ἐπίκλοπος","title":"Glib and deceitful","body":"The paired adjectives accuse Achilles of speaking fluently while using his words to deceive."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἀρτιεπὴς","lemma":"ἀρτιεπής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"glib-speaking"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπίκλοπος","lemma":"ἐπίκλοπος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"deceitful"},{"surface":"ἔπλεο","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you proved"},{"surface":"μύθων","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπίκλοπος","gloss":"in words"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b22-l282","source":"ὄφρά σʼ ὑποδείσας μένεος ἀλκῆς τε λάθωμαι.","translation":"so that through fear of you I might forget my fury and courage.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l282.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρά","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὑποδείσας","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ὑποδείσας","lemma":"ὑποδείδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to λάθωμαι","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"μένεος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"ἀλκῆς","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"courage"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λάθωμαι","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρά","gloss":"I might forget"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b22-l283","source":"οὐ μέν μοι φεύγοντι μεταφρένῳ ἐν δόρυ πήξεις,","translation":"You shall not plant your spear in my back as I flee,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l283.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to πήξεις","gloss":"in my"},{"surface":"φεύγοντι","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as I flee"},{"surface":"μεταφρένῳ","lemma":"μετάφρενον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πήξεις","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δόρυ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πήξεις","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"πήξεις","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will plant"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b22-l284","source":"ἀλλʼ ἰθὺς μεμαῶτι διὰ στήθεσφιν ἔλασσον","translation":"but drive it straight through my breast as I charge","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l284.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἰθὺς","lemma":"ἰθύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μεμαῶτι","gloss":"straight"},{"surface":"μεμαῶτι","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as I charge"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"στήθεσφιν","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔλασσον","gloss":"my breast"},{"surface":"ἔλασσον","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drive it"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b22-l285","source":"εἴ τοι ἔδωκε θεός· νῦν αὖτʼ ἐμὸν ἔγχος ἄλευαι","translation":"if a god grants it to you; now in turn avoid my spear,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l285.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔδωκε","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἔδωκε","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"θεός","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔδωκε","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄλευαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄλευαι","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἄλευαι","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"ἄλευαι","lemma":"ἀλέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"avoid"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b22-l286","source":"χάλκεον· ὡς δή μιν σῷ ἐν χροῒ πᾶν κομίσαιο.","translation":"the bronze spear; would that you might receive it all in your flesh.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l286.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χάλκεον","lemma":"χάλκεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would that"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of κομίσαιο","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"σῷ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χροῒ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χροῒ","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"πᾶν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μιν","gloss":"entire"},{"surface":"κομίσαιο","lemma":"κομίζω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you might receive"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b22-l287","source":"καί κεν ἐλαφρότερος πόλεμος Τρώεσσι γένοιτο","translation":"Then war might become lighter for the Trojans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l287.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ἐλαφρότερος","lemma":"ἐλαφρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"lighter"},{"surface":"πόλεμος","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of γένοιτο","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to γένοιτο","gloss":"for the Trojans"},{"surface":"γένοιτο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"become"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b22-l288","source":"σεῖο καταφθιμένοιο· σὺ γάρ σφισι πῆμα μέγιστον.","translation":"with you dead, for you are their greatest affliction.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l288.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σεῖο","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καταφθιμένοιο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"καταφθιμένοιο","lemma":"καταφθίω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to γένοιτο","gloss":"being dead"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"σφισι","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"πῆμα","lemma":"πῆμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"affliction"},{"surface":"μέγιστον","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter superlative adjective","role":"modifies πῆμα","gloss":"greatest"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b22-l289","source":"ἦ ῥα, καὶ ἀμπεπαλὼν προΐει δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος,","translation":"So he spoke, and poising it, hurled his long-shadowed spear,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l289.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμπεπαλὼν","lemma":"ἀναπάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προΐει","gloss":"having poised it"},{"surface":"προΐει","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he hurled"},{"surface":"δολιχόσκιον","lemma":"δολιχόσκιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"long-shadowed"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προΐει","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b22-l290","source":"καὶ βάλε Πηλεΐδαο μέσον σάκος οὐδʼ ἀφάμαρτε·","translation":"and struck the son of Peleus squarely upon the middle of his shield, nor did he miss;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l290.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Πηλεΐδαο","lemma":"Πηλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies σάκος","gloss":"of Peleus' son"},{"surface":"μέσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σάκος","gloss":"middle of"},{"surface":"σάκος","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"ἀφάμαρτε","lemma":"ἀφαμαρτάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"missed completely"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b22-l291","source":"τῆλε δʼ ἀπεπλάγχθη σάκεος δόρυ· χώσατο δʼ Ἕκτωρ","translation":"but the spear rebounded far from the shield, and Hector was angered","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l291.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῆλε","lemma":"τῆλε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπεπλάγχθη","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀπεπλάγχθη","lemma":"ἀποπλάζω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was deflected"},{"surface":"σάκεος","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τῆλε","gloss":"from the shield"},{"surface":"δόρυ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"nominative neuter noun","role":"subject of ἀπεπλάγχθη","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"χώσατο","lemma":"χώομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was angered"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of χώσατο","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b22-l292","source":"ὅττί ῥά οἱ βέλος ὠκὺ ἐτώσιον ἔκφυγε χειρός,","translation":"because his swift weapon had flown vainly from his hand","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l292.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅττί","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔκφυγε","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"βέλος","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔκφυγε","gloss":"weapon"},{"surface":"ὠκὺ","lemma":"ὠκύς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies βέλος","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἐτώσιον","lemma":"ἐτώσιος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"ἔκφυγε","lemma":"ἐκφεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὅττί","gloss":"flew out"},{"surface":"χειρός","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκφυγε","gloss":"from his hand"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b22-l293","source":"στῆ δὲ κατηφήσας, οὐδʼ ἄλλʼ ἔχε μείλινον ἔγχος.","translation":"and stood downcast, for he had no other ashwood spear.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l293.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στῆ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he stood"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατηφήσας","lemma":"κατηφέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to στῆ","gloss":"downcast"},{"surface":"ἄλλ","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ἔχε","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he had"},{"surface":"μείλινον","lemma":"μέλινος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"ashwood"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχε","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b22-l294","source":"Δηΐφοβον δʼ ἐκάλει λευκάσπιδα μακρὸν ἀΰσας·","translation":"He called to white-shielded Deiphobus with a loud shout,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l294.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Δηΐφοβον","lemma":"Δηίφοβος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Deiphobus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκάλει","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he called"},{"surface":"λευκάσπιδα","lemma":"λεύκασπις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"white-shielded"},{"surface":"μακρὸν","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀΰσας","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"ἀΰσας","lemma":"αὔω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐκάλει","gloss":"shouting"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b22-l295","source":"ᾔτεέ μιν δόρυ μακρόν· ὃ δʼ οὔ τί οἱ ἐγγύθεν ἦεν.","translation":"asking him for a long spear; but he was nowhere near him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l295.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ᾔτεέ","lemma":"αἰτέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he asked"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ᾔτεέ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δόρυ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ᾔτεέ","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"μακρόν","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δόρυ","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐγγύθεν","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ἐγγύθεν","lemma":"ἐγγύθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b22-l296","source":"Ἕκτωρ δʼ ἔγνω ᾗσιν ἐνὶ φρεσὶ φώνησέν τε·","translation":"Then Hector understood within his heart and spoke:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l296.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔγνω","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔγνω","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"ᾗσιν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρεσὶ","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"φώνησέν","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b22-l297","source":"ὢ πόποι ἦ μάλα δή με θεοὶ θάνατόνδε κάλεσσαν·","translation":"\"Alas, surely the gods have summoned me to death;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l297.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὢ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"πόποι","lemma":"πόποι","morphology":"interjection","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κάλεσσαν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of κάλεσσαν","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"κάλεσσαν","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"summoned"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b22-l298","source":"Δηΐφοβον γὰρ ἔγωγʼ ἐφάμην ἥρωα παρεῖναι·","translation":"for I believed the hero Deiphobus was beside me,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l298.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Δηΐφοβον","lemma":"Δηίφοβος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of παρεῖναι","gloss":"Deiphobus"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔγωγ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐφάμην","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"ἥρωα","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Δηΐφοβον","gloss":"the hero"},{"surface":"παρεῖναι","lemma":"πάρειμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐφάμην","gloss":"to be beside me"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b22-l299","source":"ἀλλʼ ὃ μὲν ἐν τείχει, ἐμὲ δʼ ἐξαπάτησεν Ἀθήνη.","translation":"but he is within the walls, and Athena has deceived me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l299.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"τείχει","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"the walls"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξαπάτησεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξαπάτησεν","lemma":"ἐξαπατάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"deceived"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐξαπάτησεν","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b22-l300","source":"νῦν δὲ δὴ ἐγγύθι μοι θάνατος κακός, οὐδʼ ἔτʼ ἄνευθεν,","translation":"Now evil death is close beside me and no longer far away,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l300.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγγύθι","lemma":"ἐγγύθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"close by"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"θάνατος","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"κακός","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θάνατος","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"ἄνευθεν","lemma":"ἄνευθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"far away"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b22-l301","source":"οὐδʼ ἀλέη· ἦ γάρ ῥα πάλαι τό γε φίλτερον ἦεν","translation":"and there is no escape. Surely this had long been more pleasing","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l301.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλέη","lemma":"ἀλέα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"escape"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πάλαι","lemma":"πάλαι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"τό","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"φίλτερον","lemma":"φίλτερος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"more pleasing"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b22-l302","source":"Ζηνί τε καὶ Διὸς υἷι ἑκηβόλῳ, οἵ με πάρος γε","translation":"to Zeus and to the far-shooting son of Zeus, who formerly","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l302.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζηνί","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"to Zeus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἷι","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"υἷι","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἑκηβόλῳ","lemma":"ἑκηβόλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷι","gloss":"far-shooting"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰρύατο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰρύατο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰρύατο","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b22-l303","source":"πρόφρονες εἰρύατο· νῦν αὖτέ με μοῖρα κιχάνει.","translation":"protected me willingly; but now fate overtakes me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l303.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρόφρονες","lemma":"πρόφρων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"willingly"},{"surface":"εἰρύατο","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"protected"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κιχάνει","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖτέ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κιχάνει","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κιχάνει","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"μοῖρα","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κιχάνει","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"κιχάνει","lemma":"κιχάνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"overtakes"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b22-l304","source":"μὴ μὰν ἀσπουδί γε καὶ ἀκλειῶς ἀπολοίμην,","translation":"May I not die without a struggle and without glory,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l304.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μὴ μὰν ἀσπουδί γε καὶ ἀκλειῶς ἀπολοίμην","title":"Wish in the optative","body":"The aorist optative expresses Hector’s wish not to meet an unresisting and inglorious death."}],"words":[{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"may I not"},{"surface":"μὰν","lemma":"μήν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀσπουδί","lemma":"ἀσπουδί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"without a struggle"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀκλειῶς","lemma":"ἀκλεής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"without glory"},{"surface":"ἀπολοίμην","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"perish"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b22-l305","source":"ἀλλὰ μέγα ῥέξας τι καὶ ἐσσομένοισι πυθέσθαι.","translation":"but after doing some great deed for those yet to be born to hear of.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l305.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τι","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ῥέξας","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"having done"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ῥέξας","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἐσσομένοισι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle participle, dative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ῥέξας","gloss":"those yet to be"},{"surface":"πυθέσθαι","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ῥέξας","gloss":"to hear of"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b22-l306","source":"ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας εἰρύσσατο φάσγανον ὀξύ,","translation":"So he spoke, and drew his sharp sword,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l306.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φωνήσας","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἰρύσσατο","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"εἰρύσσατο","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he drew"},{"surface":"φάσγανον","lemma":"φάσγανον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰρύσσατο","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ὀξύ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάσγανον","gloss":"sharp"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b22-l307","source":"τό οἱ ὑπὸ λαπάρην τέτατο μέγα τε στιβαρόν τε,","translation":"which hung beneath his flank, great and strong,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l307.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τό","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of τέτατο","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to τέτατο","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"λαπάρην","lemma":"λαπάρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὸ","gloss":"his flank"},{"surface":"τέτατο","lemma":"τείνω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing φάσγανον","gloss":"hung"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"στιβαρόν","lemma":"στιβαρός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b22-l308","source":"οἴμησεν δὲ ἀλεὶς ὥς τʼ αἰετὸς ὑψιπετήεις,","translation":"and gathering himself he swooped, like a high-flying eagle","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l308.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀλεὶς","title":"Aorist participle","body":"The participle describes Hector gathering or contracting himself before his sudden charge."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἴμησεν","lemma":"οἰμάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he swooped"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλεὶς","lemma":"εἴλω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to οἴμησεν","gloss":"gathering himself"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"αἰετὸς","lemma":"ἀετός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"an eagle"},{"surface":"ὑψιπετήεις","lemma":"ὑψιπετήεις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἰετὸς","gloss":"high-flying"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b22-l309","source":"ὅς τʼ εἶσιν πεδίον δὲ διὰ νεφέων ἐρεβεννῶν","translation":"that descends to the plain through the dark clouds","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l309.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἶσιν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"εἶσιν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing αἰετὸς","gloss":"descends"},{"surface":"πεδίον","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἶσιν","gloss":"to the plain"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"νεφέων","lemma":"νέφος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to διὰ","gloss":"clouds"},{"surface":"ἐρεβεννῶν","lemma":"ἐρεβεννός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies νεφέων","gloss":"dark"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b22-l310","source":"ἁρπάξων ἢ ἄρνʼ ἀμαλὴν ἤ πτῶκα λαγωόν·","translation":"to seize a tender lamb or a crouching hare;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l310.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἁρπάξων","lemma":"ἁρπάζω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἶσιν","gloss":"to seize"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"ἄρν","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἤ","gloss":"a lamb"},{"surface":"ἀμαλὴν","lemma":"ἀμαλός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄρν̓","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"πτῶκα","lemma":"πτώξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies λαγωόν","gloss":"crouching"},{"surface":"λαγωόν","lemma":"λαγῶς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἤ","gloss":"hare"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b22-l311","source":"ὣς Ἕκτωρ οἴμησε τινάσσων φάσγανον ὀξύ.","translation":"so Hector swooped, brandishing his sharp sword.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l311.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οἴμησε","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of οἴμησε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"οἴμησε","lemma":"οἰμάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"swooped"},{"surface":"τινάσσων","lemma":"τινάσσω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to οἴμησε","gloss":"brandishing"},{"surface":"φάσγανον","lemma":"φάσγανον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of τινάσσων","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ὀξύ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάσγανον","gloss":"sharp"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b22-l312","source":"ὁρμήθη δʼ Ἀχιλεύς, μένεος δʼ ἐμπλήσατο θυμὸν","translation":"Achilles sprang forward, and filled his heart with savage","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l312.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐμπλήσατο","title":"Middle voice","body":"The middle form presents Achilles as filling his own heart with fury."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὁρμήθη","lemma":"ὁρμάω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprang forward"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλεύς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὁρμήθη","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"μένεος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐμπλήσατο","gloss":"with fury"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμπλήσατο","lemma":"ἐμπίπλημι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"filled"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐμπλήσατο","gloss":"his heart"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b22-l313","source":"ἀγρίου, πρόσθεν δὲ σάκος στέρνοιο κάλυψε","translation":"fury, and before his breast he held his shield,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l313.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγρίου","lemma":"ἄγριος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μένεος","gloss":"savage"},{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σάκος","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of κάλυψε","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"στέρνοιο","lemma":"στέρνον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to πρόσθεν","gloss":"his breast"},{"surface":"κάλυψε","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"covered"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b22-l314","source":"καλὸν δαιδάλεον, κόρυθι δʼ ἐπένευε φαεινῇ","translation":"beautiful and richly wrought, while he nodded beneath his shining helmet,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l314.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλὸν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σάκος","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"δαιδάλεον","lemma":"δαιδάλεος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σάκος","gloss":"richly wrought"},{"surface":"κόρυθι","lemma":"κόρυς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπένευε","gloss":"with his helmet"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπένευε","lemma":"ἐπινεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he nodded"},{"surface":"φαεινῇ","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κόρυθι","gloss":"shining"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b22-l315","source":"τετραφάλῳ· καλαὶ δὲ περισσείοντο ἔθειραι","translation":"four-crested; and the lovely horsehair plumes streamed around it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l315.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τετραφάλῳ","lemma":"τετράφαλος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κόρυθι","gloss":"four-crested"},{"surface":"καλαὶ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἔθειραι","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"περισσείοντο","lemma":"περισείομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"streamed around"},{"surface":"ἔθειραι","lemma":"ἔθειρα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of περισσείοντο","gloss":"horsehair plumes"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b22-l316","source":"χρύσεαι, ἃς Ἥφαιστος ἵει λόφον ἀμφὶ θαμειάς.","translation":"of gold that Hephaestus had set thick about the crest.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l316.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χρύσεαι","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἔθειραι","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"ἃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἵει","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Ἥφαιστος","lemma":"Ἥφαιστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἵει","gloss":"Hephaestus"},{"surface":"ἵει","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἔθειραι","gloss":"had set"},{"surface":"λόφον","lemma":"λόφος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφὶ","gloss":"the crest"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"θαμειάς","lemma":"θαμέες","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"thickly clustered"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b22-l317","source":"οἷος δʼ ἀστὴρ εἶσι μετʼ ἀστράσι νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ","translation":"As a star moves among the stars in the depth of night,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l317.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"οἷος δʼ","title":"Epic comparison","body":"This opens a sustained comparison between Achilles' shining spearpoint and the evening star."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἷος","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀστὴρ","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀστὴρ","lemma":"ἀστήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶσι","gloss":"moves"},{"surface":"εἶσι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"subject of ἀπέλαμπ̓","gloss":"a star"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀστράσι","lemma":"ἀστήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετ̓","gloss":"stars"},{"surface":"νυκτὸς","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀμολγῷ","gloss":"of night"},{"surface":"ἀμολγῷ","lemma":"ἀμολγός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to εἶσι","gloss":"in the depths"}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b22-l318","source":"ἕσπερος, ὃς κάλλιστος ἐν οὐρανῷ ἵσταται ἀστήρ,","translation":"the evening star, which stands as the fairest star in heaven,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l318.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕσπερος","lemma":"ἕσπερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀστὴρ","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀστήρ","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"κάλλιστος","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fairest"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οὐρανῷ","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"ἵσταται","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀστὴρ","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"ἀστήρ","lemma":"ἀστήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἵσταται","gloss":"star"}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b22-l319","source":"ὣς αἰχμῆς ἀπέλαμπʼ εὐήκεος, ἣν ἄρʼ Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"so the point flashed from the sharp-pointed spear that Achilles","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l319.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπέλαμπ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"αἰχμῆς","lemma":"αἰχμή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπέλαμπ̓","gloss":"from the spearpoint"},{"surface":"ἀπέλαμπ","lemma":"ἀπολάμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"εὐήκεος","lemma":"εὐήκης","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἰχμῆς","gloss":"sharp-pointed"},{"surface":"ἣν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of πάλλεν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πάλλεν","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b22-l320","source":"πάλλεν δεξιτερῇ φρονέων κακὸν Ἕκτορι δίῳ,","translation":"brandished in his right hand, devising death for noble Hector,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l320.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάλλεν","lemma":"πάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing αἰχμῆς","gloss":"brandished"},{"surface":"δεξιτερῇ","lemma":"δεξιτερός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to πάλλεν","gloss":"in his right hand"},{"surface":"φρονέων","lemma":"φρονέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πάλλεν","gloss":"devising"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of φρονέων","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορι","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to φρονέων","gloss":"for Hector"},{"surface":"δίῳ","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτορι","gloss":"noble"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b22-l321","source":"εἰσορόων χρόα καλόν, ὅπῃ εἴξειε μάλιστα.","translation":"as he searched his fair body for the place most likely to yield.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l321.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἴξειε","title":"Optative in an indirect question","body":"The optative marks Achilles' deliberation about where Hector's body might most readily give way."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰσορόων","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πάλλεν","gloss":"searching"},{"surface":"χρόα","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰσορόων","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"καλόν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρόα","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"ὅπῃ","lemma":"ὅπη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴξειε","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"εἴξειε","lemma":"εἴκω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing χρόα","gloss":"might yield"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"superlative adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴξειε","gloss":"most readily"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b22-l322","source":"τοῦ δὲ καὶ ἄλλο τόσον μὲν ἔχε χρόα χάλκεα τεύχεα,","translation":"Over the rest of his flesh the bronze armor covered him,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l322.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἄλλο","gloss":"of him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἄλλο","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"τόσον","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔχε","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"χρόα","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχε","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"χάλκεα","lemma":"χάλκεος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχεα","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔχε","gloss":"armor"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b22-l323","source":"καλά, τὰ Πατρόκλοιο βίην ἐνάριξε κατακτάς·","translation":"the splendid armor he had stripped from mighty Patroclus after killing him;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l323.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλά","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχεα","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἐνάριξε","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Πατρόκλοιο","lemma":"Πάτροκλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies βίην","gloss":"of Patroclus"},{"surface":"βίην","lemma":"βία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνάριξε","gloss":"mighty person"},{"surface":"ἐνάριξε","lemma":"ἐναρίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τεύχεα","gloss":"he stripped"},{"surface":"κατακτάς","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐνάριξε","gloss":"after killing him"}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b22-l324","source":"φαίνετο δʼ ᾗ κληῗδες ἀπʼ ὤμων αὐχένʼ ἔχουσι,","translation":"but there showed, where the collarbones hold the neck above the shoulders,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l324.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φαίνετο","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was exposed"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ᾗ","lemma":"ᾗ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχουσι","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"κληῗδες","lemma":"κλείς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔχουσι","gloss":"collarbones"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὤμων","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσι","gloss":"the shoulders"},{"surface":"αὐχέν","lemma":"αὐχήν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχουσι","gloss":"the neck"},{"surface":"ἔχουσι","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of ,","gloss":"hold"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b22-l325","source":"λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος·","translation":"the throat, where the destruction of life comes most swiftly;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l325.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λαυκανίην","lemma":"λαυκανίη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"throat"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ordinarily"},{"surface":"ψυχῆς","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὄλεθρος","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"ὤκιστος","lemma":"ὠκύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"swiftest"},{"surface":"ὄλεθρος","lemma":"ὄλεθρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"destruction"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b22-l326","source":"τῇ ῥʼ ἐπὶ οἷ μεμαῶτʼ ἔλασʼ ἔγχεϊ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς,","translation":"there, as Hector charged, noble Achilles drove his spear at him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l326.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μεμαῶτʼ","title":"Perfect participle","body":"The perfect participle conveys Hector's settled, continuing eagerness as he charges."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"τῇ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔλασ̓","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"οἷ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μεμαῶτ","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔλασ̓","gloss":"as he charged"},{"surface":"ἔλασ","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove"},{"surface":"ἔγχεϊ","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἔλασ̓","gloss":"with his spear"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεύς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔλασ̓","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b22-l327","source":"ἀντικρὺ δʼ ἁπαλοῖο διʼ αὐχένος ἤλυθʼ ἀκωκή·","translation":"the point passed straight through his tender neck,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l327.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντικρὺ","lemma":"ἀντικρύ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθ̓","gloss":"straight through"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἁπαλοῖο","lemma":"ἁπαλός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αὐχένος","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"δι","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"αὐχένος","lemma":"αὐχήν","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἤλυθ̓","gloss":"neck"},{"surface":"ἤλυθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"passed"},{"surface":"ἀκωκή","lemma":"ἀκωκή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤλυθ̓","gloss":"spearpoint"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b22-l328","source":"οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ἀπʼ ἀσφάραγον μελίη τάμε χαλκοβάρεια,","translation":"yet the bronze-weighted ash spear did not sever his windpipe,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l328.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"ἀσφάραγον","lemma":"ἀσφάραγος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τάμε","gloss":"windpipe"},{"surface":"μελίη","lemma":"μελία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τάμε","gloss":"ash spear"},{"surface":"τάμε","lemma":"τέμνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"severed"},{"surface":"χαλκοβάρεια","lemma":"χαλκοβαρής","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μελίη","gloss":"bronze-weighted"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b22-l329","source":"ὄφρά τί μιν προτιείποι ἀμειβόμενος ἐπέεσσιν.","translation":"so that he could still answer him and speak his words.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l329.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὄφρά","title":"Purpose clause","body":"The conjunction introduces the purpose or result of the windpipe's remaining uncut: Hector can still speak."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρά","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of προτιείποι","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προτιείποι","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"προτιείποι","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρά","gloss":"he might say"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προτιείποι","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμειβόμενος","gloss":"with words"}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b22-l330","source":"ἤριπε δʼ ἐν κονίῃς· ὃ δʼ ἐπεύξατο δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς·","translation":"He fell in the dust, and noble Achilles exulted over him:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l330.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤριπε","lemma":"ἐρείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he fell"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κονίῃς","lemma":"κονία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the dust"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεύξατο","lemma":"ἐπεύχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"exulted over him"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεύς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπεύξατο","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b22-l331","source":"Ἕκτορ ἀτάρ που ἔφης Πατροκλῆʼ ἐξεναρίζων","translation":"\"Hector, surely you thought, while stripping Patroclus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l331.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ἀτάρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ἔφης","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you thought"},{"surface":"Πατροκλῆ","lemma":"Πατροκλῆς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξεναρίζων","gloss":"Patroclus"},{"surface":"ἐξεναρίζων","lemma":"ἐξεναρίζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔφης","gloss":"while stripping"}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b22-l332","source":"σῶς ἔσσεσθʼ, ἐμὲ δʼ οὐδὲν ὀπίζεο νόσφιν ἐόντα,","translation":"that you would be safe, and you had no fear of me while I was far away,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l332.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σῶς","lemma":"σῶς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"safe"},{"surface":"ἔσσεσθ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔφης","gloss":"you would be"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀπίζεο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐδὲν","lemma":"οὐδείς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὀπίζεο","gloss":"not at all"},{"surface":"ὀπίζεο","lemma":"ὀπίζομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you feared"},{"surface":"νόσφιν","lemma":"νόσφι","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies ἐμὲ","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b22-l333","source":"νήπιε· τοῖο δʼ ἄνευθεν ἀοσσητὴρ μέγʼ ἀμείνων","translation":"fool. Far from him, a far stronger defender","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l333.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νήπιε","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"τοῖο","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἄνευθεν","gloss":"from him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄνευθεν","lemma":"ἄνευθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λελείμμην","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"ἀοσσητὴρ","lemma":"ἀοσσητήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"defender"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"ἀμείνων","lemma":"ἀμείνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"modifies ἀοσσητὴρ","gloss":"stronger"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b22-l334","source":"νηυσὶν ἔπι γλαφυρῇσιν ἐγὼ μετόπισθε λελείμμην,","translation":"had remained behind beside the hollow ships: I,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l334.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηυσὶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔπι","gloss":"beside the ships"},{"surface":"ἔπι","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"γλαφυρῇσιν","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶν","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of λελείμμην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μετόπισθε","lemma":"μετόπισθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λελείμμην","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"λελείμμην","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had remained"}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b22-l335","source":"ὅς τοι γούνατʼ ἔλυσα· σὲ μὲν κύνες ἠδʼ οἰωνοὶ","translation":"who have broken your knees. Dogs and birds will","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l335.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"σὲ μὲν","title":"Men–de contrast","body":"The particle μέν marks Hector for contrast with Patroclus in the following line."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔλυσα","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔλυσα","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"γούνατ","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔλυσα","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"ἔλυσα","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἐγὼ","gloss":"I broke"},{"surface":"σὲ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἑλκήσουσ̓","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κύνες","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδ̓","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἰωνοὶ","lemma":"οἰωνός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδ̓","gloss":"birds"}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b22-l336","source":"ἑλκήσουσʼ ἀϊκῶς, τὸν δὲ κτεριοῦσιν Ἀχαιοί.","translation":"mangle you shamefully, while the Achaeans will give him burial.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l336.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑλκήσουσ","lemma":"ἑλκέω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will drag"},{"surface":"ἀϊκῶς","lemma":"ἀικῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἑλκήσουσ̓","gloss":"shamefully"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κτεριοῦσιν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κτεριοῦσιν","lemma":"κτερίζω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will bury"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of κτεριοῦσιν","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b22-l337","source":"τὸν δʼ ὀλιγοδρανέων προσέφη κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ·","translation":"Then Hector of the flashing helm, weak and failing, answered:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l337.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ","title":"Hector's recurring epithet","body":"The formulaic epithet identifies Hector by the flashing or tossing crest of his helmet even as he lies mortally wounded."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὀλιγοδρανέων","lemma":"ὀλιγοδρανέων","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"failing fast"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"κορυθαίολος","lemma":"κορυθαίολος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"with flashing helm"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b22-l338","source":"λίσσομʼ ὑπὲρ ψυχῆς καὶ γούνων σῶν τε τοκήων,","translation":"\"I implore you by your life, your knees, and your parents:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l338.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λίσσομ","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I implore"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ψυχῆς","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γούνων","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"σῶν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοκήων","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοκήων","lemma":"τοκεύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"parents"}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b22-l339","source":"μή με ἔα παρὰ νηυσὶ κύνας καταδάψαι Ἀχαιῶν,","translation":"do not leave me beside the ships for the Achaeans' dogs to devour,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l339.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔα","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔα","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of ἀλλὰ","gloss":"leave"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"κύνας","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καταδάψαι","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"καταδάψαι","lemma":"καταδάπτω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἔα","gloss":"to devour"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶ","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b22-l340","source":"ἀλλὰ σὺ μὲν χαλκόν τε ἅλις χρυσόν τε δέδεξο,","translation":"but accept abundant bronze and gold,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l340.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δέδεξο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for your part"},{"surface":"χαλκόν","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἅλις","lemma":"ἅλις","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies χαλκόν","gloss":"in abundance"},{"surface":"χρυσόν","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"gold"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δέδεξο","lemma":"δέχομαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"accept"}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b22-l341","source":"δῶρα τά τοι δώσουσι πατὴρ καὶ πότνια μήτηρ,","translation":"the gifts that my father and honored mother will give you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l341.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δῶρα","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of δώσουσι","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δώσουσι","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"δώσουσι","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δῶρα","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μήτηρ","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b22-l342","source":"σῶμα δὲ οἴκαδʼ ἐμὸν δόμεναι πάλιν, ὄφρα πυρός με","translation":"but give my body back to my home, so that when I am dead","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l342.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"δόμεναι","title":"Homeric infinitive","body":"This epic infinitive continues Hector's request that Achilles allow his body to be returned home."}],"words":[{"surface":"σῶμα","lemma":"σῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δόμεναι","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἴκαδ","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of δόμεναι","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σῶμα","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"δόμεναι","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"πάλιν","lemma":"πάλιν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δόμεναι","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"πυρός","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of λελάχωσι","gloss":"of fire"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of λελάχωσι","gloss":"me"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b22-l343","source":"Τρῶες καὶ Τρώων ἄλοχοι λελάχωσι θανόντα.","translation":"the Trojans and the Trojan wives may grant me my share of fire.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l343.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄλοχοι","gloss":"Trojan"},{"surface":"ἄλοχοι","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"λελάχωσι","lemma":"λαγχάνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"may grant a share","note":"The verb means allot or grant someone their due portion, here Hector's funeral fire."},{"surface":"θανόντα","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies με","gloss":"after I die"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b22-l344","source":"τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεὺς·","translation":"Then, glaring at him from under his brows, swift-footed Achilles spoke:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l344.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"ὑπόδρα","lemma":"ὑπόδρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδὼν","gloss":"glaring from beneath"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"having looked"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὠκὺς","gloss":"in his feet"},{"surface":"ὠκὺς","lemma":"ὠκύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b22-l345","source":"μή με κύον γούνων γουνάζεο μὴ δὲ τοκήων·","translation":"\"Dog, do not beseech me by my knees or by my parents.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l345.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μή με κύον","title":"Direct address","body":"Achilles addresses Hector as κύον, \"dog,\" a contemptuous vocative placed before his refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of γουνάζεο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κύον","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"γούνων","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"by my knees"},{"surface":"γουνάζεο","lemma":"γουνάζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"beseech"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοκήων","lemma":"τοκεύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"my parents"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b22-l346","source":"αἲ γάρ πως αὐτόν με μένος καὶ θυμὸς ἀνήη","translation":"If only my fury and spirit would somehow drive me","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l346.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἲ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"αὐτόν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀνήη","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἀνήη","lemma":"ἀνίημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would drive"}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b22-l347","source":"ὤμʼ ἀποταμνόμενον κρέα ἔδμεναι, οἷα ἔοργας,","translation":"to carve your flesh away and eat it raw, for all that you have done,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l347.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὤμ","lemma":"ὠμός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρέα","gloss":"raw"},{"surface":"ἀποταμνόμενον","lemma":"ἀποτέμνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔδμεναι","gloss":"carving away"},{"surface":"κρέα","lemma":"κρέας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔδμεναι","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"ἔδμεναι","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἀνήη","gloss":"to eat"},{"surface":"οἷα","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἔοργας","gloss":"for what"},{"surface":"ἔοργας","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀνήη","gloss":"you have done","note":"The perfect stresses the lasting reality of Hector's deeds."}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b22-l348","source":"ὡς οὐκ ἔσθʼ ὃς σῆς γε κύνας κεφαλῆς ἀπαλάλκοι,","translation":"as surely as there is no one who will keep the dogs from your head,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l348.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so surely"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"ἔσθ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπαλάλκοι","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"σῆς","lemma":"σός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κεφαλῆς","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"κύνας","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπαλάλκοι","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"κεφαλῆς","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπαλάλκοι","gloss":"from your head"},{"surface":"ἀπαλάλκοι","lemma":"ἀπάλαλκε","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"subject of ἔσθ̓","gloss":"might ward away"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b22-l349","source":"οὐδʼ εἴ κεν δεκάκις τε καὶ εἰκοσινήριτʼ ἄποινα","translation":"not even if they bring here ransom ten times and twenty times","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l349.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"δεκάκις","lemma":"δεκάκις","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"tenfold"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰκοσινήριτ","lemma":"εἰκοσινήριτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"twentyfold"},{"surface":"ἄποινα","lemma":"ἄποινα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of στήσωσ̓","gloss":"ransom"}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b22-l350","source":"στήσωσʼ ἐνθάδʼ ἄγοντες, ὑπόσχωνται δὲ καὶ ἄλλα,","translation":"as great and set it before me, and promise still more,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l350.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στήσωσ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"they set down"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἄγοντες","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἄγοντες","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to στήσωσ̓","gloss":"bringing it"},{"surface":"ὑπόσχωνται","lemma":"ὑπισχνέομαι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"they promise"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἄλλα","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ὑπόσχωνται","gloss":"more"}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b22-l351","source":"οὐδʼ εἴ κέν σʼ αὐτὸν χρυσῷ ἐρύσασθαι ἀνώγοι","translation":"not even if Dardanus' son Priam should command them to weigh","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l351.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐρύσασθαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"your very self"},{"surface":"χρυσῷ","lemma":"χρυσός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐρύσασθαι","gloss":"against gold"},{"surface":"ἐρύσασθαι","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἀνώγοι","gloss":"to weigh out"},{"surface":"ἀνώγοι","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"perfect active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"should command"}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b22-l352","source":"Δαρδανίδης Πρίαμος· οὐδʼ ὧς σέ γε πότνια μήτηρ","translation":"your very body against gold; not even then will your honored mother","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l352.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Δαρδανίδης","lemma":"Δαρδανίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Πρίαμος","gloss":"son of Dardanus"},{"surface":"Πρίαμος","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνώγοι","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"ὧς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γοήσεται","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"σέ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of γοήσεται","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μήτηρ","gloss":"honored"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γοήσεται","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b22-l353","source":"ἐνθεμένη λεχέεσσι γοήσεται ὃν τέκεν αὐτή,","translation":"lay upon a bier and mourn the son whom she herself bore,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l353.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐνθεμένη","lemma":"ἐντίθημι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to γοήσεται","gloss":"having laid you"},{"surface":"λεχέεσσι","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνθεμένη","gloss":"upon a bier"},{"surface":"γοήσεται","lemma":"γοάω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will mourn"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τέκεν","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"τέκεν","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σέ","gloss":"she bore"},{"surface":"αὐτή","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"herself"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b22-l354","source":"ἀλλὰ κύνες τε καὶ οἰωνοὶ κατὰ πάντα δάσονται.","translation":"but dogs and birds will devour you utterly.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l354.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κύνες","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἰωνοὶ","lemma":"οἰωνός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"birds"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to δάσονται","gloss":"all of you"},{"surface":"δάσονται","lemma":"δατέομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will devour","note":"Literally, they will divide or feast upon the corpse."}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b22-l355","source":"τὸν δὲ καταθνῄσκων προσέφη κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ·","translation":"Then Hector of the flashing helm answered him as he lay dying:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l355.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καταθνῄσκων","lemma":"καταθνήσκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"κορυθαίολος","lemma":"κορυθαίολος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"with flashing helm"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b22-l356","source":"ἦ σʼ εὖ γιγνώσκων προτιόσσομαι, οὐδʼ ἄρʼ ἔμελλον","translation":"\"Indeed, knowing you well, I foresaw this: I was not going","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l356.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of γιγνώσκων","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γιγνώσκων","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"γιγνώσκων","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προτιόσσομαι","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"προτιόσσομαι","lemma":"προτιόσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I foresaw"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"ἔμελλον","lemma":"μέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I was destined"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b22-l357","source":"πείσειν· ἦ γὰρ σοί γε σιδήρεος ἐν φρεσὶ θυμός.","translation":"to persuade you; for truly the heart within your breast is iron.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l357.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πείσειν","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ἔμελλον","gloss":"to persuade"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"σοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"within you"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σιδήρεος","lemma":"σιδήρεος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"iron"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ἐν","gloss":"your breast"},{"surface":"θυμός","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b22-l358","source":"φράζεο νῦν, μή τοί τι θεῶν μήνιμα γένωμαι","translation":"Take heed now, lest I become for you a cause of the gods’ wrath","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l358.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μή τοί τι θεῶν μήνιμα γένωμαι","title":"Subjunctive mood","body":"The aorist subjunctive follows μή to express a feared possibility."}],"words":[{"surface":"φράζεο","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take heed"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φράζεο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"τοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to γένωμαι","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies μήνιμα","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies μήνιμα","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"μήνιμα","lemma":"μήνιμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"cause of wrath","note":"A μήνιμα is an object or cause that provokes divine wrath, not merely wrath itself."},{"surface":"γένωμαι","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"I become"}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b22-l359","source":"ἤματι τῷ ὅτε κέν σε Πάρις καὶ Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων","translation":"on the day when Paris and Phoebus Apollo","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l359.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἤματι τῷ ὅτε","title":"Temporal clause","body":"The dative expression introduces the future day on which the killing will occur."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤματι","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to γένωμαι","gloss":"on the day"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἤματι","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀλέσωσιν","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀλέσωσιν","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Πάρις","lemma":"Πάρις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Φοῖβος","lemma":"Φοῖβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλων","gloss":"Phoebus"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b22-l360","source":"ἐσθλὸν ἐόντʼ ὀλέσωσιν ἐνὶ Σκαιῇσι πύλῃσιν.","translation":"slay you, noble though you are, at the Scaean Gates.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l360.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσθλὸν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ἐόντ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies σε","gloss":"though being"},{"surface":"ὀλέσωσιν","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τῷ","gloss":"slay"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Σκαιῇσι","lemma":"Σκαιαί","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies πύλῃσιν","gloss":"Scaean"},{"surface":"πύλῃσιν","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"Gates"}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b22-l361","source":"ὣς ἄρα μιν εἰπόντα τέλος θανάτοιο κάλυψε,","translation":"As he spoke, the end of death enfolded him;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l361.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπόντα","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κάλυψε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"εἰπόντα","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies μιν","gloss":"as he spoke"},{"surface":"τέλος","lemma":"τέλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of κάλυψε","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τέλος","gloss":"of death"},{"surface":"κάλυψε","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"enfolded"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b22-l362","source":"ψυχὴ δʼ ἐκ ῥεθέων πταμένη Ἄϊδος δὲ βεβήκει","translation":"and his spirit flew from his limbs and went down to Hades,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l362.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"βεβήκει","title":"Pluperfect tense","body":"The form is a pluperfect with the augment omitted, as often in Homer, presenting the spirit as having gone down to Hades."}],"words":[{"surface":"ψυχὴ","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of βεβήκει","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ῥεθέων","lemma":"ῥέθος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"limbs"},{"surface":"πταμένη","lemma":"πέτομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to βεβήκει","gloss":"flying away"},{"surface":"Ἄϊδος","lemma":"Ἅιδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Hades"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"βεβήκει","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had gone"}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b22-l363","source":"ὃν πότμον γοόωσα λιποῦσʼ ἀνδροτῆτα καὶ ἥβην.","translation":"mourning its fate, leaving manhood and youth behind.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l363.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"γοόωσα λιποῦσʼ","title":"Participial construction","body":"The two participles describe the spirit’s simultaneous mourning and departure."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πότμον","gloss":"its own"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of γοόωσα","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"γοόωσα","lemma":"γοάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to βεβήκει","gloss":"mourning"},{"surface":"λιποῦσ","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to βεβήκει","gloss":"leaving behind"},{"surface":"ἀνδροτῆτα","lemma":"ἀνδρότης","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"manhood"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἥβην","lemma":"ἥβη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"youth"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b22-l364","source":"τὸν καὶ τεθνηῶτα προσηύδα δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς·","translation":"Even though he was dead, godlike Achilles addressed him:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l364.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"τεθνηῶτα","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies τὸν","gloss":"being dead","note":"The perfect participle presents Hector's death as an established state."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεύς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσηύδα","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b22-l365","source":"τέθναθι· κῆρα δʼ ἐγὼ τότε δέξομαι ὁππότε κεν δὴ","translation":"\"Die; and I shall accept my doom whenever indeed","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l365.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τέθναθι","title":"Imperative mood","body":"The perfect imperative commands Hector to remain dead."}],"words":[{"surface":"τέθναθι","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lie dead","note":"The perfect imperative commands Hector to remain in the state of death."},{"surface":"κῆρα","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of δέξομαι","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δέξομαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δέξομαι","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δέξομαι","lemma":"δέχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will accept"},{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλῃ","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b22-l366","source":"Ζεὺς ἐθέλῃ τελέσαι ἠδʼ ἀθάνατοι θεοὶ ἄλλοι.","translation":"Zeus and the other immortal gods choose to bring it.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l366.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδ̓","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"ἐθέλῃ","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τότε","gloss":"chooses"},{"surface":"τελέσαι","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλῃ","gloss":"to bring about"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀθάνατοι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδ̓","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b22-l367","source":"ἦ ῥα, καὶ ἐκ νεκροῖο ἐρύσσατο χάλκεον ἔγχος,","translation":"He spoke, and drew the bronze spear from the corpse,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l367.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νεκροῖο","lemma":"νεκρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"the corpse"},{"surface":"ἐρύσσατο","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"χάλκεον","lemma":"χάλκεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρύσσατο","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b22-l368","source":"καὶ τό γʼ ἄνευθεν ἔθηχʼ, ὃ δʼ ἀπʼ ὤμων τεύχεʼ ἐσύλα","translation":"and laid it aside; then from his shoulders he stripped the armor,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l368.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τό","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἔθηχ̓","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄνευθεν","lemma":"ἄνευθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔθηχ̓","gloss":"aside"},{"surface":"ἔθηχ","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"laid"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐσύλα","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὤμων","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπ̓","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"τεύχε","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐσύλα","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"ἐσύλα","lemma":"συλάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stripped"}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b22-l369","source":"αἱματόεντʼ· ἄλλοι δὲ περίδραμον υἷες Ἀχαιῶν,","translation":"bloodstained; and the other sons of the Achaeans ran around him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l369.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἱματόεντ","lemma":"αἱματόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχἐ","gloss":"bloodstained"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷες","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"περίδραμον","lemma":"περιτρέχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ran around"},{"surface":"υἷες","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of περίδραμον","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷες","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b22-l370","source":"οἳ καὶ θηήσαντο φυὴν καὶ εἶδος ἀγητὸν","translation":"and they marveled at Hector’s stature and admirable form;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l370.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of θηήσαντο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θηήσαντο","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"θηήσαντο","lemma":"θεάομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing υἷες","gloss":"marveled at"},{"surface":"φυὴν","lemma":"φυή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"stature"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἶδος","lemma":"εἶδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"ἀγητὸν","lemma":"ἀγητός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἶδος","gloss":"admirable"}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b22-l371","source":"Ἕκτορος· οὐδʼ ἄρα οἵ τις ἀνουτητί γε παρέστη.","translation":"nor did anyone stand beside him without wounding him;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l371.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορος","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies εἶδος","gloss":"of Hector"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of παρέστη","gloss":"beside him"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of παρέστη","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ἀνουτητί","lemma":"ἀνουτητί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παρέστη","gloss":"without wounding"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"παρέστη","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b22-l372","source":"ὧδε δέ τις εἴπεσκεν ἰδὼν ἐς πλησίον ἄλλον·","translation":"and thus one would say, looking at his neighbor:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l372.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἴπεσκεν","title":"Imperfect tense","body":"The iterative imperfect describes what one warrior after another would say."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"εἴπεσκεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would say","note":"The iterative epic ending marks repeated action: one man after another would say this."},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"πλησίον","lemma":"πλησίος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄλλον","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"another man"}]},{"number":373,"label":"373","id":"b22-l373","source":"ὢ πόποι, ἦ μάλα δὴ μαλακώτερος ἀμφαφάασθαι","translation":"\"Ah, surely Hector is now far softer to the touch","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l373.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὢ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"πόποι","lemma":"πόποι","morphology":"interjection","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"now indeed"},{"surface":"μαλακώτερος","lemma":"μαλακός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"softer"},{"surface":"ἀμφαφάασθαι","lemma":"ἀμφαφάω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to μαλακώτερος","gloss":"to touch"}]},{"number":374,"label":"374","id":"b22-l374","source":"Ἕκτωρ ἢ ὅτε νῆας ἐνέπρησεν πυρὶ κηλέῳ.","translation":"than when he set the ships ablaze with consuming fire.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l374.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐνέπρησεν","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνέπρησεν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ἐνέπρησεν","lemma":"ἐμπίμπρημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"set ablaze"},{"surface":"πυρὶ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνέπρησεν","gloss":"with fire"},{"surface":"κηλέῳ","lemma":"κήλεος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πυρὶ","gloss":"consuming"}]},{"number":375,"label":"375","id":"b22-l375","source":"ὣς ἄρα τις εἴπεσκε καὶ οὐτήσασκε παραστάς.","translation":"Thus one would speak and wound him while standing beside him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l375.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκε","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"εἴπεσκε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would speak","note":"The iterative epic form describes the action as repeatedly performed by different warriors."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐτήσασκε","lemma":"οὐτάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would wound","note":"The iterative epic form indicates repeated stabbing by successive warriors."},{"surface":"παραστάς","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"standing beside him"}]},{"number":376,"label":"376","id":"b22-l376","source":"τὸν δʼ ἐπεὶ ἐξενάριξε ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς,","translation":"When swift-footed godlike Achilles had stripped him of his armor,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l376.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξενάριξε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἐξενάριξε","lemma":"ἐξεναρίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"stripped of armor"},{"surface":"ποδάρκης","lemma":"ποδαρκής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"swift-footed"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεύς","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεύς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐξενάριξε","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":377,"label":"377","id":"b22-l377","source":"στὰς ἐν Ἀχαιοῖσιν ἔπεα πτερόεντʼ ἀγόρευεν·","translation":"he stood among the Achaeans and proclaimed these winged words: \"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l377.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στὰς","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀγόρευεν","gloss":"having stood"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοῖσιν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the Achaeans"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀγόρευεν","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντ","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"A traditional Homeric formula for words launched swiftly from speaker to hearers."},{"surface":"ἀγόρευεν","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"proclaimed"}]},{"number":378,"label":"378","id":"b22-l378","source":"ὦ φίλοι Ἀργείων ἡγήτορες ἠδὲ μέδοντες","translation":"Friends, leaders and rulers of the Argives,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l378.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἡγήτορες","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἡγήτορες","gloss":"of the Argives"},{"surface":"ἡγήτορες","lemma":"ἡγήτωρ","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέδοντες","lemma":"μέδων","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"rulers"}]},{"number":379,"label":"379","id":"b22-l379","source":"ἐπεὶ δὴ τόνδʼ ἄνδρα θεοὶ δαμάσασθαι ἔδωκαν,","translation":"since the gods have granted us to subdue this man,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l379.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τόνδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔδωκαν","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔδωκαν","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"δαμάσασθαι","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔδωκαν","gloss":"to subdue"},{"surface":"ἔδωκαν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"granted"}]},{"number":380,"label":"380","id":"b22-l380","source":"ὃς κακὰ πόλλʼ ἔρρεξεν ὅσʼ οὐ σύμπαντες οἱ ἄλλοι,","translation":"who wrought more evils than all the others together,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l380.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔρρεξεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἔρρεξεν","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"πόλλ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κακὰ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ἔρρεξεν","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄνδρα","gloss":"wrought"},{"surface":"ὅσ","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"σύμπαντες","lemma":"σύμπας","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄλλοι","gloss":"all together"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἄλλοι","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":381,"label":"381","id":"b22-l381","source":"εἰ δʼ ἄγετʼ ἀμφὶ πόλιν σὺν τεύχεσι πειρηθῶμεν,","translation":"come, let us make trial of the city with our armor,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l381.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἰ δʼ ἄγετʼ","title":"Exhortative formula","body":"The formula εἰ δʼ ἄγετε functions as “but come” and introduces an exhortation, not a genuine condition."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄγετ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"πόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"τεύχεσι","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"πειρηθῶμεν","lemma":"πειράω","morphology":"aorist passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us test"}]},{"number":382,"label":"382","id":"b22-l382","source":"ὄφρά κʼ ἔτι γνῶμεν Τρώων νόον ὅν τινʼ ἔχουσιν,","translation":"so that we may learn what purpose the Trojans still hold,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l382.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρά","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γνῶμεν","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"γνῶμεν","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρά","gloss":"we may learn"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies νόον","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"νόον","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"purpose"},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχουσιν","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"τιν","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"kind"},{"surface":"ἔχουσιν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing νόον","gloss":"they hold"}]},{"number":383,"label":"383","id":"b22-l383","source":"ἢ καταλείψουσιν πόλιν ἄκρην τοῦδε πεσόντος,","translation":"whether they will abandon the citadel now that this man has fallen,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l383.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"καταλείψουσιν","lemma":"καταλείπω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of ἦε","gloss":"they will abandon"},{"surface":"πόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καταλείψουσιν","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"ἄκρην","lemma":"ἄκρος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πόλιν","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"τοῦδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πεσόντος","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"πεσόντος","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καταλείψουσιν","gloss":"having fallen"}]},{"number":384,"label":"384","id":"b22-l384","source":"ἦε μένειν μεμάασι καὶ Ἕκτορος οὐκέτʼ ἐόντος.","translation":"or are eager to remain even though Hector is no more.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l384.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦε","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"μένειν","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of μεμάασι","gloss":"to remain"},{"surface":"μεμάασι","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of ἦε","gloss":"they are eager","note":"The perfect expresses a settled, continuing eagerness."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορος","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐόντος","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"οὐκέτ","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντος","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"ἐόντος","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μεμάασι","gloss":"being alive"}]},{"number":385,"label":"385","id":"b22-l385","source":"ἀλλὰ τί ἤ μοι ταῦτα φίλος διελέξατο θυμός;","translation":"But why has my dear spirit debated this with me?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l385.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τίη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διελέξατο","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"τίη","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to διελέξατο","gloss":"within me"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of διελέξατο","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμός","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"διελέξατο","lemma":"διαλέγω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"debated"},{"surface":"θυμός","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of διελέξατο","gloss":"spirit"}]},{"number":386,"label":"386","id":"b22-l386","source":"κεῖται πὰρ νήεσσι νέκυς ἄκλαυτος ἄθαπτος","translation":"By the ships lies a corpse, unwept and unburied,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l386.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"πὰρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νήεσσι","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πὰρ","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"νέκυς","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"corpse"},{"surface":"ἄκλαυτος","lemma":"ἄκλαυστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νέκυς","gloss":"unwept"},{"surface":"ἄθαπτος","lemma":"ἄθαπτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies νέκυς","gloss":"unburied"}]},{"number":387,"label":"387","id":"b22-l387","source":"Πάτροκλος· τοῦ δʼ οὐκ ἐπιλήσομαι, ὄφρʼ ἂν ἔγωγε","translation":"Patroclus; I shall not forget him so long as I","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l387.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πάτροκλος","lemma":"Πάτροκλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Patroclus"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπιλήσομαι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐπιλήσομαι","lemma":"ἐπιλήθω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I shall forget"},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so long as"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"ἔγωγε","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μετέω","gloss":"I myself"}]},{"number":388,"label":"388","id":"b22-l388","source":"ζωοῖσιν μετέω καί μοι φίλα γούνατʼ ὀρώρῃ·","translation":"remain among the living and my dear knees have strength;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l388.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ζωοῖσιν","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετέω","gloss":"the living"},{"surface":"μετέω","lemma":"μέτειμι","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"remain among"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὀρώρῃ","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"φίλα","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies γούνατ̓","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"γούνατ","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ὀρώρῃ","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"ὀρώρῃ","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"retain their strength","note":"The perfect denotes strength that has risen and remains active in his knees."}]},{"number":389,"label":"389","id":"b22-l389","source":"εἰ δὲ θανόντων περ καταλήθοντʼ εἰν Ἀΐδαο","translation":"and even if in Hades they forget the dead,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l389.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἰ δὲ θανόντων περ","title":"Conditional construction","body":"The conditional clause concedes that the dead may be forgotten in Hades; θανόντων is the genitive object of καταλήθοντʼ, not a phrase meaning “among the dead.”"}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"θανόντων","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"object of καταλήθοντ̓","gloss":"the dead"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"καταλήθοντ","lemma":"καταλήθομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"they forget"},{"surface":"εἰν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Ἀΐδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Hades"}]},{"number":390,"label":"390","id":"b22-l390","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ καὶ κεῖθι φίλου μεμνήσομʼ ἑταίρου.","translation":"yet even there I shall remember my dear companion.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l390.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μεμνήσομ̓","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"κεῖθι","lemma":"ἐκεῖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μεμνήσομ̓","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"φίλου","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταίρου","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"μεμνήσομ","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"future perfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shall remember","note":"The future perfect emphasizes enduring remembrance, even after death."},{"surface":"ἑταίρου","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of μεμνήσομ̓","gloss":"companion"}]},{"number":391,"label":"391","id":"b22-l391","source":"νῦν δʼ ἄγʼ ἀείδοντες παιήονα κοῦροι Ἀχαιῶν","translation":"Now come, young men of the Achaeans, singing a paean,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l391.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νεώμεθα","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄγ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ἀείδοντες","lemma":"ἀείδω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to νεώμεθα","gloss":"singing"},{"surface":"παιήονα","lemma":"παιάν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀείδοντες","gloss":"a victory hymn","note":"A paean is a ritual song of triumph or thanksgiving, especially associated with Apollo."},{"surface":"κοῦροι","lemma":"κόρος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"young men"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κοῦροι","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":392,"label":"392","id":"b22-l392","source":"νηυσὶν ἔπι γλαφυρῇσι νεώμεθα, τόνδε δʼ ἄγωμεν.","translation":"let us return to the hollow ships and take this man with us.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l392.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηυσὶν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔπι","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ἔπι","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"γλαφυρῇσι","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶν","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"νεώμεθα","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us return"},{"surface":"τόνδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἄγωμεν","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄγωμεν","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us take"}]},{"number":393,"label":"393","id":"b22-l393","source":"ἠράμεθα μέγα κῦδος· ἐπέφνομεν Ἕκτορα δῖον,","translation":"We have won great glory; we have slain godlike Hector,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l393.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠράμεθα","lemma":"αἴρω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we have won"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῦδος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἠράμεθα","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ἐπέφνομεν","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we slew"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπέφνομεν","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δῖον","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτορα","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":394,"label":"394","id":"b22-l394","source":"ᾧ Τρῶες κατὰ ἄστυ θεῷ ὣς εὐχετόωντο.","translation":"to whom the Trojans throughout their city prayed as to a god.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l394.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ᾧ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εὐχετόωντο","gloss":"to whom"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εὐχετόωντο","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"θεῷ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"to a god"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"εὐχετόωντο","lemma":"εὐχετάομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἕκτορα","gloss":"used to pray"}]},{"number":395,"label":"395","id":"b22-l395","source":"ἦ ῥα, καὶ Ἕκτορα δῖον ἀεικέα μήδετο ἔργα.","translation":"He spoke, and devised shameful treatment for godlike Hector.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l395.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μήδετο","gloss":"against Hector"},{"surface":"δῖον","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτορα","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"ἀεικέα","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"μήδετο","lemma":"μήδομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"devised"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of μήδετο","gloss":"deeds"}]},{"number":396,"label":"396","id":"b22-l396","source":"ἀμφοτέρων μετόπισθε ποδῶν τέτρηνε τένοντε","translation":"Behind both feet he pierced the tendons","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l396.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρων","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ποδῶν","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"μετόπισθε","lemma":"μετόπισθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τέτρηνε","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"ποδῶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τένοντε","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"τέτρηνε","lemma":"τετραίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pierced"},{"surface":"τένοντε","lemma":"τένων","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object of τέτρηνε","gloss":"two tendons"}]},{"number":397,"label":"397","id":"b22-l397","source":"ἐς σφυρὸν ἐκ πτέρνης, βοέους δʼ ἐξῆπτεν ἱμάντας,","translation":"from heel to ankle, and fastened oxhide straps through them;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l397.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"σφυρὸν","lemma":"σφυρόν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"ankle"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πτέρνης","lemma":"πτέρνη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"heel"},{"surface":"βοέους","lemma":"βόειος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἱμάντας","gloss":"oxhide"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξῆπτεν","lemma":"ἐξάπτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fastened through"},{"surface":"ἱμάντας","lemma":"ἱμάς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξῆπτεν","gloss":"straps"}]},{"number":398,"label":"398","id":"b22-l398","source":"ἐκ δίφροιο δʼ ἔδησε, κάρη δʼ ἕλκεσθαι ἔασεν·","translation":"he bound them to the chariot and left the head to drag.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l398.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δίφροιο","lemma":"δίφρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"the chariot"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔδησε","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bound them"},{"surface":"κάρη","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔασεν","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕλκεσθαι","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἔασεν","gloss":"to be dragged"},{"surface":"ἔασεν","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"left"}]},{"number":399,"label":"399","id":"b22-l399","source":"ἐς δίφρον δʼ ἀναβὰς ἀνά τε κλυτὰ τεύχεʼ ἀείρας","translation":"Then he mounted the chariot and lifted the glorious armor aboard,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l399.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"δίφρον","lemma":"δίφρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"chariot"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀναβὰς","lemma":"ἀναβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"having mounted"},{"surface":"ἀνά","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κλυτὰ","lemma":"κλυτός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχἐ","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"τεύχε","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀείρας","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"ἀείρας","lemma":"ἀείρω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"having lifted"}]},{"number":400,"label":"400","id":"b22-l400","source":"μάστιξέν ῥʼ ἐλάαν, τὼ δʼ οὐκ ἀέκοντε πετέσθην.","translation":"and lashed the horses onward; the pair flew on, not unwillingly.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l400.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τὼ","title":"Dual number","body":"The dual pronoun refers specifically to the pair of chariot horses."}],"words":[{"surface":"μάστιξέν","lemma":"μαστίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lashed"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐλάαν","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to μάστιξέν","gloss":"to drive onward"},{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πετέσθην","gloss":"the pair"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἀέκοντε","lemma":"ἀέκων","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unwilling"},{"surface":"πετέσθην","lemma":"πέτομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flew onward"}]},{"number":401,"label":"401","id":"b22-l401","source":"τοῦ δʼ ἦν ἑλκομένοιο κονίσαλος, ἀμφὶ δὲ χαῖται","translation":"A cloud of dust rose from him as he was dragged, and around him his hair","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l401.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἑλκομένοιο","gloss":"from him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"ἑλκομένοιο","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦν","gloss":"being dragged"},{"surface":"κονίσαλος","lemma":"κονίσαλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦν","gloss":"cloud of dust"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πίτναντο","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαῖται","lemma":"χαίτη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of πίτναντο","gloss":"hair"}]},{"number":402,"label":"402","id":"b22-l402","source":"κυάνεαι πίτναντο, κάρη δʼ ἅπαν ἐν κονίῃσι","translation":"darkly spread, while his whole head lay in the dust,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l402.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κυάνεαι","lemma":"κυάνεος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χαῖται","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"πίτναντο","lemma":"πίτνημι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spread out"},{"surface":"κάρη","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of κεῖτο","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅπαν","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κονίῃσι","lemma":"κονία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"dust"}]},{"number":403,"label":"403","id":"b22-l403","source":"κεῖτο πάρος χαρίεν· τότε δὲ Ζεὺς δυσμενέεσσι","translation":"once so graceful; but then Zeus granted his enemies","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l403.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"δυσμενέεσσι","title":"Homeric form","body":"The dative plural ending -εσσι is characteristic of Homeric epic language."}],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖτο","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χαρίεν","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"χαρίεν","lemma":"χαρίεις","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κάρη","gloss":"graceful"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δῶκεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δῶκεν","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"δυσμενέεσσι","lemma":"δυσμενής","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of δῶκεν","gloss":"to his enemies"}]},{"number":404,"label":"404","id":"b22-l404","source":"δῶκεν ἀεικίσσασθαι ἑῇ ἐν πατρίδι γαίῃ.","translation":"to dishonor him in his own native land.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l404.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δῶκεν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"granted"},{"surface":"ἀεικίσσασθαι","lemma":"ἀεικίζω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of δῶκεν","gloss":"to dishonor"},{"surface":"ἑῇ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαίῃ","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πατρίδι","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαίῃ","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαίῃ","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":405,"label":"405","id":"b22-l405","source":"ὣς τοῦ μὲν κεκόνιτο κάρη ἅπαν· ἣ δέ νυ μήτηρ","translation":"Thus his whole head was begrimed with dust; and now his mother","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l405.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κεκόνιτο","title":"Pluperfect tense","body":"κεκόνιτο is an unaugmented pluperfect middle/passive form, presenting his whole head as already left covered with dust."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κεκόνιτο","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κάρη","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κεκόνιτο","lemma":"κονίω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was dust-covered","note":"The pluperfect presents the head as already reduced to a settled state of defilement."},{"surface":"κάρη","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of κεκόνιτο","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"ἅπαν","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κάρη","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine article","role":"modifies μήτηρ","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νυ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τίλλε","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":406,"label":"406","id":"b22-l406","source":"τίλλε κόμην, ἀπὸ δὲ λιπαρὴν ἔρριψε καλύπτρην","translation":"tore her hair and flung her gleaming veil away","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l406.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίλλε","lemma":"τίλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tore"},{"surface":"κόμην","lemma":"κόμη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τίλλε","gloss":"her hair"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λιπαρὴν","lemma":"λιπαρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies καλύπτρην","gloss":"gleaming"},{"surface":"ἔρριψε","lemma":"ῥίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"καλύπτρην","lemma":"καλύπτρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔρριψε","gloss":"veil"}]},{"number":407,"label":"407","id":"b22-l407","source":"τηλόσε, κώκυσεν δὲ μάλα μέγα παῖδʼ ἐσιδοῦσα·","translation":"far from her, and shrieked very loudly when she saw her son.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l407.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τηλόσε","lemma":"τηλόσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρριψε","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"κώκυσεν","lemma":"κωκύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shrieked"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κώκυσεν","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"παῖδ","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐσιδοῦσα","gloss":"her son"},{"surface":"ἐσιδοῦσα","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κώκυσεν","gloss":"upon seeing"}]},{"number":408,"label":"408","id":"b22-l408","source":"ᾤμωξεν δʼ ἐλεεινὰ πατὴρ φίλος, ἀμφὶ δὲ λαοὶ","translation":"His loving father gave a piteous groan, and throughout the city the people","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l408.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ᾤμωξεν","lemma":"οἰμώζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"groaned"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐλεεινὰ","lemma":"ἐλεεινός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ᾤμωξεν","gloss":"piteously"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ᾤμωξεν","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατὴρ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"all around"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λαοὶ","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εἴχοντο","gloss":"people"}]},{"number":409,"label":"409","id":"b22-l409","source":"κωκυτῷ τʼ εἴχοντο καὶ οἰμωγῇ κατὰ ἄστυ.","translation":"were seized by wailing and lamentation.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l409.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κωκυτῷ","lemma":"κωκυτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"with wailing"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"εἴχοντο","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were seized"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἰμωγῇ","lemma":"οἰμωγή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"lamentation"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the city"}]},{"number":410,"label":"410","id":"b22-l410","source":"τῷ δὲ μάλιστʼ ἄρʼ ἔην ἐναλίγκιον ὡς εἰ ἅπασα","translation":"Then it was most like what would happen if all","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l410.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὡς εἰ","title":"Epic comparison","body":"This combination introduces a vivid comparison with an imagined event."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἐναλίγκιον","gloss":"to that"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μάλιστ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"superlative adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐναλίγκιον","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"ἐναλίγκιον","lemma":"ἐναλίγκιος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ἅπασα","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἴλιος","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":411,"label":"411","id":"b22-l411","source":"Ἴλιος ὀφρυόεσσα πυρὶ σμύχοιτο κατʼ ἄκρης.","translation":"lofty Ilios were being consumed by fire from its summit.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l411.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἴλιος","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of σμύχοιτο","gloss":"Ilios"},{"surface":"ὀφρυόεσσα","lemma":"ὀφρυόεις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἴλιος","gloss":"lofty"},{"surface":"πυρὶ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to σμύχοιτο","gloss":"by fire"},{"surface":"σμύχοιτο","lemma":"σμύχω","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"were consumed"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἄκρης","lemma":"ἄκρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατ̓","gloss":"top to bottom"}]},{"number":412,"label":"412","id":"b22-l412","source":"λαοὶ μέν ῥα γέροντα μόγις ἔχον ἀσχαλόωντα","translation":"The people scarcely restrained the distraught old man","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l412.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λαοὶ","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔχον","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"γέροντα","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχον","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"μόγις","lemma":"μόγις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔχον","gloss":"scarcely"},{"surface":"ἔχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"restrained"},{"surface":"ἀσχαλόωντα","lemma":"ἀσχαλάω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies γέροντα","gloss":"distraught"}]},{"number":413,"label":"413","id":"b22-l413","source":"ἐξελθεῖν μεμαῶτα πυλάων Δαρδανιάων.","translation":"as he strove to go out through the Dardanian gates.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l413.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξελθεῖν","lemma":"ἐξέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μεμαῶτα","gloss":"to go out"},{"surface":"μεμαῶτα","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"modifies γέροντα","gloss":"striving"},{"surface":"πυλάων","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξελθεῖν","gloss":"through the gates"},{"surface":"Δαρδανιάων","lemma":"Δαρδάνιος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies πυλάων","gloss":"Dardanian"}]},{"number":414,"label":"414","id":"b22-l414","source":"πάντας δʼ ἐλλιτάνευε κυλινδόμενος κατὰ κόπρον,","translation":"Rolling in the dung, he entreated them all,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l414.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐλλιτάνευε","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐλλιτάνευε","lemma":"λιτανεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"entreated"},{"surface":"κυλινδόμενος","lemma":"κυλίνδω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐλλιτάνευε","gloss":"rolling"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"κόπρον","lemma":"κόπρος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"dung"}]},{"number":415,"label":"415","id":"b22-l415","source":"ἐξονομακλήδην ὀνομάζων ἄνδρα ἕκαστον·","translation":"calling every man by name:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l415.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξονομακλήδην","lemma":"ἐξονομακλήδην","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀνομάζων","gloss":"by name"},{"surface":"ὀνομάζων","lemma":"ὀνομάζω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐλλιτάνευε","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀνομάζων","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἕκαστον","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"each"}]},{"number":416,"label":"416","id":"b22-l416","source":"σχέσθε φίλοι, καί μʼ οἶον ἐάσατε κηδόμενοί περ","translation":"\"Hold back, friends, and despite your concern, allow me alone","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l416.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κηδόμενοί","title":"Participial construction","body":"The participle is concessive: although the men care for Priam, he asks them to release him."}],"words":[{"surface":"σχέσθε","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold back"},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐάσατε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"οἶον","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἐάσατε","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"allow"},{"surface":"κηδόμενοί","lemma":"κήδω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐάσατε","gloss":"though concerned"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"}]},{"number":417,"label":"417","id":"b22-l417","source":"ἐξελθόντα πόληος ἱκέσθʼ ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"to leave the city and reach the ships of the Achaeans.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l417.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξελθόντα","lemma":"ἐξέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἱκέσθ̓","gloss":"having left"},{"surface":"πόληος","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξελθόντα","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"ἱκέσθ","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐάσατε","gloss":"to reach"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νῆας","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":418,"label":"418","id":"b22-l418","source":"λίσσωμʼ ἀνέρα τοῦτον ἀτάσθαλον ὀβριμοεργόν,","translation":"I shall beseech that reckless, brutal man,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l418.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λίσσωμ","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let me beseech"},{"surface":"ἀνέρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λίσσωμ̓","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"τοῦτον","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέρα","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἀτάσθαλον","lemma":"ἀτάσθαλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέρα","gloss":"reckless"},{"surface":"ὀβριμοεργόν","lemma":"ὀβριμοεργός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέρα","gloss":"brutal"}]},{"number":419,"label":"419","id":"b22-l419","source":"ἤν πως ἡλικίην αἰδέσσεται ἠδʼ ἐλεήσῃ","translation":"in hope that he may respect one of his father's age and pity","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l419.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἤν","title":"Conditional construction","body":"This particle introduces a prospective condition expressing Priam's uncertain hope."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤν","lemma":"ἐάν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"in hope that"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"ἡλικίην","lemma":"ἡλικία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of αἰδέσσεται","gloss":"equal age"},{"surface":"αἰδέσσεται","lemma":"αἰδέομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠδ̓","gloss":"he will respect"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐλεήσῃ","lemma":"ἐλεέω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠδ̓","gloss":"may pity"}]},{"number":420,"label":"420","id":"b22-l420","source":"γῆρας· καὶ δέ νυ τῷ γε πατὴρ τοιόσδε τέτυκται","translation":"old age; for he too has a father made such as I am,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l420.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τέτυκται","title":"Perfect tense","body":"The perfect describes Peleus's present condition as an aged father."}],"words":[{"surface":"γῆρας","lemma":"γῆρας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐλεήσῃ","gloss":"old age"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"νυ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to τέτυκται","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"τοιόσδε","lemma":"τοιόσδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies πατὴρ","gloss":"such as this"},{"surface":"τέτυκται","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is","note":"The perfect has present force here: Peleus is a father like Priam, especially in age."}]},{"number":421,"label":"421","id":"b22-l421","source":"Πηλεύς, ὅς μιν ἔτικτε καὶ ἔτρεφε πῆμα γενέσθαι","translation":"Peleus, who begot and raised him to become a scourge","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l421.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πηλεύς","lemma":"Πηλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Peleus"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔτικτε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"begot"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτρεφε","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"raised"},{"surface":"πῆμα","lemma":"πῆμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a scourge"},{"surface":"γενέσθαι","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἔτρεφε","gloss":"to become"}]},{"number":422,"label":"422","id":"b22-l422","source":"Τρωσί· μάλιστα δʼ ἐμοὶ περὶ πάντων ἄλγεʼ ἔθηκε.","translation":"to the Trojans—and upon me most of all, beyond all others, he has laid sorrows.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l422.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρωσί","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to γενέσθαι","gloss":"for the Trojans"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"superlative adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔθηκε","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔθηκε","gloss":"upon me"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"ἄλγε","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔθηκε","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"ἔθηκε","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he laid"}]},{"number":423,"label":"423","id":"b22-l423","source":"τόσσους γάρ μοι παῖδας ἀπέκτανε τηλεθάοντας·","translation":"For he has slain so many of my flourishing sons.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l423.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόσσους","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies παῖδας","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀπέκτανε","gloss":"of mine"},{"surface":"παῖδας","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπέκτανε","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"ἀπέκτανε","lemma":"ἀποκτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he killed"},{"surface":"τηλεθάοντας","lemma":"τηλεθάω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"modifies παῖδας","gloss":"flourishing"}]},{"number":424,"label":"424","id":"b22-l424","source":"τῶν πάντων οὐ τόσσον ὀδύρομαι ἀχνύμενός περ","translation":"Yet, grieved though I am, I do not mourn all of them so greatly","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l424.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine article","role":"modifies πάντων","gloss":"of the"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ὀδύρομαι","gloss":"whole number"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τόσσον","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὀδύρομαι","gloss":"so greatly"},{"surface":"ὀδύρομαι","lemma":"ὀδύρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I mourn"},{"surface":"ἀχνύμενός","lemma":"ἀχεύω","morphology":"present passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὀδύρομαι","gloss":"though grieving"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"}]},{"number":425,"label":"425","id":"b22-l425","source":"ὡς ἑνός, οὗ μʼ ἄχος ὀξὺ κατοίσεται Ἄϊδος εἴσω,","translation":"as I mourn one, sharp grief for whom will carry me down into Hades:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l425.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἑνός","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"for one"},{"surface":"οὗ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἄχος","gloss":"for whom"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατοίσεται","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἄχος","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of κατοίσεται","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄχος","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"κατοίσεται","lemma":"καταφέρω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑνός","gloss":"will carry down"},{"surface":"Ἄϊδος","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"of Hades"},{"surface":"εἴσω","lemma":"εἴσω","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"inside"}]},{"number":426,"label":"426","id":"b22-l426","source":"Ἕκτορος· ὡς ὄφελεν θανέειν ἐν χερσὶν ἐμῇσι·","translation":"Hector. Would that he had died in my arms!","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l426.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορος","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"ὄφελεν","lemma":"ὀφείλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he had"},{"surface":"θανέειν","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ὄφελεν","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"ἐμῇσι","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χερσὶν","gloss":"my own"}]},{"number":427,"label":"427","id":"b22-l427","source":"τώ κε κορεσσάμεθα κλαίοντέ τε μυρομένω τε","translation":"Then we two could have satisfied ourselves with weeping and lamentation,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l427.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"κλαίοντέ τε μυρομένω τε","title":"Dual number","body":"The dual forms refer specifically to Hector's two parents, Hecuba and Priam."}],"words":[{"surface":"τώ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"κορεσσάμεθα","lemma":"κορέννυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have satisfied ourselves","note":"The middle voice conveys satisfying ourselves; the dual participles identify Priam and Hecuba as the two mourners."},{"surface":"κλαίοντέ","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"μυρομένω","lemma":"μύρω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"lamenting"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":428,"label":"428","id":"b22-l428","source":"μήτηρ θʼ, ἥ μιν ἔτικτε δυσάμμορος, ἠδʼ ἐγὼ αὐτός.","translation":"his ill-fated mother who bore him, and I myself.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l428.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠδ̓","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔτικτε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔτικτε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔτικτε","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μήτηρ","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"δυσάμμορος","lemma":"δυσάμμορος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἥ","gloss":"ill-fated"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠδ̓","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"αὐτός","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":429,"label":"429","id":"b22-l429","source":"ὣς ἔφατο κλαίων, ἐπὶ δὲ στενάχοντο πολῖται·","translation":"Thus he spoke, weeping, and the citizens groaned in answer.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l429.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατο","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"κλαίων","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔφατο","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in response"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στενάχοντο","lemma":"στενάχω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were groaning"},{"surface":"πολῖται","lemma":"πολίτης","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of στενάχοντο","gloss":"the citizens"}]},{"number":430,"label":"430","id":"b22-l430","source":"Τρῳῇσιν δʼ Ἑκάβη ἁδινοῦ ἐξῆρχε γόοιο·","translation":"Among the Trojan women Hecuba began the piercing lament:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l430.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῳῇσιν","lemma":"Τρωιός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of ἐξῆρχε","gloss":"among Trojan women"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἑκάβη","lemma":"Ἑκάβη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐξῆρχε","gloss":"Hecuba"},{"surface":"ἁδινοῦ","lemma":"ἁδινός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies γόοιο","gloss":"piercing"},{"surface":"ἐξῆρχε","lemma":"ἐξάρχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"γόοιο","lemma":"γόος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξῆρχε","gloss":"lament"}]},{"number":431,"label":"431","id":"b22-l431","source":"τέκνον ἐγὼ δειλή· τί νυ βείομαι αἰνὰ παθοῦσα","translation":"\"My child, I am wretched! Why should I live now, after suffering horrors,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l431.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τέκνον","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"my child"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δειλή","lemma":"δειλός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τίς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to βείομαι","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"νυ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βείομαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"βείομαι","lemma":"βέομαι","morphology":"future medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shall I live"},{"surface":"αἰνὰ","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to παθοῦσα","gloss":"horrors"},{"surface":"παθοῦσα","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to βείομαι","gloss":"having suffered"}]},{"number":432,"label":"432","id":"b22-l432","source":"σεῦ ἀποτεθνηῶτος; ὅ μοι νύκτάς τε καὶ ἦμαρ","translation":"when you are dead? Night and day you were","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l432.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀποτεθνηῶτος","title":"Perfect tense","body":"The perfect participle presents Hector's death as an accomplished and enduring reality."}],"words":[{"surface":"σεῦ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀποτεθνηῶτος","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἀποτεθνηῶτος","lemma":"ἀποθνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βείομαι","gloss":"being dead","note":"The perfect participle stresses Hector's completed death and continuing state; with the genitive pronoun it forms an absolute construction."},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πελέσκεο","gloss":"you who"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to πελέσκεο","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"νύκτάς","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"nights"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"day"}]},{"number":433,"label":"433","id":"b22-l433","source":"εὐχωλὴ κατὰ ἄστυ πελέσκεο, πᾶσί τʼ ὄνειαρ","translation":"my pride throughout the city and a source of aid to all,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l433.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐχωλὴ","lemma":"εὐχωλή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a source of pride"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"πελέσκεο","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you always were","note":"The iterative imperfect expresses what Hector repeatedly or characteristically was."},{"surface":"πᾶσί","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρωσί","gloss":"for all"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄνειαρ","lemma":"ὄνειαρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a source of aid"}]},{"number":434,"label":"434","id":"b22-l434","source":"Τρωσί τε καὶ Τρῳῇσι κατὰ πτόλιν, οἵ σε θεὸν ὣς","translation":"both Trojan men and Trojan women in the city, who welcomed you like a god.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l434.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρωσί","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"Trojan men"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρῳῇσι","lemma":"Τρωιός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"Trojan women"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"πτόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δειδέχατ̓","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δειδέχατ̓","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"θεὸν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":435,"label":"435","id":"b22-l435","source":"δειδέχατʼ· ἦ γὰρ καί σφι μάλα μέγα κῦδος ἔησθα","translation":"For truly you were a very great glory to them","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l435.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔησθα","title":"Imperfect tense","body":"This Homeric imperfect form describes the continuing glory Hector was to the Trojans."}],"words":[{"surface":"δειδέχατ","lemma":"δέχομαι","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"welcomed"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σφι","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔησθα","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῦδος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ἔησθα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you were"}]},{"number":436,"label":"436","id":"b22-l436","source":"ζωὸς ἐών· νῦν αὖ θάνατος καὶ μοῖρα κιχάνει.","translation":"while you were alive; now death and fate have overtaken you.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l436.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ζωὸς","lemma":"ζωός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"ἐών","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔησθα","gloss":"while being"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κιχάνει","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"θάνατος","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοῖρα","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"κιχάνει","lemma":"κιχάνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"overtake you"}]},{"number":437,"label":"437","id":"b22-l437","source":"ὣς ἔφατο κλαίουσʼ, ἄλοχος δʼ οὔ πώ τι πέπυστο","translation":"Thus she spoke, weeping; but Hector's wife had not yet learned anything","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l437.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατο","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"κλαίουσ","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔφατο","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"ἄλοχος","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πέπυστο","gloss":"his wife"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to πέπυστο","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of πέπυστο","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"πέπυστο","lemma":"πυνθάνομαι","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had learned","note":"The pluperfect marks her continuing lack of knowledge before the moment when she hears the lamentation."}]},{"number":438,"label":"438","id":"b22-l438","source":"Ἕκτορος· οὐ γάρ οἵ τις ἐτήτυμος ἄγγελος ἐλθὼν","translation":"about him, for no truthful messenger had come to her","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l438.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐλθὼν","title":"Participial construction","body":"The aorist participle gives the messenger's arrival as prior to the report that never came."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορος","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄλοχος","gloss":"of Hector"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἤγγειλ̓","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἄγγελος","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"ἐτήτυμος","lemma":"ἐτήτυμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄγγελος","gloss":"truthful"},{"surface":"ἄγγελος","lemma":"ἄγγελος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤγγειλ̓","gloss":"messenger"},{"surface":"ἐλθὼν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤγγειλ̓","gloss":"having come"}]},{"number":439,"label":"439","id":"b22-l439","source":"ἤγγειλʼ ὅττί ῥά οἱ πόσις ἔκτοθι μίμνε πυλάων,","translation":"and reported that her husband remained outside the gates.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l439.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤγγειλ","lemma":"ἀγγέλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had reported"},{"surface":"ὅττί","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μίμνε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"πόσις","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μίμνε","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ἔκτοθι","lemma":"ἔκτοθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"preposition","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"μίμνε","lemma":"μίμνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὅττί","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"πυλάων","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔκτοθι","gloss":"the gates"}]},{"number":440,"label":"440","id":"b22-l440","source":"ἀλλʼ ἥ γʼ ἱστὸν ὕφαινε μυχῷ δόμου ὑψηλοῖο","translation":"Instead, she was weaving at the loom in the innermost chamber of the lofty house,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l440.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"instead"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ὕφαινε","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"ἱστὸν","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"a web"},{"surface":"ὕφαινε","lemma":"ὑφαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was weaving"},{"surface":"μυχῷ","lemma":"μυχός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὕφαινε","gloss":"in the inner chamber"},{"surface":"δόμου","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μυχῷ","gloss":"of the house"},{"surface":"ὑψηλοῖο","lemma":"ὑψηλός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόμου","gloss":"lofty"}]},{"number":441,"label":"441","id":"b22-l441","source":"δίπλακα πορφυρέην, ἐν δὲ θρόνα ποικίλʼ ἔπασσε.","translation":"a purple, double-folded web, and was embroidering varied flowers into it.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l441.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δίπλακα","lemma":"δίπλαξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"double-folded cloth"},{"surface":"πορφυρέην","lemma":"πορφύρεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δίπλακα","gloss":"purple"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"into it"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θρόνα","lemma":"θρόνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔπασσε","gloss":"flowers"},{"surface":"ποικίλ","lemma":"ποικίλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies θρόνα","gloss":"varied"},{"surface":"ἔπασσε","lemma":"πάσσω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she embroidered"}]},{"number":442,"label":"442","id":"b22-l442","source":"κέκλετο δʼ ἀμφιπόλοισιν ἐϋπλοκάμοις κατὰ δῶμα","translation":"She had called to the well-tressed attendants throughout the house","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l442.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κέκλετο","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she had called"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφιπόλοισιν","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of κέκλετο","gloss":"to the attendants"},{"surface":"ἐϋπλοκάμοις","lemma":"εὐπλόκαμος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀμφιπόλοισιν","gloss":"well-tressed"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":443,"label":"443","id":"b22-l443","source":"ἀμφὶ πυρὶ στῆσαι τρίποδα μέγαν, ὄφρα πέλοιτο","translation":"to set a great tripod over the fire, so that there might be","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l443.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πέλοιτο","title":"Optative mood","body":"The optative appears in a purpose clause dependent on a past-tense verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"πυρὶ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of στῆσαι","gloss":"the fire"},{"surface":"στῆσαι","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of κέκλετο","gloss":"to set"},{"surface":"τρίποδα","lemma":"τρίπους","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of στῆσαι","gloss":"a tripod"},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τρίποδα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"πέλοιτο","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"there might be"}]},{"number":444,"label":"444","id":"b22-l444","source":"Ἕκτορι θερμὰ λοετρὰ μάχης ἐκ νοστήσαντι","translation":"a warm bath for Hector when he returned from battle.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l444.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορι","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πέλοιτο","gloss":"for Hector"},{"surface":"θερμὰ","lemma":"θερμός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies λοετρὰ","gloss":"warm"},{"surface":"λοετρὰ","lemma":"λουτρόν","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of πέλοιτο","gloss":"bathwater"},{"surface":"μάχης","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"νοστήσαντι","lemma":"νοστέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"when he returned"}]},{"number":445,"label":"445","id":"b22-l445","source":"νηπίη, οὐδʼ ἐνόησεν ὅ μιν μάλα τῆλε λοετρῶν","translation":"Poor innocent, she did not know that, very far from any bath,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l445.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νηπίη","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"poor innocent"},{"surface":"ἐνόησεν","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she realized"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of δάμασε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"τῆλε","lemma":"τῆλε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δάμασε","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"λοετρῶν","lemma":"λουτρόν","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τῆλε","gloss":"from baths"}]},{"number":446,"label":"446","id":"b22-l446","source":"χερσὶν Ἀχιλλῆος δάμασε γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη.","translation":"bright-eyed Athena had subdued him through the hands of Achilles.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l446.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to δάμασε","gloss":"through the hands"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλῆος","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies χερσὶν","gloss":"of Achilles"},{"surface":"δάμασε","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὅ","gloss":"had subdued"},{"surface":"γλαυκῶπις","lemma":"γλαυκῶπις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"bright-eyed","note":"A traditional epithet of Athena, conventionally rendered bright-eyed or gray-eyed."},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δάμασε","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":447,"label":"447","id":"b22-l447","source":"κωκυτοῦ δʼ ἤκουσε καὶ οἰμωγῆς ἀπὸ πύργου·","translation":"Then she heard the shrieking and lamentation from the tower.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l447.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κωκυτοῦ","lemma":"κωκυτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shrieking"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἤκουσε","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she heard"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἰμωγῆς","lemma":"οἰμωγή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"lamentation"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πύργου","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀπὸ","gloss":"the tower"}]},{"number":448,"label":"448","id":"b22-l448","source":"τῆς δʼ ἐλελίχθη γυῖα, χαμαὶ δέ οἱ ἔκπεσε κερκίς·","translation":"Her limbs shook, and the shuttle fell from her hand to the ground.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l448.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῆς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies γυῖα","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐλελίχθη","lemma":"ἐλελίζω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"γυῖα","lemma":"γυῖον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐλελίχθη","gloss":"limbs"},{"surface":"χαμαὶ","lemma":"χαμαί","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔκπεσε","gloss":"to the ground"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔκπεσε","gloss":"from her"},{"surface":"ἔκπεσε","lemma":"ἐκπίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"κερκίς","lemma":"κερκίς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔκπεσε","gloss":"the shuttle"}]},{"number":449,"label":"449","id":"b22-l449","source":"ἣ δʼ αὖτις δμῳῇσιν ἐϋπλοκάμοισι μετηύδα·","translation":"She spoke again to her well-tressed serving women:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l449.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of μετηύδα","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μετηύδα","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"δμῳῇσιν","lemma":"δμωή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of μετηύδα","gloss":"serving women"},{"surface":"ἐϋπλοκάμοισι","lemma":"εὐπλόκαμος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies δμῳῇσιν","gloss":"well-tressed"},{"surface":"μετηύδα","lemma":"μεταυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":450,"label":"450","id":"b22-l450","source":"δεῦτε δύω μοι ἕπεσθον, ἴδωμʼ ὅτινʼ ἔργα τέτυκται.","translation":"\"Come, let two of you follow me, so that I may see what has happened.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l450.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἕπεσθον","title":"Dual number","body":"This dual imperative addresses exactly two attendants."}],"words":[{"surface":"δεῦτε","lemma":"δεῦτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"subject of ἕπεσθον","gloss":"two of you"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἕπεσθον","gloss":"with me"},{"surface":"ἕπεσθον","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"follow"},{"surface":"ἴδωμ","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let me see"},{"surface":"ὅτιν","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of τέτυκται","gloss":"events"},{"surface":"τέτυκται","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ἴδωμ̓","gloss":"have occurred","note":"The perfect denotes a completed event whose consequences are now present."}]},{"number":451,"label":"451","id":"b22-l451","source":"αἰδοίης ἑκυρῆς ὀπὸς ἔκλυον, ἐν δʼ ἐμοὶ αὐτῇ","translation":"I heard the voice of my revered mother-in-law, and within my own","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l451.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰδοίης","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἑκυρῆς","gloss":"revered"},{"surface":"ἑκυρῆς","lemma":"ἑκυρά","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὀπὸς","gloss":"mother-in-law's"},{"surface":"ὀπὸς","lemma":"ὄψ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκλυον","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ἔκλυον","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I heard"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to πάλλεται","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"αὐτῇ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":452,"label":"452","id":"b22-l452","source":"στήθεσι πάλλεται ἦτορ ἀνὰ στόμα, νέρθε δὲ γοῦνα","translation":"breast my heart leaps to my mouth, while below my knees","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l452.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στήθεσι","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"my breast"},{"surface":"πάλλεται","lemma":"πάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leaps"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of πάλλεται","gloss":"my heart"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"up to"},{"surface":"στόμα","lemma":"στόμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"my mouth"},{"surface":"νέρθε","lemma":"ἔνερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πήγνυται","gloss":"below"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"γοῦνα","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of πήγνυται","gloss":"my knees"}]},{"number":453,"label":"453","id":"b22-l453","source":"πήγνυται· ἐγγὺς δή τι κακὸν Πριάμοιο τέκεσσιν.","translation":"grow stiff. Some evil is now near the children of Priam.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l453.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πήγνυται","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grow stiff"},{"surface":"ἐγγὺς","lemma":"ἐγγύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now indeed"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies κακὸν","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τέκεσσιν","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"τέκεσσιν","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"for the children"}]},{"number":454,"label":"454","id":"b22-l454","source":"αἲ γὰρ ἀπʼ οὔατος εἴη ἐμεῦ ἔπος· ἀλλὰ μάλʼ αἰνῶς","translation":"Would that this word were far from my hearing! Yet I fear terribly","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l454.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἴη","title":"Optative mood","body":"The optative expresses Andromache's unattainable wish that the report might prove distant from her."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἲ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"far from"},{"surface":"οὔατος","lemma":"οὖς","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"the hearing"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ἐμεῦ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies οὔατος","gloss":"of mine"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"this report"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"αἰνῶς","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δείδω","gloss":"terribly"}]},{"number":455,"label":"455","id":"b22-l455","source":"δείδω μὴ δή μοι θρασὺν Ἕκτορα δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς","translation":"that godlike Achilles has cut my valiant Hector","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l455.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δείδω","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I fear"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to δίηται","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"θρασὺν","lemma":"θρασύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτορα","gloss":"valiant"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορα","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δίηται","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχιλλεὺς","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δίηται","gloss":"Achilles"}]},{"number":456,"label":"456","id":"b22-l456","source":"μοῦνον ἀποτμήξας πόλιος πεδίον δὲ δίηται,","translation":"off alone from the city and is pursuing him toward the plain,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l456.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μοῦνον","lemma":"μόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἀποτμήξας","lemma":"ἀποτμήγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δίηται","gloss":"having cut off"},{"surface":"πόλιος","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀποτμήξας","gloss":"from the city"},{"surface":"πεδίον","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δίηται","gloss":"toward the plain"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δίηται","lemma":"δίω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"is pursuing"}]},{"number":457,"label":"457","id":"b22-l457","source":"καὶ δή μιν καταπαύσῃ ἀγηνορίης ἀλεγεινῆς","translation":"and may now put an end to the grievous boldness","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l457.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καταπαύσῃ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"καταπαύσῃ","lemma":"καταπαύω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"may put an end"},{"surface":"ἀγηνορίης","lemma":"ἀγηνορία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of καταπαύσῃ","gloss":"to his boldness"},{"surface":"ἀλεγεινῆς","lemma":"ἀλεγεινός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀγηνορίης","gloss":"grievous"}]},{"number":458,"label":"458","id":"b22-l458","source":"ἥ μιν ἔχεσκʼ, ἐπεὶ οὔ ποτʼ ἐνὶ πληθυῖ μένεν ἀνδρῶν,","translation":"that possessed him, since he never remained within the mass of warriors,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l458.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχεσκ̓","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχεσκ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔχεσκ","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀγηνορίης","gloss":"always possessed","note":"The iterative epic imperfect describes boldness as habitually possessing Hector."},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to μένεν","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"πληθυῖ","lemma":"πληθύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the mass"},{"surface":"μένεν","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"he remained"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πληθυῖ","gloss":"of warriors"}]},{"number":459,"label":"459","id":"b22-l459","source":"ἀλλὰ πολὺ προθέεσκε, τὸ ὃν μένος οὐδενὶ εἴκων.","translation":"but always ran far ahead, yielding to no man in his might.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l459.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to προθέεσκε","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"προθέεσκε","lemma":"προθέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"he always ran ahead","note":"The epic iterative imperfect emphasizes Hector's habitual conduct in battle."},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies μένος","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to εἴκων","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"οὐδενὶ","lemma":"οὐδείς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of εἴκων","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"εἴκων","lemma":"εἴκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προθέεσκε","gloss":"yielding"}]},{"number":460,"label":"460","id":"b22-l460","source":"ὣς φαμένη μεγάροιο διέσσυτο μαινάδι ἴση","translation":"Thus she spoke and rushed through the hall like a madwoman,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l460.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φαμένη","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"φαμένη","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to διέσσυτο","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"μεγάροιο","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of διέσσυτο","gloss":"through the hall"},{"surface":"διέσσυτο","lemma":"διασεύομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she rushed"},{"surface":"μαινάδι","lemma":"μαινάς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἴση","gloss":"a madwoman"},{"surface":"ἴση","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":461,"label":"461","id":"b22-l461","source":"παλλομένη κραδίην· ἅμα δʼ ἀμφίπολοι κίον αὐτῇ","translation":"her heart trembling; and her attendants went together with her.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l461.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παλλομένη","lemma":"πάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to διέσσυτο","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"κραδίην","lemma":"καρδία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παλλομένη","gloss":"at heart"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφίπολοι","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of κίον","gloss":"the attendants"},{"surface":"κίον","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"αὐτῇ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἅμα","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":462,"label":"462","id":"b22-l462","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ πύργόν τε καὶ ἀνδρῶν ἷξεν ὅμιλον","translation":"But when she reached the tower and the throng of men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l462.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐπεὶ","title":"Temporal clause","body":"Introduces the temporal clause, “when she reached.”"}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"πύργόν","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the tower"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὅμιλον","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"ἷξεν","lemma":"ἵκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"she reached"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the throng"}]},{"number":463,"label":"463","id":"b22-l463","source":"ἔστη παπτήνασʼ ἐπὶ τείχεϊ, τὸν δὲ νόησεν","translation":"she stood upon the wall and gazed about, and she saw him","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l463.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔστη","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she stood"},{"surface":"παπτήνασ","lemma":"παπταίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔστη","gloss":"gazing about"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"τείχεϊ","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"the wall"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of νόησεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νόησεν","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she saw"}]},{"number":464,"label":"464","id":"b22-l464","source":"ἑλκόμενον πρόσθεν πόλιος· ταχέες δέ μιν ἵπποι","translation":"being dragged before the city; swift horses","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l464.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑλκόμενον","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being dragged"},{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"πόλιος","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πρόσθεν","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"ταχέες","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἕλκον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἵπποι","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕλκον","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":465,"label":"465","id":"b22-l465","source":"ἕλκον ἀκηδέστως κοίλας ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"were heedlessly dragging him toward the hollow ships of the Achaeans.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l465.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕλκον","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were dragging"},{"surface":"ἀκηδέστως","lemma":"ἀκήδεστος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕλκον","gloss":"without care"},{"surface":"κοίλας","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆας","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νῆας","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":466,"label":"466","id":"b22-l466","source":"τὴν δὲ κατʼ ὀφθαλμῶν ἐρεβεννὴ νὺξ ἐκάλυψεν,","translation":"Then dark night covered her eyes,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l466.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐκάλυψεν","title":"Aorist tense","body":"The aorist presents the darkness covering her eyes as a sudden event."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐκάλυψεν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμῶν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of κατ̓","gloss":"the eyes"},{"surface":"ἐρεβεννὴ","lemma":"ἐρεβεννός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νὺξ","gloss":"gloomy"},{"surface":"νὺξ","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐκάλυψεν","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"ἐκάλυψεν","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"covered"}]},{"number":467,"label":"467","id":"b22-l467","source":"ἤριπε δʼ ἐξοπίσω, ἀπὸ δὲ ψυχὴν ἐκάπυσσε.","translation":"and she fell backward, and the breath went out of her.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l467.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤριπε","lemma":"ἐρείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she fell"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξοπίσω","lemma":"ἐξοπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤριπε","gloss":"backward"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ψυχὴν","lemma":"ψυχή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκάπυσσε","gloss":"her breath"},{"surface":"ἐκάπυσσε","lemma":"καπύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she breathed out"}]},{"number":468,"label":"468","id":"b22-l468","source":"τῆλε δʼ ἀπὸ κρατὸς βάλε δέσματα σιγαλόεντα,","translation":"Far from her head she flung the shining bands,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l468.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῆλε","lemma":"τῆλε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"far away"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"κρατὸς","lemma":"κράς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"her head"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she flung"},{"surface":"δέσματα","lemma":"δέσμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"the bands"},{"surface":"σιγαλόεντα","lemma":"σιγαλόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δέσματα","gloss":"shining"}]},{"number":469,"label":"469","id":"b22-l469","source":"ἄμπυκα κεκρύφαλόν τε ἰδὲ πλεκτὴν ἀναδέσμην","translation":"the headband, the netted cap, and the braided binding,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l469.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄμπυκα","lemma":"ἄμπυξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θ̓","gloss":"headband"},{"surface":"κεκρύφαλόν","lemma":"κεκρύφαλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of θ̓","gloss":"netted cap"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰδὲ","lemma":"ἰδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πλεκτὴν","lemma":"πλεκτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀναδέσμην","gloss":"braided"},{"surface":"ἀναδέσμην","lemma":"ἀναδέσμη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of θ̓","gloss":"binding"}]},{"number":470,"label":"470","id":"b22-l470","source":"κρήδεμνόν θʼ, ὅ ῥά οἱ δῶκε χρυσῆ Ἀφροδίτη","translation":"and the veil that golden Aphrodite had given her","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l470.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κρήδεμνόν","lemma":"κρήδεμνον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of θ̓","gloss":"the veil"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of δῶκε","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of δῶκε","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"δῶκε","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing κρήδεμνόν","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"χρυσῆ","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀφροδίτη","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτη","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δῶκε","gloss":"Aphrodite"}]},{"number":471,"label":"471","id":"b22-l471","source":"ἤματι τῷ ὅτε μιν κορυθαίολος ἠγάγεθʼ Ἕκτωρ","translation":"on the day when Hector of the flashing helm led her","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l471.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤματι","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to δῶκε","gloss":"on the day"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular neuter article","role":"modifies ἤματι","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠγάγεθ̓","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἠγάγεθ̓","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"κορυθαίολος","lemma":"κορυθαίολος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"with flashing helmet","note":"A traditional epithet of Hector, referring to the gleaming or tossing plume of his helmet."},{"surface":"ἠγάγεθ","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τῷ","gloss":"led home"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠγάγεθ̓","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":472,"label":"472","id":"b22-l472","source":"ἐκ δόμου Ἠετίωνος, ἐπεὶ πόρε μυρία ἕδνα.","translation":"from the house of Eetion, after he had given countless wedding gifts.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l472.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δόμου","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Ἠετίωνος","lemma":"Ἠετίων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δόμου","gloss":"of Eetion"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"πόρε","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"he gave"},{"surface":"μυρία","lemma":"μυρίος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἕδνα","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"ἕδνα","lemma":"ἕδνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πόρε","gloss":"wedding gifts"}]},{"number":473,"label":"473","id":"b22-l473","source":"ἀμφὶ δέ μιν γαλόῳ τε καὶ εἰνατέρες ἅλις ἔσταν,","translation":"Around her stood her husband’s sisters and her husband’s brothers’ wives in a crowd,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l473.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"γαλόῳ","lemma":"γάλοως","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"husband's sisters"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἰνατέρες","lemma":"εἰνάτερες","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"brothers' wives"},{"surface":"ἅλις","lemma":"ἅλις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσταν","gloss":"in a crowd"},{"surface":"ἔσταν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"}]},{"number":474,"label":"474","id":"b22-l474","source":"αἵ ἑ μετὰ σφίσιν εἶχον ἀτυζομένην ἀπολέσθαι.","translation":"and they held her among them as she reeled near to death.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l474.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of εἶχον","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of εἶχον","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"σφίσιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"themselves"},{"surface":"εἶχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing εἰνατέρες","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"ἀτυζομένην","lemma":"ἀτύζω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"modifies ἑ","gloss":"reeling"},{"surface":"ἀπολέσθαι","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἀτυζομένην","gloss":"near death"}]},{"number":475,"label":"475","id":"b22-l475","source":"ἣ δʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν ἔμπνυτο καὶ ἐς φρένα θυμὸς ἀγέρθη","translation":"But when she breathed again and her spirit gathered within her breast,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l475.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἐπεὶ","title":"Temporal clause","body":"Introduces the temporal clause marking her recovery before she speaks."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔειπεν","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"ἔμπνυτο","lemma":"ἐμπνέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"breathed again"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"φρένα","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"her breast"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀγέρθη","gloss":"her spirit"},{"surface":"ἀγέρθη","lemma":"ἀγείρω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"was gathered"}]},{"number":476,"label":"476","id":"b22-l476","source":"ἀμβλήδην γοόωσα μετὰ Τρῳῇσιν ἔειπεν·","translation":"she began her lament amid the Trojan women, crying out brokenly:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l476.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμβλήδην","lemma":"ἀμβλήδην","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γοόωσα","gloss":"brokenly"},{"surface":"γοόωσα","lemma":"γοάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔειπεν","gloss":"lamenting"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Τρῳῇσιν","lemma":"Τρωιός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of ἔειπεν","gloss":"the Trojan women"},{"surface":"ἔειπεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"}]},{"number":477,"label":"477","id":"b22-l477","source":"Ἕκτορ ἐγὼ δύστηνος· ἰῇ ἄρα γεινόμεθʼ αἴσῃ","translation":"\"Hector, sorrowful am I! Under one fate, then, were we both born,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l477.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"δύστηνος","lemma":"δύστηνος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"sorrowful"},{"surface":"ἰῇ","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἴσῃ","gloss":"under one"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"γεινόμεθ","lemma":"γείνομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we were born"},{"surface":"αἴσῃ","lemma":"αἶσις","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to γεινόμεθ̓","gloss":"fate"}]},{"number":478,"label":"478","id":"b22-l478","source":"ἀμφότεροι, σὺ μὲν ἐν Τροίῃ Πριάμου κατὰ δῶμα,","translation":"you in Troy, in the house of Priam,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l478.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"σὺ μὲν","title":"Men–de contrast","body":"The μέν prepares the contrast between Hector’s birthplace and Andromache’s."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφότεροι","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of γεινόμεθ̓","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Τροίῃ","lemma":"Τροία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"Πριάμου","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":479,"label":"479","id":"b22-l479","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ Θήβῃσιν ὑπὸ Πλάκῳ ὑληέσσῃ","translation":"but I in Thebes beneath wooded Placus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l479.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"Θήβῃσιν","lemma":"Θῆβαι","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"in Thebes"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"Πλάκῳ","lemma":"Πλάκος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὸ","gloss":"Placus"},{"surface":"ὑληέσσῃ","lemma":"ὑλήεις","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Πλάκῳ","gloss":"wooded"}]},{"number":480,"label":"480","id":"b22-l480","source":"ἐν δόμῳ Ἠετίωνος, ὅ μʼ ἔτρεφε τυτθὸν ἐοῦσαν","translation":"in the house of Eetion, who reared me when I was little—","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l480.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δόμῳ","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Ἠετίωνος","lemma":"Ἠετίων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δόμῳ","gloss":"of Eetion"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔτρεφε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔτρεφε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔτρεφε","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἠετίωνος","gloss":"reared"},{"surface":"τυτθὸν","lemma":"τυτθός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"ἐοῦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to μ̓","gloss":"when I was"}]},{"number":481,"label":"481","id":"b22-l481","source":"δύσμορος αἰνόμορον· ὡς μὴ ὤφελλε τεκέσθαι.","translation":"an ill-fated father rearing grievously fated me. Would that he had never begotten me!","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l481.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"μὴ ὤφελλε τεκέσθαι","title":"Unfulfilled wish","body":"The imperfect indicative ὤφελλε with the infinitive τεκέσθαι expresses an unfulfilled wish: would that her father had never begotten her."}],"words":[{"surface":"δύσμορος","lemma":"δύσμορος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"ill-fated"},{"surface":"αἰνόμορον","lemma":"αἰνόμορος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"grievously fated"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"ὤφελλε","lemma":"ὀφέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he had"},{"surface":"τεκέσθαι","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ὤφελλε","gloss":"begotten me"}]},{"number":482,"label":"482","id":"b22-l482","source":"νῦν δὲ σὺ μὲν Ἀΐδαο δόμους ὑπὸ κεύθεσι γαίης","translation":"Now you are going to the house of Hades beneath the hidden places of earth,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l482.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρχεαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔρχεαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"Ἀΐδαο","lemma":"ᾍδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δόμους","gloss":"of Hades"},{"surface":"δόμους","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔρχεαι","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"κεύθεσι","lemma":"κεῦθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ὑπὸ","gloss":"the hidden places"},{"surface":"γαίης","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies κεύθεσι","gloss":"of earth"}]},{"number":483,"label":"483","id":"b22-l483","source":"ἔρχεαι, αὐτὰρ ἐμὲ στυγερῷ ἐνὶ πένθεϊ λείπεις","translation":"while you leave me here in hateful grief,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l483.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρχεαι","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are going"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of λείπεις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"στυγερῷ","lemma":"στυγερός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πένθεϊ","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πένθεϊ","lemma":"πένθος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"λείπεις","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you leave"}]},{"number":484,"label":"484","id":"b22-l484","source":"χήρην ἐν μεγάροισι· πάϊς δʼ ἔτι νήπιος αὔτως,","translation":"a widow in the halls; and our son is still only an infant,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l484.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χήρην","lemma":"χήρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"a widow"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"our son"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"νήπιος","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"an infant"},{"surface":"αὔτως","lemma":"αὔτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"merely"}]},{"number":485,"label":"485","id":"b22-l485","source":"ὃν τέκομεν σύ τʼ ἐγώ τε δυσάμμοροι· οὔτε σὺ τούτῳ","translation":"the son whom you and I, both sorrowfully fated, begot; neither will you","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l485.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τέκομεν","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"τέκομεν","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πάϊς","gloss":"we begot"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δυσάμμοροι","lemma":"δυσάμμορος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"ill-fated"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔσσεαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"τούτῳ","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔσσεαι","gloss":"to him"}]},{"number":486,"label":"486","id":"b22-l486","source":"ἔσσεαι Ἕκτορ ὄνειαρ ἐπεὶ θάνες, οὔτε σοὶ οὗτος.","translation":"be a help to him, Hector, since you are dead, nor will he be one to you.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l486.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσσεαι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"Ἕκτορ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ὄνειαρ","lemma":"ὄνειαρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a source of aid"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"θάνες","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"you died"},{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"οὗτος","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"this son"}]},{"number":487,"label":"487","id":"b22-l487","source":"ἤν περ γὰρ πόλεμόν γε φύγῃ πολύδακρυν Ἀχαιῶν,","translation":"For even if he escapes the Achaeans’ war of many tears,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l487.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἤν περ","title":"Conditional construction","body":"Introduces the concession, “even if he escapes.”"}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤν","lemma":"ἐάν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πόλεμόν","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φύγῃ","gloss":"the war"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"φύγῃ","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἤν","gloss":"he escapes"},{"surface":"πολύδακρυν","lemma":"πολύδακρυς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόλεμόν","gloss":"bringing many tears"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόλεμόν","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":488,"label":"488","id":"b22-l488","source":"αἰεί τοι τούτῳ γε πόνος καὶ κήδεʼ ὀπίσσω","translation":"toil and sorrows will always await him","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l488.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰεί","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσσοντ̓","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"τούτῳ","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔσσοντ̓","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πόνος","lemma":"πόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"toil"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κήδε","lemma":"κῆδος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσσοντ̓","gloss":"hereafter"}]},{"number":489,"label":"489","id":"b22-l489","source":"ἔσσοντʼ· ἄλλοι γάρ οἱ ἀπουρίσσουσιν ἀρούρας.","translation":"hereafter, for other men will seize his fields.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l489.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσσοντ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will remain"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἀπουρίσσουσιν","gloss":"other men"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀπουρίσσουσιν","gloss":"from him"},{"surface":"ἀπουρίσσουσιν","lemma":"ἀπουρίζω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will seize"},{"surface":"ἀρούρας","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπουρίσσουσιν","gloss":"his fields"}]},{"number":490,"label":"490","id":"b22-l490","source":"ἦμαρ δʼ ὀρφανικὸν παναφήλικα παῖδα τίθησι·","translation":"The day of orphanhood makes a child wholly friendless:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l490.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of τίθησι","gloss":"the day"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀρφανικὸν","lemma":"ὀρφανικός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦμαρ","gloss":"of orphanhood"},{"surface":"παναφήλικα","lemma":"παναφῆλιξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"complement of τίθησι","gloss":"utterly friendless"},{"surface":"παῖδα","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τίθησι","gloss":"a child"},{"surface":"τίθησι","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"makes"}]},{"number":491,"label":"491","id":"b22-l491","source":"πάντα δʼ ὑπεμνήμυκε, δεδάκρυνται δὲ παρειαί,","translation":"his head is bowed in every way, and his cheeks are stained with tears;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l491.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὑπεμνήμυκε","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπεμνήμυκε","lemma":"ὑπεμνήμυκε","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"his head hangs"},{"surface":"δεδάκρυνται","lemma":"δακρύω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are tear-stained","note":"The perfect describes the cheeks' resulting and continuing tear-stained condition."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παρειαί","lemma":"παρειά","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of δεδάκρυνται","gloss":"his cheeks"}]},{"number":492,"label":"492","id":"b22-l492","source":"δευόμενος δέ τʼ ἄνεισι πάϊς ἐς πατρὸς ἑταίρους,","translation":"and in his need the child goes to his father’s companions,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l492.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δευόμενος","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἄνεισι","gloss":"being in need"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄνεισι","lemma":"ἄνειμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"goes up"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἄνεισι","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἑταίρους","gloss":"his father's"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":493,"label":"493","id":"b22-l493","source":"ἄλλον μὲν χλαίνης ἐρύων, ἄλλον δὲ χιτῶνος·","translation":"tugging one man by the cloak and another by the tunic.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l493.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἄλλον μὲν","title":"Men–de contrast","body":"The μέν and following δέ coordinate the two men whose garments the child tugs."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐρύων","gloss":"one man"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"χλαίνης","lemma":"χλαῖνα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐρύων","gloss":"by the cloak"},{"surface":"ἐρύων","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"tugging"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χιτῶνος","lemma":"χιτών","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"by the tunic"}]},{"number":494,"label":"494","id":"b22-l494","source":"τῶν δʼ ἐλεησάντων κοτύλην τις τυτθὸν ἐπέσχε·","translation":"One of them, taking pity, holds out a cup for a little while;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l494.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἐλεησάντων","gloss":"of those"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐλεησάντων","lemma":"ἐλεέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"taking pity"},{"surface":"κοτύλην","lemma":"κοτύλη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέσχε","gloss":"a cup"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπέσχε","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"τυτθὸν","lemma":"τυτθός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπέσχε","gloss":"briefly"},{"surface":"ἐπέσχε","lemma":"ἐπέχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"holds out"}]},{"number":495,"label":"495","id":"b22-l495","source":"χείλεα μέν τʼ ἐδίηνʼ, ὑπερῴην δʼ οὐκ ἐδίηνε.","translation":"he wets the child’s lips, but does not wet his palate.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l495.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χείλεα","lemma":"χεῖλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐδίην̓","gloss":"his lips"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐδίην","lemma":"διαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he wets"},{"surface":"ὑπερῴην","lemma":"ὑπερῴα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐδίηνε","gloss":"his palate"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐδίηνε","lemma":"διαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he wets"}]},{"number":496,"label":"496","id":"b22-l496","source":"τὸν δὲ καὶ ἀμφιθαλὴς ἐκ δαιτύος ἐστυφέλιξε","translation":"And a boy whose parents are both living drives him from the feast,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l496.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐστυφέλιξε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἀμφιθαλὴς","lemma":"ἀμφιθαλής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐστυφέλιξε","gloss":"a two-parented boy","note":"The adjective means a child with both parents living, pointedly contrasting the orphaned Astyanax."},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δαιτύος","lemma":"δαιτύς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"the feast"},{"surface":"ἐστυφέλιξε","lemma":"στυφελίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drives away"}]},{"number":497,"label":"497","id":"b22-l497","source":"χερσὶν πεπλήγων καὶ ὀνειδείοισιν ἐνίσσων·","translation":"striking him with his hands and assailing him with taunts:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l497.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πεπλήγων","title":"Participial construction","body":"The participle describes the striking that accompanies the boy’s expulsion."}],"words":[{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πεπλήγων","gloss":"with his hands"},{"surface":"πεπλήγων","lemma":"πλήσσω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"striking"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀνειδείοισιν","lemma":"ὀνείδειος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐνίσσων","gloss":"with taunts"},{"surface":"ἐνίσσων","lemma":"ἐνίσσω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"assailing"}]},{"number":498,"label":"498","id":"b22-l498","source":"ἔρρʼ οὕτως· οὐ σός γε πατὴρ μεταδαίνυται ἡμῖν.","translation":"‘Begone, just as you are! Your father does not share our feast.’","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l498.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔρρʼ","title":"Imperative mood","body":"A forceful imperative ordering the orphaned child to leave."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρρ","lemma":"ἔρρω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"begone"},{"surface":"οὕτως","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"just as you are"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"σός","lemma":"σός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατὴρ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μεταδαίνυται","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"μεταδαίνυται","lemma":"μεταδαίνυμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shares the feast"},{"surface":"ἡμῖν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of μεταδαίνυται","gloss":"with us"}]},{"number":499,"label":"499","id":"b22-l499","source":"δακρυόεις δέ τʼ ἄνεισι πάϊς ἐς μητέρα χήρην","translation":"Then the tearful child goes back to his widowed mother,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l499.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δακρυόεις","lemma":"δακρυόεις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"tearful"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνεισι","lemma":"ἄνειμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"goes back"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"the child"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"μητέρα","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"χήρην","lemma":"χήρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μητέρα","gloss":"widowed"}]},{"number":500,"label":"500","id":"b22-l500","source":"Ἀστυάναξ, ὃς πρὶν μὲν ἑοῦ ἐπὶ γούνασι πατρὸς","translation":"Astyanax, who formerly upon his own father’s knees","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l500.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀστυάναξ","lemma":"Ἀστυάναξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Astyanax"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔδεσκε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔδεσκε","gloss":"formerly"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἑοῦ","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατρὸς","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"γούνασι","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"the knees"},{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γούνασι","gloss":"of his father"}]},{"number":501,"label":"501","id":"b22-l501","source":"μυελὸν οἶον ἔδεσκε καὶ οἰῶν πίονα δημόν·","translation":"would eat only marrow and the rich fat of sheep;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l501.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μυελὸν","lemma":"μυελός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"marrow"},{"surface":"οἶον","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"ἔδεσκε","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἀστυάναξ","gloss":"would eat","note":"The iterative epic imperfect describes Astyanax's customary privileged meals with Hector."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἰῶν","lemma":"ὄις","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies δημόν","gloss":"of sheep"},{"surface":"πίονα","lemma":"πίων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δημόν","gloss":"rich"},{"surface":"δημόν","lemma":"δημός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"fat"}]},{"number":502,"label":"502","id":"b22-l502","source":"αὐτὰρ ὅθʼ ὕπνος ἕλοι, παύσαιτό τε νηπιαχεύων,","translation":"and whenever sleep overtook him and he ceased his childish play,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l502.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὅθʼ","title":"Temporal clause","body":"Introduces the recurring circumstance in which sleep overtook the child."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅθ","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ὕπνος","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕλοι","gloss":"sleep"},{"surface":"ἕλοι","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"overtook him"},{"surface":"παύσαιτό","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"he ceased"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νηπιαχεύων","lemma":"νηπιαχεύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"object of παύσαιτό","gloss":"playing like a child"}]},{"number":503,"label":"503","id":"b22-l503","source":"εὕδεσκʼ ἐν λέκτροισιν ἐν ἀγκαλίδεσσι τιθήνης","translation":"he would sleep in a bed, in the arms of his nurse,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l503.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὕδεσκ","lemma":"εὕδω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he would sleep","note":"The iterative epic imperfect continues the description of the child's former routine."},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"λέκτροισιν","lemma":"λέκτρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"a bed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἀγκαλίδεσσι","lemma":"ἀγκάλη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the arms"},{"surface":"τιθήνης","lemma":"τιθήνη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀγκαλίδεσσι","gloss":"of his nurse"}]},{"number":504,"label":"504","id":"b22-l504","source":"εὐνῇ ἔνι μαλακῇ θαλέων ἐμπλησάμενος κῆρ·","translation":"upon a soft couch, his heart filled with delights.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l504.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐνῇ","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔνι","gloss":"a couch"},{"surface":"ἔνι","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"μαλακῇ","lemma":"μαλακός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies εὐνῇ","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"θαλέων","lemma":"θάλεα","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐμπλησάμενος","gloss":"with delights"},{"surface":"ἐμπλησάμενος","lemma":"ἐμπίπλημι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εὕδεσκ̓","gloss":"having filled"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐμπλησάμενος","gloss":"his heart"}]},{"number":505,"label":"505","id":"b22-l505","source":"νῦν δʼ ἂν πολλὰ πάθῃσι φίλου ἀπὸ πατρὸς ἁμαρτὼν","translation":"But now he may suffer greatly, deprived of his dear father—","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l505.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πάθῃσι","title":"Subjunctive mood","body":"The subjunctive with ἄν expresses what Astyanax may now suffer."}],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πάθῃσι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to πάθῃσι","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"πάθῃσι","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he suffer"},{"surface":"φίλου","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατρὸς","gloss":"his dear"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away from"},{"surface":"πατρὸς","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἁμαρτὼν","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἁμαρτὼν","lemma":"ἁμαρτάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πάθῃσι","gloss":"deprived"}]},{"number":506,"label":"506","id":"b22-l506","source":"Ἀστυάναξ, ὃν Τρῶες ἐπίκλησιν καλέουσιν·","translation":"whom the Trojans call by the name Astyanax;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l506.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀστυάναξ","lemma":"Ἀστυάναξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πάθῃσι","gloss":"Astyanax"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καλέουσιν","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καλέουσιν","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἐπίκλησιν","lemma":"ἐπίκλησις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καλέουσιν","gloss":"by name"},{"surface":"καλέουσιν","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἀστυάναξ","gloss":"call"}]},{"number":507,"label":"507","id":"b22-l507","source":"οἶος γάρ σφιν ἔρυσο πύλας καὶ τείχεα μακρά.","translation":"for you alone guarded their gates and long walls.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l507.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔρυσο","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"ἔρυσο","lemma":"ῥύομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you guarded"},{"surface":"πύλας","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the gates"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τείχεα","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"μακρά","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τείχεα","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":508,"label":"508","id":"b22-l508","source":"νῦν δὲ σὲ μὲν παρὰ νηυσὶ κορωνίσι νόσφι τοκήων","translation":"But now, beside the curved ships, far from your parents,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l508.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔδονται","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σὲ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔδονται","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"the ships"},{"surface":"κορωνίσι","lemma":"κορωνίς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies νηυσὶ","gloss":"curved"},{"surface":"νόσφι","lemma":"νόσφι","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"far from"},{"surface":"τοκήων","lemma":"τοκεύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to νόσφι","gloss":"your parents"}]},{"number":509,"label":"509","id":"b22-l509","source":"αἰόλαι εὐλαὶ ἔδονται, ἐπεί κε κύνες κορέσωνται","translation":"the writhing worms will eat you when the dogs have satisfied themselves","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l509.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἔδονται","title":"Future tense","body":"The future tense foretells what the worms will do to Hector’s body."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἰόλαι","lemma":"αἰόλος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies εὐλαὶ","gloss":"writhing"},{"surface":"εὐλαὶ","lemma":"εὐλή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔδονται","gloss":"worms"},{"surface":"ἔδονται","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will eat"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"shall"},{"surface":"κύνες","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of κορέσωνται","gloss":"the dogs"},{"surface":"κορέσωνται","lemma":"κορέννυμι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεί","gloss":"have had their fill","note":"The middle voice conveys the dogs satisfying themselves fully."}]},{"number":510,"label":"510","id":"b22-l510","source":"γυμνόν· ἀτάρ τοι εἵματʼ ἐνὶ μεγάροισι κέονται","translation":"upon your naked body; yet your garments lie in the halls,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l510.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γυμνόν","lemma":"γυμνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"naked"},{"surface":"ἀτάρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to κέονται","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"εἵματ","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of κέονται","gloss":"garments"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the halls"},{"surface":"κέονται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lie"}]},{"number":511,"label":"511","id":"b22-l511","source":"λεπτά τε καὶ χαρίεντα τετυγμένα χερσὶ γυναικῶν.","translation":"fine and lovely garments fashioned by women’s hands.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l511.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τετυγμένα","title":"Reduplication","body":"The reduplicated perfect participle describes garments already fashioned and complete."}],"words":[{"surface":"λεπτά","lemma":"λεπτός","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χαρίεντα","lemma":"χαρίεις","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"τετυγμένα","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural neuter","role":"adverbial to κέονται","gloss":"fashioned"},{"surface":"χερσὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τετυγμένα","gloss":"by the hands"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies χερσὶ","gloss":"of women"}]},{"number":512,"label":"512","id":"b22-l512","source":"ἀλλʼ ἤτοι τάδε πάντα καταφλέξω πυρὶ κηλέῳ","translation":"But indeed I shall burn all these in the consuming fire,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l512.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of καταφλέξω","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τάδε","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"καταφλέξω","lemma":"καταφλέγω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I shall burn up"},{"surface":"πυρὶ","lemma":"πῦρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καταφλέξω","gloss":"with fire"},{"surface":"κηλέῳ","lemma":"κήλεος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πυρὶ","gloss":"consuming"}]},{"number":513,"label":"513","id":"b22-l513","source":"οὐδὲν σοί γʼ ὄφελος, ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἐγκείσεαι αὐτοῖς,","translation":"since they are no use to you, for you will not lie within them,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l513.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐδὲν","lemma":"οὐδείς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὄφελος","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"σοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὄφελος","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὄφελος","lemma":"ὄφελος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"use"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐγκείσεαι","lemma":"ἔγκειμαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"you will lie within"},{"surface":"αὐτοῖς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐγκείσεαι","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":514,"label":"514","id":"b22-l514","source":"ἀλλὰ πρὸς Τρώων καὶ Τρωϊάδων κλέος εἶναι.","translation":"but so that they may be a glory to you in the eyes of the Trojan men and Trojan women.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l514.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"Trojan men"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρωϊάδων","lemma":"Τρῳάς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"Trojan women"},{"surface":"κλέος","lemma":"κλέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a glory"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":515,"label":"515","id":"b22-l515","source":"ὣς ἔφατο κλαίουσʼ, ἐπὶ δὲ στενάχοντο γυναῖκες.","translation":"So she spoke, weeping, and the women groaned around her.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b22-l515.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατο","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἔφατο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"κλαίουσ","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔφατο","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in response"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στενάχοντο","lemma":"στενάχω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were groaning"},{"surface":"γυναῖκες","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of στενάχοντο","gloss":"the women"}]}]}