{"work":{"slug":"iliad","title":{"source":"Ἰλιάς","translated":"The Iliad"},"author":"Homer","language":"Ancient Greek","languageCode":"grc","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad"},"unit":{"kind":"book","number":3,"id":"book-03","title":{"source":"Ἰλιάδος Γ","translated":"Book 3 — The Duel of Paris and Menelaus, and Helen on the Wall"},"section":"The Wrath","summary":"Paris and Menelaus fight a duel for Helen. Helen names the Greek chiefs for Priam from the wall. Aphrodite snatches Paris from defeat.","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/3","lines":461},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/2","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/4","license":"Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original line-aligned draft, pending editorial review. Word-by-word morphology and syntax derived from the Perseus Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank (CC BY-SA 3.0); English glosses and notes © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b3-l1","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ κόσμηθεν ἅμʼ ἡγεμόνεσσιν ἕκαστοι,","translation":"But when each contingent was marshaled with its leaders,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l1.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κόσμηθεν","lemma":"κοσμέω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"were marshaled"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἡγεμόνεσσιν","lemma":"ἡγεμών","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἅμ̓","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"ἕκαστοι","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"each contingent"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b3-l2","source":"Τρῶες μὲν κλαγγῇ τʼ ἐνοπῇ τʼ ἴσαν ὄρνιθες ὣς","translation":"the Trojans advanced with clamor and shouting, like birds,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l2.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὄρνιθες","title":"The bird simile opens","body":"Homer opens the two armies' advance with a paired simile: the Trojans as noisy migratory birds, the disciplined Achaeans marching in silence. The contrast in sound is the point — it characterizes the two hosts before either side has struck a blow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἴσαν","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"κλαγγῇ","lemma":"κλαγγή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"clamor"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνοπῇ","lemma":"ἐνοπή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴσαν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"marched on"},{"surface":"ὄρνιθες","lemma":"ὄρνις","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"birds"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b3-l3","source":"ἠΰτε περ κλαγγὴ γεράνων πέλει οὐρανόθι πρό·","translation":"as when the clamor of cranes rises before the sky;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠΰτε","lemma":"ἠύτε","morphology":"particle","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"κλαγγὴ","lemma":"κλαγγή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πέλει","gloss":"clamor"},{"surface":"γεράνων","lemma":"γέρανος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies κλαγγὴ","gloss":"cranes"},{"surface":"πέλει","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἠΰτε","gloss":"rises"},{"surface":"οὐρανόθι","lemma":"οὐρανόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πρό","gloss":"in the sky","note":"The epic suffix -θι makes a locative adverb: ‘in the sky.’"},{"surface":"πρό","lemma":"πρό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b3-l4","source":"αἵ τʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν χειμῶνα φύγον καὶ ἀθέσφατον ὄμβρον","translation":"when they have fled the winter storm and boundless rain,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"χειμῶνα","lemma":"χειμών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"winter storm"},{"surface":"φύγον","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"they fled"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀθέσφατον","lemma":"ἀθέσφατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄμβρον","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"ὄμβρον","lemma":"ὄμβρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"rain"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b3-l5","source":"κλαγγῇ ταί γε πέτονται ἐπʼ ὠκεανοῖο ῥοάων","translation":"with clamor they fly over the streams of Ocean,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλαγγῇ","lemma":"κλαγγή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πέτονται","gloss":"with clamor"},{"surface":"ταί","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"πέτονται","lemma":"πέτομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"fly"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ὠκεανοῖο","lemma":"Ὠκεανός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ῥοάων","gloss":"Ocean","note":"Ocean is the mythic river encircling the world."},{"surface":"ῥοάων","lemma":"ῥοή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπ̓","gloss":"streams"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b3-l6","source":"ἀνδράσι Πυγμαίοισι φόνον καὶ κῆρα φέρουσαι·","translation":"bringing slaughter and death to the men of the Pygmies;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l6.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδράσι","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of φέρουσαι","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"Πυγμαίοισι","lemma":"Πυγμαῖοι","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδράσι","gloss":"Pygmies"},{"surface":"φόνον","lemma":"φόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"slaughter"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κῆρα","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"φέρουσαι","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to πέτονται","gloss":"carrying"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b3-l7","source":"ἠέριαι δʼ ἄρα ταί γε κακὴν ἔριδα προφέρονται.","translation":"and high in the air they carry cruel strife before them.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l7.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἠέριαι","title":"\"High in the air,\" not \"at dawn\"","body":"ἠέριαι here is the Homeric spelling of ἀέριος, \"in the air, high up\" (from ἀήρ, \"mist/air\"), describing the cranes' flight — not the unrelated-looking ἠέριος, \"at daybreak\" (from ἦρι), which would introduce a stray time reference with no anchor in the simile. The image continues straight from the birds' clamor and flight over Ocean's streams in the preceding lines."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἠέριαι","lemma":"ἠέριος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"high in the air"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ταί","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of προφέρονται","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"κακὴν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἔριδα","gloss":"cruel"},{"surface":"ἔριδα","lemma":"ἔρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of προφέρονται","gloss":"strife"},{"surface":"προφέρονται","lemma":"προφέρω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ̓","gloss":"carry before them"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b3-l8","source":"οἳ δʼ ἄρʼ ἴσαν σιγῇ μένεα πνείοντες Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"But the Achaeans advanced in silence, breathing fury,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l8.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μένεα πνείοντες","title":"\"Breathing fury\"","body":"μένεα πνείοντες, literally \"breathing forth their fighting-spirit,\" is a vivid Homeric idiom for barely contained battle-rage — the same physical image recurs elsewhere in the poem for armies or heroes keyed up for a fight."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἴσαν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"marched on"},{"surface":"σιγῇ","lemma":"σιγή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἴσαν","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"μένεα","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πνείοντες","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"πνείοντες","lemma":"πνέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἴσαν","gloss":"breathing"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b3-l9","source":"ἐν θυμῷ μεμαῶτες ἀλεξέμεν ἀλλήλοισιν.","translation":"eager at heart to defend one another.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"μεμαῶτες","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἴσαν","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"ἀλεξέμεν","lemma":"ἀλέξω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of μεμαῶτες","gloss":"to defend","note":"Epic infinitive in -μεν, expressing what they are eager to do."},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισιν","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀλεξέμεν","gloss":"to one another"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b3-l10","source":"εὖτʼ ὄρεος κορυφῇσι Νότος κατέχευεν ὀμίχλην","translation":"As when the South Wind pours mist over the mountain peaks,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l10.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὖτ","lemma":"εὖτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"as when"},{"surface":"ὄρεος","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies κορυφῇσι","gloss":"of the mountain"},{"surface":"κορυφῇσι","lemma":"κορυφή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of κατέχευεν","gloss":"over the peaks"},{"surface":"Νότος","lemma":"Νότος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κατέχευεν","gloss":"the South Wind"},{"surface":"κατέχευεν","lemma":"καταχεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"ὀμίχλην","lemma":"ὁμίχλη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατέχευεν","gloss":"mist"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b3-l11","source":"ποιμέσιν οὔ τι φίλην, κλέπτῃ δέ τε νυκτὸς ἀμείνω,","translation":"no friend to shepherds, but better than night for a thief,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ποιμέσιν","lemma":"ποιμήν","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies φίλην","gloss":"to shepherds"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δέ","gloss":"welcome"},{"surface":"κλέπτῃ","lemma":"κλέπτης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀμείνω","gloss":"for a thief"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"νυκτὸς","lemma":"νύξ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀμείνω","gloss":"than night"},{"surface":"ἀμείνω","lemma":"ἀμείνων","morphology":"accusative singular feminine comparative adjective","role":"modifies δέ","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b3-l12","source":"τόσσόν τίς τʼ ἐπιλεύσσει ὅσον τʼ ἐπὶ λᾶαν ἵησιν·","translation":"and a man sees no farther than he can throw a stone;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόσσόν","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπιλεύσσει","gloss":"so far"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπιλεύσσει","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπιλεύσσει","lemma":"ἐπιλεύσσω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"ὅσον","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἵησιν","gloss":"as far as"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"λᾶαν","lemma":"λᾶας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἵησιν","gloss":"a stone"},{"surface":"ἵησιν","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τόσσόν","gloss":"he throws"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b3-l13","source":"ὣς ἄρα τῶν ὑπὸ ποσσὶ κονίσαλος ὄρνυτʼ ἀελλὴς","translation":"so beneath their feet a whirling dust cloud rose","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l13.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄρνυτ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ποσσὶ","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"ποσσὶ","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"their feet"},{"surface":"κονίσαλος","lemma":"κονίσαλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὄρνυτ̓","gloss":"dust cloud"},{"surface":"ὄρνυτ","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rose","note":"Middle-form imperfect with intransitive force: the dust cloud ‘was rising.’"},{"surface":"ἀελλὴς","lemma":"ἀελλής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"whirling"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b3-l14","source":"ἐρχομένων· μάλα δʼ ὦκα διέπρησσον πεδίοιο.","translation":"as they went; and very swiftly they crossed the plain.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐρχομένων","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as they marched"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὦκα","lemma":"ὦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διέπρησσον","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"διέπρησσον","lemma":"διαπράσσω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"crossed"},{"surface":"πεδίοιο","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of διέπρησσον","gloss":"the plain"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b3-l15","source":"οἳ δʼ ὅτε δὴ σχεδὸν ἦσαν ἐπʼ ἀλλήλοισιν ἰόντες,","translation":"Now when they had come near, advancing on one another,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦσαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦσαν","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισιν","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπ̓","gloss":"to one another"},{"surface":"ἰόντες","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦσαν","gloss":"advancing"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b3-l16","source":"Τρωσὶν μὲν προμάχιζεν Ἀλέξανδρος θεοειδὴς","translation":"godlike Paris strode out as champion for the Trojans,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l16.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θεοειδὴς","title":"\"Godlike\" Paris — a distinct epithet","body":"θεοειδής, \"of godlike form,\" is Paris's own standing epithet in the Greek — a different word from δῖος, which we already render \"godlike\" for other heroes (swift-footed godlike Achilles, godlike Agamemnon). The two Greek words happen to share the same English rendering here, since both point to a shining, more-than-human bearing; this is recorded as its own locked table entry, not a silent reuse of δῖος."}],"words":[{"surface":"Τρωσὶν","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of προμάχιζεν","gloss":"for the Trojans"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"προμάχιζεν","lemma":"προμαχίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"strode as champion"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρος","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προμάχιζεν","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"θεοειδὴς","lemma":"θεοειδής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀλέξανδρος","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b3-l17","source":"παρδαλέην ὤμοισιν ἔχων καὶ καμπύλα τόξα","translation":"wearing a panther's skin upon his shoulders, and a curved bow,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l17.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παρδαλέην","lemma":"παρδαλέη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"panther skin"},{"surface":"ὤμοισιν","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"on his shoulders"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προμάχιζεν","gloss":"wearing"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καμπύλα","lemma":"καμπύλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τόξα","gloss":"curved"},{"surface":"τόξα","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"bow"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b3-l18","source":"καὶ ξίφος· αὐτὰρ δοῦρε δύω κεκορυθμένα χαλκῷ","translation":"and a sword; and brandishing two spears tipped with bronze","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l18.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"δοῦρε","title":"Dual number","body":"δοῦρε, \"two spears,\" is a dual form (paired with δύω, \"two\"), the same grammatical number used in Book 1 for exactly two combatants — here Homer marks precisely two spears, not a general plural."}],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δοῦρε","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"object of πάλλων","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies δοῦρε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"κεκορυθμένα","lemma":"κορύσσω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies δοῦρε","gloss":"tipped","note":"Literally ‘helmeted with bronze,’ transferred metaphorically to bronze-tipped spears."},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κεκορυθμένα","gloss":"with bronze"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b3-l19","source":"πάλλων Ἀργείων προκαλίζετο πάντας ἀρίστους","translation":"he challenged all the best of the Argives","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάλλων","lemma":"πάλλω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προκαλίζετο","gloss":"brandishing"},{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀρίστους","gloss":"of the Argives"},{"surface":"προκαλίζετο","lemma":"προκαλίζομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"challenged"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀρίστους","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀρίστους","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of προκαλίζετο","gloss":"the best"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b3-l20","source":"ἀντίβιον μαχέσασθαι ἐν αἰνῇ δηϊοτῆτι.","translation":"to fight him man to man in the dread strife of war.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντίβιον","lemma":"ἀντίβιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to μαχέσασθαι","gloss":"man to man","note":"Adverbial accusative: fighting face-to-face, man against man."},{"surface":"μαχέσασθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of προκαλίζετο","gloss":"to fight"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"αἰνῇ","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δηϊοτῆτι","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"δηϊοτῆτι","lemma":"δηιοτής","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"battle"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b3-l21","source":"τὸν δʼ ὡς οὖν ἐνόησεν ἀρηΐφιλος Μενέλαος","translation":"But when Menelaus, dear to Ares, marked him","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀρηΐφιλος","title":"\"Dear to Ares\"","body":"ἀρηΐφιλος, \"dear to Ares,\" is a standing epithet for Menelaus, distinct from βοὴν ἀγαθὸς Μενέλαος, \"Menelaus, good at the war-cry\" (locked in Book 2) — two genuine Homeric epithets for the same hero, each held to its own fixed wording."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐνόησεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἐνόησεν","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"marked"},{"surface":"ἀρηΐφιλος","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"dear to Ares"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐνόησεν","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b3-l22","source":"ἐρχόμενον προπάροιθεν ὁμίλου μακρὰ βιβάντα,","translation":"coming out before the throng with long strides,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l22.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐρχόμενον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular neuter","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"προπάροιθεν","lemma":"προπάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ὁμίλου","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to προπάροιθεν","gloss":"the throng"},{"surface":"μακρὰ","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to βιβάντα","gloss":"with long strides"},{"surface":"βιβάντα","lemma":"βίβημι","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"striding"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b3-l23","source":"ὥς τε λέων ἐχάρη μεγάλῳ ἐπὶ σώματι κύρσας","translation":"As a lion rejoices when it comes upon a great carcass,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l23.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐχάρη","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"λέων","lemma":"λέων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐχάρη","gloss":"a lion"},{"surface":"ἐχάρη","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"μεγάλῳ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σώματι","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"σώματι","lemma":"σῶμα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"carcass"},{"surface":"κύρσας","lemma":"κυρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐχάρη","gloss":"coming upon"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b3-l24","source":"εὑρὼν ἢ ἔλαφον κεραὸν ἢ ἄγριον αἶγα","translation":"finding either a horned stag or a wild goat,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὑρὼν","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐχάρη","gloss":"finding"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἔλαφον","lemma":"ἔλαφος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"stag"},{"surface":"κεραὸν","lemma":"κεραός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἔλαφον","gloss":"horned"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ἄγριον","lemma":"ἄγριος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἶγα","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"αἶγα","lemma":"αἴξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἢ","gloss":"goat"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b3-l25","source":"πεινάων· μάλα γάρ τε κατεσθίει, εἴ περ ἂν αὐτὸν","translation":"being hungry; for it devours it greedily, even if","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l25.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πεινάων","lemma":"πεινάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐχάρη","gloss":"being hungry"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατεσθίει","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατεσθίει","lemma":"κατεσθίω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"devours"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of σεύωνται","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b3-l26","source":"σεύωνται ταχέες τε κύνες θαλεροί τʼ αἰζηοί·","translation":"swift dogs and vigorous young men set upon it;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l26.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σεύωνται","lemma":"σεύω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"set upon it"},{"surface":"ταχέες","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κύνες","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κύνες","lemma":"κύων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τ̓","gloss":"dogs"},{"surface":"θαλεροί","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἰζηοί","gloss":"vigorous"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰζηοί","lemma":"αἰζηός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of τ̓","gloss":"young men"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b3-l27","source":"ὣς ἐχάρη Μενέλαος Ἀλέξανδρον θεοειδέα","translation":"so Menelaus rejoiced when his eyes fell upon","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l27.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐχάρη","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐχάρη","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐχάρη","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρον","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἰδών","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"θεοειδέα","lemma":"θεοειδής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀλέξανδρον","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b3-l28","source":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ἰδών· φάτο γὰρ τίσεσθαι ἀλείτην·","translation":"godlike Paris; for he thought to punish the transgressor;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l28.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἰδών","gloss":"with his eyes"},{"surface":"ἰδών","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐχάρη","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he thought","note":"In this formula φάτο introduces an inward assertion: he ‘thought’ or ‘said to himself.’"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τίσεσθαι","lemma":"τίνω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of φάτο","gloss":"to punish"},{"surface":"ἀλείτην","lemma":"ἀλείτης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τίσεσθαι","gloss":"the transgressor"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b3-l29","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ ἐξ ὀχέων σὺν τεύχεσιν ἆλτο χαμᾶζε.","translation":"and at once he leapt to the ground from his chariot in his armor.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l29.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἆλτο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὀχέων","lemma":"ὄχος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"chariot"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"τεύχεσιν","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"in his armor"},{"surface":"ἆλτο","lemma":"ἅλλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he leapt"},{"surface":"χαμᾶζε","lemma":"χαμᾶζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἆλτο","gloss":"to the ground"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b3-l30","source":"τὸν δʼ ὡς οὖν ἐνόησεν Ἀλέξανδρος θεοειδὴς","translation":"But when godlike Paris marked him","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l30.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐνόησεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἐνόησεν","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"marked"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρος","lemma":"̓ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐνόησεν","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"θεοειδὴς","lemma":"θεοειδής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀλέξανδρος","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b3-l31","source":"ἐν προμάχοισι φανέντα, κατεπλήγη φίλον ἦτορ,","translation":"appearing among the champions, his heart was struck with terror,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l31.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"προμάχοισι","lemma":"πρόμαχος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"among the champions"},{"surface":"φανέντα","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"appearing"},{"surface":"κατεπλήγη","lemma":"καταπλήσσω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was struck with terror"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἦτορ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἦτορ","lemma":"ἦτορ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of κατεπλήγη","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b3-l32","source":"ἂψ δʼ ἑτάρων εἰς ἔθνος ἐχάζετο κῆρʼ ἀλεείνων.","translation":"and he shrank back into the throng of his comrades, avoiding death.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l32.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐχάζετο","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔθνος","gloss":"of his comrades"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ἔθνος","lemma":"ἔθνος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"throng"},{"surface":"ἐχάζετο","lemma":"χάζω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he shrank"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀλεείνων","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"ἀλεείνων","lemma":"ἀλεείνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐχάζετο","gloss":"avoiding"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b3-l33","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτε τίς τε δράκοντα ἰδὼν παλίνορσος ἀπέστη","translation":"And as one who has seen a serpent starts back","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δράκοντα","title":"The serpent simile","body":"A second simile marks Paris's retreat, mirroring his opponent's lion simile above in structure but not in courage — a man recoiling from a snake in a mountain glen, trembling and pale, rather than a hunter rejoicing over prey."}],"words":[{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπέστη","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δράκοντα","lemma":"δράκων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἰδὼν","gloss":"serpent"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπέστη","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"παλίνορσος","lemma":"παλίνορσος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"starting backward"},{"surface":"ἀπέστη","lemma":"ἀφίστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τέ","gloss":"stepped back"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b3-l34","source":"οὔρεος ἐν βήσσῃς, ὑπό τε τρόμος ἔλλαβε γυῖα,","translation":"in a mountain glen, and trembling seizes his limbs,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l34.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔρεος","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies βήσσῃς","gloss":"of a mountain"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"βήσσῃς","lemma":"βῆσσα","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the glens"},{"surface":"ὑπό","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τρόμος","lemma":"τρόμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔλλαβε","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"ἔλλαβε","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τέ","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"γυῖα","lemma":"γυῖον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔλλαβε","gloss":"his limbs"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b3-l35","source":"ἂψ δʼ ἀνεχώρησεν, ὦχρός τέ μιν εἷλε παρειάς,","translation":"and he retreats again, and paleness takes hold of his cheeks,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l35.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνεχώρησεν","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνεχώρησεν","lemma":"ἀναχωρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τέ","gloss":"he retreated"},{"surface":"ὦχρός","lemma":"ὦχρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἷλε","gloss":"paleness"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἷλε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"εἷλε","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to τέ","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"παρειάς","lemma":"παρειά","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of εἷλε","gloss":"his cheeks"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b3-l36","source":"ὣς αὖτις καθʼ ὅμιλον ἔδυ Τρώων ἀγερώχων","translation":"so back into the throng of the lordly Trojans","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l36.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔδυ","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔδυ","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καθ̓","gloss":"the throng"},{"surface":"ἔδυ","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he plunged"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὅμιλον","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἀγερώχων","lemma":"ἀγέρωχος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρώων","gloss":"proud"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b3-l37","source":"δείσας Ἀτρέος υἱὸν Ἀλέξανδρος θεοειδής.","translation":"godlike Paris shrank, in fear of the son of Atreus.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l37.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δείσας","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔδυ","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"Ἀτρέος","lemma":"Ἀτρεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"of Atreus"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δείσας","gloss":"the son"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρος","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔδυ","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"θεοειδής","lemma":"θεοειδής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀλέξανδρος","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b3-l38","source":"τὸν δʼ Ἕκτωρ νείκεσσεν ἰδὼν αἰσχροῖς ἐπέεσσιν·","translation":"Then Hector saw him, and rebuked him with shameful words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l38.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of νείκεσσεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of νείκεσσεν","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"νείκεσσεν","lemma":"νεικέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rebuked"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to νείκεσσεν","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"αἰσχροῖς","lemma":"αἰσχρός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσιν","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to νείκεσσεν","gloss":"words"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b3-l39","source":"Δύσπαρι εἶδος ἄριστε γυναιμανὲς ἠπεροπευτὰ","translation":"\"Evil Paris, best in looks, woman-mad, deceiver,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l39.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Δύσπαρι","title":"\"Evil Paris\" — a coined insult, not a standing epithet","body":"Δύσπαρι fuses the pejorative prefix δυσ- (\"bad, ill-starred\") directly onto Paris's name, a one-off coinage that exists only in Hector's mouth here and does not recur as a standing formula elsewhere in the poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Δύσπαρι","lemma":"Δύσπαρις","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Evil Paris","note":"A punning abusive reshaping of Paris’ name: ‘Evil Paris.’"},{"surface":"εἶδος","lemma":"εἶδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἄριστε","gloss":"in form"},{"surface":"ἄριστε","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"γυναιμανὲς","lemma":"γυναιμανής","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"woman-mad"},{"surface":"ἠπεροπευτὰ","lemma":"ἠπεροπευτής","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"deceiver"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b3-l40","source":"αἴθʼ ὄφελες ἄγονός τʼ ἔμεναι ἄγαμός τʼ ἀπολέσθαι·","translation":"would that you had never been born, or had died unwed;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l40.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"αἴθʼ ὄφελες","title":"Wish contrary to fact","body":"αἴθε with ὄφελες and an infinitive is the regular Greek idiom for an unfulfillable wish about the past — \"would that,\" with the sense that the wished-for thing did not happen and cannot now be undone."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἴθ","lemma":"εἴθε","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"if only"},{"surface":"ὄφελες","lemma":"ὀφείλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you should have","note":"With εἴθε and an infinitive, ὄφελες expresses an unattainable wish about the past."},{"surface":"ἄγονός","lemma":"ἄγονος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"unborn"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"ἄγαμός","lemma":"ἄγαμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unwed"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπολέσθαι","lemma":"ἀπόλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"to have died"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b3-l41","source":"καί κε τὸ βουλοίμην, καί κεν πολὺ κέρδιον ἦεν","translation":"that indeed I would wish, and it would have been far better,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of βουλοίμην","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"βουλοίμην","lemma":"βούλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I would wish"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"by far"},{"surface":"κέρδιον","lemma":"κερδίων","morphology":"nominative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would have been"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b3-l42","source":"ἢ οὕτω λώβην τʼ ἔμεναι καὶ ὑπόψιον ἄλλων.","translation":"than to be thus a disgrace and a thing others look at askance.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l42.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔμεναι","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"λώβην","lemma":"λώβη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a disgrace"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπόψιον","lemma":"ὑπόψιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a reproach"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὑπόψιον","gloss":"of others"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b3-l43","source":"ἦ που καγχαλόωσι κάρη κομόωντες Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"Surely the long-haired Achaeans laugh aloud,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l43.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"καγχαλόωσι","lemma":"καγχαλάω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they laugh aloud"},{"surface":"κάρη","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies κομόωντες","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"κομόωντες","lemma":"κομάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"long-haired"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of καγχαλόωσι","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b3-l44","source":"φάντες ἀριστῆα πρόμον ἔμμεναι, οὕνεκα καλὸν","translation":"thinking you the best man among our champions, because your form","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l44.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φάντες","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to καγχαλόωσι","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"ἀριστῆα","lemma":"ἀριστεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔμμεναι","gloss":"the best man"},{"surface":"πρόμον","lemma":"πρόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a champion"},{"surface":"ἔμμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φάντες","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"οὕνεκα","lemma":"οὕνεκα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"καλὸν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἶδος","gloss":"fair"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b3-l45","source":"εἶδος ἔπʼ, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἔστι βίη φρεσὶν οὐδέ τις ἀλκή.","translation":"is fair, but there is no strength in your heart, nor any courage.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l45.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἶδος","lemma":"εἶδος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"form"},{"surface":"ἔπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἔστι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"βίη","lemma":"βία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔστι","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"φρεσὶν","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"in your heart"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀλκή","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"ἀλκή","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"courage"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b3-l46","source":"ἦ τοιόσδε ἐὼν ἐν ποντοπόροισι νέεσσι","translation":"Was it being such a man that, in your sea-faring ships,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l46.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"was it really"},{"surface":"τοιόσδε","lemma":"τοιόσδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such a man"},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ποντοπόροισι","lemma":"ποντόπορος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νέεσσι","gloss":"sea-crossing"},{"surface":"νέεσσι","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ships"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b3-l47","source":"πόντον ἐπιπλώσας, ἑτάρους ἐρίηρας ἀγείρας,","translation":"you sailed the sea, gathering trusted comrades,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l47.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπιπλώσας","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"ἐπιπλώσας","lemma":"ἐπιπλέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"having sailed over"},{"surface":"ἑτάρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀγείρας","gloss":"comrades"},{"surface":"ἐρίηρας","lemma":"ἐρίηρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἑτάρους","gloss":"trusted"},{"surface":"ἀγείρας","lemma":"ἀγείρω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"gathering"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b3-l48","source":"μιχθεὶς ἀλλοδαποῖσι γυναῖκʼ εὐειδέʼ ἀνῆγες","translation":"and mingling with men of a foreign land, carried off a fair woman","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l48.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μιχθεὶς","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ,","gloss":"mingling"},{"surface":"ἀλλοδαποῖσι","lemma":"ἀλλοδαπός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μιχθεὶς","gloss":"with foreigners"},{"surface":"γυναῖκ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"a woman"},{"surface":"εὐειδέ","lemma":"εὐειδής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γυναῖκ̓","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"ἀνῆγες","lemma":"ἀνάγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you carried off"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b3-l49","source":"ἐξ ἀπίης γαίης νυὸν ἀνδρῶν αἰχμητάων","translation":"from a distant land, the bride of spear-wielding men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l49.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἀπίης","lemma":"ἄπιος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαίης","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"γαίης","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"νυὸν","lemma":"νυός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"bride"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies νυὸν","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"αἰχμητάων","lemma":"αἰχμητής","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"spearmen"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b3-l50","source":"πατρί τε σῷ μέγα πῆμα πόληΐ τε παντί τε δήμῳ,","translation":"a great sorrow to your father, and to your city, and to all your people,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l50.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πατρί","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"to your father"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σῷ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατρί","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πῆμα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"πῆμα","lemma":"πῆμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"sorrow"},{"surface":"πόληΐ","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"to the city"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παντί","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δήμῳ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δήμῳ","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"to the people"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b3-l51","source":"δυσμενέσιν μὲν χάρμα, κατηφείην δὲ σοὶ αὐτῷ;","translation":"a joy to your enemies, but shame to yourself?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δυσμενέσιν","lemma":"δυσμενής","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies χάρμα","gloss":"to your enemies"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"χάρμα","lemma":"χάρμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"a joy"},{"surface":"κατηφείην","lemma":"κατήφεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κατηφείην","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"yourself"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b3-l52","source":"οὐκ ἂν δὴ μείνειας ἀρηΐφιλον Μενέλαον;","translation":"Will you then not stand and face Menelaus, dear to Ares?","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l52.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"μείνειας","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you would face"},{"surface":"ἀρηΐφιλον","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαον","gloss":"war-loving"},{"surface":"Μενέλαον","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μείνειας","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b3-l53","source":"γνοίης χʼ οἵου φωτὸς ἔχεις θαλερὴν παράκοιτιν·","translation":"You would learn what manner of man's blooming wife you hold;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l53.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γνοίης","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you would learn"},{"surface":"χ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"οἵου","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies φωτὸς","gloss":"what manner of"},{"surface":"φωτὸς","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παράκοιτιν","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἔχεις","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"object of γνοίης","gloss":"you have"},{"surface":"θαλερὴν","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies παράκοιτιν","gloss":"blooming"},{"surface":"παράκοιτιν","lemma":"παράκοιτις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχεις","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b3-l54","source":"οὐκ ἄν τοι χραίσμῃ κίθαρις τά τε δῶρʼ Ἀφροδίτης","translation":"your lyre would not help you then, nor the gifts of Aphrodite,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l54.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἄν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of χραίσμῃ","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"χραίσμῃ","lemma":"χραισμέω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would help"},{"surface":"κίθαρις","lemma":"κίθαρις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"your lyre"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter article","role":"modifies δῶῤ","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δῶρ","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτης","lemma":"̓ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δῶῤ","gloss":"of Aphrodite"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b3-l55","source":"ἥ τε κόμη τό τε εἶδος ὅτʼ ἐν κονίῃσι μιγείης.","translation":"nor your hair, nor your beauty, once you lay mingled with the dust.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l55.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies κόμη","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κόμη","lemma":"κόμη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"τό","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies εἶδος","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἶδος","lemma":"εἶδος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"beauty"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κονίῃσι","lemma":"κονία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"in the dust"},{"surface":"μιγείης","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτ̓","gloss":"you lay mingled"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b3-l56","source":"ἀλλὰ μάλα Τρῶες δειδήμονες· ἦ τέ κεν ἤδη","translation":"But the Trojans are altogether too fearful; surely by now","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l56.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"δειδήμονες","lemma":"δειδήμων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fearful"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕσσο","gloss":"already"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b3-l57","source":"λάϊνον ἕσσο χιτῶνα κακῶν ἕνεχʼ ὅσσα ἔοργας.","translation":"you would have worn a tunic of stone for the wrongs you have done.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λάϊνον","lemma":"λάινος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χιτῶνα","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"ἕσσο","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"pluperfect middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you would have worn"},{"surface":"χιτῶνα","lemma":"χιτών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕσσο","gloss":"tunic"},{"surface":"κακῶν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅσσα","gloss":"of wrongs"},{"surface":"ἕνεχ","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"ὅσσα","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἔοργας","gloss":"all that"},{"surface":"ἔοργας","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἕνεχ̓","gloss":"you have done"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b3-l58","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτε προσέειπεν Ἀλέξανδρος θεοειδής·","translation":"Then godlike Paris answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l58.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"προσέειπεν","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρος","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπεν","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"θεοειδής","lemma":"θεοειδής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀλέξανδρος","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b3-l59","source":"Ἕκτορ ἐπεί με κατʼ αἶσαν ἐνείκεσας οὐδʼ ὑπὲρ αἶσαν·","translation":"\"Hector, since you have rebuked me justly, and not beyond what is just —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l59.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτορ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐνείκεσας","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"according to"},{"surface":"αἶσαν","lemma":"αἶσα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατ̓","gloss":"what is just"},{"surface":"ἐνείκεσας","lemma":"νεικέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεί","gloss":"you rebuked"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"αἶσαν","lemma":"αἶσα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὲρ","gloss":"what is just"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b3-l60","source":"αἰεί τοι κραδίη πέλεκυς ὥς ἐστιν ἀτειρὴς","translation":"always your heart is like an axe, unwearied,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l60.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πέλεκυς","title":"The axe simile","body":"Paris answers Hector's fury not with denial but with a striking image of praise: Hector's resolve is like a shipwright's axe, driven by a craftsman's hand straight through the timber — an unexpected note of admiration inside a speech of self-defense."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἰεί","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστιν","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies κραδίη","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"κραδίη","lemma":"καρδία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐστιν","gloss":"your heart"},{"surface":"πέλεκυς","lemma":"πέλεκυς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"an axe"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ἐστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ἀτειρὴς","lemma":"ἀτειρής","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"unwearied"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b3-l61","source":"ὅς τʼ εἶσιν διὰ δουρὸς ὑπʼ ἀνέρος ὅς ῥά τε τέχνῃ","translation":"that goes through a timber in a man's hands, who by his craft","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l61.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἶσιν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ̓","gloss":"goes"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"δουρὸς","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"timber"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"ἀνέρος","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπ̓","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐκτάμνῃσιν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τέχνῃ","lemma":"τέχνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκτάμνῃσιν","gloss":"by his craft"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b3-l62","source":"νήϊον ἐκτάμνῃσιν, ὀφέλλει δʼ ἀνδρὸς ἐρωήν·","translation":"hews out a ship's beam, and adds force to the man's stroke;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l62.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νήϊον","lemma":"νήιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐκτάμνῃσιν","gloss":"ship's beam"},{"surface":"ἐκτάμνῃσιν","lemma":"ἐκτέμνω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνέρος","gloss":"he hews out"},{"surface":"ὀφέλλει","lemma":"ὀφέλλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ̓","gloss":"adds"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνδρὸς","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐρωήν","gloss":"of the man"},{"surface":"ἐρωήν","lemma":"ἐρωή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὀφέλλει","gloss":"force"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b3-l63","source":"ὣς σοὶ ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν ἀτάρβητος νόος ἐστί·","translation":"so within your breast your mind is undaunted.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l63.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστί","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies νόος","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"στήθεσσιν","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"your breast"},{"surface":"ἀτάρβητος","lemma":"ἀτάρβητος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"undaunted"},{"surface":"νόος","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐστί","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"ἐστί","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b3-l64","source":"μή μοι δῶρʼ ἐρατὰ πρόφερε χρυσέης Ἀφροδίτης·","translation":"Do not throw in my face the lovely gifts of golden Aphrodite;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l64.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πρόφερε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"δῶρ","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πρόφερε","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"ἐρατὰ","lemma":"ἐρατός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶῤ","gloss":"lovely"},{"surface":"πρόφερε","lemma":"προφέρω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"throw in my face"},{"surface":"χρυσέης","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀφροδίτης","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτης","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δῶῤ","gloss":"of Aphrodite"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b3-l65","source":"οὔ τοι ἀπόβλητʼ ἐστὶ θεῶν ἐρικυδέα δῶρα","translation":"not to be cast away are the glorious gifts of the gods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l65.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἀπόβλητ","lemma":"ἀπόβλητος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"to be cast away"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies δῶρα","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"ἐρικυδέα","lemma":"ἐρικυδής","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶρα","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"δῶρα","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐστὶ","gloss":"gifts"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b3-l66","source":"ὅσσά κεν αὐτοὶ δῶσιν, ἑκὼν δʼ οὐκ ἄν τις ἕλοιτο·","translation":"whatever they themselves give, and no man could take them by choosing.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l66.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅσσά","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of δῶσιν","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"αὐτοὶ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"they themselves"},{"surface":"δῶσιν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δῶρα","gloss":"they give"},{"surface":"ἑκὼν","lemma":"ἑκών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"by choice"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἄν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕλοιτο","gloss":"any man"},{"surface":"ἕλοιτο","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could take"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b3-l67","source":"νῦν αὖτʼ εἴ μʼ ἐθέλεις πολεμίζειν ἠδὲ μάχεσθαι,","translation":"But now, if you wish me to war and to fight,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l67.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to αὐτὰρ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἠδὲ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐθέλεις","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"you wish"},{"surface":"πολεμίζειν","lemma":"πολεμίζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"to wage war"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b3-l68","source":"ἄλλους μὲν κάθισον Τρῶας καὶ πάντας Ἀχαιούς,","translation":"seat the other Trojans and all the Achaeans down,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l68.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλους","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρῶας","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"κάθισον","lemma":"καθίζω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιούς","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιούς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b3-l69","source":"αὐτὰρ ἔμʼ ἐν μέσσῳ καὶ ἀρηΐφιλον Μενέλαον","translation":"and set me in the middle, and Menelaus, dear to Ares,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l69.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔμ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μέσσῳ","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"in the middle"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρηΐφιλον","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαον","gloss":"war-loving"},{"surface":"Μενέλαον","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b3-l70","source":"συμβάλετʼ ἀμφʼ Ἑλένῃ καὶ κτήμασι πᾶσι μάχεσθαι·","translation":"to fight for Helen and all her possessions;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l70.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"συμβάλετ","lemma":"συμβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set us together"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Ἑλένῃ","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for Helen"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κτήμασι","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for the possessions"},{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κτήμασι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of συμβάλετ̓","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b3-l71","source":"ὁππότερος δέ κε νικήσῃ κρείσσων τε γένηται,","translation":"and whichever of us wins and proves the stronger,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"νικήσῃ","title":"General subjunctive with κε","body":"ὁππότερος ... κε νικήσῃ, \"whichever of us wins,\" uses the aorist subjunctive with κε for an indefinite future condition — a generalizing \"whichever/whenever\" clause whose outcome is not yet known, the standard Greek construction for stating the terms of a contest in advance."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότερος","lemma":"ὁπότερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"whichever"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"νικήσῃ","lemma":"νικάω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"wins"},{"surface":"κρείσσων","lemma":"κρείσσων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γένηται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"proves"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b3-l72","source":"κτήμαθʼ ἑλὼν εὖ πάντα γυναῖκά τε οἴκαδʼ ἀγέσθω·","translation":"let him take all the goods fairly and lead the woman home;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτήμαθ","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"the possessions"},{"surface":"ἑλὼν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀγέσθω","gloss":"having seized"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κτήμαθ̓","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"γυναῖκά","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"the woman"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἴκαδ","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀγέσθω","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ἀγέσθω","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let him lead"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b3-l73","source":"οἳ δʼ ἄλλοι φιλότητα καὶ ὅρκια πιστὰ ταμόντες","translation":"and let the rest, cutting friendship and trusted oaths,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l73.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὅρκια πιστά","title":"\"Trusted oaths\" — first partial appearance","body":"ὅρκια πιστά, \"trusted oaths,\" is a recurring Homeric bigram for a solemn, binding treaty-oath (it recurs at 3.245 and again in Book 4, where the treaty is broken). The full phrase recurs at line 94, where Menelaus echoes Paris's proposal (τάμωμεν, \"let us cut,\" replacing the participle ταμόντες); only lines 105 and 107 use the bare form ὅρκια, rendered \"the oaths.\" The phrase is held as \"trusted oaths\" wherever it occurs, though it is not yet formally locked until its fuller appearances later in Book 3."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ναίοιτε","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἳ","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"φιλότητα","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"πιστὰ","lemma":"πιστός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκια","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"ταμόντες","lemma":"τέμνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ναίοιτε","gloss":"cut"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b3-l74","source":"ναίοιτε Τροίην ἐριβώλακα, τοὶ δὲ νεέσθων","translation":"dwell, you Trojans, in deep-soiled Troy, and let the others go home","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l74.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ναίοιτε","title":"Optative of wish","body":"ναίοιτε is a present optative, the mood Greek uses for a wish or a hoped-for future state rather than a plain command — Paris is proposing terms, not ordering them."}],"words":[{"surface":"ναίοιτε","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"present active optative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"may you dwell"},{"surface":"Τροίην","lemma":"Τροία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ναίοιτε","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"ἐριβώλακα","lemma":"ἐριβῶλαξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Τροίην","gloss":"deep-soiled"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of νεέσθων","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νεέσθων","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let them go home"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b3-l75","source":"Ἄργος ἐς ἱππόβοτον καὶ Ἀχαιΐδα καλλιγύναικα.","translation":"to horse-pasturing Argos, and Achaea, land of fair women.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἱππόβοτον / καλλιγύναικα","title":"Two new standing epithets","body":"ἱππόβοτον, \"horse-pasturing\" (of Argos), and καλλιγύναικα, \"of fair women\" (of Achaea), are both fixed epithets for these home regions of the Achaean forces, distinct in kind from the martial epithets used for the armies themselves."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἄργος","lemma":"Ἄργος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Argos"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἱππόβοτον","lemma":"ἱππόβοτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Ἄργος","gloss":"horse-pasturing"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιΐδα","lemma":"Ἀχαιίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Achaea"},{"surface":"καλλιγύναικα","lemma":"καλλιγύναιξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιΐδα","gloss":"land of fair women"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b3-l76","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, Ἕκτωρ δʼ αὖτʼ ἐχάρη μέγα μῦθον ἀκούσας,","translation":"So he spoke, and Hector rejoiced greatly, hearing his words,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l76.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐχάρη","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"ἐχάρη","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐχάρη","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀκούσας","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ἀκούσας","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐχάρη","gloss":"hearing"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b3-l77","source":"καί ῥʼ ἐς μέσσον ἰὼν Τρώων ἀνέεργε φάλαγγας","translation":"and going into the middle he held back the ranks of the Trojans,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l77.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"μέσσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"the middle"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνέεργε","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies φάλαγγας","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἀνέεργε","lemma":"ἀνείργω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he held back"},{"surface":"φάλαγγας","lemma":"φάλαγξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνέεργε","gloss":"the ranks"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b3-l78","source":"μέσσου δουρὸς ἑλών· τοὶ δʼ ἱδρύνθησαν ἅπαντες.","translation":"taking hold of his spear at the middle; and they all sat down.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l78.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μέσσου","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"at the middle"},{"surface":"δουρὸς","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἑλών","gloss":"of the spear"},{"surface":"ἑλών","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀνέεργε","gloss":"taking hold"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἱδρύνθησαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱδρύνθησαν","lemma":"ἱδρύω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they sat down"},{"surface":"ἅπαντες","lemma":"ἅπας","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοὶ","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b3-l79","source":"τῷ δʼ ἐπετοξάζοντο κάρη κομόωντες Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"But the long-haired Achaeans aimed their bows at him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l79.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπετοξάζοντο","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπετοξάζοντο","lemma":"ἐπιτοξάζομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"aimed their bows"},{"surface":"κάρη","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies κομόωντες","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"κομόωντες","lemma":"κομάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"long-haired"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b3-l80","source":"ἰοῖσίν τε τιτυσκόμενοι λάεσσί τʼ ἔβαλλον·","translation":"taking aim with arrows, and cast stones at him too;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l80.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἰοῖσίν","lemma":"ἰός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"with arrows"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τιτυσκόμενοι","lemma":"τιτύσκομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔβαλλον","gloss":"taking aim"},{"surface":"λάεσσί","lemma":"λᾶας","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τ̓","gloss":"with stones"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔβαλλον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were throwing"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b3-l81","source":"αὐτὰρ ὃ μακρὸν ἄϋσεν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων·","translation":"but Agamemnon, lord of men, cried out loudly:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l81.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"μακρὸν","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἄϋσεν","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"ἄϋσεν","lemma":"αὔω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cried out"},{"surface":"ἄναξ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄναξ","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b3-l82","source":"ἴσχεσθʼ Ἀργεῖοι, μὴ βάλλετε κοῦροι Ἀχαιῶν·","translation":"\"Hold, Argives; do not shoot, you sons of the Achaeans;","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l82.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴσχεσθ","lemma":"ἴσχω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hold back"},{"surface":"Ἀργεῖοι","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Argives"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"βάλλετε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shoot"},{"surface":"κοῦροι","lemma":"κοῦρος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κοῦροι","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b3-l83","source":"στεῦται γάρ τι ἔπος ἐρέειν κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ.","translation":"for Hector of the flashing helm intends to speak a word.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l83.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στεῦται","lemma":"στεῦμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he intends"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρέειν","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ἐρέειν","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of στεῦται","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"κορυθαίολος","lemma":"κορυθαίολος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"of the flashing helm"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of στεῦται","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b3-l84","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἳ δʼ ἔσχοντο μάχης ἄνεῴ τʼ ἐγένοντο","translation":"So he spoke, and they held back from battle and fell silent","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l84.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τ̓","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσχοντο","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they held back"},{"surface":"μάχης","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔσχοντο","gloss":"from battle"},{"surface":"ἄνεῴ","lemma":"ἄνεω","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγένοντο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they became"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b3-l85","source":"ἐσσυμένως· Ἕκτωρ δὲ μετʼ ἀμφοτέροισιν ἔειπε·","translation":"at once; and Hector spoke among both armies:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l85.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσσυμένως","lemma":"ἐσσύμενος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔειπε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέροισιν","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"among both sides"},{"surface":"ἔειπε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he said"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b3-l86","source":"κέκλυτέ μευ Τρῶες καὶ ἐϋκνήμιδες Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"\"Hear me, you Trojans and well-greaved Achaeans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l86.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κέκλυτέ","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κέκλυτέ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐϋκνήμιδες","lemma":"ἐυκνψ́μις","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"well-greaved"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Achaean men"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b3-l87","source":"μῦθον Ἀλεξάνδροιο, τοῦ εἵνεκα νεῖκος ὄρωρεν.","translation":"the word of Paris, for whose sake this quarrel has arisen.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l87.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κέκλυτέ","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"Ἀλεξάνδροιο","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μῦθον","gloss":"of Paris"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἵνεκα","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"εἵνεκα","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"sake"},{"surface":"νεῖκος","lemma":"νεῖκος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὄρωρεν","gloss":"quarrel"},{"surface":"ὄρωρεν","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἀλεξάνδροιο","gloss":"has arisen"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b3-l88","source":"ἄλλους μὲν κέλεται Τρῶας καὶ πάντας Ἀχαιοὺς","translation":"He bids the other Trojans and all the Achaeans","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l88.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλους","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρῶας","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"κέλεται","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he bids"},{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοὺς","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὺς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b3-l89","source":"τεύχεα κάλʼ ἀποθέσθαι ἐπὶ χθονὶ πουλυβοτείρῃ,","translation":"lay their fine armor down upon the all-nurturing earth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πουλυβοτείρῃ","title":"\"All-nurturing\" earth","body":"πουλυβότειρα, \"much-nourishing\" or \"all-nurturing,\" is a standing Homeric epithet for the earth as the mother and sustainer of all living things — a fixed formula distinct from any single-scene description of the ground."}],"words":[{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀποθέσθαι","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"κάλ","lemma":"κάλη","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχεα","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"ἀποθέσθαι","lemma":"ἀποτίθημι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"to lay down"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"χθονὶ","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the earth"},{"surface":"πουλυβοτείρῃ","lemma":"πολυβότειρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χθονὶ","gloss":"all-nurturing"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b3-l90","source":"αὐτὸν δʼ ἐν μέσσῳ καὶ ἀρηΐφιλον Μενέλαον","translation":"while he himself, in the middle, and Menelaus, dear to Ares,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l90.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μέσσῳ","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"in the middle"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρηΐφιλον","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαον","gloss":"war-loving"},{"surface":"Μενέλαον","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b3-l91","source":"οἴους ἀμφʼ Ἑλένῃ καὶ κτήμασι πᾶσι μάχεσθαι.","translation":"fight alone for Helen and all her possessions.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l91.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴους","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Ἑλένῃ","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for Helen"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κτήμασι","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for the possessions"},{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κτήμασι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b3-l92","source":"ὁππότερος δέ κε νικήσῃ κρείσσων τε γένηται","translation":"And whichever of them wins and proves the stronger,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l92.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότερος","lemma":"ὁπότερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"whichever"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"νικήσῃ","lemma":"νικάω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"wins"},{"surface":"κρείσσων","lemma":"κρείσσων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γένηται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"proves"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b3-l93","source":"κτήμαθʼ ἑλὼν εὖ πάντα γυναῖκά τε οἴκαδʼ ἀγέσθω·","translation":"let him take all the goods fairly and lead the woman home;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l93.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κτήμαθ","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"the possessions"},{"surface":"ἑλὼν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀγέσθω","gloss":"having seized"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κτήμαθ̓","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"γυναῖκά","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"the woman"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἴκαδ","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἀγέσθω","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"ἀγέσθω","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let him lead"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b3-l94","source":"οἳ δʼ ἄλλοι φιλότητα καὶ ὅρκια πιστὰ τάμωμεν.","translation":"and let the rest of us cut friendship and trusted oaths.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l94.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τάμωμεν","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἳ","gloss":"rest"},{"surface":"φιλότητα","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"πιστὰ","lemma":"πιστός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκια","gloss":"faithful"},{"surface":"τάμωμεν","lemma":"τέμνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us cut"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b3-l95","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἳ δʼ ἄρα πάντες ἀκὴν ἐγένοντο σιωπῇ·","translation":"So he spoke, and they all fell hushed in silence;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l95.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐγένοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἳ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀκὴν","lemma":"ἀκήν","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"hushed"},{"surface":"ἐγένοντο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they became"},{"surface":"σιωπῇ","lemma":"σιωπή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐγένοντο","gloss":"in silence"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b3-l96","source":"τοῖσι δὲ καὶ μετέειπε βοὴν ἀγαθὸς Μενέλαος·","translation":"and among them Menelaus, good at the war-cry, spoke in turn:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l96.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of μετέειπε","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"μετέειπε","lemma":"μετεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"βοὴν","lemma":"βοή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀγαθὸς","gloss":"at the war-cry"},{"surface":"ἀγαθὸς","lemma":"ἀγαθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μετέειπε","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b3-l97","source":"κέκλυτε νῦν καὶ ἐμεῖο· μάλιστα γὰρ ἄλγος ἱκάνει","translation":"\"Hear now from me as well; for grief comes most of all","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l97.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κέκλυτε","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κέκλυτε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἐμεῖο","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κέκλυτε","gloss":"from me"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱκάνει","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἄλγος","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἱκάνει","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"ἱκάνει","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"comes"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b3-l98","source":"θυμὸν ἐμόν, φρονέω δὲ διακρινθήμεναι ἤδη","translation":"upon my heart, and I think it is time at last that","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l98.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἱκάνει","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἐμόν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"φρονέω","lemma":"φρονέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διακρινθήμεναι","lemma":"διακρίνω","morphology":"aorist passive infinitive","role":"object of φρονέω","gloss":"to be parted"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διακρινθήμεναι","gloss":"already"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b3-l99","source":"Ἀργείους καὶ Τρῶας, ἐπεὶ κακὰ πολλὰ πέπασθε","translation":"Argives and Trojans should be parted, since you have suffered many evils","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l99.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργείους","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Argives"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of πέπασθε","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"πολλὰ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κακὰ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"πέπασθε","lemma":"πάομαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"you have suffered"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b3-l100","source":"εἵνεκʼ ἐμῆς ἔριδος καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου ἕνεκʼ ἀρχῆς·","translation":"on account of my quarrel and the wrong Paris began;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l100.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἵνεκ","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"ἐμῆς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἔριδος","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἔριδος","lemma":"ἔρις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to εἵνεκ̓","gloss":"quarrel"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀλεξάνδρου","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀρχῆς","gloss":"of Paris"},{"surface":"ἕνεκ","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"ἀρχῆς","lemma":"ἀρχή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἕνεκ̓","gloss":"beginning"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b3-l101","source":"ἡμέων δʼ ὁπποτέρῳ θάνατος καὶ μοῖρα τέτυκται","translation":"and for whichever of us death and fate are appointed,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l101.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμέων","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὁπποτέρῳ","gloss":"of us"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁπποτέρῳ","lemma":"ὁπότερος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of τέτυκται","gloss":"whichever"},{"surface":"θάνατος","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοῖρα","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"τέτυκται","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"subject of τεθναίη","gloss":"is appointed"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b3-l102","source":"τεθναίη· ἄλλοι δὲ διακρινθεῖτε τάχιστα.","translation":"let him die; and let the rest of you part most quickly.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l102.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεθναίη","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"perfect active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let him die"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of διακρινθεῖτε","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διακρινθεῖτε","lemma":"διακρίνω","morphology":"aorist passive optative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be parted"},{"surface":"τάχιστα","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to διακρινθεῖτε","gloss":"most quickly"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b3-l103","source":"οἴσετε ἄρνʼ, ἕτερον λευκόν, ἑτέρην δὲ μέλαιναν,","translation":"Bring two lambs, one white, one black,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l103.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴσετε","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"ἄρν","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object of ,","gloss":"two lambs"},{"surface":"ἕτερον","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"λευκόν","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἕτερον","gloss":"white"},{"surface":"ἑτέρην","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτέρην","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b3-l104","source":"Γῇ τε καὶ Ἠελίῳ· Διὶ δʼ ἡμεῖς οἴσομεν ἄλλον·","translation":"for Earth and the Sun; and we ourselves will bring another for Zeus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l104.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Γῇ","lemma":"γῆ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for Earth"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἠελίῳ","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for the Sun"},{"surface":"Διὶ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of οἴσομεν","gloss":"for Zeus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of οἴσομεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"οἴσομεν","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we will bring"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of οἴσομεν","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b3-l105","source":"ἄξετε δὲ Πριάμοιο βίην, ὄφρʼ ὅρκια τάμνῃ","translation":"And bring the mighty Priam himself, that he may cut the oaths","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l105.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄξετε","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main 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—×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l106.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτός","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies παῖδες","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"παῖδες","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"ὑπερφίαλοι","lemma":"ὑπερφίαλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"overweening"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄπιστοι","lemma":"ἄπιστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"untrustworthy"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b3-l107","source":"μή τις ὑπερβασίῃ Διὸς ὅρκια δηλήσηται.","translation":"lest someone by transgression violate the oaths of Zeus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l107.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δηλήσηται","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ὑπερβασίῃ","lemma":"ὑπερβασία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to δηλήσηται","gloss":"by transgression"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὅρκια","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δηλήσηται","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"δηλήσηται","lemma":"δηλέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"violate"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b3-l108","source":"αἰεὶ δʼ ὁπλοτέρων ἀνδρῶν φρένες ἠερέθονται·","translation":"The minds of younger men are always fickle as air;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l108.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠερέθονται","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁπλοτέρων","lemma":"ὁπλότερος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"of younger men"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies φρένες","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"φρένες","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠερέθονται","gloss":"minds"},{"surface":"ἠερέθονται","lemma":"ἠερέθομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are fickle"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b3-l109","source":"οἷς δʼ ὁ γέρων μετέῃσιν ἅμα πρόσσω καὶ ὀπίσσω","translation":"but where an old man is present, he looks at once before and after,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l109.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἷς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of μετέῃσιν","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μετέῃσιν","gloss":"an old man"},{"surface":"μετέῃσιν","lemma":"μέτειμι","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to λεύσσει","gloss":"is present"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"πρόσσω","lemma":"πρόσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"backward"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b3-l110","source":"λεύσσει, ὅπως ὄχʼ ἄριστα μετʼ ἀμφοτέροισι γένηται.","translation":"so that what comes about is by far the best for both sides.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l110.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λεύσσει","lemma":"λεύσσω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he looks"},{"surface":"ὅπως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ὄχ","lemma":"ὄχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"ἄριστα","lemma":"ἄριστον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of γένηται","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέροισι","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"for both sides"},{"surface":"γένηται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὅπως","gloss":"comes about"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b3-l111","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἳ δʼ ἐχάρησαν Ἀχαιοί τε Τρῶές τε","translation":"So he spoke, and both Achaeans and Trojans rejoiced,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l111.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐχάρησαν","lemma":"χαίρω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they rejoiced"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Achaeans"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρῶές","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b3-l112","source":"ἐλπόμενοι παύσασθαι ὀϊζυροῦ πολέμοιο.","translation":"hoping to have rest at last from wretched war.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλπόμενοι","lemma":"ἔλπω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐχάρησαν","gloss":"hoping"},{"surface":"παύσασθαι","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐλπόμενοι","gloss":"to have rest"},{"surface":"ὀϊζυροῦ","lemma":"ὀιζυρός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πολέμοιο","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of παύσασθαι","gloss":"from war"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b3-l113","source":"καί ῥʼ ἵππους μὲν ἔρυξαν ἐπὶ στίχας, ἐκ δʼ ἔβαν αὐτοί,","translation":"And they reined in their horses along the ranks, and got down themselves,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l113.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔρυξαν","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἔρυξαν","lemma":"ἐρύκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they reined in"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"στίχας","lemma":"στίξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔβαν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they stepped down"},{"surface":"αὐτοί","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"themselves"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b3-l114","source":"τεύχεά τʼ ἐξεδύοντο· τὰ μὲν κατέθεντʼ ἐπὶ γαίῃ","translation":"and stripped off their armor; and they laid it upon the ground","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l114.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεύχεά","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐξεδύοντο","gloss":"the armor"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξεδύοντο","lemma":"ἐκδύω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they stripped off"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of κατέθεντ̓","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"κατέθεντ","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they laid down"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"γαίῃ","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the ground"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b3-l115","source":"πλησίον ἀλλήλων, ὀλίγη δʼ ἦν ἀμφὶς ἄρουρα·","translation":"close to one another, and little ground lay between.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l115.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλησίον","lemma":"πλησίος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατέθεντ̓","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλων","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies πλησίον","gloss":"to one another"},{"surface":"ὀλίγη","lemma":"ὀλίγος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄρουρα","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶς","lemma":"ἀμφίς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦν","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"ἄρουρα","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦν","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b3-l116","source":"Ἕκτωρ δὲ προτὶ ἄστυ δύω κήρυκας ἔπεμπε","translation":"And Hector sent two heralds to the city","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l116.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔπεμπε","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προτὶ","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies κήρυκας","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"κήρυκας","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔπεμπε","gloss":"heralds"},{"surface":"ἔπεμπε","lemma":"πέμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he sent"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b3-l117","source":"καρπαλίμως ἄρνάς τε φέρειν Πρίαμόν τε καλέσσαι·","translation":"with speed, to fetch the lambs and to summon Priam;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l117.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καρπαλίμως","lemma":"καρπάλιμος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔπεμπε","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"ἄρνάς","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of φέρειν","gloss":"the lambs"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φέρειν","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"to fetch"},{"surface":"Πρίαμόν","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καλέσσαι","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καλέσσαι","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"to summon"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b3-l118","source":"αὐτὰρ ὃ Ταλθύβιον προΐει κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων","translation":"while the lord Agamemnon sent Talthybius","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l118.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"Ταλθύβιον","lemma":"Ταλθύβιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προΐει","gloss":"Talthybius"},{"surface":"προΐει","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent"},{"surface":"κρείων","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"the lord"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b3-l119","source":"νῆας ἔπι γλαφυρὰς ἰέναι, ἠδʼ ἄρνʼ ἐκέλευεν","translation":"to go to the hollow ships, and bade him bring a lamb;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l119.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῆας","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔπι","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ἔπι","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"γλαφυρὰς","lemma":"γλαφυρός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆας","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἰέναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to προΐει","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρν","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of οἰσέμεναι","gloss":"a lamb"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευεν","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he bade"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b3-l120","source":"οἰσέμεναι· ὃ δʼ ἄρʼ οὐκ ἀπίθησʼ Ἀγαμέμνονι δίῳ.","translation":"and he did not disobey godlike Agamemnon.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l120.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δίῳ","title":"δῖος for Agamemnon","body":"Here δῖος, \"godlike,\" is the familiar epithet already locked for other heroes (swift-footed godlike Achilles); applied to Agamemnon it is the same Greek word and the same English rendering as elsewhere, kept distinct from θεοειδής, Paris's own separate \"godlike\" epithet noted above at line 16."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἰσέμεναι","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of ἐκέλευεν","gloss":"to bring"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπίθησ̓","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἀπίθησ","lemma":"ἀπιθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he disobeyed"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνονι","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπίθησ̓","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"surface":"δίῳ","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνονι","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b3-l121","source":"Ἶρις δʼ αὖθʼ Ἑλένῃ λευκωλένῳ ἄγγελος ἦλθεν","translation":"But Iris came again as a messenger to white-armed Helen,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l121.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἶρις","lemma":"Ἶρις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθεν","gloss":"Iris"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὖθ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Ἑλένῃ","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἦλθεν","gloss":"to Helen"},{"surface":"λευκωλένῳ","lemma":"λευκώλενος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἑλένῃ","gloss":"white-armed"},{"surface":"ἄγγελος","lemma":"ἄγγελος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as a messenger"},{"surface":"ἦλθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b3-l122","source":"εἰδομένη γαλόῳ Ἀντηνορίδαο δάμαρτι,","translation":"in the likeness of her sister-in-law, wife to the son of Antenor,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l122.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰδομένη","lemma":"εἴδομαι","morphology":"present participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθεν","gloss":"in the likeness"},{"surface":"γαλόῳ","lemma":"γάλοως","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"of her sister-in-law"},{"surface":"Ἀντηνορίδαο","lemma":"Ἀντηνορίδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δάμαρτι","gloss":"of Antenor's son"},{"surface":"δάμαρτι","lemma":"δάμαρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b3-l123","source":"τὴν Ἀντηνορίδης εἶχε κρείων Ἑλικάων","translation":"whom Antenor's son, lord Helicaon, had taken to wife,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l123.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κρείων","title":"Bare κρείων, a generic honorific","body":"κρείων here is the plain adjective \"mighty, lordly,\" attached to Helicaon, a minor figure — not the fixed formula εὐρὺ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων or κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων already locked for Agamemnon. The same word serves as an ordinary honorific for any man of rank."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"Ἀντηνορίδης","lemma":"Ἀντηνορίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἑλικάων","gloss":"Antenor's son"},{"surface":"εἶχε","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"had as wife"},{"surface":"κρείων","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἑλικάων","gloss":"the lord"},{"surface":"Ἑλικάων","lemma":"Ἑλικάων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶχε","gloss":"Helicaon"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b3-l124","source":"Λαοδίκην Πριάμοιο θυγατρῶν εἶδος ἀρίστην.","translation":"Laodice, most beautiful in form of Priam's daughters.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l124.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Λαοδίκην","lemma":"Λαοδίκη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Laodice"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θυγατρῶν","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"θυγατρῶν","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀρίστην","gloss":"daughters"},{"surface":"εἶδος","lemma":"εἶδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἀρίστην","gloss":"in form"},{"surface":"ἀρίστην","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"most beautiful"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b3-l125","source":"τὴν δʼ εὗρʼ ἐν μεγάρῳ· ἣ δὲ μέγαν ἱστὸν ὕφαινε","translation":"She found her in the hall; and Helen was weaving a great web,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l125.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of εὗῤ","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὗρ","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she found"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάρῳ","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"hall"},{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἱστὸν","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἱστὸν","lemma":"ἱστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"web"},{"surface":"ὕφαινε","lemma":"ὑφαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was weaving"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b3-l126","source":"δίπλακα πορφυρέην, πολέας δʼ ἐνέπασσεν ἀέθλους","translation":"a double cloak of purple, and into it she wove many struggles","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l126.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δίπλακα","lemma":"δίπλαξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"double cloak"},{"surface":"πορφυρέην","lemma":"πορφύρεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δίπλακα","gloss":"purple"},{"surface":"πολέας","lemma":"πολλός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀέθλους","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνέπασσεν","lemma":"ἐμπάσσω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she wove in"},{"surface":"ἀέθλους","lemma":"ἆθλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνέπασσεν","gloss":"struggles"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b3-l127","source":"Τρώων θʼ ἱπποδάμων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων,","translation":"of the horse-taming Trojans and the bronze-clad Achaeans,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l127.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἱπποδάμων","title":"\"Horse-taming\" Trojans","body":"ἱπποδάμων, \"horse-taming,\" is a standing epithet for the Trojans, paired here with the already-locked χαλκοχιτώνων \"bronze-clad\" for the Achaeans — Homer names each side by the gear or skill that defines it."}],"words":[{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱπποδάμων","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρώων","gloss":"horse-taming"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"χαλκοχιτώνων","lemma":"χαλκοχίτων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"bronze-clad"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b3-l128","source":"οὕς ἑθεν εἵνεκʼ ἔπασχον ὑπʼ Ἄρηος παλαμάων·","translation":"which for her sake they had endured at the hands of Ares.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l128.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔπασχον","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ἑθεν","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to εἵνεκ̓","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"εἵνεκ","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"ἔπασχον","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀέθλους","gloss":"they endured"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Ἄρηος","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παλαμάων","gloss":"of Ares"},{"surface":"παλαμάων","lemma":"παλάμη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπ̓","gloss":"at the hands"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b3-l129","source":"ἀγχοῦ δʼ ἱσταμένη προσέφη πόδας ὠκέα Ἶρις·","translation":"Standing close by, swift-footed Iris spoke to her:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l129.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀγχοῦ δʼ ἱσταμένη προσέφη πόδας ὠκέα Ἶρις","title":"Verbatim formula, deictic shift","body":"This exact half-line already appears at Book 2, line 790 (\"Standing close by, swift-footed Iris spoke to them\"), there addressing the assembled Trojan elders. The Greek is textually identical here, but the addressee has changed from a group to Helen alone; the formula's implicit object is not part of the Greek line itself, so \"to her\" replaces \"to them\" while every other word of the rendering is held fixed."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγχοῦ","lemma":"ἀγχοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱσταμένη","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱσταμένη","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"πόδας","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὠκέα","gloss":"in feet"},{"surface":"ὠκέα","lemma":"ὠκύς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἶρις","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"Ἶρις","lemma":"Ἶρις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Iris"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b3-l130","source":"δεῦρʼ ἴθι νύμφα φίλη, ἵνα θέσκελα ἔργα ἴδηαι","translation":"\"Come here, dear bride, that you may see the wondrous deeds","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l130.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεῦρ","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἴθι","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ἴθι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"νύμφα","lemma":"νύμφη","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"bride"},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νύμφα","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἵνα","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"θέσκελα","lemma":"θέσκελος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"wondrous"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἴδηαι","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"ἴδηαι","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵνα","gloss":"you may see"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b3-l131","source":"Τρώων θʼ ἱπποδάμων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων,","translation":"of the horse-taming Trojans and the bronze-clad Achaeans,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l131.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱπποδάμων","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies Τρώων","gloss":"horse-taming"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"χαλκοχιτώνων","lemma":"χαλκοχίτων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"bronze-clad"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b3-l132","source":"οἳ πρὶν ἐπʼ ἀλλήλοισι φέρον πολύδακρυν Ἄρηα","translation":"who before were bringing tearful war upon each other","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l132.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φέρον","gloss":"they who"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φέρον","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισι","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπ̓","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"φέρον","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"were bringing"},{"surface":"πολύδακρυν","lemma":"πολύδακρυς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἄρηα","gloss":"tearful"},{"surface":"Ἄρηα","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of φέρον","gloss":"battle"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b3-l133","source":"ἐν πεδίῳ ὀλοοῖο λιλαιόμενοι πολέμοιο·","translation":"in the plain, longing for deadly battle;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l133.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πεδίῳ","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"ὀλοοῖο","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πολέμοιο","gloss":"deadly"},{"surface":"λιλαιόμενοι","lemma":"λιλαίομαι","morphology":"present participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to φέρον","gloss":"longing for"},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of λιλαιόμενοι","gloss":"battle"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b3-l134","source":"οἳ δὴ νῦν ἕαται σιγῇ, πόλεμος δὲ πέπαυται,","translation":"but now they sit in silence, and the war has ceased,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l134.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕαται","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕαται","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἕαται","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they sit"},{"surface":"σιγῇ","lemma":"σιγή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἕαται","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"πόλεμος","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πέπαυται","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πέπαυται","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has ceased"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b3-l135","source":"ἀσπίσι κεκλιμένοι, παρὰ δʼ ἔγχεα μακρὰ πέπηγεν.","translation":"leaning on their shields, their long spears planted beside them.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l135.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσπίσι","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of κεκλιμένοι","gloss":"on their shields"},{"surface":"κεκλιμένοι","lemma":"κλίνω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕαται","gloss":"leaning"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔγχεα","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πέπηγεν","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"μακρὰ","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχεα","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"πέπηγεν","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stand planted"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b3-l136","source":"αὐτὰρ Ἀλέξανδρος καὶ ἀρηΐφιλος Μενέλαος","translation":"But Paris and Menelaus, dear to Ares,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀρηΐφιλος","title":"\"Dear to Ares\" — a new Menelaus epithet","body":"ἀρηΐφιλος, \"dear to Ares,\" is a distinct standing epithet for Menelaus from βοὴν ἀγαθὸς Μενέλαος, \"good at the war-cry,\" already locked in Book 2 — each held to its own fixed wording."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρος","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρηΐφιλος","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"dear to Ares"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b3-l137","source":"μακρῇς ἐγχείῃσι μαχήσονται περὶ σεῖο·","translation":"will fight with long spears for your sake;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l137.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μακρῇς","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐγχείῃσι","gloss":"with long"},{"surface":"ἐγχείῃσι","lemma":"ἐγχείη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to μαχήσονται","gloss":"with their spears"},{"surface":"μαχήσονται","lemma":"συμμαχέω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will fight"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"σεῖο","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"for you"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b3-l138","source":"τῷ δέ κε νικήσαντι φίλη κεκλήσῃ ἄκοιτις.","translation":"and to the victor you will be called dear wife.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l138.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἄκοιτις","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"νικήσαντι","lemma":"νικάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"to the victor"},{"surface":"φίλη","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἄκοιτις","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"κεκλήσῃ","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"future perfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will be called"},{"surface":"ἄκοιτις","lemma":"ἄκοιτις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b3-l139","source":"ὣς εἰποῦσα θεὰ γλυκὺν ἵμερον ἔμβαλε θυμῷ","translation":"So speaking, the goddess cast into her heart sweet longing","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l139.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰποῦσα","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"εἰποῦσα","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔμβαλε","gloss":"having spoken"},{"surface":"θεὰ","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔμβαλε","gloss":"goddess"},{"surface":"γλυκὺν","lemma":"γλυκύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵμερον","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ἵμερον","lemma":"ἵμερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔμβαλε","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"ἔμβαλε","lemma":"ἐμβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔμβαλε","gloss":"into her heart"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b3-l140","source":"ἀνδρός τε προτέρου καὶ ἄστεος ἠδὲ τοκήων·","translation":"for her former husband, and her city, and her parents;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l140.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρός","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"for her husband"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"προτέρου","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρός","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄστεος","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"for her city"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοκήων","lemma":"τοκεύς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠδὲ","gloss":"for her parents"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b3-l141","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ ἀργεννῇσι καλυψαμένη ὀθόνῃσιν","translation":"and at once, veiling herself in shining linen,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l141.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὁρμᾶτ̓","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀργεννῇσι","lemma":"ἀργεννός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὀθόνῃσιν","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"καλυψαμένη","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"veiling herself"},{"surface":"ὀθόνῃσιν","lemma":"ὀθόνη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καλυψαμένη","gloss":"in linen"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b3-l142","source":"ὁρμᾶτʼ ἐκ θαλάμοιο τέρεν κατὰ δάκρυ χέουσα","translation":"she hastened from her chamber, shedding a soft tear,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l142.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁρμᾶτ","lemma":"ὁρμάω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she hastened"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"θαλάμοιο","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"from the chamber"},{"surface":"τέρεν","lemma":"τέρην","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δάκρυ","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δάκρυ","lemma":"δάκρυον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of χέουσα","gloss":"a tear"},{"surface":"χέουσα","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ὁρμᾶτ̓","gloss":"shedding"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b3-l143","source":"οὐκ οἴη, ἅμα τῇ γε καὶ ἀμφίπολοι δύʼ ἕποντο,","translation":"not alone, for with her two handmaids followed,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l143.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"οἴη","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἅμα","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφίπολοι","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"handmaids"},{"surface":"δύ","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἀμφίπολοι","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"ἕποντο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"followed"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b3-l144","source":"Αἴθρη Πιτθῆος θυγάτηρ, Κλυμένη τε βοῶπις·","translation":"Aethra, daughter of Pittheus, and ox-eyed Clymene;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l144.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἴθρη","lemma":"Αἴθρη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Aethra"},{"surface":"Πιτθῆος","lemma":"Πιτθεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θυγάτηρ","gloss":"of Pittheus"},{"surface":"θυγάτηρ","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"Κλυμένη","lemma":"Κλυμένη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Clymene"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b3-l145","source":"αἶψα δʼ ἔπειθʼ ἵκανον ὅθι Σκαιαὶ πύλαι ἦσαν.","translation":"and quickly then they came to where the Scaean gates stood.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l145.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵκανον","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπειθ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵκανον","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἵκανον","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they came"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦσαν","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"Σκαιαὶ","lemma":"Σκαιαί","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies πύλαι","gloss":"Scaean"},{"surface":"πύλαι","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦσαν","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of ἵκανον","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b3-l146","source":"οἳ δʼ ἀμφὶ Πρίαμον καὶ Πάνθοον ἠδὲ Θυμοίτην","translation":"There, around Priam and Panthous and Thymoetes","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l146.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"Πρίαμον","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πάνθοον","lemma":"Πάνθοος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"Panthous"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Θυμοίτην","lemma":"Θυμοίτης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"Thymoetes"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b3-l147","source":"Λάμπόν τε Κλυτίον θʼ Ἱκετάονά τʼ ὄζον Ἄρηος","translation":"and Lampus and Clytius and Hicetaon, scion of Ares,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l147.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὄζον Ἄρηος","title":"\"Scion of Ares\" — reused formula","body":"ὄζος Ἄρηος, literally \"branch/shoot of Ares,\" already locked as \"scion of Ares\" for Pylaeus in Book 2; the same fixed wording is reused here for Hicetaon, a different man honored with the identical martial-lineage formula."}],"words":[{"surface":"Λάμπόν","lemma":"Λάμπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"Lampus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Κλυτίον","lemma":"Κλυτίος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τ̓","gloss":"Clytius"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἱκετάονά","lemma":"Ἱκετάων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"Hicetaon"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄζον","lemma":"ὄζος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"scion"},{"surface":"Ἄρηος","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄζον","gloss":"of Ares"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b3-l148","source":"Οὐκαλέγων τε καὶ Ἀντήνωρ πεπνυμένω ἄμφω","translation":"and Ucalegon and wise Antenor, both of them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l148.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"πεπνυμένω","title":"Dual number, paired epithet","body":"πεπνυμένω is dual, marking Ucalegon and Antenor as a matched pair of \"wise\" elders — the same rendering \"wise\" already holds for πεπνυμένος across this translation's sibling Odyssey drafts (e.g. \"wise Telemachus\"), carried forward here for consistency across both poems."}],"words":[{"surface":"Οὐκαλέγων","lemma":"Οὐκαλέγων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Ucalegon"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀντήνωρ","lemma":"Ἀντήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Antenor"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένω","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"wise"},{"surface":"ἄμφω","lemma":"ἄμφω","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"both"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b3-l149","source":"ἥατο δημογέροντες ἐπὶ Σκαιῇσι πύλῃσι,","translation":"the elders of the people sat at the Scaean gates,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l149.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥατο","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they sat"},{"surface":"δημογέροντες","lemma":"δημογέρων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"elders of the people"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Σκαιῇσι","lemma":"Σκαιαί","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies πύλῃσι","gloss":"Scaean"},{"surface":"πύλῃσι","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"the gates"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b3-l150","source":"γήραϊ δὴ πολέμοιο πεπαυμένοι, ἀλλʼ ἀγορηταὶ","translation":"too old now for war, but speakers still","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l150.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γήραϊ","lemma":"γῆρας","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to πεπαυμένοι","gloss":"by old age"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of πεπαυμένοι","gloss":"from war"},{"surface":"πεπαυμένοι","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies ἀλλ̓","gloss":"having ceased"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀγορηταὶ","lemma":"ἀγορητής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀλλ̓","gloss":"speakers"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b3-l151","source":"ἐσθλοί, τεττίγεσσιν ἐοικότες οἵ τε καθʼ ὕλην","translation":"noble, like cicadas that in the forest","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l151.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσθλοί","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀγορηταὶ","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"τεττίγεσσιν","lemma":"τέττιξ","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐοικότες","gloss":"cicadas"},{"surface":"ἐοικότες","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"resembling"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἱεῖσι","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ὕλην","lemma":"ὕλη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καθ̓","gloss":"forest"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b3-l152","source":"δενδρέῳ ἐφεζόμενοι ὄπα λειριόεσσαν ἱεῖσι·","translation":"perch upon a tree and send forth a lily-soft voice;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l152.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δενδρέῳ","lemma":"δένδρεον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐφεζόμενοι","gloss":"upon a tree"},{"surface":"ἐφεζόμενοι","lemma":"ἐφέζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἱεῖσι","gloss":"perching"},{"surface":"ὄπα","lemma":"ὄψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἱεῖσι","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"λειριόεσσαν","lemma":"λειριόεις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὄπα","gloss":"lily-soft"},{"surface":"ἱεῖσι","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τεττίγεσσιν","gloss":"they send forth"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b3-l153","source":"τοῖοι ἄρα Τρώων ἡγήτορες ἧντʼ ἐπὶ πύργῳ.","translation":"such were the leaders of the Trojans, sitting on the tower.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l153.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖοι","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἡγήτορες","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἡγήτορες","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἡγήτορες","lemma":"ἡγήτωρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἧντ̓","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"ἧντ","lemma":"κάθημαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they sat"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"πύργῳ","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the tower"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b3-l154","source":"οἳ δʼ ὡς οὖν εἴδονθʼ Ἑλένην ἐπὶ πύργον ἰοῦσαν,","translation":"And when they saw Helen coming to the tower,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l154.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀγόρευον","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"εἴδονθ","lemma":"εἴδομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"they saw"},{"surface":"Ἑλένην","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἴδονθ̓","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πύργον","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the tower"},{"surface":"ἰοῦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"coming"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b3-l155","source":"ἦκα πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἔπεα πτερόεντʼ ἀγόρευον·","translation":"quietly to one another they spoke winged words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l155.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἔπεα πτερόεντʼ","title":"\"Winged words\" — reused formula","body":"ἔπεα πτερόεντα, Homer's standing speech-formula, already locked as \"winged words\" in Book 2; held to the same fixed phrase here even though the surrounding verb (ἀγόρευον, \"they spoke,\" rather than προσηύδα) differs."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦκα","lemma":"ἦκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγόρευον","gloss":"quietly"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλους","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀγόρευον","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντ","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged"},{"surface":"ἀγόρευον","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were speaking"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b3-l156","source":"οὐ νέμεσις Τρῶας καὶ ἐϋκνήμιδας Ἀχαιοὺς","translation":"\"It is no cause for anger that Trojans and well-greaved Achaeans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l156.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"νέμεσις","lemma":"νέμεσις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"cause for anger"},{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐϋκνήμιδας","lemma":"ἐυκϝήμις","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοὺς","gloss":"well-greaved"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὺς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b3-l157","source":"τοιῇδʼ ἀμφὶ γυναικὶ πολὺν χρόνον ἄλγεα πάσχειν·","translation":"should suffer long affliction for such a woman;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l157.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοιῇδ","lemma":"τοιόσδε","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies γυναικὶ","gloss":"such a"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"γυναικὶ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"πολὺν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρόνον","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"χρόνον","lemma":"χρόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to πάσχειν","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"ἄλγεα","lemma":"ἄλγος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πάσχειν","gloss":"hardships"},{"surface":"πάσχειν","lemma":"πάσχω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to suffer"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b3-l158","source":"αἰνῶς ἀθανάτῃσι θεῇς εἰς ὦπα ἔοικεν·","translation":"terribly she resembles the immortal goddesses to look upon;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l158.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰνῶς","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔοικεν","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτῃσι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies θεῇς","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"θεῇς","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔοικεν","gloss":"goddesses"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ὦπα","lemma":"ὤψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"ἔοικεν","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"resembles"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b3-l159","source":"ἀλλὰ καὶ ὧς τοίη περ ἐοῦσʼ ἐν νηυσὶ νεέσθω,","translation":"but even so, lovely as she is, let her go home in the ships,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l159.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ὧς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τοίη","gloss":"even so"},{"surface":"τοίη","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἐοῦσ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to νεέσθω","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"νεέσθω","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let her go home"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b3-l160","source":"μηδʼ ἡμῖν τεκέεσσί τʼ ὀπίσσω πῆμα λίποιτο.","translation":"and not be left behind as a curse to us and to our children.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l160.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμῖν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies τ̓","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"τεκέεσσί","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies τ̓","gloss":"to our children"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λίποιτο","gloss":"hereafter"},{"surface":"πῆμα","lemma":"πῆμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"a curse"},{"surface":"λίποιτο","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be left behind"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b3-l161","source":"ὣς ἄρʼ ἔφαν, Πρίαμος δʼ Ἑλένην ἐκαλέσσατο φωνῇ·","translation":"So they spoke, and Priam called out to Helen:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l161.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔφαν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they spoke"},{"surface":"Πρίαμος","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐκαλέσσατο","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἑλένην","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκαλέσσατο","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"ἐκαλέσσατο","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"φωνῇ","lemma":"φωνή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκαλέσσατο","gloss":"aloud"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b3-l162","source":"δεῦρο πάροιθʼ ἐλθοῦσα φίλον τέκος ἵζευ ἐμεῖο,","translation":"\"Come here in front of me, dear child, and sit beside me,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l162.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεῦρο","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἐλθοῦσα","gloss":"come here"},{"surface":"πάροιθ","lemma":"πάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in front"},{"surface":"ἐλθοῦσα","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἵζευ","gloss":"having come"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκος","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τέκος","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ἵζευ","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"ἐμεῖο","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to πάροιθ̓","gloss":"of me"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b3-l163","source":"ὄφρα ἴδῃ πρότερόν τε πόσιν πηούς τε φίλους τε·","translation":"that you may see your former husband, your kinsmen, and your friends;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l163.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ἴδῃ","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"you may see"},{"surface":"πρότερόν","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσιν","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"πηούς","lemma":"πηός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"kinsmen"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φίλους","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of τε","gloss":"friends"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b3-l164","source":"οὔ τί μοι αἰτίη ἐσσί, θεοί νύ μοι αἴτιοί εἰσιν","translation":"you are no cause of blame to me; the gods, I think, are to blame,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l164.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"αἰτίη ... αἴτιοί","title":"A wordplay on blame","body":"Priam pairs αἰτίη (\"cause of blame,\" applied to Helen) with αἴτιοι (\"responsible,\" applied to the gods) — the same root used to acquit one party and indict another in a single breath, absolving Helen by name before the Achaeans below even arrive at the wall."}],"words":[{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἐσσί","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐσσί","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"αἰτίη","lemma":"αἴτιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"to blame"},{"surface":"ἐσσί","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"θεοί","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εἰσιν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"I think"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰσιν","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"αἴτιοί","lemma":"αἴτιος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"to blame"},{"surface":"εἰσιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b3-l165","source":"οἵ μοι ἐφώρμησαν πόλεμον πολύδακρυν Ἀχαιῶν·","translation":"who roused against me this tearful war of the Achaeans;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l165.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐφώρμησαν","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐφώρμησαν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐφώρμησαν","lemma":"ἐφορμάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θεοί","gloss":"roused against"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφώρμησαν","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"πολύδακρυν","lemma":"πολύδακρυς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόλεμον","gloss":"tearful"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόλεμον","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b3-l166","source":"ὥς μοι καὶ τόνδʼ ἄνδρα πελώριον ἐξονομήνῃς","translation":"so that you may also name for me this huge man,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l166.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξονομήνῃς","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξονομήνῃς","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"τόνδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξονομήνῃς","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"πελώριον","lemma":"πελώριος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"huge"},{"surface":"ἐξονομήνῃς","lemma":"ἐξονομαίνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you may name"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b3-l167","source":"ὅς τις ὅδʼ ἐστὶν Ἀχαιὸς ἀνὴρ ἠΰς τε μέγας τε.","translation":"who this Achaean is, so noble and so great.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l167.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"ὅδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἐστὶν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἄνδρα","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιὸς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"Achaean"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἠΰς","lemma":"ἐύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b3-l168","source":"ἤτοι μὲν κεφαλῇ καὶ μείζονες ἄλλοι ἔασι,","translation":"There are others, indeed, taller by a head,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l168.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"κεφαλῇ","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to μείζονες","gloss":"by a head"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"μείζονες","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative plural masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"taller"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔασι","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"ἔασι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there are"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b3-l169","source":"καλὸν δʼ οὕτω ἐγὼν οὔ πω ἴδον ὀφθαλμοῖσιν,","translation":"but a man so handsome I have never yet seen with my eyes,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l169.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλὸν","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"handsome"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καλὸν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴδον","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἴδον","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have seen"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἴδον","gloss":"with my eyes"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b3-l170","source":"οὐδʼ οὕτω γεραρόν· βασιλῆϊ γὰρ ἀνδρὶ ἔοικε.","translation":"nor so majestic; he resembles a kingly man.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l170.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γεραρόν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"γεραρόν","lemma":"γεραρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"majestic"},{"surface":"βασιλῆϊ","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρὶ","gloss":"kingly"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἀνδρὶ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔοικε","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἔοικε","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he resembles"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b3-l171","source":"τὸν δʼ Ἑλένη μύθοισιν ἀμείβετο δῖα γυναικῶν·","translation":"Then Helen, the shining one among women, answered him in speech:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l171.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμείβετο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἑλένη","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"μύθοισιν","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμείβετο","gloss":"in speech"},{"surface":"ἀμείβετο","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"radiant"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"among women"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b3-l172","source":"αἰδοῖός τέ μοί ἐσσι φίλε ἑκυρὲ δεινός τε·","translation":"\"You are to me an object of reverence, dear father-in-law, and of awe;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l172.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰδοῖός","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"revered"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐσσι","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἐσσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you are"},{"surface":"φίλε","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑκυρὲ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἑκυρὲ","lemma":"ἑκυρός","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"father-in-law"},{"surface":"δεινός","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"awesome"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b3-l173","source":"ὡς ὄφελεν θάνατός μοι ἁδεῖν κακὸς ὁππότε δεῦρο","translation":"would that evil death had pleased me, when hither","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l173.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ʽὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would that","note":"With ὄφελεν and the infinitive, ὡς introduces an unattainable wish: “would that ….”"},{"surface":"ὄφελεν","lemma":"ὀφείλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ought to have"},{"surface":"θάνατός","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὄφελεν","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἁδεῖν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἁδεῖν","lemma":"ἁνδάνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ὄφελεν","gloss":"have pleased"},{"surface":"κακὸς","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θάνατός","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δεῦρο","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἑπόμην","gloss":"here"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b3-l174","source":"υἱέϊ σῷ ἑπόμην θάλαμον γνωτούς τε λιποῦσα","translation":"I followed your son, forsaking my bridal chamber and my kin,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l174.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"υἱέϊ","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἑπόμην","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"σῷ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱέϊ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἑπόμην","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁππότε","gloss":"I followed"},{"surface":"θάλαμον","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"bridal chamber"},{"surface":"γνωτούς","lemma":"γνωτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"kinsmen"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λιποῦσα","lemma":"λιπάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἑπόμην","gloss":"leaving behind"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b3-l175","source":"παῖδά τε τηλυγέτην καὶ ὁμηλικίην ἐρατεινήν.","translation":"my darling child, and the lovely companions of my girlhood.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l175.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παῖδά","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τηλυγέτην","lemma":"τηλύγετος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies παῖδά","gloss":"darling"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁμηλικίην","lemma":"ὁμηλικία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"companions of my age"},{"surface":"ἐρατεινήν","lemma":"ἐρατεινός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὁμηλικίην","gloss":"lovely"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b3-l176","source":"ἀλλὰ τά γʼ οὐκ ἐγένοντο· τὸ καὶ κλαίουσα τέτηκα.","translation":"But that did not happen; and so I waste away in tears.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l176.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἐγένοντο","gloss":"those things"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐγένοντο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came to pass"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of κλαίουσα","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"κλαίουσα","lemma":"κλαίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to τέτηκα","gloss":"weeping"},{"surface":"τέτηκα","lemma":"τήκω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I waste away"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b3-l177","source":"τοῦτο δέ τοι ἐρέω ὅ μʼ ἀνείρεαι ἠδὲ μεταλλᾷς·","translation":"But this I will tell you, what you ask and inquire of me:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l177.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦτο","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἀνείρεαι","lemma":"ἀνέρομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠδὲ","gloss":"you ask"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μεταλλᾷς","lemma":"μεταλλάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἠδὲ","gloss":"you inquire"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b3-l178","source":"οὗτός γʼ Ἀτρεΐδης εὐρὺ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων,","translation":"this is the son of Atreus, the wide-ruling lord Agamemnon,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l178.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"εὐρὺ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων","title":"Three distinct Agamemnon formulas","body":"εὐρὺ κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων is held to \"the wide-ruling lord Agamemnon,\" kept distinct from bare κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων (\"the lord Agamemnon\") and from ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων (\"Agamemnon, lord of men\") — three separate Greek phrases, three fixed English renderings, per the locked table."}],"words":[{"surface":"οὗτός","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδης","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"εὐρὺ","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"widely"},{"surface":"κρείων","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"ruling lord"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b3-l179","source":"ἀμφότερον βασιλεύς τʼ ἀγαθὸς κρατερός τʼ αἰχμητής·","translation":"both a good king and a mighty spearman;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l179.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφότερον","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in both respects"},{"surface":"βασιλεύς","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τ̓","gloss":"king"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγαθὸς","lemma":"ἀγαθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βασιλεύς","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"κρατερός","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἰχμητής","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰχμητής","lemma":"αἰχμητής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τ̓","gloss":"spearman"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b3-l180","source":"δαὴρ αὖτʼ ἐμὸς ἔσκε κυνώπιδος, εἴ ποτʼ ἔην γε.","translation":"and he was my husband's brother — mine, shameless creature that I am, if I ever indeed was.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l180.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κυνώπιδος","title":"\"Dog-faced\" — Helen's self-blame","body":"κυνώπιδος, literally \"dog-eyed/dog-faced,\" is a harsh term of shamelessness that Helen turns on herself even as she names her kinship to Agamemnon. Homer does not soften it, and this translation keeps its bluntness rather than smoothing it into a milder word."}],"words":[{"surface":"δαὴρ","lemma":"δαήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"husband's brother"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ἐμὸς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δαὴρ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἔσκε","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he was"},{"surface":"κυνώπιδος","lemma":"κυνώπης","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δαὴρ","gloss":"of shameless me","note":"Helen applies the traditional insult “dog-faced” to herself, expressing shame and self-reproach."},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"I was"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b3-l181","source":"ὣς φάτο, τὸν δʼ ὁ γέρων ἠγάσσατο φώνησέν τε·","translation":"So she spoke, and the old man marveled at him, and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l181.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἠγάσσατο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"ἠγάσσατο","lemma":"ἄγαμαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"marveled at"},{"surface":"φώνησέν","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b3-l182","source":"ὦ μάκαρ Ἀτρεΐδη μοιρηγενὲς ὀλβιόδαιμον,","translation":"\"O blessed son of Atreus, child of fate, favored of fortune,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l182.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μοιρηγενὲς ὀλβιόδαιμον","title":"Compound fortune-epithets","body":"μοιρηγενής (\"born to a fated share\") and ὀλβιόδαιμον (\"blessed in one's guardian spirit\") are rare compound epithets, both built from words for fate and divine favor — Priam marvels at Agamemnon's sheer scale of command as a mark of extraordinary luck."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"μάκαρ","lemma":"μάκαπ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀτρεΐδη","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδη","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"μοιρηγενὲς","lemma":"μοιρηγενής","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Ἀτρεΐδη","gloss":"child of fate"},{"surface":"ὀλβιόδαιμον","lemma":"ὀλβιοδαίμων","morphology":"vocative singular noun","role":"modifies Ἀτρεΐδη","gloss":"fortune-favored"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b3-l183","source":"ἦ ῥά νύ τοι πολλοὶ δεδμήατο κοῦροι Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"truly many sons of the Achaeans are subject to you.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l183.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δεδμήατο","gloss":"now indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of δεδμήατο","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κοῦροι","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δεδμήατο","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had been subjected","note":"The pluperfect presents the Achaean warriors as already brought under Agamemnon’s command."},{"surface":"κοῦροι","lemma":"κοῦρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δεδμήατο","gloss":"young men"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κοῦροι","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b3-l184","source":"ἤδη καὶ Φρυγίην εἰσήλυθον ἀμπελόεσσαν,","translation":"I have gone, too, into Phrygia rich in vines,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l184.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰσήλυθον","gloss":"before now"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Φρυγίην","lemma":"Φρυγία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰσήλυθον","gloss":"Phrygia"},{"surface":"εἰσήλυθον","lemma":"εἰσέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I entered"},{"surface":"ἀμπελόεσσαν","lemma":"ἀμπελόεις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Φρυγίην","gloss":"rich in vines"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b3-l185","source":"ἔνθα ἴδον πλείστους Φρύγας ἀνέρας αἰολοπώλους","translation":"where I saw the Phrygian men, most numerous, with their swift horses,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l185.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴδον","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I saw"},{"surface":"πλείστους","lemma":"πλεῖστος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέρας","gloss":"very many"},{"surface":"Φρύγας","lemma":"Φρύξ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνέρας","gloss":"Phrygian"},{"surface":"ἀνέρας","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"αἰολοπώλους","lemma":"αἰολόπωλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέρας","gloss":"with nimble horses"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b3-l186","source":"λαοὺς Ὀτρῆος καὶ Μυγδόνος ἀντιθέοιο,","translation":"the people of Otreus and godlike Mygdon,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l186.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λαοὺς","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"forces"},{"surface":"Ὀτρῆος","lemma":"Ὀτρεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Otreus"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Μυγδόνος","lemma":"Μύγδων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Mygdon"},{"surface":"ἀντιθέοιο","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μυγδόνος","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b3-l187","source":"οἵ ῥα τότʼ ἐστρατόωντο παρʼ ὄχθας Σαγγαρίοιο·","translation":"who then were encamped along the banks of the Sangarius;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l187.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστρατόωντο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστρατόωντο","gloss":"at that time"},{"surface":"ἐστρατόωντο","lemma":"στρατόω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνέρας","gloss":"were encamped"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ὄχθας","lemma":"ὄχθη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παῤ","gloss":"banks"},{"surface":"Σαγγαρίοιο","lemma":"Σαγγάριος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄχθας","gloss":"of the Sangarius"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b3-l188","source":"καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼν ἐπίκουρος ἐὼν μετὰ τοῖσιν ἐλέχθην","translation":"for I too was numbered among them as an ally","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l188.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐλέχθην","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐπίκουρος","lemma":"ἐπίκουρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"as an ally"},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐλέχθην","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of μετὰ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ἐλέχθην","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was numbered"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b3-l189","source":"ἤματι τῷ ὅτε τʼ ἦλθον Ἀμαζόνες ἀντιάνειραι·","translation":"on the day when the Amazons, peers of men, came against them;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l189.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤματι","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐλέχθην","gloss":"on the day"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἤματι","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἦλθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὅτε","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Ἀμαζόνες","lemma":"Ἀμαζών","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθον","gloss":"Amazons"},{"surface":"ἀντιάνειραι","lemma":"ἀντιάνειρα","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀμαζόνες","gloss":"peers of men","note":"A Homeric epithet of the Amazons, literally “a match for men.”"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b3-l190","source":"ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ οἳ τόσοι ἦσαν ὅσοι ἑλίκωπες Ἀχαιοί.","translation":"but not even they were so many as the bright-eyed Achaeans.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l190.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦσαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"τόσοι","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ὅσοι","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"as many as"},{"surface":"ἑλίκωπες","lemma":"ἑλίκωψ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοί","gloss":"bright-eyed"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b3-l191","source":"δεύτερον αὖτʼ Ὀδυσῆα ἰδὼν ἐρέεινʼ ὁ γεραιός·","translation":"Then the old man, seeing Odysseus, asked in turn:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l191.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεύτερον","lemma":"δεύτερος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"a second time"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆα","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἰδὼν","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐρέειν̓","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"ἐρέειν","lemma":"ἐρεείνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γεραιός","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γεραιός","lemma":"γεραιός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐρέειν̓","gloss":"old man"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b3-l192","source":"εἴπʼ ἄγε μοι καὶ τόνδε φίλον τέκος ὅς τις ὅδʼ ἐστί·","translation":"\"Come, tell me also of this man, dear child, who he is;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l192.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴπ","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"tell me"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come now"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἴπ̓","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"τόνδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκος","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"τέκος","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"vocative singular neuter noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"child"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"ὅδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστί","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"ἐστί","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b3-l193","source":"μείων μὲν κεφαλῇ Ἀγαμέμνονος Ἀτρεΐδαο,","translation":"shorter by a head than Agamemnon, son of Atreus,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l193.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μείων","lemma":"μείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"shorter"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κεφαλῇ","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"by a head"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνονος","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies μείων","gloss":"than Agamemnon"},{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδαο","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνονος","gloss":"son of Atreus"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b3-l194","source":"εὐρύτερος δʼ ὤμοισιν ἰδὲ στέρνοισιν ἰδέσθαι.","translation":"but broader to look upon in shoulders and chest.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l194.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐρύτερος","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"broader"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὤμοισιν","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"in the shoulders"},{"surface":"ἰδὲ","lemma":"ἰδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στέρνοισιν","lemma":"στέρνον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"in the chest"},{"surface":"ἰδέσθαι","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial","gloss":"to behold"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b3-l195","source":"τεύχεα μέν οἱ κεῖται ἐπὶ χθονὶ πουλυβοτείρῃ,","translation":"His armor lies upon the all-nurturing earth,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l195.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of κεῖται","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies τεύχεα","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"κεῖται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"χθονὶ","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"πουλυβοτείρῃ","lemma":"πολυβότειρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χθονὶ","gloss":"all-nurturing"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b3-l196","source":"αὐτὸς δὲ κτίλος ὣς ἐπιπωλεῖται στίχας ἀνδρῶν·","translation":"but he himself, like a bellwether, ranges through the ranks of men;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l196.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κτίλος","lemma":"κτίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a bellwether","note":"The κτίλος is the leading ram of a flock; Priam’s simile pictures Odysseus moving authoritatively through the ranks."},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ἐπιπωλεῖται","lemma":"ἐπιπωλέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ranges through"},{"surface":"στίχας","lemma":"στίξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπιπωλεῖται","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies στίχας","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b3-l197","source":"ἀρνειῷ μιν ἔγωγε ἐΐσκω πηγεσιμάλλῳ,","translation":"I liken him to a thick-fleeced ram,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l197.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀρνειῷ","lemma":"ἀρνειός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐΐσκω","gloss":"to a ram"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐΐσκω","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἔγωγε","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐΐσκω","gloss":"I myself"},{"surface":"ἐΐσκω","lemma":"ἐίσκω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"liken"},{"surface":"πηγεσιμάλλῳ","lemma":"πηγεσίμαλλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀρνειῷ","gloss":"thick-fleeced"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b3-l198","source":"ὅς τʼ οἰῶν μέγα πῶϋ διέρχεται ἀργεννάων.","translation":"that passes through a great flock of white sheep.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l198.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of διέρχεται","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"οἰῶν","lemma":"ὄις","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πῶϋ","gloss":"of sheep"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πῶϋ","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"πῶϋ","lemma":"πῶυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of διέρχεται","gloss":"flock"},{"surface":"διέρχεται","lemma":"διέρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀρνειῷ","gloss":"moves through"},{"surface":"ἀργεννάων","lemma":"ἀργεννός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἰῶν","gloss":"white"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b3-l199","source":"τὸν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειθʼ Ἑλένη Διὸς ἐκγεγαυῖα·","translation":"Then Helen, born of Zeus, answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l199.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Διὸς ἐκγεγαυῖα","title":"\"Born of Zeus\" — distinct from διογενής","body":"Διὸς ἐκγεγαυῖα, \"having been born of Zeus,\" names Helen's own divine parentage (Zeus fathered her on Leda) and is kept as its own fixed phrase, \"born of Zeus,\" distinct from the vocative pattern already locked as \"[Name], sprung from Zeus\" for διογενής/διογενές."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἠμείβετ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἠμείβετ","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ἔπειθ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετ̓","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"Ἑλένη","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠμείβετ̓","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκγεγαυῖα","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"ἐκγεγαυῖα","lemma":"ἐκγίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"modifies Ἑλένη","gloss":"born"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b3-l200","source":"οὗτος δʼ αὖ Λαερτιάδης πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς,","translation":"\"This, in turn, is the son of Laertes, Odysseus of many wiles,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l200.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὗτος","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδης","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"son of Laertes"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b3-l201","source":"ὃς τράφη ἐν δήμῳ Ἰθάκης κραναῆς περ ἐούσης","translation":"who was raised in the land of rugged Ithaca,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l201.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τράφη","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τράφη","lemma":"τρέφω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"was reared"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δήμῳ","lemma":"δῆμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"Ἰθάκης","lemma":"Ἰθάκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δήμῳ","gloss":"of Ithaca"},{"surface":"κραναῆς","lemma":"κραναός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"rugged"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἐούσης","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, genitive singular feminine","role":"modifies Ἰθάκης","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b3-l202","source":"εἰδὼς παντοίους τε δόλους καὶ μήδεα πυκνά.","translation":"knowing every manner of guile and shrewd counsel.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l202.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰδὼς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τράφη","gloss":"knowing"},{"surface":"παντοίους","lemma":"παντοῖος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόλους","gloss":"all kinds of"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"δόλους","lemma":"δόλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"tricks"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μήδεα","lemma":"μῆδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"counsels"},{"surface":"πυκνά","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μήδεα","gloss":"shrewd"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b3-l203","source":"τὴν δʼ αὖτʼ Ἀντήνωρ πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα·","translation":"Then wise Antenor spoke to her in answer:","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l203.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ηὔδα","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Ἀντήνωρ","lemma":"Ἀντήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ηὔδα","gloss":"Antenor"},{"surface":"πεπνυμένος","lemma":"πέπνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Ἀντήνωρ","gloss":"wise"},{"surface":"ἀντίον","lemma":"ἀντίον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ηὔδα","gloss":"in reply"},{"surface":"ηὔδα","lemma":"αὐδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b3-l204","source":"ὦ γύναι ἦ μάλα τοῦτο ἔπος νημερτὲς ἔειπες·","translation":"\"Woman, this word you have spoken is very true;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l204.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"τοῦτο","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔειπες","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"νημερτὲς","lemma":"νημερτής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔειπες","gloss":"unerring"},{"surface":"ἔειπες","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you spoke"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b3-l205","source":"ἤδη γὰρ καὶ δεῦρό ποτʼ ἤλυθε δῖος Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"for once godlike Odysseus came here also,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l205.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθε","gloss":"before now"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"δεῦρό","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἤλυθε","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθε","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"ἤλυθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεὺς","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤλυθε","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b3-l206","source":"σεῦ ἕνεκʼ ἀγγελίης σὺν ἀρηϊφίλῳ Μενελάῳ·","translation":"on an embassy for your sake, with Menelaus, dear to Ares;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l206.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σεῦ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἕνεκ̓","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἕνεκ","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"ἀγγελίης","lemma":"ἀγγελίης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"on an embassy","note":"The phrase marks a formal embassy: Odysseus and Menelaus had come to negotiate Helen’s return."},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἀρηϊφίλῳ","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενελάῳ","gloss":"dear to Ares"},{"surface":"Μενελάῳ","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b3-l207","source":"τοὺς δʼ ἐγὼ ἐξείνισσα καὶ ἐν μεγάροισι φίλησα,","translation":"and I received them as guests and welcomed them in my halls,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l207.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐξείνισσα","lemma":"ξενίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"received as guests"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"μεγάροισι","lemma":"μέγαρον","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"my halls"},{"surface":"φίλησα","lemma":"φιλέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"welcomed"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b3-l208","source":"ἀμφοτέρων δὲ φυὴν ἐδάην καὶ μήδεα πυκνά.","translation":"and learned the bearing and the shrewd counsel of them both.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l208.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρων","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of both"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φυὴν","lemma":"φυή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"stature"},{"surface":"ἐδάην","lemma":"δάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I learned"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μήδεα","lemma":"μῆδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"counsels"},{"surface":"πυκνά","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies μήδεα","gloss":"shrewd"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b3-l209","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ Τρώεσσιν ἐν ἀγρομένοισιν ἔμιχθεν","translation":"But when they mingled with the assembled Trojans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l209.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσιν","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"with the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀγρομένοισιν","lemma":"ἀγείρω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, dative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"assembled"},{"surface":"ἔμιχθεν","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"they mingled"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b3-l210","source":"στάντων μὲν Μενέλαος ὑπείρεχεν εὐρέας ὤμους,","translation":"standing, Menelaus overtopped him with his broad shoulders;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l210.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στάντων","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"object of ὑπείρεχεν","gloss":"while they stood"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὑπείρεχεν","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"ὑπείρεχεν","lemma":"ὑπερέχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"overtopped him"},{"surface":"εὐρέας","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὤμους","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"ὤμους","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ὑπείρεχεν","gloss":"shoulders"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b3-l211","source":"ἄμφω δʼ ἑζομένω γεραρώτερος ἦεν Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"but when both were seated, Odysseus was the more stately.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l211.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄμφω","lemma":"ἄμφω","morphology":"accusative dual masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἑζομένω","lemma":"ἕζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative dual masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"while seated"},{"surface":"γεραρώτερος","lemma":"γεραρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"more stately"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b3-l212","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ μύθους καὶ μήδεα πᾶσιν ὕφαινον","translation":"But when they wove their words and counsels before all,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l212.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μύθους","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μήδεα","lemma":"μῆδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"counsels"},{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ὕφαινον","gloss":"before all"},{"surface":"ὕφαινον","lemma":"ὑφαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"they wove","note":"“Wove” is a metaphor for skillfully composing an argument or plan."}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b3-l213","source":"ἤτοι μὲν Μενέλαος ἐπιτροχάδην ἀγόρευε,","translation":"Menelaus indeed spoke fluently,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l213.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀγόρευε","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"ἐπιτροχάδην","lemma":"ἐπιτροχάδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγόρευε","gloss":"fluently"},{"surface":"ἀγόρευε","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b3-l214","source":"παῦρα μὲν ἀλλὰ μάλα λιγέως, ἐπεὶ οὐ πολύμυθος","translation":"few words, but very clear, since he was not a man of many words","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l214.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παῦρα","lemma":"παῦρος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"few words"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"λιγέως","lemma":"λιγύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀλλὰ","gloss":"clearly"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πολύμυθος","lemma":"πολύμυθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"long-winded"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b3-l215","source":"οὐδʼ ἀφαμαρτοεπής· ἦ καὶ γένει ὕστερος ἦεν.","translation":"nor one who missed his mark in speaking, though younger in years.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l215.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀφαμαρτοεπής","lemma":"ἀφαμαρτοεπής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"erring in speech"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"γένει","lemma":"γένος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἦεν","gloss":"in age"},{"surface":"ὕστερος","lemma":"ὕστερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he was"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b3-l216","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ πολύμητις ἀναΐξειεν Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"But when Odysseus of many wiles sprang up to speak,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l216.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεὺς","gloss":"of many wiles"},{"surface":"ἀναΐξειεν","lemma":"ἀναίσσω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"would spring up"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀναΐξειεν","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b3-l217","source":"στάσκεν, ὑπαὶ δὲ ἴδεσκε κατὰ χθονὸς ὄμματα πήξας,","translation":"he would stand still, and look down, fixing his eyes upon the ground,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l217.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"στάσκεν, ἴδεσκε","title":"Iterative -σκε verb forms","body":"στάσκεν and ἴδεσκε carry the old iterative suffix -σκε, marking habitual or repeated action in past time (\"he would stand,\" \"he would look,\" each time he rose to speak) — a distinct Homeric verb formation from the simple past, used here to paint Odysseus's fixed mannerism."}],"words":[{"surface":"στάσκεν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he would stand","note":"The iterative suffix -σκ- describes Odysseus’ habitual manner when rising to speak."},{"surface":"ὑπαὶ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"downward"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴδεσκε","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would look"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"χθονὸς","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"ὄμματα","lemma":"ὄμμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πήξας","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"πήξας","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἴδεσκε","gloss":"fixing"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b3-l218","source":"σκῆπτρον δʼ οὔτʼ ὀπίσω οὔτε προπρηνὲς ἐνώμα,","translation":"and neither move his staff backward nor forward,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l218.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σκῆπτρον","lemma":"σκῆπτρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of νωμάω","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"δʼ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὔτʼ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"ὀπίσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"backward"},{"surface":"οὔτε","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"προπρηνὲς","lemma":"προπρηνής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"forward"},{"surface":"ἐνώμα","lemma":"νωμάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he would move"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b3-l219","source":"ἀλλʼ ἀστεμφὲς ἔχεσκεν ἀΐδρεϊ φωτὶ ἐοικώς·","translation":"but hold it rigid, like a man who knew nothing;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l219.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀστεμφὲς","lemma":"ἀστεμφής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔχεσκεν","gloss":"unmoving"},{"surface":"ἔχεσκεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he would hold it"},{"surface":"ἀΐδρεϊ","lemma":"ἄιδρις","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies φωτὶ","gloss":"ignorant"},{"surface":"φωτὶ","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐοικώς","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἐοικώς","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔχεσκεν","gloss":"resembling"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b3-l220","source":"φαίης κε ζάκοτόν τέ τινʼ ἔμμεναι ἄφρονά τʼ αὔτως.","translation":"you would say he was some sullen fellow, and nothing but a fool.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l220.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φαίης","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you might say"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ζάκοτόν","lemma":"ζάκοτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τ̓","gloss":"sullen"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τιν","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἔμμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φαίης","gloss":"to be"},{"surface":"ἄφρονά","lemma":"ἄφρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τ̓","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὔτως","lemma":"αὔτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔμμεναι","gloss":"simply"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b3-l221","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δὴ ὄπα τε μεγάλην ἐκ στήθεος εἵη","translation":"But when he let loose his great voice from his chest,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l221.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὄπα","lemma":"ὄψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μεγάλην","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὄπα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"στήθεος","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"his chest"},{"surface":"εἵη","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"would send forth"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b3-l222","source":"καὶ ἔπεα νιφάδεσσιν ἐοικότα χειμερίῃσιν,","translation":"and words like the snowflakes of winter,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l222.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νιφάδεσσιν ἐοικότα χειμερίῃσιν","title":"The snowflake simile","body":"Odysseus's torrent of words is likened to winter snowflakes — thick, unbroken, overwhelming. It is one of the poem's most quoted images and the source of the enduring figure of \"Odyssean eloquence.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"νιφάδεσσιν","lemma":"νιφάς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐοικότα","gloss":"snowflakes"},{"surface":"ἐοικότα","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"like","note":"Odysseus’ words are likened to winter snowflakes: abundant, dense, and irresistible."},{"surface":"χειμερίῃσιν","lemma":"χειμέριος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νιφάδεσσιν","gloss":"wintry"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b3-l223","source":"οὐκ ἂν ἔπειτʼ Ὀδυσῆΐ γʼ ἐρίσσειε βροτὸς ἄλλος·","translation":"then no other mortal could rival Odysseus;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l223.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ἔπειτ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρίσσειε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆΐ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐρίσσειε","gloss":"with Odysseus"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐρίσσειε","lemma":"ἐρίζω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rival"},{"surface":"βροτὸς","lemma":"βροτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐρίσσειε","gloss":"mortal"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βροτὸς","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b3-l224","source":"οὐ τότε γʼ ὧδʼ Ὀδυσῆος ἀγασσάμεθʼ εἶδος ἰδόντες.","translation":"and then we no longer marveled, seeing him, at his mere looks.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l224.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγασσάμεθ̓","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὧδ","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγασσάμεθ̓","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσῆος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀγασσάμεθ̓","gloss":"of Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἀγασσάμεθ","lemma":"ἄγαμαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we marveled at"},{"surface":"εἶδος","lemma":"εἶδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἰδόντες","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"ἰδόντες","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀγασσάμεθ̓","gloss":"seeing"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b3-l225","source":"τὸ τρίτον αὖτʼ Αἴαντα ἰδὼν ἐρέεινʼ ὃ γεραιός·","translation":"A third time, seeing Ajax, the old man asked:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l225.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies τρίτον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"τρίτον","lemma":"τρίτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐρέειν̓","gloss":"third time"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Αἴαντα","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἰδὼν","gloss":"Ajax"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐρέειν̓","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"ἐρέειν","lemma":"ἐρεείνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γεραιός","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γεραιός","lemma":"γεραιός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐρέειν̓","gloss":"old man"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b3-l226","source":"τίς τὰρ ὅδʼ ἄλλος Ἀχαιὸς ἀνὴρ ἠΰς τε μέγας τε","translation":"\"Who, then, is this other Achaean, so noble and so great,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l226.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τὰρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὅδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιὸς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"Achaean"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἠΰς","lemma":"ἐύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b3-l227","source":"ἔξοχος Ἀργείων κεφαλήν τε καὶ εὐρέας ὤμους;","translation":"towering above the Argives in head and broad shoulders?\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l227.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔξοχος","lemma":"ἔξοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"outstanding"},{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἔξοχος","gloss":"among the Argives"},{"surface":"κεφαλήν","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"in head"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὐρέας","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὤμους","gloss":"broad"},{"surface":"ὤμους","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"shoulders"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b3-l228","source":"τὸν δʼ Ἑλένη τανύπεπλος ἀμείβετο δῖα γυναικῶν·","translation":"Then Helen of the trailing robe, the shining one among women, answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l228.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"τανύπεπλος","title":"\"Of the trailing robe\" — new Helen epithet","body":"τανύπεπλος, \"long-robed,\" is a new standing epithet for Helen, paired here with the already-locked δῖα γυναικῶν \"the shining one among women\" — two distinct Greek phrases held to their own fixed wording."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμείβετο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἑλένη","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"τανύπεπλος","lemma":"τανύπεπλος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἑλένη","gloss":"long-robed"},{"surface":"ἀμείβετο","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"radiant"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"among women"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b3-l229","source":"οὗτος δʼ Αἴας ἐστὶ πελώριος ἕρκος Ἀχαιῶν·","translation":"\"That is huge Ajax, son of Telamon, bulwark of the Achaeans;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l229.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἕρκος Ἀχαιῶν","title":"\"Bulwark of the Achaeans\"","body":"ἕρκος, \"fence, defensive wall,\" makes Ajax himself a living rampart for the army — a new standing epithet, held to this exact wording wherever it recurs. First use of \"Ajax, son of Telamon\" in this scene, per the disambiguation rule; bare \"Ajax\" is fine for the rest of the scene."}],"words":[{"surface":"οὗτος","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐστὶ","gloss":"this man"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Αἴας","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"Ajax"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"πελώριος","lemma":"πελώριος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"huge"},{"surface":"ἕρκος","lemma":"ἕρκος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"bulwark"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἕρκος","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b3-l230","source":"Ἰδομενεὺς δʼ ἑτέρωθεν ἐνὶ Κρήτεσσι θεὸς ὣς","translation":"and on the other side, among the Cretans, Idomeneus, like a god,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l230.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἰδομενεὺς","lemma":"Ἰδομενεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕστηκ̓","gloss":"Idomeneus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτέρωθεν","lemma":"ἑτέρωθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕστηκ̓","gloss":"on the other side"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Κρήτεσσι","lemma":"Κρής","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"the Cretans"},{"surface":"θεὸς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b3-l231","source":"ἕστηκʼ, ἀμφὶ δέ μιν Κρητῶν ἀγοὶ ἠγερέθονται.","translation":"stands, and around him the leaders of the Cretans are gathered.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l231.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕστηκ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Κρητῶν","lemma":"Κρής","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀγοὶ","gloss":"of the Cretans"},{"surface":"ἀγοὶ","lemma":"ἀγός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠγερέθονται","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"ἠγερέθονται","lemma":"ἠγερέθομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are gathered"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b3-l232","source":"πολλάκι μιν ξείνισσεν ἀρηΐφιλος Μενέλαος","translation":"Often did Menelaus, dear to Ares, entertain him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l232.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλάκι","lemma":"πολλάκις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ξείνισσεν","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ξείνισσεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ξείνισσεν","lemma":"ξενίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"entertained"},{"surface":"ἀρηΐφιλος","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"dear to Ares"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ξείνισσεν","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b3-l233","source":"οἴκῳ ἐν ἡμετέρῳ ὁπότε Κρήτηθεν ἵκοιτο.","translation":"in our house, whenever he came from Crete.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l233.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκῳ","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἡμετέρῳ","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴκῳ","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ὁπότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"Κρήτηθεν","lemma":"Κρήτηθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἵκοιτο","gloss":"from Crete"},{"surface":"ἵκοιτο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁπότε","gloss":"he came"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b3-l234","source":"νῦν δʼ ἄλλους μὲν πάντας ὁρῶ ἑλίκωπας Ἀχαιούς,","translation":"Now all the rest of the bright-eyed Achaeans I see,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l234.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὁρῶ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄλλους","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιούς","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιούς","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ὁρῶ","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I see"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιούς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ὁρῶ","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b3-l235","source":"οὕς κεν ἐῢ γνοίην καί τʼ οὔνομα μυθησαίμην·","translation":"whom I could well recognize, and name by name;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l235.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of γνοίην","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ἐῢ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γνοίην","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"γνοίην","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"I recognize"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"οὔνομα","lemma":"ὄνομα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of μυθησαίμην","gloss":"by name"},{"surface":"μυθησαίμην","lemma":"μυθέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive optative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"I could name"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b3-l236","source":"δοιὼ δʼ οὐ δύναμαι ἰδέειν κοσμήτορε λαῶν","translation":"but two marshals of the people I cannot see,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l236.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δοιὼ","lemma":"δοίω","morphology":"accusative dual masculine adjective","role":"modifies κοσμήτορε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"δύναμαι","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I am able"},{"surface":"ἰδέειν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δύναμαι","gloss":"to see"},{"surface":"κοσμήτορε","lemma":"κοσμήτωρ","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"marshals"},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κοσμήτορε","gloss":"of the armies"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b3-l237","source":"Κάστορά θʼ ἱππόδαμον καὶ πὺξ ἀγαθὸν Πολυδεύκεα","translation":"Castor, tamer of horses, and Polydeuces, good with his fists,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l237.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Κάστορά","lemma":"Κάστωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Castor"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱππόδαμον","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Κάστορά","gloss":"horse-taming"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πὺξ","lemma":"πύξ","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ἀγαθὸν","gloss":"at boxing"},{"surface":"ἀγαθὸν","lemma":"ἀγαθός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πολυδεύκεα","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Πολυδεύκεα","lemma":"Πολυδεύκης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Polydeuces"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b3-l238","source":"αὐτοκασιγνήτω, τώ μοι μία γείνατο μήτηρ.","translation":"my own brothers, whom one mother bore with me.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l238.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτοκασιγνήτω","lemma":"αὐτοκασίγνητος","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"my own brothers","note":"The dual form refers to Helen’s two brothers, Castor and Polydeuces."},{"surface":"τώ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative dual masculine pronoun","role":"object of γείνατο","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies μήτηρ","gloss":"with me"},{"surface":"μία","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μήτηρ","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"γείνατο","lemma":"γείνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing αὐτοκασιγνήτω","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γείνατο","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b3-l239","source":"ἢ οὐχ ἑσπέσθην Λακεδαίμονος ἐξ ἐρατεινῆς,","translation":"Either they did not follow from lovely Lacedaemon,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l239.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"οὐχ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἑσπέσθην","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they followed"},{"surface":"Λακεδαίμονος","lemma":"Λακεδαίμων","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"Lacedaemon"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἐρατεινῆς","lemma":"ἐρατεινός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Λακεδαίμονος","gloss":"lovely"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b3-l240","source":"ἢ δεύρω μὲν ἕποντο νέεσσʼ ἔνι ποντοπόροισι,","translation":"or they came here indeed, in the sea-faring ships,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l240.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"δεύρω","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἕποντο","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἕποντο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they followed"},{"surface":"νέεσσ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔνι","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ἔνι","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ποντοπόροισι","lemma":"ποντόπορος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νέεσσ̓","gloss":"seafaring"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b3-l241","source":"νῦν αὖτʼ οὐκ ἐθέλουσι μάχην καταδύμεναι ἀνδρῶν","translation":"but now are unwilling to enter the battle of men,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l241.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλουσι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐθέλουσι","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they are willing"},{"surface":"μάχην","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καταδύμεναι","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"καταδύμεναι","lemma":"καταδύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλουσι","gloss":"to enter"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies μάχην","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b3-l242","source":"αἴσχεα δειδιότες καὶ ὀνείδεα πόλλʼ ἅ μοί ἐστιν.","translation":"fearing the shame and the many reproaches that are mine.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l242.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἴσχεα","lemma":"αἶσχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"disgraces"},{"surface":"δειδιότες","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλουσι","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀνείδεα","lemma":"ὄνειδος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"reproaches"},{"surface":"πόλλ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὀνείδεα","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ἅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστιν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"μοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐστιν","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"ἐστιν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"are"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b3-l243","source":"ὣς φάτο, τοὺς δʼ ἤδη κάτεχεν φυσίζοος αἶα","translation":"So she spoke; but already the life-giving earth held them fast,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l243.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"φυσίζοος αἶα","title":"\"Life-giving earth\" — a death euphemism","body":"φυσίζοος αἶα, \"the earth that gives growth to life,\" is an unsettling formula to use for burial — the same soil that bears crops now covers Castor and Polydeuces. Homer's irony sharpens the pathos: Helen does not know they are already dead."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of κάτεχεν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἤδη","lemma":"ἤδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κάτεχεν","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"κάτεχεν","lemma":"κατέχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held","note":"The audience knows what Helen does not: her brothers are already dead and buried in Sparta."},{"surface":"φυσίζοος","lemma":"φυσίζους","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἶα","gloss":"life-giving"},{"surface":"αἶα","lemma":"αἶα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of κάτεχεν","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b3-l244","source":"ἐν Λακεδαίμονι αὖθι φίλῃ ἐν πατρίδι γαίῃ.","translation":"there in Lacedaemon, in their own dear native land.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l244.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Λακεδαίμονι","lemma":"Λακεδαίμων","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"Lacedaemon"},{"surface":"αὖθι","lemma":"αὖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κάτεχεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"φίλῃ","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαίῃ","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πατρίδι","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαίῃ","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαίῃ","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b3-l245","source":"κήρυκες δʼ ἀνὰ ἄστυ θεῶν φέρον ὅρκια πιστὰ","translation":"And the heralds carried through the city the trusted oaths of the gods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l245.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὅρκια πιστά","title":"\"Trusted oaths\" — locked","body":"ὅρκια πιστά, \"trusted oaths,\" recurs six times across this chunk alone (lines 245, 252, 256, 269, 280, 323) and again in Book 4, where the treaty is broken. First noted as a likely lock at Book 3 c00, line 73 — now formally LOCKED: hold \"trusted oaths\" for the full phrase everywhere it occurs; the bare ὅρκια (\"oaths\") without πιστά, as at line 299, is rendered simply \"oaths.\" (Line 279's ἐπίορκον, \"perjured,\" is a related but distinct compound adjective, not the noun ὅρκια itself; line 321 contains no ὅρκια-root word at all.)"}],"words":[{"surface":"κήρυκες","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of φέρον","gloss":"heralds"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὅρκια","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"φέρον","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"oath-offerings","note":"Here ὅρκια are the sacrificial victims and rites that solemnize the sworn agreement."},{"surface":"πιστὰ","lemma":"πιστός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκια","gloss":"trusty"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b3-l246","source":"ἄρνε δύω καὶ οἶνον ἐΰφρονα καρπὸν ἀρούρης","translation":"two lambs, and heartening wine, the fruit of the field,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l246.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρνε","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"lambs"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἄρνε","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἶνον","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"ἐΰφρονα","lemma":"εὔφρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies καρπὸν","gloss":"heartening"},{"surface":"καρπὸν","lemma":"καρπός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"fruit"},{"surface":"ἀρούρης","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καρπὸν","gloss":"of the field"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b3-l247","source":"ἀσκῷ ἐν αἰγείῳ· φέρε δὲ κρητῆρα φαεινὸν","translation":"in a goatskin; and the herald Idaeus carried the gleaming mixing bowl","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l247.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ἰδαῖος","title":"Idaeus, Priam's herald","body":"Idaeus is Priam's own herald, distinct from Talthybius (Agamemnon's herald) and Eurybates (Odysseus's), both already locked. He is not to be confused with Mount Ida, which shares the same root and appears a few lines later in Agamemnon's oath-prayer."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσκῷ","lemma":"ἀσκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"in a wineskin"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"αἰγείῳ","lemma":"αἴγειος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσκῷ","gloss":"goatskin"},{"surface":"φέρε","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"carried"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κρητῆρα","lemma":"κρατήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"mixing bowl"},{"surface":"φαεινὸν","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κρητῆρα","gloss":"gleaming"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b3-l248","source":"κῆρυξ Ἰδαῖος ἠδὲ χρύσεια κύπελλα·","translation":"and the golden cups;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l248.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κῆρυξ","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἰδαῖος","gloss":"herald"},{"surface":"Ἰδαῖος","lemma":"Ἰδαῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φέρε","gloss":"Idaeus"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χρύσεια","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κύπελλα","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"κύπελλα","lemma":"κύπελλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"cups"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b3-l249","source":"ὄτρυνεν δὲ γέροντα παριστάμενος ἐπέεσσιν·","translation":"and standing beside the old man he roused him with these words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l249.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄτρυνεν","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urged"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γέροντα","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὄτρυνεν","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"παριστάμενος","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὄτρυνεν","gloss":"standing beside"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὄτρυνεν","gloss":"with words"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b3-l250","source":"ὄρσεο Λαομεδοντιάδη, καλέουσιν ἄριστοι","translation":"\"Rise, son of Laomedon; the best men are calling,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l250.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Λαομεδοντιάδη","title":"Priam, son of Laomedon","body":"Λαομεδοντιάδη, \"son of Laomedon,\" is a patronymic vocative addressing Priam by his father — Laomedon, the earlier king of Troy who famously cheated both Apollo and Poseidon of their wages for building Troy's walls, is not yet a drafted name-table entry beyond this patronymic."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὄρσεο","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rise"},{"surface":"Λαομεδοντιάδη","lemma":"Λαομεδοντιάδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Laomedon"},{"surface":"καλέουσιν","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are calling"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of καλέουσιν","gloss":"the best men"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b3-l251","source":"Τρώων θʼ ἱπποδάμων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων","translation":"of the horse-taming Trojans and the bronze-clad Achaeans,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l251.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Τρώων ἱπποδάμων","title":"\"Horse-taming Trojans\" — confirmed reuse","body":"ἱππόδαμος, \"horse-taming,\" is the standard Homeric standing epithet for the Trojans as a people, distinct from any Achaean epithet; already locked earlier in this book at c01, lines 127 and 131 (the Teichoscopia) — confirmed held to the same wording, \"horse-taming Trojans,\" here and at every recurrence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Trojans"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱπποδάμων","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρώων","gloss":"horse-taming"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Achaeans"},{"surface":"χαλκοχιτώνων","lemma":"χαλκοχίτων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"bronze-clad"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b3-l252","source":"ἐς πεδίον καταβῆναι ἵνʼ ὅρκια πιστὰ τάμητε·","translation":"to go down to the plain, that you may cut the trusted oaths;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l252.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὅρκια πιστὰ τάμητε","title":"\"To cut oaths\": the treaty idiom","body":"τάμνειν ὅρκια, \"to cut oaths,\" is the fixed Homeric idiom for solemnizing a treaty, taken from the act of cutting the sacrificial victims' throats that seals it. English has no equivalent idiom, so where the Greek verb is present we render it literally (\"cut the trusted oaths\") to keep the physical image; where only the noun stands without the verb, \"trusted oaths\" alone carries the sense."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πεδίον","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"καταβῆναι","lemma":"καταβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of καλέουσιν","gloss":"to go down"},{"surface":"ἵν","lemma":"ἵνα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τάμητε","gloss":"oath-offerings"},{"surface":"πιστὰ","lemma":"πιστός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκια","gloss":"trusty"},{"surface":"τάμητε","lemma":"τέμνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἵν̓","gloss":"you may cut"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b3-l253","source":"αὐτὰρ Ἀλέξανδρος καὶ ἀρηΐφιλος Μενέλαος","translation":"But Paris and Menelaus, dear to Ares,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l253.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρος","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρηΐφιλος","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"dear to Ares"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b3-l254","source":"μακρῇς ἐγχείῃσι μαχήσοντʼ ἀμφὶ γυναικί·","translation":"will fight with long spears for the sake of the woman;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l254.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μακρῇς","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐγχείῃσι","gloss":"with long"},{"surface":"ἐγχείῃσι","lemma":"ἐγχείη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to μαχήσοντ̓","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"μαχήσοντ","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will fight"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"γυναικί","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"the woman"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b3-l255","source":"τῷ δέ κε νικήσαντι γυνὴ καὶ κτήμαθʼ ἕποιτο·","translation":"and to the one who wins, let the woman and her goods follow;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l255.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἕποιτο","gloss":"to whichever"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"νικήσαντι","lemma":"νικάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"has won"},{"surface":"γυνὴ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κτήμαθ","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"ἕποιτο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"may follow"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b3-l256","source":"οἳ δʼ ἄλλοι φιλότητα καὶ ὅρκια πιστὰ ταμόντες","translation":"and the rest of us, cutting friendship and trusted oaths,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l256.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ναίοιμεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἳ","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"φιλότητα","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"πιστὰ","lemma":"πιστός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκια","gloss":"trusty"},{"surface":"ταμόντες","lemma":"τέμνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ναίοιμεν","gloss":"having sworn","note":"Literally “cutting oaths,” because the covenant is ratified by slaughtering sacrificial animals."}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b3-l257","source":"ναίοιμεν Τροίην ἐριβώλακα, τοὶ δὲ νέονται","translation":"shall dwell in deep-soiled Troy, while they sail home again","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l257.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ναίοιμεν","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"present active optative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"may dwell"},{"surface":"Τροίην","lemma":"Τροία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ναίοιμεν","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"ἐριβώλακα","lemma":"ἐριβῶλαξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Τροίην","gloss":"deep-soiled"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of νέονται","gloss":"while they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"νέονται","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will return"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b3-l258","source":"Ἄργος ἐς ἱππόβοτον καὶ Ἀχαιΐδα καλλιγύναικα.","translation":"to horse-pasturing Argos, and Achaea, land of fair women.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l258.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἄργος","lemma":"Ἄργος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Argos"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἱππόβοτον","lemma":"ἱππόβοτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Ἄργος","gloss":"horse-pasturing"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιΐδα","lemma":"Ἀχαιίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Achaea"},{"surface":"καλλιγύναικα","lemma":"καλλιγύναιξ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιΐδα","gloss":"of fair women"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b3-l259","source":"ὣς φάτο ῥίγησεν δʼ ὃ γέρων, ἐκέλευσε δʼ ἑταίρους","translation":"So he spoke, and the old man shuddered, and bade his companions","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l259.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ῥίγησεν","lemma":"ῥιγέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shuddered"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ῥίγησεν","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευσε","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ordered"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑταίρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ζευγνύμεναι","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b3-l260","source":"ἵππους ζευγνύμεναι· τοὶ δʼ ὀτραλέως ἐπίθοντο.","translation":"yoke the horses; and swiftly they obeyed.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l260.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ζευγνύμεναι","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"ζευγνύμεναι","lemma":"ζεύγνυμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐκέλευσε","gloss":"to yoke"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπίθοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀτραλέως","lemma":"ὀτραλέος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπίθοντο","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"ἐπίθοντο","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"obeyed"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b3-l261","source":"ἂν δʼ ἄρʼ ἔβη Πρίαμος, κατὰ δʼ ἡνία τεῖνεν ὀπίσσω·","translation":"Then Priam mounted, and drew the reins back taut behind him;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l261.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔβη","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mounted"},{"surface":"Πρίαμος","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἡνία","lemma":"ἡνία","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τεῖνεν","gloss":"reins"},{"surface":"τεῖνεν","lemma":"τείνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew taut"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τεῖνεν","gloss":"backward"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b3-l262","source":"πὰρ δέ οἱ Ἀντήνωρ περικαλλέα βήσετο δίφρον·","translation":"and beside him Antenor mounted the splendid chariot;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l262.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πὰρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to πὰρ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Ἀντήνωρ","lemma":"Ἀντήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βήσετο","gloss":"Antenor"},{"surface":"περικαλλέα","lemma":"περικαλλής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δίφρον","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"βήσετο","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mounted"},{"surface":"δίφρον","lemma":"δίφρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βήσετο","gloss":"chariot"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b3-l263","source":"τὼ δὲ διὰ Σκαιῶν πεδίον δʼ ἔχον ὠκέας ἵππους.","translation":"and the two of them drove the swift horses through the Scaean gates to the plain.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l263.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχον","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"Σκαιῶν","lemma":"Σκαιαί","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"Scaean Gates"},{"surface":"πεδίον","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχον","gloss":"plainward"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔχον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"guided"},{"surface":"ὠκέας","lemma":"ὠκύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵππους","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχον","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b3-l264","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δή ῥʼ ἵκοντο μετὰ Τρῶας καὶ Ἀχαιούς,","translation":"But when they had come among the Trojans and Achaeans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l264.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἵκοντο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"they reached"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιούς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b3-l265","source":"ἐξ ἵππων ἀποβάντες ἐπὶ χθόνα πουλυβότειραν","translation":"they stepped down from the chariot onto the all-nurturing earth,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l265.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἵππων","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"ἀποβάντες","lemma":"ἀποβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐστιχόωντο","gloss":"having stepped down"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"χθόνα","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"πουλυβότειραν","lemma":"πολυβότειρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χθόνα","gloss":"all-nurturing"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b3-l266","source":"ἐς μέσσον Τρώων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν ἐστιχόωντο.","translation":"and walked forward into the middle ground between Trojans and Achaeans.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l266.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"μέσσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"the midst"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Achaeans"},{"surface":"ἐστιχόωντο","lemma":"στιχάομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they strode"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b3-l267","source":"ὄρνυτο δʼ αὐτίκʼ ἔπειτα ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων,","translation":"At once then Agamemnon, lord of men, rose up,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l267.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄρνυτο","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄρνυτο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄρνυτο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄναξ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄναξ","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὄρνυτο","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b3-l268","source":"ἂν δʼ Ὀδυσεὺς πολύμητις· ἀτὰρ κήρυκες ἀγαυοὶ","translation":"and Odysseus of many wiles rose with him; and the noble heralds","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l268.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσεὺς","gloss":"of many wiles"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κήρυκες","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of σύναγον","gloss":"heralds"},{"surface":"ἀγαυοὶ","lemma":"ἀγαυός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κήρυκες","gloss":"noble"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b3-l269","source":"ὅρκια πιστὰ θεῶν σύναγον, κρητῆρι δὲ οἶνον","translation":"gathered together the trusted oaths of the gods, and in the mixing bowl the wine","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l269.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of σύναγον","gloss":"oath-offerings"},{"surface":"πιστὰ","lemma":"πιστός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκια","gloss":"trusty"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὅρκια","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"σύναγον","lemma":"συνάγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"κρητῆρι","lemma":"κρατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μίσγον","gloss":"in a mixing bowl"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἶνον","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μίσγον","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b3-l270","source":"μίσγον, ἀτὰρ βασιλεῦσιν ὕδωρ ἐπὶ χεῖρας ἔχευαν.","translation":"they mixed, and poured water over the hands of the kings.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l270.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μίσγον","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mixed"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"βασιλεῦσιν","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχευαν","gloss":"for the kings"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχευαν","gloss":"water"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἔχευαν","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured","note":"Water is poured over the kings’ hands as ritual purification before the sacrifice and oath."}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b3-l271","source":"Ἀτρεΐδης δὲ ἐρυσσάμενος χείρεσσι μάχαιραν,","translation":"And the son of Atreus, drawing with his hands the knife","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l271.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδης","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τάμνε","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐρυσσάμενος","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τάμνε","gloss":"having drawn"},{"surface":"χείρεσσι","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐρυσσάμενος","gloss":"with his hands"},{"surface":"μάχαιραν","lemma":"μάχαιρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐρυσσάμενος","gloss":"knife"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b3-l272","source":"ἥ οἱ πὰρ ξίφεος μέγα κουλεόν αἰὲν ἄωρτο,","translation":"that always hung beside the great sheath of his sword,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l272.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἄωρτο","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ξίφεος","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"πὰρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ξίφεος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies κουλεόν","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κουλεόν","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"κουλεόν","lemma":"κολεόν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πὰρ","gloss":"sheath"},{"surface":"αἰὲν","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄωρτο","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"ἄωρτο","lemma":"ἀείρω","morphology":"pluperfect passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μάχαιραν","gloss":"hung"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b3-l273","source":"ἀρνῶν ἐκ κεφαλέων τάμνε τρίχας· αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα","translation":"cut hairs from the heads of the lambs; and then","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l273.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀρνῶν","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κεφαλέων","gloss":"of the lambs"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"κεφαλέων","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"τάμνε","lemma":"τέμνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"τρίχας","lemma":"θρίξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of τάμνε","gloss":"hairs"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νεῖμαν","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b3-l274","source":"κήρυκες Τρώων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν νεῖμαν ἀρίστοις.","translation":"the heralds of the Trojans and Achaeans gave it out to the chiefs.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l274.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κήρυκες","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of νεῖμαν","gloss":"heralds"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Achaeans"},{"surface":"νεῖμαν","lemma":"νέμω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"distributed"},{"surface":"ἀρίστοις","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of νεῖμαν","gloss":"to the chiefs"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b3-l275","source":"τοῖσιν δʼ Ἀτρεΐδης μεγάλʼ εὔχετο χεῖρας ἀνασχών·","translation":"And among them the son of Atreus, lifting up his hands, prayed aloud:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l275.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of εὔχετο","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδης","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εὔχετο","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"μεγάλ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of εὔχετο","gloss":"aloud"},{"surface":"εὔχετο","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνασχών","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἀνασχών","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εὔχετο","gloss":"lifting"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b3-l276","source":"Ζεῦ πάτερ Ἴδηθεν μεδέων κύδιστε μέγιστε,","translation":"\"Father Zeus, ruling from Ida, most glorious, most great,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l276.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ζεῦ πάτερ Ἴδηθεν μεδέων κύδιστε μέγιστε","title":"\"Father Zeus, ruling from Ida\" — locked","body":"This whole-line invocation recurs verbatim later in this same chunk (line 320, the armies' shared prayer) and again elsewhere in the poem; the wording \"Father Zeus, ruling from Ida, most glorious, most great,\" is LOCKED for every recurrence. Ἴδηθεν, \"from Ida,\" names Mount Ida, the mountain overlooking Troy from which Zeus watches the war throughout the poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεῦ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"πάτερ","lemma":"πάτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεῦ","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Ἴδηθεν","lemma":"Ἴδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μεδέων","gloss":"from Ida"},{"surface":"μεδέων","lemma":"μεδέων","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Ζεῦ","gloss":"ruling"},{"surface":"κύδιστε","lemma":"κύδιστος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"most glorious"},{"surface":"μέγιστε","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"greatest"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b3-l277","source":"Ἠέλιός θʼ, ὃς πάντʼ ἐφορᾷς καὶ πάντʼ ἐπακούεις,","translation":"and Helios, who look upon all things and hear all things,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l277.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ἠέλιος","title":"Helios, the Sun","body":"Ἠέλιος, the Sun, is invoked here by his proper name as an oath-witness, in keeping with his traditional power to see and hear everything beneath him; rendered \"Helios\" rather than \"the Sun\" to keep him as a distinct divine figure among the other witnesses named in this prayer (Earth, the rivers, the powers below) — LOCKED as \"Helios.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἠέλιός","lemma":"Ἠέλιος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Helios"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐφορᾷς","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"ἐφορᾷς","lemma":"ἐφοράω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"behold"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐπακούεις","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"ἐπακούεις","lemma":"ἐπακούω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"hear"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b3-l278","source":"καὶ ποταμοὶ καὶ γαῖα, καὶ οἳ ὑπένερθε καμόντας","translation":"and the rivers, and the earth, and you who beneath the ground","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l278.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ποταμοὶ","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"rivers"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γαῖα","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τίνυσθον","gloss":"you who"},{"surface":"ὑπένερθε","lemma":"ὑπένερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὅτις","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"καμόντας","lemma":"κάμνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπους","gloss":"the dead"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b3-l279","source":"ἀνθρώπους τίνυσθον ὅτις κʼ ἐπίορκον ὀμόσσῃ,","translation":"punish men who have died, whoever swears a false oath —","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l279.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνθρώπους","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τίνυσθον","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"τίνυσθον","lemma":"τίνυμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd dual verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"punish","note":"The dual verb addresses the two powers below—probably Hades and Persephone—who punish perjurers after death."},{"surface":"ὅτις","lemma":"ὅστις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὀμόσσῃ","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"ἐπίορκον","lemma":"ἐπίορκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὀμόσσῃ","gloss":"a false oath"},{"surface":"ὀμόσσῃ","lemma":"ὄμνυμι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνθρώπους","gloss":"swears"}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b3-l280","source":"ὑμεῖς μάρτυροι ἔστε, φυλάσσετε δʼ ὅρκια πιστά·","translation":"be witnesses, and watch over the trusted oaths.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l280.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑμεῖς","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative plural pronoun","role":"subject of ἔστε","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μάρτυροι","lemma":"μάρτυρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"witnesses"},{"surface":"ἔστε","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"φυλάσσετε","lemma":"φυλάσσω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"guard"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of φυλάσσετε","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"πιστά","lemma":"πιστός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκια","gloss":"trusty"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b3-l281","source":"εἰ μέν κεν Μενέλαον Ἀλέξανδρος καταπέφνῃ","translation":"If Paris should slay Menelaus,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l281.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"Μενέλαον","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καταπέφνῃ","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρος","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καταπέφνῃ","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"καταπέφνῃ","lemma":"κατέπεφνον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"slays"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b3-l282","source":"αὐτὸς ἔπειθʼ Ἑλένην ἐχέτω καὶ κτήματα πάντα,","translation":"then let him keep Helen for himself, and all her goods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l282.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ἔπειθ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐχέτω","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἑλένην","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"ἐχέτω","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let him keep"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κτήματα","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κτήματα","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b3-l283","source":"ἡμεῖς δʼ ἐν νήεσσι νεώμεθα ποντοπόροισιν·","translation":"and we will sail home in our sea-faring ships;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l283.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of νεώμεθα","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νήεσσι","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"νεώμεθα","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"may return home"},{"surface":"ποντοπόροισιν","lemma":"ποντόπορος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νήεσσι","gloss":"seafaring"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b3-l284","source":"εἰ δέ κʼ Ἀλέξανδρον κτείνῃ ξανθὸς Μενέλαος,","translation":"but if golden-haired Menelaus should kill Paris,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l284.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ξανθὸς","title":"\"Golden-haired\" Menelaus","body":"ξανθός, \"tawny, golden-haired,\" is a standing epithet marking Menelaus's fair coloring, distinct from ἀρηΐφιλος \"dear to Ares\" and βοὴν ἀγαθὸς \"good at the war-cry,\" already locked for him — a third genuine epithet, each held to its own wording."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρον","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κτείνῃ","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"κτείνῃ","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"kills"},{"surface":"ξανθὸς","lemma":"ξανθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"blond"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κτείνῃ","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b3-l285","source":"Τρῶας ἔπειθʼ Ἑλένην καὶ κτήματα πάντʼ ἀποδοῦναι,","translation":"then let the Trojans give back Helen and all her goods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l285.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"ἔπειθ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἑλένην","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κτήματα","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"πάντ","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κτήματα","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀποδοῦναι","lemma":"ἀποδίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"to give back"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b3-l286","source":"τιμὴν δʼ Ἀργείοις ἀποτινέμεν ἥν τινʼ ἔοικεν,","translation":"and pay recompense to the Argives, whatever is fitting,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l286.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τιμὴν","lemma":"τιμή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀποτινέμεν","gloss":"recompense"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀργείοις","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀποτινέμεν","gloss":"to the Argives"},{"surface":"ἀποτινέμεν","lemma":"ἀποτίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"to pay"},{"surface":"ἥν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔοικεν","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τιν","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἥν","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ἔοικεν","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"is fitting"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b3-l287","source":"ἥ τε καὶ ἐσσομένοισι μετʼ ἀνθρώποισι πέληται.","translation":"such as will be remembered even among men to come.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l287.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of πέληται","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἐσσομένοισι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle participle, dative plural masculine","role":"modifies ἀνθρώποισι","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώποισι","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μετ̓","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"πέληται","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"may remain"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b3-l288","source":"εἰ δʼ ἂν ἐμοὶ τιμὴν Πρίαμος Πριάμοιό τε παῖδες","translation":"But if, when Paris has fallen, Priam and the sons of Priam","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l288.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of τίνειν","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"τιμὴν","lemma":"τιμή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τίνειν","gloss":"recompense"},{"surface":"Πρίαμος","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιό","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παῖδες","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παῖδες","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"sons"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b3-l289","source":"τίνειν οὐκ ἐθέλωσιν Ἀλεξάνδροιο πεσόντος,","translation":"are unwilling to pay me such recompense,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l289.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίνειν","lemma":"τίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλωσιν","gloss":"to pay"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐθέλωσιν","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"are willing"},{"surface":"Ἀλεξάνδροιο","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πεσόντος","gloss":"of Paris"},{"surface":"πεσόντος","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλωσιν","gloss":"having fallen"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b3-l290","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ καὶ ἔπειτα μαχήσομαι εἵνεκα ποινῆς","translation":"then I myself will go on fighting for the sake of that recompense,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l290.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ποινῆς","title":"ποινή: blood-price and recompense","body":"ποινή names the compensation owed for a wrong — most often the blood-price paid to a slain man's kin, extended here to the payment owed for the wrong of Helen's abduction; the same root that gives the later Greek word for punishment."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μαχήσομαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μαχήσομαι","gloss":"thereafter"},{"surface":"μαχήσομαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will fight"},{"surface":"εἵνεκα","lemma":"ἕνεκα","morphology":"preposition","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"for the sake of"},{"surface":"ποινῆς","lemma":"ποινή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to εἵνεκα","gloss":"recompense"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b3-l291","source":"αὖθι μένων, ἧός κε τέλος πολέμοιο κιχείω.","translation":"remaining here, until I win the war's fulfillment.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l291.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖθι","lemma":"αὖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μένων","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"μένων","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μαχήσομαι","gloss":"remaining"},{"surface":"ἧός","lemma":"ἕως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"τέλος","lemma":"τέλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of κιχείω","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τέλος","gloss":"of the war"},{"surface":"κιχείω","lemma":"κιχάνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἧός","gloss":"I attain"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b3-l292","source":"ἦ, καὶ ἀπὸ στομάχους ἀρνῶν τάμε νηλέϊ χαλκῷ·","translation":"So he spoke, and cut the lambs' throats with the pitiless bronze,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l292.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νηλέϊ χαλκῷ","title":"\"The pitiless bronze\"","body":"νηλὴς χαλκός, \"pitiless bronze,\" is a recurring Homeric formula naming the killing weapon itself as merciless rather than the man who wields it — the same grim personifying move Homer makes with weapons throughout the battle books."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke","note":"Formulaic ἦ καί resumes action after direct speech: “he spoke, and ….”"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"στομάχους","lemma":"στόμαχος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τάμε","gloss":"throats"},{"surface":"ἀρνῶν","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies στομάχους","gloss":"of lambs"},{"surface":"τάμε","lemma":"τέμνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cut"},{"surface":"νηλέϊ","lemma":"νηλής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"pitiless"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τάμε","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b3-l293","source":"καὶ τοὺς μὲν κατέθηκεν ἐπὶ χθονὸς ἀσπαίροντας","translation":"and laid them down upon the ground, gasping,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l293.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of κατέθηκεν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"κατέθηκεν","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"laid down"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"χθονὸς","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"ἀσπαίροντας","lemma":"ἀσπαίρω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"gasping"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b3-l294","source":"θυμοῦ δευομένους· ἀπὸ γὰρ μένος εἵλετο χαλκός.","translation":"their life failing; for the bronze had taken the strength from them.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l294.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θυμοῦ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of δευομένους","gloss":"of life"},{"surface":"δευομένους","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"lacking"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μένος","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἵλετο","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"εἵλετο","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"χαλκός","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἵλετο","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b3-l295","source":"οἶνον δʼ ἐκ κρητῆρος ἀφυσσόμενοι δεπάεσσιν","translation":"And drawing wine from the mixing bowl into their cups,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l295.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶνον","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔκχεον","gloss":"wine"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"κρητῆρος","lemma":"κρατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"mixing bowl"},{"surface":"ἀφυσσόμενοι","lemma":"ἀφύσσω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔκχεον","gloss":"drawing"},{"surface":"δεπάεσσιν","lemma":"δέπας","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔκχεον","gloss":"with cups"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b3-l296","source":"ἔκχεον, ἠδʼ εὔχοντο θεοῖς αἰειγενέτῃσιν.","translation":"they poured it out, and prayed to the gods who live forever.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l296.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔκχεον","lemma":"ἐκχέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured out"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὔχοντο","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"θεοῖς","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of εὔχοντο","gloss":"to gods"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b3-l297","source":"ὧδε δέ τις εἴπεσκεν Ἀχαιῶν τε Τρώων τε·","translation":"And thus would one say, of the Achaeans or the Trojans:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l297.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"εἴπεσκεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of Achaeans"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of Trojans"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b3-l298","source":"Ζεῦ κύδιστε μέγιστε καὶ ἀθάνατοι θεοὶ ἄλλοι","translation":"\"Zeus, most glorious, most great, and you other immortal gods,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l298.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεῦ","lemma":"ζεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"κύδιστε","lemma":"κύδιστος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"most glorious"},{"surface":"μέγιστε","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"greatest"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀθάνατοι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b3-l299","source":"ὁππότεροι πρότεροι ὑπὲρ ὅρκια πημήνειαν","translation":"whichever side first does harm beyond the oaths,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l299.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότεροι","lemma":"ὁπότερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of πημήνειαν","gloss":"whichever"},{"surface":"πρότεροι","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πημήνειαν","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"πημήνειαν","lemma":"πημαίνω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἐγκέφαλος","gloss":"should violate"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b3-l300","source":"ὧδέ σφʼ ἐγκέφαλος χαμάδις ῥέοι ὡς ὅδε οἶνος","translation":"may their brains flow to the ground like this wine,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l300.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδέ","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ῥέοι","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"σφ","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ἐγκέφαλος","lemma":"ἐγκέφαλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ῥέοι","gloss":"brains"},{"surface":"χαμάδις","lemma":"χαμάδις","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ῥέοι","gloss":"to the ground"},{"surface":"ῥέοι","lemma":"ῥέω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"may flow"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ὅδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies οἶνος","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"οἶνος","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b3-l301","source":"αὐτῶν καὶ τεκέων, ἄλοχοι δʼ ἄλλοισι δαμεῖεν.","translation":"theirs and their children's, and their wives be made subject to others.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l301.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτῶν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"of themselves"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τεκέων","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"of children"},{"surface":"ἄλοχοι","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of δαμεῖεν","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλλοισι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of δαμεῖεν","gloss":"to others"},{"surface":"δαμεῖεν","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"may be subjected"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b3-l302","source":"ὣς ἔφαν, οὐδʼ ἄρα πώ σφιν ἐπεκραίαινε Κρονίων.","translation":"So they spoke; but the son of Cronos did not yet grant them fulfillment.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l302.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they spoke"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπεκραίαινε","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"ἐπεκραίαινε","lemma":"ἐπικραίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fulfilled","note":"Zeus’ failure to fulfill the prayer foreshadows the oath’s collapse and the war’s continuation."},{"surface":"Κρονίων","lemma":"Κρονίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπεκραίαινε","gloss":"son of Cronos"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b3-l303","source":"τοῖσι δὲ Δαρδανίδης Πρίαμος μετὰ μῦθον ἔειπε·","translation":"And among them Priam, son of Dardanus, spoke a word:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l303.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Δαρδανίδης Πρίαμος","title":"Priam, son of Dardanus","body":"Δαρδανίδης names Priam by his remote ancestor Dardanus, founder of the Trojan royal line, distinct from the immediate patronymic Λαομεδοντιάδης \"son of Laomedon\" used earlier in this chunk (line 250) — both patronymics belong to Priam, naming him at different depths of the same genealogy."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔειπε","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Δαρδανίδης","lemma":"Δαρδανίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Πρίαμος","gloss":"son of Dardanus"},{"surface":"Πρίαμος","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔειπε","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔειπε","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ἔειπε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b3-l304","source":"κέκλυτέ μευ Τρῶες καὶ ἐϋκνήμιδες Ἀχαιοί·","translation":"\"Hear me, you Trojans and well-greaved Achaeans;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l304.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κέκλυτέ","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κέκλυτέ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐϋκνήμιδες","lemma":"ἐυκνήμις","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοί","gloss":"well-greaved"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b3-l305","source":"ἤτοι ἐγὼν εἶμι προτὶ Ἴλιον ἠνεμόεσσαν","translation":"I myself will go to windy Ilion","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l305.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἶμι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"εἶμι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"προτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Ἴλιον","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προτὶ","gloss":"Ilion"},{"surface":"ἠνεμόεσσαν","lemma":"ἠνεμόεις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἴλιον","gloss":"windy"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b3-l306","source":"ἄψ, ἐπεὶ οὔ πω τλήσομʼ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ὁρᾶσθαι","translation":"again, since I cannot yet bear to look with my own eyes","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l306.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἶμι","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τλήσομ","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"I will endure"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ὀφθαλμοῖσιν","lemma":"ὀφθαλμός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"my eyes"},{"surface":"ὁρᾶσθαι","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of τλήσομ̓","gloss":"to behold"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b3-l307","source":"μαρνάμενον φίλον υἱὸν ἀρηϊφίλῳ Μενελάῳ·","translation":"upon my dear son fighting with Menelaus, dear to Ares;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l307.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μαρνάμενον","lemma":"μάρναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fighting"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὁρᾶσθαι","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἀρηϊφίλῳ","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενελάῳ","gloss":"with Ares-loved"},{"surface":"Μενελάῳ","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μαρνάμενον","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b3-l308","source":"Ζεὺς μέν που τό γε οἶδε καὶ ἀθάνατοι θεοὶ ἄλλοι","translation":"Zeus, I suppose, and the other immortal gods know this,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l308.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"τό","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"οἶδε","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀθάνατοι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b3-l309","source":"ὁπποτέρῳ θανάτοιο τέλος πεπρωμένον ἐστίν.","translation":"for which of the two the end of death is fated.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l309.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁπποτέρῳ","lemma":"ὁπότερος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐστίν","gloss":"for which one"},{"surface":"θανάτοιο","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τέλος","gloss":"of death"},{"surface":"τέλος","lemma":"τέλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐστίν","gloss":"end"},{"surface":"πεπρωμένον","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"fated"},{"surface":"ἐστίν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"is"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b3-l310","source":"ἦ ῥα καὶ ἐς δίφρον ἄρνας θέτο ἰσόθεος φώς,","translation":"So speaking, the godlike man laid the lambs in the chariot,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l310.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"δίφρον","lemma":"δίφρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"chariot"},{"surface":"ἄρνας","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of θέτο","gloss":"lambs"},{"surface":"θέτο","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"placed"},{"surface":"ἰσόθεος","lemma":"ἰσόθεος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies φώς","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"φώς","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of θέτο","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b3-l311","source":"ἂν δʼ ἄρʼ ἔβαινʼ αὐτός, κατὰ δʼ ἡνία τεῖνεν ὀπίσσω·","translation":"and mounted himself, and drew the reins back taut behind him;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l311.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"up"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔβαιν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mounted"},{"surface":"αὐτός","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἡνία","lemma":"ἡνία","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of τεῖνεν","gloss":"reins"},{"surface":"τεῖνεν","lemma":"τείνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew taut"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τεῖνεν","gloss":"backward"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b3-l312","source":"πὰρ δέ οἱ Ἀντήνωρ περικαλλέα βήσετο δίφρον.","translation":"and beside him Antenor mounted the splendid chariot.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l312.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πὰρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to πὰρ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Ἀντήνωρ","lemma":"Ἀντήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βήσετο","gloss":"Antenor"},{"surface":"περικαλλέα","lemma":"περικαλλής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δίφρον","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"βήσετο","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"mounted"},{"surface":"δίφρον","lemma":"δίφρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βήσετο","gloss":"chariot"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b3-l313","source":"τὼ μὲν ἄρʼ ἄψορροι προτὶ Ἴλιον ἀπονέοντο·","translation":"And the two of them turned back and went again toward Ilion.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l313.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀπονέοντο","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄψορροι","lemma":"ἄψορρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"turning back"},{"surface":"προτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"Ἴλιον","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of προτὶ","gloss":"Ilion"},{"surface":"ἀπονέοντο","lemma":"ἀπονέομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went away"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b3-l314","source":"Ἕκτωρ δὲ Πριάμοιο πάϊς καὶ δῖος Ὀδυσσεὺς","translation":"But Hector, son of Priam, and godlike Odysseus","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l314.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Hector"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πάϊς","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεὺς","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b3-l315","source":"χῶρον μὲν πρῶτον διεμέτρεον, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα","translation":"first measured out the ground, and then","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l315.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χῶρον","lemma":"χῶρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of διεμέτρεον","gloss":"ground"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter superlative adjective","role":"adverbial to διεμέτρεον","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"διεμέτρεον","lemma":"διαμετρέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"measured out"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πάλλον","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b3-l316","source":"κλήρους ἐν κυνέῃ χαλκήρεϊ πάλλον ἑλόντες,","translation":"took lots and shook them in a bronze-fitted helmet,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l316.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κλήρους","lemma":"κλῆρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of πάλλον","gloss":"lots"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κυνέῃ","lemma":"κυνέη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"helmet"},{"surface":"χαλκήρεϊ","lemma":"χαλκήρης","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κυνέῃ","gloss":"bronze-fitted"},{"surface":"πάλλον","lemma":"πάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"ἑλόντες","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to πάλλον","gloss":"having taken"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b3-l317","source":"ὁππότερος δὴ πρόσθεν ἀφείη χάλκεον ἔγχος.","translation":"to see which of the two should cast his bronze spear first.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l317.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότερος","lemma":"ὁπότερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἀφείη","gloss":"which one"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀφείη","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἀφείη","lemma":"ἀφίημι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object","gloss":"should cast","note":"The optative in the indirect question expresses the issue to be decided by lot."},{"surface":"χάλκεον","lemma":"χάλκεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀφείη","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b3-l318","source":"λαοὶ δʼ ἠρήσαντο, θεοῖσι δὲ χεῖρας ἀνέσχον,","translation":"And the armies prayed, and lifted their hands to the gods,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l318.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λαοὶ","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠρήσαντο","gloss":"armies"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠρήσαντο","lemma":"ἀράομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"prayed"},{"surface":"θεοῖσι","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνέσχον","gloss":"to the gods"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χεῖρας","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀνέσχον","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἀνέσχον","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"raised"}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b3-l319","source":"ὧδε δέ τις εἴπεσκεν Ἀχαιῶν τε Τρώων τε·","translation":"and thus would one say, of the Achaeans or the Trojans:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l319.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"εἴπεσκεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of Achaeans"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of Trojans"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b3-l320","source":"Ζεῦ πάτερ Ἴδηθεν μεδέων κύδιστε μέγιστε","translation":"\"Father Zeus, ruling from Ida, most glorious, most great,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l320.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεῦ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"πάτερ","lemma":"πάτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεῦ","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Ἴδηθεν","lemma":"Ἴδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Ζεῦ","gloss":"from Ida"},{"surface":"μεδέων","lemma":"μεδέων","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies Ζεῦ","gloss":"ruling"},{"surface":"κύδιστε","lemma":"κύδιστος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"most glorious"},{"surface":"μέγιστε","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"greatest"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b3-l321","source":"ὁππότερος τάδε ἔργα μετʼ ἀμφοτέροισιν ἔθηκε,","translation":"whichever of the two brought about these deeds for both sides,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l321.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότερος","lemma":"ὁπότερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἔθηκε","gloss":"whichever"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔθηκε","gloss":"deeds"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέροισιν","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"both sides"},{"surface":"ἔθηκε","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τὸν","gloss":"caused"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b3-l322","source":"τὸν δὸς ἀποφθίμενον δῦναι δόμον Ἄϊδος εἴσω,","translation":"grant that he die and go down to the house of Hades,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l322.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δῦναι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὸς","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"ἀποφθίμενον","lemma":"ἀποφθίνω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δῦναι","gloss":"once dead"},{"surface":"δῦναι","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"to enter"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἴσω","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"Ἄϊδος","lemma":"Ἀΐδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"of Hades"},{"surface":"εἴσω","lemma":"εἴσω","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b3-l323","source":"ἡμῖν δʼ αὖ φιλότητα καὶ ὅρκια πιστὰ γενέσθαι.","translation":"and that friendship and trusted oaths be ours again.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l323.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμῖν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of γενέσθαι","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"φιλότητα","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"πιστὰ","lemma":"πιστός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκια","gloss":"trusty"},{"surface":"γενέσθαι","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"to arise"}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b3-l324","source":"ὣς ἄρʼ ἔφαν, πάλλεν δὲ μέγας κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ","translation":"So they spoke; and great Hector of the flashing helm shook the helmet,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l324.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔφαν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they spoke"},{"surface":"πάλλεν","lemma":"πάλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγας","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"κορυθαίολος","lemma":"κορυθαίολος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"flashing-helmed"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πάλλεν","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b3-l325","source":"ἂψ ὁρόων· Πάριος δὲ θοῶς ἐκ κλῆρος ὄρουσεν.","translation":"looking away as he did so; and swiftly the lot of Paris leapt out.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l325.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὁρόων","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"ὁρόων","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πάλλεν","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"Πάριος","lemma":"Πάρις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κλῆρος","gloss":"of Paris","note":"The lot determines that Paris will throw the first spear."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θοῶς","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄρουσεν","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"κλῆρος","lemma":"κλῆρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὄρουσεν","gloss":"lot"},{"surface":"ὄρουσεν","lemma":"ὀρούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leapt"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b3-l326","source":"οἳ μὲν ἔπειθʼ ἵζοντο κατὰ στίχας, ἧχι ἑκάστῳ","translation":"Then the rest sat down in their ranks, where each man's","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l326.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἵζοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἔπειθ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἵζοντο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἵζοντο","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"στίχας","lemma":"στίξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"ἧχι","lemma":"ἧχι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔκειτο","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ἑκάστῳ","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"for each"}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b3-l327","source":"ἵπποι ἀερσίποδες καὶ ποικίλα τεύχεʼ ἔκειτο·","translation":"high-stepping horses and richly wrought armor lay;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l327.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵπποι","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"ἀερσίποδες","lemma":"ἀερσίπους","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"high-stepping"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ποικίλα","lemma":"ποικίλος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχἐ","gloss":"richly wrought"},{"surface":"τεύχε","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"ἔκειτο","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἵζοντο","gloss":"lay"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b3-l328","source":"αὐτὰρ ὅ γʼ ἀμφʼ ὤμοισιν ἐδύσετο τεύχεα καλὰ","translation":"but he began to put on the fine armor about his shoulders,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l328.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"ὤμοισιν","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφ̓","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"ἐδύσετο","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐδύσετο","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"καλὰ","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχεα","gloss":"fine"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b3-l329","source":"δῖος Ἀλέξανδρος Ἑλένης πόσις ἠϋκόμοιο.","translation":"godlike Paris, husband of lovely-haired Helen.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l329.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δῖος","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀλέξανδρος","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρος","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"Ἑλένης","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πόσις","gloss":"of Helen"},{"surface":"πόσις","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ἠϋκόμοιο","lemma":"εὔκομος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἑλένης","gloss":"lovely-haired"}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b3-l330","source":"κνημῖδας μὲν πρῶτα περὶ κνήμῃσιν ἔθηκε","translation":"First he set greaves about his shins,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l330.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κνημῖδας","lemma":"κνημίς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔθηκε","gloss":"greaves"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔθηκε","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"κνήμῃσιν","lemma":"κνήμη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"shins"},{"surface":"ἔθηκε","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b3-l331","source":"καλάς, ἀργυρέοισιν ἐπισφυρίοις ἀραρυίας·","translation":"fine ones, fitted with silver ankle-pieces;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l331.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καλάς","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"ἀργυρέοισιν","lemma":"ἀργύρεος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπισφυρίοις","gloss":"silver"},{"surface":"ἐπισφυρίοις","lemma":"ἐπισφύρια","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀραρυίας","gloss":"ankle-pieces"},{"surface":"ἀραρυίας","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative plural feminine","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"fitted","note":"The perfect participle emphasizes that the greaves stand securely fitted with their ankle-pieces."}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b3-l332","source":"δεύτερον αὖ θώρηκα περὶ στήθεσσιν ἔδυνεν","translation":"and next he put on about his chest the corselet","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l332.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεύτερον","lemma":"δεύτερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔδυνεν","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"θώρηκα","lemma":"θώραξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔδυνεν","gloss":"corselet"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"στήθεσσιν","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"ἔδυνεν","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"put on"}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b3-l333","source":"οἷο κασιγνήτοιο Λυκάονος· ἥρμοσε δʼ αὐτῷ.","translation":"of his own brother Lycaon, and fitted it to himself.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l333.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Λυκάονος","title":"Lycaon, brother of Paris — not the father of Pandarus","body":"This Lycaon is a son of Priam, Paris's own brother, whose corselet Paris borrows here; he is a different figure from the Λυκάων already locked in Book 2's lockings as the father of Pandarus (Book 2 c09, line 826). Same name, two unrelated men — disambiguate by context wherever either recurs."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἷο","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κασιγνήτοιο","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"κασιγνήτοιο","lemma":"κασίγνητος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"Λυκάονος","lemma":"Λυκάων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"Lycaon"},{"surface":"ἥρμοσε","lemma":"ἁρμόζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it fitted"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἥρμοσε","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b3-l334","source":"ἀμφὶ δʼ ἄρʼ ὤμοισιν βάλετο ξίφος ἀργυρόηλον","translation":"And about his shoulders he slung his silver-studded sword","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l334.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὤμοισιν","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφὶ","gloss":"shoulders"},{"surface":"βάλετο","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slung"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βάλετο","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ἀργυρόηλον","lemma":"ἀργυρόηλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφος","gloss":"silver-studded"}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b3-l335","source":"χάλκεον, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα σάκος μέγα τε στιβαρόν τε·","translation":"of bronze, and then his shield, great and heavy;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l335.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χάλκεον","lemma":"χάλκεος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφος","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"σάκος","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"στιβαρόν","lemma":"στιβαρός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"sturdy"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b3-l336","source":"κρατὶ δʼ ἐπʼ ἰφθίμῳ κυνέην εὔτυκτον ἔθηκεν","translation":"and upon his strong head he set a well-made helmet","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l336.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κρατὶ","lemma":"κράς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπ̓","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἰφθίμῳ","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κρατὶ","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"κυνέην","lemma":"κυνέη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔθηκεν","gloss":"helmet"},{"surface":"εὔτυκτον","lemma":"εὔτυκτος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κυνέην","gloss":"well-made"},{"surface":"ἔθηκεν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b3-l337","source":"ἵππουριν· δεινὸν δὲ λόφος καθύπερθεν ἔνευεν·","translation":"with a horsehair crest; and terribly the plume nodded above it;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l337.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵππουριν","lemma":"ἵππουρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies κυνέην","gloss":"horsehair-crested"},{"surface":"δεινὸν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔνευεν","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λόφος","lemma":"λόφος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔνευεν","gloss":"plume"},{"surface":"καθύπερθεν","lemma":"καθύπερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔνευεν","gloss":"from above"},{"surface":"ἔνευεν","lemma":"νεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"nodded"}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b3-l338","source":"εἵλετο δʼ ἄλκιμον ἔγχος, ὅ οἱ παλάμηφιν ἀρήρει.","translation":"and he took up a strong spear, that fitted his grip.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l338.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἵλετο","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλκιμον","lemma":"ἄλκιμος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"stout"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἵλετο","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἀρήρει","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies παλάμηφιν","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"παλάμηφιν","lemma":"παλάμη","morphology":"genitive feminine noun","role":"object of ἀρήρει","gloss":"in his grip","note":"The epic ending -φι(ν) gives an instrumental or locative sense: the spear fitted “in his palm.”"},{"surface":"ἀρήρει","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἔγχος","gloss":"fitted"}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b3-l339","source":"ὣς δʼ αὔτως Μενέλαος ἀρήϊος ἔντεʼ ἔδυνεν.","translation":"In the same way warlike Menelaus put on his armor.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l339.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔδυνεν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὔτως","lemma":"αὔτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔδυνεν","gloss":"likewise"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔδυνεν","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"ἀρήϊος","lemma":"ἄρειος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"warlike"},{"surface":"ἔντε","lemma":"ἔντεα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔδυνεν","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"ἔδυνεν","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"put on"}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b3-l340","source":"οἳ δʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν ἑκάτερθεν ὁμίλου θωρήχθησαν,","translation":"Now when they had armed on each side of the throng,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l340.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστιχόωντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἑκάτερθεν","lemma":"ἑκάτερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θωρήχθησαν","gloss":"on either side"},{"surface":"ὁμίλου","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἑκάτερθεν","gloss":"of the throng"},{"surface":"θωρήχθησαν","lemma":"θωρήσσω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"had armed themselves"}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b3-l341","source":"ἐς μέσσον Τρώων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν ἐστιχόωντο","translation":"and walked forward into the middle ground between Trojans and Achaeans,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l341.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"μέσσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"the midst"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Achaeans"},{"surface":"ἐστιχόωντο","lemma":"στιχάομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they strode"}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b3-l342","source":"δεινὸν δερκόμενοι· θάμβος δʼ ἔχεν εἰσορόωντας","translation":"glaring terribly; and awe held the onlookers,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l342.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δεινὸν δερκόμενοι","title":"\"Glaring terribly\"","body":"δεινὸν δερκόμενοι, literally \"looking terribly,\" is held to this exact wording; it is related to but distinct from the locked hupodra formula τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη (\"glaring at him from under his brows\"), which marks an angry retort in speech rather than a champion's bearing before combat."}],"words":[{"surface":"δεινὸν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to δερκόμενοι","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"δερκόμενοι","lemma":"δέρκομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐστιχόωντο","gloss":"glaring"},{"surface":"θάμβος","lemma":"θάμβος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔχεν","gloss":"awe"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔχεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"εἰσορόωντας","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"object","gloss":"the onlookers"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b3-l343","source":"Τρῶάς θʼ ἱπποδάμους καὶ ἐϋκνήμιδας Ἀχαιούς.","translation":"both the horse-taming Trojans and the well-greaved Achaeans.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l343.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶάς","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἱπποδάμους","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρῶάς","gloss":"horse-taming"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐϋκνήμιδας","lemma":"ἐυκνήμις","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιούς","gloss":"well-greaved"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιούς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b3-l344","source":"καί ῥʼ ἐγγὺς στήτην διαμετρητῷ ἐνὶ χώρῳ","translation":"And they took their stand close together in the measured ground,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l344.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"διαμετρητῷ ἐνὶ χώρῳ","title":"The measured ground","body":"διαμετρητῷ, \"measured out,\" names the marked-off space between the two armies where formal single combat takes place — a deliberate, ritual arena, not just open plain."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐγγὺς","lemma":"ἐγγύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στήτην","gloss":"close together"},{"surface":"στήτην","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"the two stood","note":"στήτην is a dual verb: Paris and Menelaus, the two combatants, took their stand."},{"surface":"διαμετρητῷ","lemma":"διαμετρητός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χώρῳ","gloss":"measured out"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χώρῳ","lemma":"χῶρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"ground"}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b3-l345","source":"σείοντʼ ἐγχείας ἀλλήλοισιν κοτέοντε.","translation":"brandishing their spears at one another in fury.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l345.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σείοντ","lemma":"σείω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"brandishing"},{"surface":"ἐγχείας","lemma":"ἐγχείη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of σείοντ̓","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισιν","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of κοτέοντε","gloss":"at each other"},{"surface":"κοτέοντε","lemma":"κοτέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"raging"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b3-l346","source":"πρόσθε δʼ Ἀλέξανδρος προΐει δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος,","translation":"Paris hurled first, his long-shadowed spear,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l346.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος","title":"\"Long-shadowed spear\"","body":"δολιχόσκιον, \"long-shadowed,\" names the ash-wood shaft casting a long shadow as it is hurled — a recurring Homeric epithet for the spear, first drafted here and reused verbatim four lines later for Menelaus's throw (line 355)."}],"words":[{"surface":"πρόσθε","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προΐει","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρος","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προΐει","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"προΐει","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"δολιχόσκιον","lemma":"δολιχόσκιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"long-shadowed"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προΐει","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b3-l347","source":"καὶ βάλεν Ἀτρεΐδαο κατʼ ἀσπίδα πάντοσε ἴσην,","translation":"and struck the son of Atreus on his shield, equal on every side,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l347.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βάλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδαο","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀσπίδα","gloss":"of Atreus's son"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδα","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατ̓","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"πάντοσε","lemma":"πάντοσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ἴσην","gloss":"on every side"},{"surface":"ἴσην","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδα","gloss":"equal"}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b3-l348","source":"οὐδʼ ἔρρηξεν χαλκός, ἀνεγνάμφθη δέ οἱ αἰχμὴ","translation":"but the bronze did not break through; the point bent back","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l348.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρρηξεν","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"broke through"},{"surface":"χαλκός","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔρρηξεν","gloss":"the bronze point"},{"surface":"ἀνεγνάμφθη","lemma":"ἀναγνάμπτω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was bent back"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies αἰχμὴ","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"αἰχμὴ","lemma":"αἰχμή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἀνεγνάμφθη","gloss":"spearpoint"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b3-l349","source":"ἀσπίδʼ ἐνὶ κρατερῇ· ὃ δὲ δεύτερον ὄρνυτο χαλκῷ","translation":"against the mighty shield. Then he in turn rose up with his bronze,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l349.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀσπίδ","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κρατερῇ","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδ̓","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"δεύτερον","lemma":"δεύτερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὄρνυτο","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ὄρνυτο","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rose up"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὄρνυτο","gloss":"with bronze"}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b3-l350","source":"Ἀτρεΐδης Μενέλαος ἐπευξάμενος Διὶ πατρί·","translation":"the son of Atreus, Menelaus, praying to father Zeus:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l350.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδης","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"ἐπευξάμενος","lemma":"ἐπεύχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὄρνυτο","gloss":"having prayed"},{"surface":"Διὶ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπευξάμενος","gloss":"to Zeus"},{"surface":"πατρί","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Διὶ","gloss":"father"}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b3-l351","source":"Ζεῦ ἄνα δὸς τίσασθαι ὅ με πρότερος κάκʼ ἔοργε","translation":"\"Zeus, our lord, grant me vengeance on him who first did me wrong,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l351.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεῦ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"ἄνα","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δὸς","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"δὸς","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grant"},{"surface":"τίσασθαι","lemma":"τίνω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of δὸς","gloss":"to exact vengeance"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔοργε","gloss":"the one who"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔοργε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"πρότερος","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"κάκ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἔοργε","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"ἔοργε","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἀλέξανδρον","gloss":"has done"}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b3-l352","source":"δῖον Ἀλέξανδρον, καὶ ἐμῇς ὑπὸ χερσὶ δάμασσον,","translation":"godlike Paris, and subdue him beneath my hands,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l352.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δῖον Ἀλέξανδρον","title":"δῖος applied to Paris, distinct from θεοειδής","body":"δῖος, \"godlike\" — the same generic epithet already locked for other heroes (godlike Agamemnon, swift-footed godlike Achilles) — is here applied to Paris. It is a different Greek word from Paris's own standing epithet θεοειδής, \"of godlike form\" (also rendered \"godlike Paris\"); the two share an English rendering by coincidence, not by conflation, matching the precedent set for Agamemnon's δῖος at Book 3, chunk 0, line 120."}],"words":[{"surface":"δῖον","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀλέξανδρον","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρον","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τίσασθαι","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμῇς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χερσὶ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"χερσὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"δάμασσον","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"subdue"}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b3-l353","source":"ὄφρα τις ἐρρίγῃσι καὶ ὀψιγόνων ἀνθρώπων","translation":"so that even men yet to be born may shudder","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l353.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρρίγῃσι","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἐρρίγῃσι","lemma":"ῥιγέω","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"may shudder"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ὀψιγόνων","lemma":"ὀψίγονος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπων","gloss":"later-born"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b3-l354","source":"ξεινοδόκον κακὰ ῥέξαι, ὅ κεν φιλότητα παράσχῃ.","translation":"to wrong a host who has offered him friendship.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l354.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξεινοδόκον","lemma":"ξεινοδόκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ῥέξαι","gloss":"a host"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ῥέξαι","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"ῥέξαι","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐρρίγῃσι","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of παράσχῃ","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"φιλότητα","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of παράσχῃ","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"παράσχῃ","lemma":"παρέχω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ξεινοδόκον","gloss":"has offered"}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b3-l355","source":"ἦ ῥα καὶ ἀμπεπαλὼν προΐει δολιχόσκιον ἔγχος,","translation":"So he spoke, and poising it, hurled his long-shadowed spear,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l355.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμπεπαλὼν","lemma":"ἀναπάλλω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προΐει","gloss":"having poised it","note":"The reduplicated aorist participle describes balancing and brandishing the spear before the cast."},{"surface":"προΐει","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"δολιχόσκιον","lemma":"δολιχόσκιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"long-shadowed"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of προΐει","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b3-l356","source":"καὶ βάλε Πριαμίδαο κατʼ ἀσπίδα πάντοσε ἴσην·","translation":"and struck the son of Priam on his shield, equal on every side;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l356.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Πριαμίδαο","lemma":"Πριαμίδης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀσπίδα","gloss":"of Priam's son"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδα","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κατ̓","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"πάντοσε","lemma":"πάντοσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"on every side"},{"surface":"ἴσην","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδα","gloss":"equal"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b3-l357","source":"διὰ μὲν ἀσπίδος ἦλθε φαεινῆς ὄβριμον ἔγχος,","translation":"through the shining shield went the mighty spear,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l357.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"μέν anticipates the further καὶ διά in the next line: the spear passed through first the shield, then the corselet."},{"surface":"ἀσπίδος","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"φαεινῆς","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδος","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"ὄβριμον","lemma":"ὄβριμος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b3-l358","source":"καὶ διὰ θώρηκος πολυδαιδάλου ἠρήρειστο·","translation":"and through the corselet, richly worked, it drove on;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l358.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"θώρηκος","lemma":"θώραξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"corselet"},{"surface":"πολυδαιδάλου","lemma":"πολυδαίδαλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θώρηκος","gloss":"richly wrought"},{"surface":"ἠρήρειστο","lemma":"ἐρείδω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove onward"}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b3-l359","source":"ἀντικρὺ δὲ παραὶ λαπάρην διάμησε χιτῶνα","translation":"straight on, beside his flank, it tore through the tunic,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l359.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντικρὺ","lemma":"ἀντικρύ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to διάμησε","gloss":"straight through"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παραὶ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"λαπάρην","lemma":"λαπάρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παραὶ","gloss":"flank"},{"surface":"διάμησε","lemma":"διαμάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slashed through"},{"surface":"χιτῶνα","lemma":"χιτών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of διάμησε","gloss":"tunic"}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b3-l360","source":"ἔγχος· ὃ δʼ ἐκλίνθη καὶ ἀλεύατο κῆρα μέλαιναν.","translation":"the spear; but he bent aside and escaped black death.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l360.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of διάμησε","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐκλίνθη","lemma":"κλίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bent aside"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλεύατο","lemma":"ἀλέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"κῆρα","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀλεύατο","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"μέλαιναν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κῆρα","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b3-l361","source":"Ἀτρεΐδης δὲ ἐρυσσάμενος ξίφος ἀργυρόηλον","translation":"Then the son of Atreus, drawing his silver-studded sword,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l361.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ξίφος ἀργυρόηλον","title":"\"Silver-studded sword\" — confirmed reuse","body":"ξίφος ἀργυρόηλον is held to \"silver-studded sword,\" the rendering already locked for the identical Greek phrase in Book 2 (line 45, Agamemnon's arming). The same phrase also occurs at Book 3, line 334, in Paris's arming scene (chunk 2, lines 245–339) — confirmed reconciled there as \"his silver-studded sword.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδης","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πλῆξεν","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐρυσσάμενος","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πλῆξεν","gloss":"having drawn"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρυσσάμενος","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ἀργυρόηλον","lemma":"ἀργυρόηλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφος","gloss":"silver-studded"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b3-l362","source":"πλῆξεν ἀνασχόμενος κόρυθος φάλον· ἀμφὶ δʼ ἄρʼ αὐτῷ","translation":"swung it and struck the ridge of his helmet; but around it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l362.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πλῆξεν","lemma":"πλήσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"ἀνασχόμενος","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"aorist participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πλῆξεν","gloss":"having raised it"},{"surface":"κόρυθος","lemma":"κόρυς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies φάλον","gloss":"of the helmet"},{"surface":"φάλον","lemma":"φάλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πλῆξεν","gloss":"crest-ridge"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"it"}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b3-l363","source":"τριχθά τε καὶ τετραχθὰ διατρυφὲν ἔκπεσε χειρός.","translation":"shattered in three pieces, four, it fell from his hand.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l363.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τριχθά","lemma":"τριχθά","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"in three pieces"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τετραχθὰ","lemma":"τετραχθά","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"in four pieces"},{"surface":"διατρυφὲν","lemma":"διαθρύπτω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"adverbial to ἔκπεσε","gloss":"shattered"},{"surface":"ἔκπεσε","lemma":"ἐκπίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell from"},{"surface":"χειρός","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκπεσε","gloss":"his hand"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b3-l364","source":"Ἀτρεΐδης δʼ ᾤμωξεν ἰδὼν εἰς οὐρανὸν εὐρύν·","translation":"Then the son of Atreus groaned, looking up to the wide heaven:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l364.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδης","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ᾤμωξεν","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ᾤμωξεν","lemma":"οἰμώζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"groaned"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ᾤμωξεν","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"οὐρανὸν","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"εὐρύν","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανὸν","gloss":"broad"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b3-l365","source":"Ζεῦ πάτερ οὔ τις σεῖο θεῶν ὀλοώτερος ἄλλος·","translation":"\"Father Zeus, no god is more destructive than you;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l365.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεῦ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"πάτερ","lemma":"πάτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεῦ","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"σεῖο","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"modifies ὀλοώτερος","gloss":"than you"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of gods"},{"surface":"ὀλοώτερος","lemma":"ὀλοός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"more destructive"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b3-l366","source":"ἦ τʼ ἐφάμην τίσασθαι Ἀλέξανδρον κακότητος·","translation":"truly I thought to punish Paris for his evil,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l366.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐφάμην","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I thought"},{"surface":"τίσασθαι","lemma":"τίνω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ἐφάμην","gloss":"to punish"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρον","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τίσασθαι","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"κακότητος","lemma":"κακότης","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of τίσασθαι","gloss":"for his wickedness"}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b3-l367","source":"νῦν δέ μοι ἐν χείρεσσιν ἄγη ξίφος, ἐκ δέ μοι ἔγχος","translation":"but now the sword is broken in my hands, and my spear","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l367.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies χείρεσσιν","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"χείρεσσιν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ἄγη","lemma":"ἄγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has broken"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἄγη","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies παλάμηφιν","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἠΐχθη","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b3-l368","source":"ἠΐχθη παλάμηφιν ἐτώσιον, οὐδʼ ἔβαλόν μιν.","translation":"flew from my grip in vain, and I did not strike him.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l368.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠΐχθη","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shot away"},{"surface":"παλάμηφιν","lemma":"παλάμη","morphology":"genitive feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"from my grip","note":"The epic ending -φι(ν) here has an ablatival sense, “from the palm/grip.”"},{"surface":"ἐτώσιον","lemma":"ἐτώσιος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"ἔβαλόν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I struck"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔβαλόν","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b3-l369","source":"ἦ καὶ ἐπαΐξας κόρυθος λάβεν ἱπποδασείης,","translation":"He spoke, and rushing at him, seized his horsehair-crested helmet,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l369.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπαΐξας","lemma":"ἐπαίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to λάβεν","gloss":"rushing upon him"},{"surface":"κόρυθος","lemma":"κόρυς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of λάβεν","gloss":"by the helmet"},{"surface":"λάβεν","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"ἱπποδασείης","lemma":"ἱπποδάσεια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐπαΐξας","gloss":"horsehair-crested"}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b3-l370","source":"ἕλκε δʼ ἐπιστρέψας μετʼ ἐϋκνήμιδας Ἀχαιούς·","translation":"and, twisting it, dragged him toward the well-greaved Achaeans;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l370.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕλκε","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπιστρέψας","lemma":"ἐπιστρέφω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕλκε","gloss":"twisting it"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ἐϋκνήμιδας","lemma":"ἐυκνήμις","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιούς","gloss":"well-greaved"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιούς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b3-l371","source":"ἄγχε δέ μιν πολύκεστος ἱμὰς ἁπαλὴν ὑπὸ δειρήν,","translation":"and the embroidered chin-strap choked him beneath his soft throat,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l371.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄγχε","lemma":"ἄγχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was choking"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἄγχε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πολύκεστος","lemma":"πολύκεστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἱμὰς","gloss":"embroidered"},{"surface":"ἱμὰς","lemma":"ἱμάς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἄγχε","gloss":"strap"},{"surface":"ἁπαλὴν","lemma":"ἁπαλός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δειρήν","gloss":"soft"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"δειρήν","lemma":"δειρή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὸ","gloss":"throat"}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b3-l372","source":"ὅς οἱ ὑπʼ ἀνθερεῶνος ὀχεὺς τέτατο τρυφαλείης.","translation":"the strap that was drawn taut beneath his chin, the helmet's fastening.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l372.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τέτατο","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνθερεῶνος","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"ἀνθερεῶνος","lemma":"ἀνθερεών","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπ̓","gloss":"chin"},{"surface":"ὀχεὺς","lemma":"ὀχεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fastening"},{"surface":"τέτατο","lemma":"τείνω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἱμὰς","gloss":"was stretched taut"},{"surface":"τρυφαλείης","lemma":"τρυφάλεια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ὀχεὺς","gloss":"of the helmet"}]},{"number":373,"label":"373","id":"b3-l373","source":"καί νύ κεν εἴρυσσέν τε καὶ ἄσπετον ἤρατο κῦδος,","translation":"And now he would have dragged him off and won unspeakable glory,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l373.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would have","note":"κεν with the aorist indicatives marks an unreal past result, completed by εἰ μὴ in the next line."},{"surface":"εἴρυσσέν","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dragged him off"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἄσπετον","lemma":"ἄσπετος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies κῦδος","gloss":"unspeakable"},{"surface":"ἤρατο","lemma":"αἴρω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"won"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἤρατο","gloss":"glory"}]},{"number":374,"label":"374","id":"b3-l374","source":"εἰ μὴ ἄρʼ ὀξὺ νόησε Διὸς θυγάτηρ Ἀφροδίτη,","translation":"had not Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus, been quick to see it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l374.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Διὸς θυγάτηρ Ἀφροδίτη","title":"\"Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus\" — new locking","body":"Aphrodite has not yet had a formal entry in the name table; this is her first sustained appearance in the poem's drafted chunks. Διὸς θυγάτηρ Ἀφροδίτη, \"Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus,\" names her divine parentage and is held to this exact wording wherever it recurs, kept distinct from the other Aphrodite epithets drafted in this same chunk."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to νόησε","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"νόησε","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"had noticed"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θυγάτηρ","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"θυγάτηρ","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτη","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Aphrodite"}]},{"number":375,"label":"375","id":"b3-l375","source":"ἥ οἱ ῥῆξεν ἱμάντα βοὸς ἶφι κταμένοιο·","translation":"who broke the strap, cut from an ox slain by force;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l375.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ῥῆξεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἱμάντα","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"ῥῆξεν","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ἀφροδίτη","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"ἱμάντα","lemma":"ἱμάς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ῥῆξεν","gloss":"strap"},{"surface":"βοὸς","lemma":"βοῦς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἱμάντα","gloss":"of an ox"},{"surface":"ἶφι","lemma":"ἶφι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ῥῆξεν","gloss":"by force"},{"surface":"κταμένοιο","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"aorist participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"modifies βοὸς","gloss":"slain"}]},{"number":376,"label":"376","id":"b3-l376","source":"κεινὴ δὲ τρυφάλεια ἅμʼ ἕσπετο χειρὶ παχείῃ.","translation":"and the helmet came away empty, following his stout hand.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l376.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεινὴ","lemma":"κενός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τρυφάλεια","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τρυφάλεια","lemma":"τρυφάλεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἕσπετο","gloss":"helmet"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἕσπετο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"χειρὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἕσπετο","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"παχείῃ","lemma":"παχύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χειρὶ","gloss":"stout"}]},{"number":377,"label":"377","id":"b3-l377","source":"τὴν μὲν ἔπειθʼ ἥρως μετʼ ἐϋκνήμιδας Ἀχαιοὺς","translation":"This, then, the hero whirled toward the well-greaved Achaeans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l377.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ῥῖψ̓","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειθ","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ῥῖψ̓","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἥρως","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ῥῖψ̓","gloss":"the hero"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ἐϋκνήμιδας","lemma":"ἐυκνήμις","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοὺς","gloss":"well-greaved"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὺς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":378,"label":"378","id":"b3-l378","source":"ῥῖψʼ ἐπιδινήσας, κόμισαν δʼ ἐρίηρες ἑταῖροι·","translation":"flinging it spinning, and his trusted comrades gathered it up;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l378.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥῖψ","lemma":"ῥίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flung"},{"surface":"ἐπιδινήσας","lemma":"ἐπιδινέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ῥῖψ̓","gloss":"whirling it"},{"surface":"κόμισαν","lemma":"κομίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"caught it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐρίηρες","lemma":"ἐρίηρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"trusted"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of κόμισαν","gloss":"comrades"}]},{"number":379,"label":"379","id":"b3-l379","source":"αὐτὰρ ὃ ἂψ ἐπόρουσε κατακτάμεναι μενεαίνων","translation":"and he himself charged back again, furious to kill him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l379.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"back again"},{"surface":"ἐπόρουσε","lemma":"ἐπορούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"charged"},{"surface":"κατακτάμεναι","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μενεαίνων","gloss":"to kill him"},{"surface":"μενεαίνων","lemma":"μενεαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"raging"}]},{"number":380,"label":"380","id":"b3-l380","source":"ἔγχεϊ χαλκείῳ· τὸν δʼ ἐξήρπαξʼ Ἀφροδίτη","translation":"with his bronze spear. But Aphrodite snatched Paris away,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l380.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγχεϊ","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρουσε","gloss":"with spear"},{"surface":"χαλκείῳ","lemma":"χάλκειος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχεϊ","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξήρπαξ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐξήρπαξ","lemma":"ἐξαρπάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"snatched away"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτη","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐξήρπαξ̓","gloss":"Aphrodite"}]},{"number":381,"label":"381","id":"b3-l381","source":"ῥεῖα μάλʼ ὥς τε θεός, ἐκάλυψε δʼ ἄρʼ ἠέρι πολλῇ,","translation":"easily, as a god does, and wrapped him in thick mist,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l381.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥεῖα","lemma":"ῥεῖα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξήρπαξ̓","gloss":"easily"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as","note":"ὥς τε introduces a generic comparison: Aphrodite acted easily, as a god characteristically can."},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"typically"},{"surface":"θεός","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"ἐκάλυψε","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"covered"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἠέρι","lemma":"ἀήρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκάλυψε","gloss":"in mist"},{"surface":"πολλῇ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἠέρι","gloss":"thick"}]},{"number":382,"label":"382","id":"b3-l382","source":"κὰδ δʼ εἷσʼ ἐν θαλάμῳ εὐώδεϊ κηώεντι.","translation":"and set him down in his perfumed, fragrant chamber.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l382.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κὰδ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἷσ","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set him"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θαλάμῳ","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"chamber"},{"surface":"εὐώδεϊ","lemma":"εὐώδης","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"fragrant"},{"surface":"κηώεντι","lemma":"κηώεις","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"incense-scented"}]},{"number":383,"label":"383","id":"b3-l383","source":"αὐτὴ δʼ αὖ Ἑλένην καλέουσʼ ἴε· τὴν δὲ κίχανε","translation":"She herself then went to summon Helen; and she found her","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l383.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὴ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"Ἑλένην","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καλέουσ̓","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"καλέουσ","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἴε","gloss":"to summon"},{"surface":"ἴε","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κίχανε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κίχανε","lemma":"κιχάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"found"}]},{"number":384,"label":"384","id":"b3-l384","source":"πύργῳ ἐφʼ ὑψηλῷ, περὶ δὲ Τρῳαὶ ἅλις ἦσαν·","translation":"on the high tower, with the Trojan women crowded close about her;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l384.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πύργῳ","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐφ̓","gloss":"tower"},{"surface":"ἐφ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ὑψηλῷ","lemma":"ὑψηλός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πύργῳ","gloss":"high"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"around her"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρῳαὶ","lemma":"Τρωιός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of ἦσαν","gloss":"Trojan women"},{"surface":"ἅλις","lemma":"ἅλις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦσαν","gloss":"in crowds"},{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":385,"label":"385","id":"b3-l385","source":"χειρὶ δὲ νεκταρέου ἑανοῦ ἐτίναξε λαβοῦσα,","translation":"and taking hold of her fragrant robe, she shook it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l385.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χειρὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐτίναξε","gloss":"with her hand"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νεκταρέου","lemma":"νεκτάρεος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑανοῦ","gloss":"divine"},{"surface":"ἑανοῦ","lemma":"ἑανός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of λαβοῦσα","gloss":"robe"},{"surface":"ἐτίναξε","lemma":"τινάσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shook"},{"surface":"λαβοῦσα","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἐτίναξε","gloss":"taking hold"}]},{"number":386,"label":"386","id":"b3-l386","source":"γρηῒ δέ μιν ἐϊκυῖα παλαιγενέϊ προσέειπεν","translation":"and, likening herself to an aged woman, spoke to her,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l386.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γρηῒ","lemma":"γραῦς","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐϊκυῖα","gloss":"to an old woman"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπεν","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἐϊκυῖα","lemma":"εἰκός","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπεν","gloss":"likening herself"},{"surface":"παλαιγενέϊ","lemma":"παλαιγενής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies γρηῒ","gloss":"aged"},{"surface":"προσέειπεν","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":387,"label":"387","id":"b3-l387","source":"εἰροκόμῳ, ἥ οἱ Λακεδαίμονι ναιετοώσῃ","translation":"a wool-comber who, when Helen dwelt in Lacedaemon,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l387.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰροκόμῳ","lemma":"εἰροκόμος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γρηῒ","gloss":"a wool-comber"},{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δέ","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἤσκειν","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"Λακεδαίμονι","lemma":"Λακεδαίμων","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ναιετοώσῃ","gloss":"in Lacedaemon"},{"surface":"ναιετοώσῃ","lemma":"ναιετάω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"while she dwelt"}]},{"number":388,"label":"388","id":"b3-l388","source":"ἤσκειν εἴρια καλά, μάλιστα δέ μιν φιλέεσκε·","translation":"used to work fine wool for her, and whom she loved above all;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l388.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤσκειν","lemma":"ἀσκέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"used to work"},{"surface":"εἴρια","lemma":"ἔριον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἤσκειν","gloss":"wool"},{"surface":"καλά","lemma":"καλός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies εἴρια","gloss":"fine"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φιλέεσκε","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of φιλέεσκε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"φιλέεσκε","lemma":"φιλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δέ","gloss":"she loved","note":"The iterative suffix -εσκ- describes Helen’s habitual affection for the old wool-worker."}]},{"number":389,"label":"389","id":"b3-l389","source":"τῇ μιν ἐεισαμένη προσεφώνεε δῖʼ Ἀφροδίτη·","translation":"likening herself to her, shining Aphrodite spoke to her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l389.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δῖʼ Ἀφροδίτη","title":"\"Shining Aphrodite\" — new locking, distinct from her other epithets","body":"δῖα, the feminine of δῖος \"godlike/shining,\" paired with Aphrodite's name, is rendered \"shining Aphrodite\" — kept distinct from Διὸς θυγάτηρ Ἀφροδίτη (\"Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus\") and φιλομειδὴς Ἀφροδίτη (\"laughter-loving Aphrodite,\" line 424), three genuine standing epithets each held to its own fixed wording; this rendering is consistent with δῖος elsewhere in the poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐεισαμένη","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσεφώνεε","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"ἐεισαμένη","lemma":"εἴδομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσεφώνεε","gloss":"having likened"},{"surface":"προσεφώνεε","lemma":"προσφωνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"δῖ","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀφροδίτη","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτη","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσεφώνεε","gloss":"Aphrodite"}]},{"number":390,"label":"390","id":"b3-l390","source":"δεῦρʼ ἴθʼ· Ἀλέξανδρός σε καλεῖ οἶκον δὲ νέεσθαι.","translation":"\"Come here; Paris calls you to come home.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l390.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεῦρ","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἴθ̓","gloss":"come here"},{"surface":"ἴθ","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρός","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καλεῖ","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of νέεσθαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"καλεῖ","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of νέεσθαι","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νέεσθαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of καλεῖ","gloss":"to return"}]},{"number":391,"label":"391","id":"b3-l391","source":"κεῖνος ὅ γʼ ἐν θαλάμῳ καὶ δινωτοῖσι λέχεσσι","translation":"That one is in his chamber, on his inlaid bed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l391.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖνος","lemma":"κεῖνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"that man"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θαλάμῳ","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"chamber"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δινωτοῖσι","lemma":"δινωτός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies λέχεσσι","gloss":"inlaid"},{"surface":"λέχεσσι","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":392,"label":"392","id":"b3-l392","source":"κάλλεΐ τε στίλβων καὶ εἵμασιν· οὐδέ κε φαίης","translation":"shining in his beauty and his garments; you would not say","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l392.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κάλλεΐ","lemma":"κάλλος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"in beauty"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"στίλβων","lemma":"στίλβω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἵμασιν","lemma":"εἷμα","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"in garments"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"φαίης","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you say"}]},{"number":393,"label":"393","id":"b3-l393","source":"ἀνδρὶ μαχεσσάμενον τόν γʼ ἐλθεῖν, ἀλλὰ χορὸν δὲ","translation":"that he had come from fighting a man, but was going instead to a dance,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l393.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρὶ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μαχεσσάμενον","gloss":"with a man"},{"surface":"μαχεσσάμενον","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐλθεῖν","gloss":"having fought"},{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐλθεῖν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐλθεῖν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἠὲ","gloss":"to have come"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"χορὸν","lemma":"χορός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔρχεσθ̓","gloss":"to a dance"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"rather"}]},{"number":394,"label":"394","id":"b3-l394","source":"ἔρχεσθʼ, ἠὲ χοροῖο νέον λήγοντα καθίζειν.","translation":"or had just now ceased from dancing and sat down to rest.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l394.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔρχεσθ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἠὲ","gloss":"to be going"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"χοροῖο","lemma":"χορός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of λήγοντα","gloss":"from dancing"},{"surface":"νέον","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to λήγοντα","gloss":"just now"},{"surface":"λήγοντα","lemma":"λήγω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καθίζειν","gloss":"ceasing"},{"surface":"καθίζειν","lemma":"καθίζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἠὲ","gloss":"to sit down"}]},{"number":395,"label":"395","id":"b3-l395","source":"ὣς φάτο, τῇ δʼ ἄρα θυμὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν ὄρινε·","translation":"So she spoke, and stirred the heart within Helen's breast;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l395.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸν","gloss":"in her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὄρινε","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"στήθεσσιν","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"ὄρινε","lemma":"ὀρίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stirred"}]},{"number":396,"label":"396","id":"b3-l396","source":"καί ῥʼ ὡς οὖν ἐνόησε θεᾶς περικαλλέα δειρὴν","translation":"and when she then took note of the goddess's beautiful neck,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l396.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"ἐνόησε","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"she recognized"},{"surface":"θεᾶς","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the goddess"},{"surface":"περικαλλέα","lemma":"περικαλλής","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δειρὴν","gloss":"exceedingly beautiful"},{"surface":"δειρὴν","lemma":"δειρή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"neck"}]},{"number":397,"label":"397","id":"b3-l397","source":"στήθεά θʼ ἱμερόεντα καὶ ὄμματα μαρμαίροντα,","translation":"and her desirable breasts, and her flashing eyes,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l397.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στήθεά","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"breasts"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱμερόεντα","lemma":"ἱμερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies στήθεά","gloss":"desirable"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄμματα","lemma":"ὄμμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"μαρμαίροντα","lemma":"μαρμαίρω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural neuter","role":"modifies ὄμματα","gloss":"flashing"}]},{"number":398,"label":"398","id":"b3-l398","source":"θάμβησέν τʼ ἄρʼ ἔπειτα ἔπος τʼ ἔφατʼ ἔκ τʼ ὀνόμαζε·","translation":"she marveled then, and spoke a word, and called her by name:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l398.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θάμβησέν","lemma":"θαμβέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she marveled"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θάμβησέν","gloss":"thereafter"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔφατ̓","gloss":"a word"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out","note":"ἐκ combines with ὀνόμαζε in tmesis: she “called [her] out by name.”"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀνόμαζε","lemma":"ὀνομάζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called by name"}]},{"number":399,"label":"399","id":"b3-l399","source":"δαιμονίη, τί με ταῦτα λιλαίεαι ἠπεροπεύειν;","translation":"\"Strange one, why do you long to beguile me in this way?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l399.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δαιμονίη","title":"\"Strange one\" — an address of unease at the divine","body":"δαιμονίη is an address one uses toward someone acting beyond ordinary human bounds — half wonder, half rebuke. Helen recognizes the goddess beneath the disguise and answers her with this uneasy, pointed word rather than an ordinary greeting."}],"words":[{"surface":"δαιμονίη","lemma":"δαιμόνιος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"strange goddess"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to λιλαίεαι","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἠπεροπεύειν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἠπεροπεύειν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"λιλαίεαι","lemma":"λιλαίομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you desire"},{"surface":"ἠπεροπεύειν","lemma":"ἠπεροπεύω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of λιλαίεαι","gloss":"to deceive"}]},{"number":400,"label":"400","id":"b3-l400","source":"ἦ πῄ με προτέρω πολίων εὖ ναιομενάων","translation":"Will you lead me yet farther still, to some well-peopled city,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l400.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"πῄ","lemma":"πη","morphology":"particle","role":"object of ἄξεις","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἄξεις","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"προτέρω","lemma":"προτέρω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄξεις","gloss":"farther onward"},{"surface":"πολίων","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"of cities"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ναιομενάων","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"ναιομενάων","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural feminine","role":"modifies πολίων","gloss":"inhabited"}]},{"number":401,"label":"401","id":"b3-l401","source":"ἄξεις, ἢ Φρυγίης ἢ Μῃονίης ἐρατεινῆς,","translation":"either in Phrygia or lovely Maeonia,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l401.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄξεις","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"future active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will you lead"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"Φρυγίης","lemma":"Φρύγιος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"of Phrygia"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Μῃονίης","lemma":"Μῃονίη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"of Maeonia"},{"surface":"ἐρατεινῆς","lemma":"ἐρατεινός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Μῃονίης","gloss":"lovely"}]},{"number":402,"label":"402","id":"b3-l402","source":"εἴ τίς τοι καὶ κεῖθι φίλος μερόπων ἀνθρώπων·","translation":"if there too you have some man dear to you among mortal speakers —","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l402.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"κεῖθι","lemma":"ἐκεῖθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"μερόπων","lemma":"μέροψ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπων","gloss":"of mortal-speaking"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τίς","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":403,"label":"403","id":"b3-l403","source":"οὕνεκα δὴ νῦν δῖον Ἀλέξανδρον Μενέλαος","translation":"since now, because Menelaus has beaten godlike Paris,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l403.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕνεκα","lemma":"οὕνεκα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλει","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δῖον","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀλέξανδρον","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρον","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of νικήσας","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐθέλει","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":404,"label":"404","id":"b3-l404","source":"νικήσας ἐθέλει στυγερὴν ἐμὲ οἴκαδʼ ἄγεσθαι,","translation":"and wishes to lead me, hateful as I am, home again,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l404.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νικήσας","lemma":"νικάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλει","gloss":"having defeated"},{"surface":"ἐθέλει","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to οὕνεκα","gloss":"wishes"},{"surface":"στυγερὴν","lemma":"στυγερός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐμὲ","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"ἐμὲ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἄγεσθαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"οἴκαδ","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἄγεσθαι","gloss":"homeward"},{"surface":"ἄγεσθαι","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλει","gloss":"to lead"}]},{"number":405,"label":"405","id":"b3-l405","source":"τοὔνεκα δὴ νῦν δεῦρο δολοφρονέουσα παρέστης;","translation":"for this, then, have you come here now, weaving your treachery?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l405.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὔνεκα","lemma":"τοὔνεκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παρέστης","gloss":"for this reason"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παρέστης","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δεῦρο","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to παρέστης","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"δολοφρονέουσα","lemma":"δολοφρονέων","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to παρέστης","gloss":"plotting deceit"},{"surface":"παρέστης","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have you come"}]},{"number":406,"label":"406","id":"b3-l406","source":"ἧσο παρʼ αὐτὸν ἰοῦσα, θεῶν δʼ ἀπόεικε κελεύθου,","translation":"Go sit beside him yourself; renounce the paths of the gods,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l406.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"θεῶν δʼ ἀπόεικε κελεύθου","title":"Imperative of defiance","body":"ἀπόεικε, an aorist imperative from ἀπεῖκε (\"withdraw, give way\"), is a blunt command aimed at a goddess by a mortal woman — one of the boldest speech acts in the poem, and grammatically no different in form from an order one mortal might give another."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἧσο","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to παῤ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἰοῦσα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἧσο","gloss":"going","note":"Despite the transmitted lemma, ἰοῦσα is the feminine participle of εἶμι, “go,” not of εἰμί, “be.”"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κελεύθου","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀπόεικε","lemma":"ἀποείκω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"forsake"},{"surface":"κελεύθου","lemma":"κέλευθος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπόεικε","gloss":"path"}]},{"number":407,"label":"407","id":"b3-l407","source":"μηδʼ ἔτι σοῖσι πόδεσσιν ὑποστρέψειας Ὄλυμπον,","translation":"and let your feet never again turn back to Olympus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l407.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔτι","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὑποστρέψειας","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"σοῖσι","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόδεσσιν","gloss":"with your"},{"surface":"πόδεσσιν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑποστρέψειας","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"ὑποστρέψειας","lemma":"ὑποστρέφω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turn back"},{"surface":"Ὄλυμπον","lemma":"Ὄλυμπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὑποστρέψειας","gloss":"to Olympus"}]},{"number":408,"label":"408","id":"b3-l408","source":"ἀλλʼ αἰεὶ περὶ κεῖνον ὀΐζυε καί ἑ φύλασσε,","translation":"but forever grieve for him and keep watch over him,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l408.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὀΐζυε","title":"\"Grieve\" — Helen's curse, not a softened image","body":"ὀΐζυε is the imperative of ὀϊζύω, \"to suffer hardship, be wretched, wail\" (root ὀϊζύς, \"woe, misery\") — Helen is not asking Aphrodite to watch protectively over Paris but commanding her, as a curse, to become as miserable in servitude to him as Helen herself now is. Held to \"grieve,\" not a gentler image, per the fidelity mandate against softening her defiant speech."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"forever"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"κεῖνον","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ὀΐζυε","lemma":"ὀιζύω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grieve"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φύλασσε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"φύλασσε","lemma":"φυλάσσω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"watch"}]},{"number":409,"label":"409","id":"b3-l409","source":"εἰς ὅ κέ σʼ ἢ ἄλοχον ποιήσεται ἢ ὅ γε δούλην.","translation":"until he makes you his wife, or else his slave.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l409.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"until","note":"εἰς ὅ is an epic temporal conjunction, “until.”"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ποιήσεται","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ποιήσεται","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"ἄλοχον","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"complement of ἢ","gloss":"wife"},{"surface":"ποιήσεται","lemma":"ποιέω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰς","gloss":"he will make"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ποιήσεται","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δούλην","lemma":"δούλη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"complement of ἢ","gloss":"slave"}]},{"number":410,"label":"410","id":"b3-l410","source":"κεῖσε δʼ ἐγὼν οὐκ εἶμι· νεμεσσητὸν δέ κεν εἴη·","translation":"I will not go there; it would be shameful","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l410.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖσε","lemma":"ἐκεῖσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of εἶμι","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of εἶμι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"εἶμι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will go"},{"surface":"νεμεσσητὸν","lemma":"νεμεσητός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it be"}]},{"number":411,"label":"411","id":"b3-l411","source":"κείνου πορσανέουσα λέχος· Τρῳαὶ δέ μʼ ὀπίσσω","translation":"to tend his bed; all the women of Troy hereafter","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l411.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κείνου","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λέχος","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"πορσανέουσα","lemma":"πορσύνω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"tending"},{"surface":"λέχος","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πορσανέουσα","gloss":"bed"},{"surface":"Τρῳαὶ","lemma":"Τρωιός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of μωμήσονται","gloss":"Trojan women"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of μωμήσονται","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μωμήσονται","gloss":"afterward"}]},{"number":412,"label":"412","id":"b3-l412","source":"πᾶσαι μωμήσονται· ἔχω δʼ ἄχεʼ ἄκριτα θυμῷ.","translation":"will blame me for it, every one; and I have griefs beyond number in my heart.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l412.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσαι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies Τρῳαὶ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"μωμήσονται","lemma":"μωμάομαι","morphology":"future medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will blame"},{"surface":"ἔχω","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I have"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄχε","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχω","gloss":"griefs"},{"surface":"ἄκριτα","lemma":"ἄκριτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄχἐ","gloss":"boundless"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχω","gloss":"in my heart"}]},{"number":413,"label":"413","id":"b3-l413","source":"τὴν δὲ χολωσαμένη προσεφώνεε δῖʼ Ἀφροδίτη·","translation":"Then, in anger, shining Aphrodite spoke to her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l413.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσεφώνεε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"χολωσαμένη","lemma":"χολόω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσεφώνεε","gloss":"angered"},{"surface":"προσεφώνεε","lemma":"προσφωνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"δῖ","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀφροδίτη","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτη","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of προσεφώνεε","gloss":"Aphrodite"}]},{"number":414,"label":"414","id":"b3-l414","source":"μή μʼ ἔρεθε σχετλίη, μὴ χωσαμένη σε μεθείω,","translation":"\"Do not provoke me, rash woman, lest in my wrath I abandon you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l414.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔρεθε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἔρεθε","lemma":"ἐρέθω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"provoke"},{"surface":"σχετλίη","lemma":"σχέτλιος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"rash woman"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"χωσαμένη","lemma":"χώομαι","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to μεθείω","gloss":"angered"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of μεθείω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"μεθείω","lemma":"μεθίημι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"I abandon"}]},{"number":415,"label":"415","id":"b3-l415","source":"τὼς δέ σʼ ἀπεχθήρω ὡς νῦν ἔκπαγλʼ ἐφίλησα,","translation":"and hate you then as terribly as I now love you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l415.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὼς","lemma":"τώς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπεχθήρω","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀπεχθήρω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἀπεχθήρω","lemma":"ἀπεχθαίρω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"I come to hate"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐφίλησα","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἔκπαγλ","lemma":"ἔκπαγλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐφίλησα","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"ἐφίλησα","lemma":"φιλέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἀπεχθήρω","gloss":"I have loved"}]},{"number":416,"label":"416","id":"b3-l416","source":"μέσσῳ δʼ ἀμφοτέρων μητίσομαι ἔχθεα λυγρὰ","translation":"and contrive grim hatred between both peoples,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l416.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μέσσῳ","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of μητίσομαι","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρων","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"both peoples"},{"surface":"μητίσομαι","lemma":"μητίομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"I will devise"},{"surface":"ἔχθεα","lemma":"ἔχθος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of μητίσομαι","gloss":"hatreds"},{"surface":"λυγρὰ","lemma":"λυγρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔχθεα","gloss":"grievous"}]},{"number":417,"label":"417","id":"b3-l417","source":"Τρώων καὶ Δαναῶν, σὺ δέ κεν κακὸν οἶτον ὄληαι.","translation":"Trojans and Danaans, and you perish by an evil fate.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l417.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Δαναῶν","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Danaans"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ὄληαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶτον","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"οἶτον","lemma":"οἶτος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὄληαι","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"ὄληαι","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"perish"}]},{"number":418,"label":"418","id":"b3-l418","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, ἔδεισεν δʼ Ἑλένη Διὸς ἐκγεγαυῖα,","translation":"So she spoke, and Helen, born of Zeus, was afraid,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l418.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"ἔδεισεν","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"feared"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἑλένη","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐκγεγαυῖα","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"ἐκγεγαυῖα","lemma":"ἐκγίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"subject","gloss":"born"}]},{"number":419,"label":"419","id":"b3-l419","source":"βῆ δὲ κατασχομένη ἑανῷ ἀργῆτι φαεινῷ","translation":"and went, wrapped in her shining, radiant mantle,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l419.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she went"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατασχομένη","lemma":"κατέχω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"wrapped"},{"surface":"ἑανῷ","lemma":"ἑανός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀργῆτι","gloss":"in mantle"},{"surface":"ἀργῆτι","lemma":"ἀργής","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατασχομένη","gloss":"gleaming"},{"surface":"φαεινῷ","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀργῆτι","gloss":"bright"}]},{"number":420,"label":"420","id":"b3-l420","source":"σιγῇ, πάσας δὲ Τρῳὰς λάθεν· ἦρχε δὲ δαίμων.","translation":"in silence, unseen by all the Trojan women; and the goddess led the way.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l420.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σιγῇ","lemma":"σιγή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"πάσας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies Τρῳὰς","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρῳὰς","lemma":"Τρῳάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"object of λάθεν","gloss":"Trojan women"},{"surface":"λάθεν","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped notice of"},{"surface":"ἦρχε","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δαίμων","lemma":"δαίμων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦρχε","gloss":"the goddess"}]},{"number":421,"label":"421","id":"b3-l421","source":"αἳ δʼ ὅτʼ Ἀλεξάνδροιο δόμον περικαλλέʼ ἵκοντο,","translation":"And when they came to the beautiful house of Paris,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l421.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἵκοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Ἀλεξάνδροιο","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"of Paris"},{"surface":"δόμον","lemma":"δόμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἵκοντο","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"περικαλλέ","lemma":"περικαλλής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόμον","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"ἵκοντο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτ̓","gloss":"reached"}]},{"number":422,"label":"422","id":"b3-l422","source":"ἀμφίπολοι μὲν ἔπειτα θοῶς ἐπὶ ἔργα τράποντο,","translation":"the handmaids at once turned quickly to their tasks,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l422.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφίπολοι","lemma":"ἀμφίπολος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject of τράποντο","gloss":"handmaids"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τράποντο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"θοῶς","lemma":"θοός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τράποντο","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"tasks"},{"surface":"τράποντο","lemma":"τρέπω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turned"}]},{"number":423,"label":"423","id":"b3-l423","source":"ἣ δʼ εἰς ὑψόροφον θάλαμον κίε δῖα γυναικῶν.","translation":"but she, the shining one among women, went to the high-roofed chamber.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l423.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"ὑψόροφον","lemma":"ὑψόροφος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θάλαμον","gloss":"high-roofed"},{"surface":"θάλαμον","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"chamber"},{"surface":"κίε","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"δῖα","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"shining"},{"surface":"γυναικῶν","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δῖα","gloss":"among women"}]},{"number":424,"label":"424","id":"b3-l424","source":"τῇ δʼ ἄρα δίφρον ἑλοῦσα φιλομειδὴς Ἀφροδίτη","translation":"There, taking up a chair, laughter-loving Aphrodite","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l424.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"φιλομειδὴς Ἀφροδίτη","title":"\"Laughter-loving Aphrodite\" — new locking","body":"φιλομειδής, \"laughter-loving\" or \"smile-loving,\" is Aphrodite's most famous standing epithet across Greek epic; it is held to \"laughter-loving Aphrodite\" wherever it recurs, distinct from Διὸς θυγάτηρ (\"daughter of Zeus\") and δῖα (\"shining\"), the other two Aphrodite epithets locked in this chunk."}],"words":[{"surface":"τῇ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κατέθηκε","gloss":"for her"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"δίφρον","lemma":"δίφρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατέθηκε","gloss":"chair"},{"surface":"ἑλοῦσα","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"future active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κατέθηκε","gloss":"having taken"},{"surface":"φιλομειδὴς","lemma":"φιλομμειδής","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀφροδίτη","gloss":"laughter-loving"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτη","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Aphrodite"}]},{"number":425,"label":"425","id":"b3-l425","source":"ἀντίʼ Ἀλεξάνδροιο θεὰ κατέθηκε φέρουσα·","translation":"herself set it down, facing Paris, carrying it there.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l425.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντί","lemma":"ἀντίος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"preposition","gloss":"facing"},{"surface":"Ἀλεξάνδροιο","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀντί̓","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"θεὰ","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"the goddess"},{"surface":"κατέθηκε","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set down"},{"surface":"φέρουσα","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κατέθηκε","gloss":"carrying"}]},{"number":426,"label":"426","id":"b3-l426","source":"ἔνθα κάθιζʼ Ἑλένη κούρη Διὸς αἰγιόχοιο","translation":"There Helen sat down, daughter of Zeus who bears the aegis,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l426.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κάθιζ̓","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"κάθιζ","lemma":"καθίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat down"},{"surface":"Ἑλένη","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"κούρη","lemma":"κόρη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κούρη","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"αἰγιόχοιο","lemma":"αἰγίοχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διὸς","gloss":"aegis-bearing"}]},{"number":427,"label":"427","id":"b3-l427","source":"ὄσσε πάλιν κλίνασα, πόσιν δʼ ἠνίπαπε μύθῳ·","translation":"turning her eyes away, and rebuked her husband in speech:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l427.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσα","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"object of κλίνασα","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"πάλιν","lemma":"πάλιν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κλίνασα","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"κλίνασα","lemma":"κλίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κάθιζ̓","gloss":"turning"},{"surface":"πόσιν","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠνίπαπε","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠνίπαπε","lemma":"ἐνίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rebuked"},{"surface":"μύθῳ","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἠνίπαπε","gloss":"with words"}]},{"number":428,"label":"428","id":"b3-l428","source":"ἤλυθες ἐκ πολέμου· ὡς ὤφελες αὐτόθʼ ὀλέσθαι","translation":"\"So you have come back from the fighting; would that you had died there,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l428.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤλυθες","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you have returned"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πολέμου","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would that"},{"surface":"ὤφελες","lemma":"ὀφείλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you ought"},{"surface":"αὐτόθ","lemma":"αὐτόθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀλέσθαι","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ὀλέσθαι","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of ὤφελες","gloss":"to have died"}]},{"number":429,"label":"429","id":"b3-l429","source":"ἀνδρὶ δαμεὶς κρατερῷ, ὃς ἐμὸς πρότερος πόσις ἦεν.","translation":"beaten by the mighty man who was my former husband.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l429.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρὶ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δαμεὶς","gloss":"by the man"},{"surface":"δαμεὶς","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὀλέσθαι","gloss":"subdued"},{"surface":"κρατερῷ","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρὶ","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἐμὸς","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόσις","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"πρότερος","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"former"},{"surface":"πόσις","lemma":"πόσις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἀνδρὶ","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":430,"label":"430","id":"b3-l430","source":"ἦ μὲν δὴ πρίν γʼ εὔχεʼ ἀρηϊφίλου Μενελάου","translation":"Truly before now you boasted that against Menelaus, dear to Ares,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l430.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"πρίν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εὔχἐ","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"εὔχε","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you boasted","note":"Middle εὔχεο can mean “you boasted,” not merely “you prayed.”"},{"surface":"ἀρηϊφίλου","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενελάου","gloss":"dear to Ares"},{"surface":"Μενελάου","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies φέρτερος","gloss":"than Menelaus"}]},{"number":431,"label":"431","id":"b3-l431","source":"σῇ τε βίῃ καὶ χερσὶ καὶ ἔγχεϊ φέρτερος εἶναι·","translation":"you were the better man in strength, and in hands, and with the spear;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l431.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σῇ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies βίῃ","gloss":"in your"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"βίῃ","lemma":"βία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χερσὶ","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔγχεϊ","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"φέρτερος","lemma":"φέρτατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of εὔχἐ","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":432,"label":"432","id":"b3-l432","source":"ἀλλʼ ἴθι νῦν προκάλεσσαι ἀρηΐφιλον Μενέλαον","translation":"but go now, challenge Menelaus, dear to Ares,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l432.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἴθι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προκάλεσσαι","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"προκάλεσσαι","lemma":"προκαλέω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"challenge"},{"surface":"ἀρηΐφιλον","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαον","gloss":"dear to Ares"},{"surface":"Μενέλαον","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προκάλεσσαι","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":433,"label":"433","id":"b3-l433","source":"ἐξαῦτις μαχέσασθαι ἐναντίον· ἀλλά σʼ ἔγωγε","translation":"once again to fight you face to face; but I myself","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l433.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξαῦτις","lemma":"ἐξαῦτις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μαχέσασθαι","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"μαχέσασθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to προκάλεσσαι","gloss":"to fight"},{"surface":"ἐναντίον","lemma":"ἐναντίον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μαχέσασθαι","gloss":"face-to-face"},{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔγωγε","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of κέλομαι","gloss":"I myself"}]},{"number":434,"label":"434","id":"b3-l434","source":"παύεσθαι κέλομαι, μηδὲ ξανθῷ Μενελάῳ","translation":"bid you hold back, and not with golden-haired Menelaus","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l434.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ξανθῷ Μενελάῳ","title":"\"Golden-haired Menelaus\" — confirmed match with chunk 2","body":"ξανθός, \"tawny, golden\" (of hair), is a standing epithet for Menelaus, distinct from ἀρηΐφιλος (\"dear to Ares\") and βοὴν ἀγαθὸς (\"good at the war-cry\") already locked. The same epithet-name unit (nominative ξανθὸς Μενέλαος) is drafted at Book 3, line 284 in chunk 2 as \"golden-haired Menelaus\" — this dative occurrence at line 434 is held to that identical wording per the epithet-stability rule."}],"words":[{"surface":"παύεσθαι","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"to refrain"},{"surface":"κέλομαι","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urge"},{"surface":"ξανθῷ","lemma":"ξανθός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενελάῳ","gloss":"with golden-haired"},{"surface":"Μενελάῳ","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":435,"label":"435","id":"b3-l435","source":"ἀντίβιον πόλεμον πολεμίζειν ἠδὲ μάχεσθαι","translation":"wage war and fight man to man in open combat,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l435.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀντίβιον","lemma":"ἀντίβιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἠδὲ","gloss":"face-to-face"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πολεμίζειν","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"πολεμίζειν","lemma":"πολεμίζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"to wage"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":436,"label":"436","id":"b3-l436","source":"ἀφραδέως, μή πως τάχʼ ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ δουρὶ δαμήῃς.","translation":"recklessly, lest somehow you fall quickly by his spear.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l436.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀφραδέως","lemma":"ἀφραδής","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠδὲ","gloss":"recklessly"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"τάχ","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δαμήῃς","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δουρὶ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπ̓","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"δαμήῃς","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to μή","gloss":"you be slain"}]},{"number":437,"label":"437","id":"b3-l437","source":"τὴν δὲ Πάρις μύθοισιν ἀμειβόμενος προσέειπε·","translation":"Then Paris answered her, and said in speech:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l437.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέειπε","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Πάρις","lemma":"Πάρις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέειπε","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"μύθοισιν","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"with words"},{"surface":"ἀμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέειπε","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέειπε","lemma":"προσεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":438,"label":"438","id":"b3-l438","source":"μή με γύναι χαλεποῖσιν ὀνείδεσι θυμὸν ἔνιπτε·","translation":"\"Do not taunt me, woman, with harsh reproaches;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l438.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔνιπτε","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"γύναι","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"χαλεποῖσιν","lemma":"χαλεπός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὀνείδεσι","gloss":"with harsh"},{"surface":"ὀνείδεσι","lemma":"ὄνειδος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἔνιπτε","gloss":"reproaches"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔνιπτε","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἔνιπτε","lemma":"ἐνίπτω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"revile"}]},{"number":439,"label":"439","id":"b3-l439","source":"νῦν μὲν γὰρ Μενέλαος ἐνίκησεν σὺν Ἀθήνῃ,","translation":"for now Menelaus has won, with Athena's help,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l439.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐνίκησεν","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐνίκησεν","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"ἐνίκησεν","lemma":"νικάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"has defeated me"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνῃ","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":440,"label":"440","id":"b3-l440","source":"κεῖνον δʼ αὖτις ἐγώ· πάρα γὰρ θεοί εἰσι καὶ ἡμῖν.","translation":"but another time I will win him; for we too have gods on our side.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l440.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖνον","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"another time"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"πάρα","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beside us"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"θεοί","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of εἰσι","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"εἰσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἡμῖν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἰσι","gloss":"for us"}]},{"number":441,"label":"441","id":"b3-l441","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε δὴ φιλότητι τραπείομεν εὐνηθέντε·","translation":"But come, let us turn to bed and take our pleasure in love;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l441.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"φιλότητι","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τραπείομεν","gloss":"in lovemaking"},{"surface":"τραπείομεν","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"aorist passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us turn"},{"surface":"εὐνηθέντε","lemma":"εὐνάω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to τραπείομεν","gloss":"lying together"}]},{"number":442,"label":"442","id":"b3-l442","source":"οὐ γάρ πώ ποτέ μʼ ὧδέ γʼ ἔρως φρένας ἀμφεκάλυψεν,","translation":"never has desire so wholly enfolded my heart,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l442.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ποτέ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἀμφεκάλυψεν","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφεκάλυψεν","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ὧδέ","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀμφεκάλυψεν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔρως","lemma":"ἔρως","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀμφεκάλυψεν","gloss":"desire"},{"surface":"φρένας","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφεκάλυψεν","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἀμφεκάλυψεν","lemma":"ἀμφικαλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"enfolded"}]},{"number":443,"label":"443","id":"b3-l443","source":"οὐδʼ ὅτε σε πρῶτον Λακεδαίμονος ἐξ ἐρατεινῆς","translation":"not even when first, from lovely Lacedaemon,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l443.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἁρπάξας","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔπλεον","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"Λακεδαίμονος","lemma":"Λακεδαίμων","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"from Lacedaemon"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ἐρατεινῆς","lemma":"ἐρατεινός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Λακεδαίμονος","gloss":"lovely"}]},{"number":444,"label":"444","id":"b3-l444","source":"ἔπλεον ἁρπάξας ἐν ποντοπόροισι νέεσσι,","translation":"I sailed off, having seized you, in my ships that cross the sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l444.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔπλεον","lemma":"πλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"I sailed"},{"surface":"ἁρπάξας","lemma":"ἁρπάζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔπλεον","gloss":"having seized"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ποντοπόροισι","lemma":"ποντόπορος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νέεσσι","gloss":"seafaring"},{"surface":"νέεσσι","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ships"}]},{"number":445,"label":"445","id":"b3-l445","source":"νήσῳ δʼ ἐν Κραναῇ ἐμίγην φιλότητι καὶ εὐνῇ,","translation":"and on the island of Cranae lay with you in love and in bed,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l445.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νήσῳ","lemma":"νῆσος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"on the island"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"Κραναῇ","lemma":"κραναός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies νήσῳ","gloss":"Cranae"},{"surface":"ἐμίγην","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"I lay with you"},{"surface":"φιλότητι","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὐνῇ","lemma":"εὐνή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":446,"label":"446","id":"b3-l446","source":"ὥς σεο νῦν ἔραμαι καί με γλυκὺς ἵμερος αἱρεῖ.","translation":"as I desire you now, and sweet longing seizes me.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l446.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"σεο","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔραμαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καί","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἔραμαι","lemma":"ἔραμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"I desire"},{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of αἱρεῖ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"γλυκὺς","lemma":"γλυκύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵμερος","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"ἵμερος","lemma":"ἵμερος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of αἱρεῖ","gloss":"longing"},{"surface":"αἱρεῖ","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καί","gloss":"seizes"}]},{"number":447,"label":"447","id":"b3-l447","source":"ἦ ῥα, καὶ ἄρχε λέχος δὲ κιών· ἅμα δʼ εἵπετʼ ἄκοιτις.","translation":"He spoke, and led the way to bed; and his wife followed with him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l447.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρχε","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"led the way"},{"surface":"λέχος","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἄρχε","gloss":"to bed"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κιών","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἄρχε","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἵπετ̓","gloss":"with him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἵπετ","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"ἄκοιτις","lemma":"ἄκοιτις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of εἵπετ̓","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":448,"label":"448","id":"b3-l448","source":"τὼ μὲν ἄρʼ ἐν τρητοῖσι κατεύνασθεν λεχέεσσιν,","translation":"So the two of them lay down together on the corded bed,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l448.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κατεύνασθεν","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"τρητοῖσι","lemma":"τρητός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies λεχέεσσιν","gloss":"corded"},{"surface":"κατεύνασθεν","lemma":"κατευνάζω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay down","note":"The dual verb matches τώ: Paris and Helen, the two of them, lay down."},{"surface":"λεχέεσσιν","lemma":"λέχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"bed"}]},{"number":449,"label":"449","id":"b3-l449","source":"Ἀτρεΐδης δʼ ἀνʼ ὅμιλον ἐφοίτα θηρὶ ἐοικὼς","translation":"but the son of Atreus prowled through the throng, like a wild beast,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l449.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θηρὶ ἐοικὼς","title":"The wild-beast simile","body":"θηρὶ ἐοικώς, \"like a wild beast,\" casts Menelaus's search through the ranks as a hunting animal's prowl — a stark contrast to the lion simile that greeted his first sight of Paris (line 23), now curdled into frustrated, thwarted rage after the goddess has stolen his prey away."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδης","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐφοίτα","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀν","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀν̓","gloss":"throng"},{"surface":"ἐφοίτα","lemma":"φοιτάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"prowled"},{"surface":"θηρὶ","lemma":"θήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐοικὼς","gloss":"a beast"},{"surface":"ἐοικὼς","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐφοίτα","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":450,"label":"450","id":"b3-l450","source":"εἴ που ἐσαθρήσειεν Ἀλέξανδρον θεοειδέα.","translation":"if anywhere he might catch sight of godlike Paris.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l450.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"ἐσαθρήσειεν","lemma":"εἰσαθρέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"he might spy"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρον","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐσαθρήσειεν","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"θεοειδέα","lemma":"θεοειδής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀλέξανδρον","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":451,"label":"451","id":"b3-l451","source":"ἀλλʼ οὔ τις δύνατο Τρώων κλειτῶν τʼ ἐπικούρων","translation":"But no one among the Trojans or their famed allies","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l451.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δύνατο","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"δύνατο","lemma":"δύναμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was able"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies τ̓","gloss":"of Trojans"},{"surface":"κλειτῶν","lemma":"κλειτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐπικούρων","gloss":"famed"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπικούρων","lemma":"ἐπίκουρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τ̓","gloss":"allies"}]},{"number":452,"label":"452","id":"b3-l452","source":"δεῖξαι Ἀλέξανδρον τότʼ ἀρηϊφίλῳ Μενελάῳ·","translation":"could point out Paris then to Menelaus, dear to Ares;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l452.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεῖξαι","lemma":"δείκνυμι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δύνατο","gloss":"to point out"},{"surface":"Ἀλέξανδρον","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δεῖξαι","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δύνατο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀρηϊφίλῳ","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενελάῳ","gloss":"dear to Ares"},{"surface":"Μενελάῳ","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δεῖξαι","gloss":"to Menelaus"}]},{"number":453,"label":"453","id":"b3-l453","source":"οὐ μὲν γὰρ φιλότητί γʼ ἐκεύθανον εἴ τις ἴδοιτο·","translation":"for not out of love would they have hidden him, had anyone seen him;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l453.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"φιλότητί","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐκεύθανον","gloss":"from friendship"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"ἐκεύθανον","lemma":"κευθάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would have hidden"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴδοιτο","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ἴδοιτο","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"had seen him"}]},{"number":454,"label":"454","id":"b3-l454","source":"ἶσον γάρ σφιν πᾶσιν ἀπήχθετο κηρὶ μελαίνῃ.","translation":"for he was hated by all of them alike as black death.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l454.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἶσον","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀπήχθετο","gloss":"equally"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπήχθετο","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σφιν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἀπήχθετο","lemma":"ἀπεχθάνομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he was hated"},{"surface":"κηρὶ","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἶσον","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"μελαίνῃ","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κηρὶ","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":455,"label":"455","id":"b3-l455","source":"τοῖσι δὲ καὶ μετέειπεν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων·","translation":"Then among them spoke Agamemnon, lord of men:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l455.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖσι","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of μετέειπεν","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"μετέειπεν","lemma":"μετεῖπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ἄναξ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄναξ","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μετέειπεν","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":456,"label":"456","id":"b3-l456","source":"κέκλυτέ μευ Τρῶες καὶ Δάρδανοι ἠδʼ ἐπίκουροι·","translation":"\"Hear me, you Trojans and Dardanians and allies;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l456.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κέκλυτέ","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hear"},{"surface":"μευ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κέκλυτέ","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Δάρδανοι","lemma":"Δάρδανος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Dardanians"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπίκουροι","lemma":"ἐπίκουρος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"allies"}]},{"number":457,"label":"457","id":"b3-l457","source":"νίκη μὲν δὴ φαίνετʼ ἀρηϊφίλου Μενελάου,","translation":"the victory plainly belongs to Menelaus, dear to Ares;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l457.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"νίκη μὲν δὴ φαίνετʼ ἀρηϊφίλου Μενελάου","title":"Echo of the oath-terms (chunk 2, lines 245–339)","body":"This line and the two that follow restate, in the voice of victory now declared, the very terms Menelaus himself set at the oath-swearing (chunk 2, lines 284–287): the winner takes the woman and her possessions, with recompense besides. Line 460 (ἥ τε καὶ ἐσσομένοισι μετʼ ἀνθρώποισι πέληται) is textually identical to line 287 and is held to that chunk's exact wording, \"such as will be remembered even among men to come\"; line 459 shares the clause τιμὴν ἀποτινέμεν ἥν τινʼ ἔοικεν with line 286 (\"pay recompense ... whatever is fitting\") and is aligned to match, though the two lines are not fully identical Greek."}],"words":[{"surface":"νίκη","lemma":"νίκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of φαίνετ̓","gloss":"victory"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"φαίνετ","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"appears to be"},{"surface":"ἀρηϊφίλου","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενελάου","gloss":"dear to Ares"},{"surface":"Μενελάου","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies νίκη","gloss":"Menelaus’s"}]},{"number":458,"label":"458","id":"b3-l458","source":"ὑμεῖς δʼ Ἀργείην Ἑλένην καὶ κτήμαθʼ ἅμʼ αὐτῇ","translation":"so give back Argive Helen, and the possessions with her,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l458.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑμεῖς","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative plural pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀργείην","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἑλένην","gloss":"Argive"},{"surface":"Ἑλένην","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κτήμαθ","lemma":"κτῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"possessions"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"αὐτῇ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἅμ̓","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":459,"label":"459","id":"b3-l459","source":"ἔκδοτε, καὶ τιμὴν ἀποτινέμεν ἥν τινʼ ἔοικεν,","translation":"and pay recompense, whatever is fitting,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l459.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔκδοτε","lemma":"ἐκδίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"give back"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τιμὴν","lemma":"τιμή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀποτινέμεν","gloss":"recompense"},{"surface":"ἀποτινέμεν","lemma":"ἀποτίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"pay"},{"surface":"ἥν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἔοικεν","gloss":"whatever"},{"surface":"τιν","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἥν","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ἔοικεν","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τιμὴν","gloss":"is fitting"}]},{"number":460,"label":"460","id":"b3-l460","source":"ἥ τε καὶ ἐσσομένοισι μετʼ ἀνθρώποισι πέληται.","translation":"such as will be remembered even among men to come.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l460.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of πέληται","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ἐσσομένοισι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle participle, dative plural masculine","role":"modifies ἀνθρώποισι","gloss":"future"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώποισι","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"πέληται","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τιμὴν","gloss":"may endure"}]},{"number":461,"label":"461","id":"b3-l461","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ Ἀτρεΐδης, ἐπὶ δʼ ᾔνεον ἄλλοι Ἀχαιοί.","translation":"So spoke the son of Atreus, and the other Achaeans shouted their assent.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b3-l461.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδης","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔφατ̓","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"in assent","note":"ἐπί is adverbial with αἰνέω here: the Achaeans add their approving assent."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ᾔνεον","lemma":"αἰνέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"approved"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοί","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ᾔνεον","gloss":"Achaeans"}]}]}