{"work":{"slug":"iliad","title":{"source":"Ἰλιάς","translated":"The Iliad"},"author":"Homer","language":"Ancient Greek","languageCode":"grc","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad"},"unit":{"kind":"book","number":4,"id":"book-04","title":{"source":"Ἰλιάδος Δ","translated":"Book 4 — The Broken Truce, the Review of the Army, and the First Battle"},"section":"The Wrath","summary":"Pandarus breaks the truce with an arrow at Menelaus. Agamemnon reviews his captains, and the armies meet in the first full battle.","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/4","lines":544},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/3","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/iliad/5","license":"Source text: public domain (Homer, ancient; Greek per the Murray text via the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 3.0). English translation: © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC — original line-aligned draft, pending editorial review. Word-by-word morphology and syntax derived from the Perseus Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank (CC BY-SA 3.0); English glosses and notes © 2026 1732 Studios, LLC.","audioBase":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/","lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b4-l1","source":"οἳ δὲ θεοὶ πὰρ Ζηνὶ καθήμενοι ἠγορόωντο","translation":"Now the gods, seated beside Zeus, held assembly","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l1.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἠγορόωντο","title":"Epic lengthened imperfect","body":"ἠγορόωντο is an imperfect with epic diectasis (the contracted -όωντο for -οῦντο), giving the verb a rolling, drawn-out sound proper to a scene of gods settled in for extended talk. The imperfect itself marks the council as already under way, not a single completed act."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠγορόωντο","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"πὰρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"Ζηνὶ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to πὰρ","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"καθήμενοι","lemma":"κάθημαι","morphology":"perfect participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠγορόωντο","gloss":"seated"},{"surface":"ἠγορόωντο","lemma":"ἀγοράομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held assembly"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b4-l2","source":"χρυσέῳ ἐν δαπέδῳ, μετὰ δέ σφισι πότνια Ἥβη","translation":"upon the golden floor, and among them queenly Hebe","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l2.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χρυσέῳ","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δαπέδῳ","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"δαπέδῳ","lemma":"δάπεδον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"floor"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφισι","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἥβη","gloss":"queenly"},{"surface":"Ἥβη","lemma":"Ἥβη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐοινοχόει","gloss":"Hebe"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b4-l3","source":"νέκταρ ἐοινοχόει· τοὶ δὲ χρυσέοις δεπάεσσι","translation":"poured out the nectar; and they, with golden cups,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l3.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νέκταρ","lemma":"ϝέκταρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐοινοχόει","gloss":"nectar"},{"surface":"ἐοινοχόει","lemma":"οἰνοχοέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"poured out"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δειδέχατ̓","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χρυσέοις","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δεπάεσσι","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"δεπάεσσι","lemma":"δέπας","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to δειδέχατ̓","gloss":"cups"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b4-l4","source":"δειδέχατʼ ἀλλήλους, Τρώων πόλιν εἰσορόωντες·","translation":"pledged one another, looking down on the city of the Trojans.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l4.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δειδέχατ","lemma":"δέχομαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pledged"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλους","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of δειδέχατ̓","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies πόλιν","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"πόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἰσορόωντες","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"εἰσορόωντες","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to δειδέχατ̓","gloss":"looking down on"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b4-l5","source":"αὐτίκʼ ἐπειρᾶτο Κρονίδης ἐρεθιζέμεν Ἥρην","translation":"At once the son of Cronos sought to provoke Hera","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l5.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπειρᾶτο","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἐπειρᾶτο","lemma":"πειράω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sought"},{"surface":"Κρονίδης","lemma":"Κρονίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπειρᾶτο","gloss":"son of Cronos"},{"surface":"ἐρεθιζέμεν","lemma":"ἐρεθίζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐπειρᾶτο","gloss":"to provoke"},{"surface":"Ἥρην","lemma":"Ἥρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐρεθιζέμεν","gloss":"Hera"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b4-l6","source":"κερτομίοις ἐπέεσσι παραβλήδην ἀγορεύων·","translation":"with taunting words, speaking a side-thrust at her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l6.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"παραβλήδην","title":"\"Speaking a side-thrust\"","body":"παραβλήδην is a rare adverb meaning roughly \"obliquely\" or \"by way of a side-glance\" — Zeus does not address Hera directly at first but speaks as if to the assembled gods generally, needling her sideways. It marks his opening words as deliberately provocative rather than plain report."}],"words":[{"surface":"κερτομίοις","lemma":"κερτόμιος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσι","gloss":"taunting"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσι","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐρεθιζέμεν","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"παραβλήδην","lemma":"παραβλήδην","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγορεύων","gloss":"with a side-thrust","note":"The adverb marks speech delivered obliquely, as a taunt aimed from the side."},{"surface":"ἀγορεύων","lemma":"ἀγορεύω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐρεθιζέμεν","gloss":"speaking"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b4-l7","source":"δοιαὶ μὲν Μενελάῳ ἀρηγόνες εἰσὶ θεάων","translation":"\"Two goddesses stand as helpers to Menelaus —","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l7.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δοιαὶ","lemma":"δοιοί","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Μενελάῳ","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἰσὶ","gloss":"for Menelaus"},{"surface":"ἀρηγόνες","lemma":"ἀρηγών","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of εἰσὶ","gloss":"helpers"},{"surface":"εἰσὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"θεάων","lemma":"θεά","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies δοιαὶ","gloss":"of the goddesses"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b4-l8","source":"Ἥρη τʼ Ἀργείη καὶ Ἀλαλκομενηῒς Ἀθήνη.","translation":"Hera of Argos, and Athena of Alalkomenae.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l8.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἥρη","lemma":"Ἥρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Hera"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀργείη","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἥρη","gloss":"of Argos"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀλαλκομενηῒς","lemma":"Ἀλαλκομενηίς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"of Alalkomenae"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b4-l9","source":"ἀλλʼ ἤτοι ταὶ νόσφι καθήμεναι εἰσορόωσαι","translation":"But these two, sitting apart, take their delight","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l9.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ταὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of τέρπεσθον","gloss":"these two"},{"surface":"νόσφι","lemma":"νόσφι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καθήμεναι","gloss":"apart"},{"surface":"καθήμεναι","lemma":"κάθημαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to τέρπεσθον","gloss":"sitting"},{"surface":"εἰσορόωσαι","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to τέρπεσθον","gloss":"watching"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b4-l10","source":"τέρπεσθον· τῷ δʼ αὖτε φιλομειδὴς Ἀφροδίτη","translation":"only in watching; while, on the other side, laughter-loving Aphrodite","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l10.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"φιλομειδὴς","title":"Laughter-loving Aphrodite","body":"φιλομειδής, \"fond of smiles\" or \"laughter-loving,\" is Aphrodite's standing epithet, tied to her domain of desire and delight — distinct from the plain δῖα \"godlike/divine\" already used of her at her son Aeneas's introduction in Book 2."}],"words":[{"surface":"τέρπεσθον","lemma":"τέρπω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took delight","note":"The dual verb has Hera and Athena as its two-person subject."},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of παρμέμβλωκε","gloss":"beside him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"αὖτε","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"φιλομειδὴς","lemma":"φιλομμειδής","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀφροδίτη","gloss":"laughter-loving"},{"surface":"Ἀφροδίτη","lemma":"Ἀφροδίτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Aphrodite"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b4-l11","source":"αἰεὶ παρμέμβλωκε καὶ αὐτοῦ κῆρας ἀμύνει·","translation":"forever stands beside him and wards off his death;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l11.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"παρμέμβλωκε","lemma":"παραβλώσκω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stands beside"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀμύνει","gloss":"from him"},{"surface":"κῆρας","lemma":"κήρ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀμύνει","gloss":"dooms"},{"surface":"ἀμύνει","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wards off"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b4-l12","source":"καὶ νῦν ἐξεσάωσεν ὀϊόμενον θανέεσθαι.","translation":"and now she has saved him, when he thought that he would die.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l12.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξεσάωσεν","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἐξεσάωσεν","lemma":"ἐκσῴζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saved"},{"surface":"ὀϊόμενον","lemma":"οἴομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"θανέεσθαι","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"future middle infinitive","role":"object of ὀϊόμενον","gloss":"he would die","note":"The future infinitive represents the death he expected."}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b4-l13","source":"ἀλλʼ ἤτοι νίκη μὲν ἀρηϊφίλου Μενελάου·","translation":"Yet the victory is Menelaus's, dear to Ares;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l13.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀρηϊφίλου","title":"\"Dear to Ares\"","body":"ἀρηΐφιλος, \"dear to Ares,\" is a standing martial epithet applied to Menelaus here and elsewhere in the poem, marking him as a warrior in good standing with the war-god even though this whole scene turns on an act of Trojan treachery against him."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"νίκη","lemma":"νίκη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"victory"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀρηϊφίλου","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενελάου","gloss":"dear to Ares"},{"surface":"Μενελάου","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"of Menelaus"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b4-l14","source":"ἡμεῖς δὲ φραζώμεθʼ ὅπως ἔσται τάδε ἔργα,","translation":"let us then consider how these things shall be —","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l14.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of φραζώμεθ̓","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φραζώμεθ","lemma":"φράζω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us consider"},{"surface":"ὅπως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἔσται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὅπως","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"τάδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"modifies ἔργα","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"ἔργα","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔσται","gloss":"things"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b4-l15","source":"ἤ ῥʼ αὖτις πόλεμόν τε κακὸν καὶ φύλοπιν αἰνὴν","translation":"whether we shall stir up again evil war","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l15.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄρσομεν","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"πόλεμόν","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόλεμόν","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φύλοπιν","lemma":"φύλοπις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"battle-strife"},{"surface":"αἰνὴν","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φύλοπιν","gloss":"dread"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b4-l16","source":"ὄρσομεν, ἦ φιλότητα μετʼ ἀμφοτέροισι βάλωμεν.","translation":"and dread battle-strife, or cast friendship between the two sides.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l16.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄρσομεν","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"we shall stir up"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"φιλότητα","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of βάλωμεν","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέροισι","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"both sides"},{"surface":"βάλωμεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"object of ἦ","gloss":"we shall cast"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b4-l17","source":"εἰ δʼ αὖ πως τόδε πᾶσι φίλον καὶ ἡδὺ γένοιτο,","translation":"But if this should somehow prove pleasing and sweet to all,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l17.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of γένοιτο","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of γένοιτο","gloss":"to all"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"pleasing"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἡδὺ","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"γένοιτο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"should prove"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b4-l18","source":"ἤτοι μὲν οἰκέοιτο πόλις Πριάμοιο ἄνακτος,","translation":"then the city of lord Priam might still be inhabited,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l18.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οἰκέοιτο","lemma":"οἰκέω","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"might be inhabited"},{"surface":"πόλις","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of οἰκέοιτο","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόλις","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"ἄνακτος","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Πριάμοιο","gloss":"the lord"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b4-l19","source":"αὖτις δʼ Ἀργείην Ἑλένην Μενέλαος ἄγοιτο.","translation":"and Menelaus might lead Argive Helen home again.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l19.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἄγοιτο","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀργείην","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἑλένην","gloss":"Argive"},{"surface":"Ἑλένην","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἄγοιτο","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἄγοιτο","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"ἄγοιτο","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"might lead home","note":"The middle can suggest bringing Helen back for himself."}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b4-l20","source":"ὣς ἔφαθʼ, αἳ δʼ ἐπέμυξαν Ἀθηναίη τε καὶ Ἥρη·","translation":"So he spoke, and Athena and Hera muttered in anger;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l20.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφαθ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφαθ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"αἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπέμυξαν","lemma":"ἐπιμύζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"muttered angrily"},{"surface":"Ἀθηναίη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Athena"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἥρη","lemma":"Ἥρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Hera"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b4-l21","source":"πλησίαι αἵ γʼ ἥσθην, κακὰ δὲ Τρώεσσι μεδέσθην.","translation":"sitting close together, they were devising evils for the Trojans.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l21.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἥσθην ... μεδέσθην","title":"Dual number, again","body":"Both verbs stand in the dual, the number reserved for exactly two — here it binds Athena and Hera together as a single plotting pair, just as the dual marked Agamemnon and Achilles as the two quarreling men in Book 1's proem."}],"words":[{"surface":"πλησίαι","lemma":"πλησίος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"close together"},{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἥσθην","gloss":"the two"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἥσθην","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"pluperfect middle indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sat","note":"The dual verb refers jointly to Athena and Hera."},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of μεδέσθην","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μεδέσθην","gloss":"for the Trojans"},{"surface":"μεδέσθην","lemma":"μέδομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were devising","note":"This second dual verb continues to treat the goddesses as a pair."}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b4-l22","source":"ἤτοι Ἀθηναίη ἀκέων ἦν οὐδέ τι εἶπε","translation":"Athena indeed was silent and said nothing,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l22.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ἀθηναίη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δέ","gloss":"Athena"},{"surface":"ἀκέων","lemma":"ἀκέων","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"silent"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of εἶπε","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"εἶπε","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b4-l23","source":"σκυζομένη Διὶ πατρί, χόλος δέ μιν ἄγριος ᾕρει·","translation":"raging at Zeus her father; a savage anger seized her;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l23.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σκυζομένη","lemma":"σκύζομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to εἶπε","gloss":"raging"},{"surface":"Διὶ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of σκυζομένη","gloss":"at Zeus"},{"surface":"πατρί","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Διὶ","gloss":"her father"},{"surface":"χόλος","lemma":"χόλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ᾕρει","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ᾕρει","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"ἄγριος","lemma":"ἄγριος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χόλος","gloss":"savage"},{"surface":"ᾕρει","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b4-l24","source":"Ἥρῃ δʼ οὐκ ἔχαδε στῆθος χόλον, ἀλλὰ προσηύδα·","translation":"but Hera's breast could not contain her anger, and she spoke:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l24.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἥρῃ","lemma":"Ἥρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies στῆθος","gloss":"Hera's"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἔχαδε","lemma":"χανδάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"could contain"},{"surface":"στῆθος","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔχαδε","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"χόλον","lemma":"χόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχαδε","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she addressed him"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b4-l25","source":"αἰνότατε Κρονίδη ποῖον τὸν μῦθον ἔειπες·","translation":"\"Most dread son of Cronos, what a word you have spoken!","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l25.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"αἰνότατε Κρονίδη ποῖον τὸν μῦθον ἔειπες","title":"A repeated line from Book 1","body":"This line is textually identical to Hera's opening retort at Book 1, line 552, where she uses the same taunt against Zeus over his secret dealings with Thetis. Per the verbatim-repetition rule, the English is held to the exact wording already accepted there."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἰνότατε","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"vocative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"modifies Κρονίδη","gloss":"most dread"},{"surface":"Κρονίδη","lemma":"Κρονίδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Cronos"},{"surface":"ποῖον","lemma":"ποῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μῦθον","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine article","role":"modifies μῦθον","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔειπες","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"ἔειπες","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you spoke"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b4-l26","source":"πῶς ἐθέλεις ἅλιον θεῖναι πόνον ἠδʼ ἀτέλεστον,","translation":"How can you wish to make my labor useless and unfulfilled,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l26.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πῶς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλεις","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"ἐθέλεις","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you wish"},{"surface":"ἅλιον","lemma":"ἅλιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of ἠδ̓","gloss":"useless"},{"surface":"θεῖναι","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλεις","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"πόνον","lemma":"πόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δέ","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀτέλεστον","lemma":"ἀτέλεστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of ἠδ̓","gloss":"unfulfilled"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b4-l27","source":"ἱδρῶ θʼ ὃν ἵδρωσα μόγῳ, καμέτην δέ μοι ἵπποι","translation":"the sweat that I sweated in my toil, and my horses grew weary","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l27.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱδρῶ","lemma":"ἱδρώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of θ̓","gloss":"sweat"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὃν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἵδρωσα","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ἵδρωσα","lemma":"ἱδρόω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἱδρῶ","gloss":"I sweated"},{"surface":"μόγῳ","lemma":"μόγος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"in toil"},{"surface":"καμέτην","lemma":"κάμνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"adverbial to δέ","gloss":"grew weary","note":"The dual verb presents Hera's pair of horses together."},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἵπποι","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἵπποι","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of καμέτην","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b4-l28","source":"λαὸν ἀγειρούσῃ, Πριάμῳ κακὰ τοῖό τε παισίν.","translation":"as I gathered the host, working evils for Priam and his sons.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l28.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λαὸν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀγειρούσῃ","gloss":"host"},{"surface":"ἀγειρούσῃ","lemma":"ἀγείρω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as I gathered"},{"surface":"Πριάμῳ","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"for Priam"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παισίν","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"sons"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b4-l29","source":"ἕρδʼ· ἀτὰρ οὔ τοι πάντες ἐπαινέομεν θεοὶ ἄλλοι.","translation":"Do as you will; but we other gods do not all approve you.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l29.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕρδ","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"πάντες","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἐπαινέομεν","lemma":"ἐπαινέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"approve"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπαινέομεν","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b4-l30","source":"τὴν δὲ μέγʼ ὀχθήσας προσέφη νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς·","translation":"Then, greatly troubled, Zeus the cloud-gatherer answered her:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l30.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"τὴν δὲ μέγʼ ὀχθήσας προσέφη νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς","title":"A repeated line from Book 1","body":"This whole line is textually identical to Book 1, line 517, where Zeus answers Thetis in the same troubled manner after her supplication. The English is held to the wording already accepted there, per the verbatim-repetition rule."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὀχθήσας","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"ὀχθήσας","lemma":"ὀχθέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"νεφεληγερέτα","lemma":"νεφεληγερέτα","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεύς","gloss":"cloud-gatherer"},{"surface":"Ζεύς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Zeus"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b4-l31","source":"δαιμονίη τί νύ σε Πρίαμος Πριάμοιό τε παῖδες","translation":"\"Strange one, what great evils have Priam and Priam's sons","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l31.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαιμονίη","lemma":"δαιμόνιος","morphology":"vocative singular feminine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"strange one"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ῥέζουσιν","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ῥέζουσιν","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ῥέζουσιν","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"Πρίαμος","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιό","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παῖδες","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παῖδες","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"sons"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b4-l32","source":"τόσσα κακὰ ῥέζουσιν, ὅ τʼ ἀσπερχὲς μενεαίνεις","translation":"done to you, that you rage so relentlessly","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l32.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόσσα","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κακὰ","gloss":"so many"},{"surface":"κακὰ","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ῥέζουσιν","gloss":"evils"},{"surface":"ῥέζουσιν","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"have done"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀσπερχὲς","lemma":"ἀσπερχές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μενεαίνεις","gloss":"relentlessly"},{"surface":"μενεαίνεις","lemma":"μενεαίνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅ","gloss":"you rage"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b4-l33","source":"Ἰλίου ἐξαλαπάξαι ἐϋκτίμενον πτολίεθρον;","translation":"to lay waste utterly the well-built citadel of Ilion?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l33.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐϋκτίμενον πτολίεθρον","title":"\"The well-built citadel\"","body":"This standing formula for a fortified town was locked in Book 2's catalogue for towns like Medeon and Athens; here Homer applies the same phrase to Troy itself, the poem's central citadel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἰλίου","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πτολίεθρον","gloss":"of Ilion"},{"surface":"ἐξαλαπάξαι","lemma":"ἐξαλαπάζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μενεαίνεις","gloss":"to lay waste utterly"},{"surface":"ἐϋκτίμενον","lemma":"ἐυκτίμενος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πτολίεθρον","gloss":"well-built"},{"surface":"πτολίεθρον","lemma":"πτολίεθρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐξαλαπάξαι","gloss":"citadel"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b4-l34","source":"εἰ δὲ σύ γʼ εἰσελθοῦσα πύλας καὶ τείχεα μακρὰ","translation":"If you could pass within its gates and its long walls","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l34.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σύ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of βεβρώθοις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"εἰσελθοῦσα","lemma":"εἰσέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to βεβρώθοις","gloss":"passing within"},{"surface":"πύλας","lemma":"πύλη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"gates"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τείχεα","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"μακρὰ","lemma":"μακρός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τείχεα","gloss":"long"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b4-l35","source":"ὠμὸν βεβρώθοις Πρίαμον Πριάμοιό τε παῖδας","translation":"and devour Priam raw, and Priam's sons,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l35.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὠμὸν","lemma":"ὠμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"raw"},{"surface":"βεβρώθοις","lemma":"βιβρώσκω","morphology":"perfect active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"you could devour"},{"surface":"Πρίαμον","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of Τρῶας","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιό","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies παῖδας","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παῖδας","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"sons"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b4-l36","source":"ἄλλους τε Τρῶας, τότε κεν χόλον ἐξακέσαιο.","translation":"and all the other Trojans besides, then you might heal your anger.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l36.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλους","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρῶας","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐξακέσαιο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"χόλον","lemma":"χόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐξακέσαιο","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"ἐξακέσαιο","lemma":"ἐξακέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you might heal"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b4-l37","source":"ἕρξον ὅπως ἐθέλεις· μὴ τοῦτό γε νεῖκος ὀπίσσω","translation":"Do as you wish; only let not this quarrel hereafter","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l37.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕρξον","lemma":"ἔρδω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do"},{"surface":"ὅπως","lemma":"ὅπως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλεις","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἐθέλεις","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἕρξον","gloss":"you wish"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τοῦτό","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies νεῖκος","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"νεῖκος","lemma":"νεῖκος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of γένηται","gloss":"quarrel"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γένηται","gloss":"hereafter"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b4-l38","source":"σοὶ καὶ ἐμοὶ μέγʼ ἔρισμα μετʼ ἀμφοτέροισι γένηται.","translation":"become a great strife between the two of us.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l38.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔρισμα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ἔρισμα","lemma":"ἔρισμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"strife"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέροισι","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to μετ̓","gloss":"us both"},{"surface":"γένηται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"become"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b4-l39","source":"ἄλλο δέ τοι ἐρέω, σὺ δʼ ἐνὶ φρεσὶ βάλλεο σῇσιν·","translation":"And I will tell you another thing; lay it up in your heart:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l39.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄλλο","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"another thing"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἐρέω","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἐρέω","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will tell"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of βάλλεο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"βάλλεο","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay it up","note":"Literally 'cast into your thoughts': remember and take the warning to heart."},{"surface":"σῇσιν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φρεσὶ","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b4-l40","source":"ὁππότε κεν καὶ ἐγὼ μεμαὼς πόλιν ἐξαλαπάξαι","translation":"whenever I too, eager to lay waste a city,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l40.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"μεμαὼς","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"πόλιν","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξαλαπάξαι","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"ἐξαλαπάξαι","lemma":"ἐξαλαπάζω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μεμαὼς","gloss":"to lay waste"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b4-l41","source":"τὴν ἐθέλω ὅθι τοι φίλοι ἀνέρες ἐγγεγάασι,","translation":"choose one where men dear to you dwell,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l41.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐθέλω","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ἐθέλω","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"I choose"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐγγεγάασι","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies φίλοι","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"φίλοι","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνέρες","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἀνέρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐγγεγάασι","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"ἐγγεγάασι","lemma":"ἐγγίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"dwell"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b4-l42","source":"μή τι διατρίβειν τὸν ἐμὸν χόλον, ἀλλά μʼ ἐᾶσαι·","translation":"do not you delay my anger, but let me act;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l42.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to διατρίβειν","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"διατρίβειν","lemma":"διατρίβω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"delay"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine article","role":"modifies χόλον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χόλον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"χόλον","lemma":"χόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of διατρίβειν","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐᾶσαι","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"ἐᾶσαι","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"let act"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b4-l43","source":"καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ σοὶ δῶκα ἑκὼν ἀέκοντί γε θυμῷ·","translation":"for I too gave way to you willingly, though my heart was unwilling;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l43.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δῶκα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of δῶκα","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"δῶκα","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave way"},{"surface":"ἑκὼν","lemma":"ἑκών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"willingly"},{"surface":"ἀέκοντί","lemma":"ἀέκων","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμῷ","gloss":"unwilling"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θυμῷ","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to δῶκα","gloss":"in heart"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b4-l44","source":"αἳ γὰρ ὑπʼ ἠελίῳ τε καὶ οὐρανῷ ἀστερόεντι","translation":"for of all the cities that beneath the sun and starry heaven","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l44.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ναιετάουσι","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"ἠελίῳ","lemma":"ἠέλιος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"the sun"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐρανῷ","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"heaven"},{"surface":"ἀστερόεντι","lemma":"ἀστερόεις","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οὐρανῷ","gloss":"starry"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b4-l45","source":"ναιετάουσι πόληες ἐπιχθονίων ἀνθρώπων,","translation":"are inhabited by men who dwell upon the earth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l45.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ναιετάουσι","lemma":"ναιετάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τάων","gloss":"are inhabited"},{"surface":"πόληες","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"cities"},{"surface":"ἐπιχθονίων","lemma":"ἐπιχθόνιος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνθρώπων","gloss":"earth-dwelling"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πόληες","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b4-l46","source":"τάων μοι περὶ κῆρι τιέσκετο Ἴλιος ἱρὴ","translation":"of these sacred Ilion was honored above all in my heart,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l46.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ἴλιος ἱρὴ","title":"\"Sacred Ilion\"","body":"ἱρή, \"sacred, holy,\" is a standing epithet for Troy under its other name, Ilion — a mark of the city's special favor with Zeus that makes his consent to its destruction, later in the book, all the more weighty."}],"words":[{"surface":"τάων","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine pronoun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"of these"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κῆρι","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"κῆρι","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τιέσκετο","gloss":"in heart"},{"surface":"τιέσκετο","lemma":"τίω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was honored"},{"surface":"Ἴλιος","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Ilion"},{"surface":"ἱρὴ","lemma":"ἱρός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἴλιος","gloss":"sacred"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b4-l47","source":"καὶ Πρίαμος καὶ λαὸς ἐϋμμελίω Πριάμοιο.","translation":"and Priam, and the people of Priam of the strong ash spear.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l47.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πρίαμος","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λαὸς","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"ἐϋμμελίω","lemma":"ἐυμμελίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Πριάμοιο","gloss":"strong ash-speared"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies λαὸς","gloss":"of Priam"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b4-l48","source":"οὐ γάρ μοί ποτε βωμὸς ἐδεύετο δαιτὸς ἐΐσης","translation":"For never did my altar lack the fair-shared feast,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l48.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δαιτὸς ἐΐσης","title":"\"The fair-shared feast\", again","body":"This is the same standing formula locked at Book 1, line 602, for a banquet with portions fairly apportioned to every guest — here it names the sacrificial feasts the Trojans regularly offered Zeus, the material basis of his favor toward Troy."}],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies βωμὸς","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to ἐδεύετο","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"βωμὸς","lemma":"βωμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδεύετο","gloss":"altar"},{"surface":"ἐδεύετο","lemma":"δέω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lacked"},{"surface":"δαιτὸς","lemma":"δαίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"feast"},{"surface":"ἐΐσης","lemma":"ἴσος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies δαιτὸς","gloss":"fair-shared"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b4-l49","source":"λοιβῆς τε κνίσης τε· τὸ γὰρ λάχομεν γέρας ἡμεῖς.","translation":"the libation and the savor of fat — for that is the honor we have won.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l49.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λοιβῆς","lemma":"λοιβή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"libation"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κνίσης","lemma":"κνῖσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of τε","gloss":"savor of fat"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"object of λάχομεν","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"λάχομεν","lemma":"λαγχάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we received"},{"surface":"γέρας","lemma":"γέρας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"honor"},{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of λάχομεν","gloss":"we"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b4-l50","source":"τὸν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα βοῶπις πότνια Ἥρη·","translation":"Then ox-eyed queenly Hera answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l50.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἠμείβετ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἠμείβετ","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετ̓","gloss":"thereupon"},{"surface":"πότνια","lemma":"πότνια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἥρη","gloss":"queenly"},{"surface":"Ἥρη","lemma":"Ἥρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠμείβετ̓","gloss":"Hera"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b4-l51","source":"ἤτοι ἐμοὶ τρεῖς μὲν πολὺ φίλταταί εἰσι πόληες","translation":"\"Three cities are by far the dearest to me:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l51.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐμοὶ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies φίλταταί","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"τρεῖς","lemma":"τρεῖς","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies πόληες","gloss":"three"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"by far"},{"surface":"φίλταταί","lemma":"φίλτατος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dearest"},{"surface":"εἰσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are"},{"surface":"πόληες","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"cities"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b4-l52","source":"Ἄργός τε Σπάρτη τε καὶ εὐρυάγυια Μυκήνη·","translation":"Argos, and Sparta, and wide-wayed Mycenae.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l52.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"εὐρυάγυια","title":"\"Wide-wayed\", applied to Mycenae","body":"εὐρυάγυια, \"wide-wayed,\" is the same standing epithet locked for Troy's own \"wide-wayed city\" in Book 2 — Homer applies it here to Hera's cities as a generic mark of a great town's broad streets, not exclusively to Troy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἄργός","lemma":"Ἄργος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Argos"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Σπάρτη","lemma":"Σπάρτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Sparta"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὐρυάγυια","lemma":"εὐρυάγυια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Μυκήνη","gloss":"wide-wayed"},{"surface":"Μυκήνη","lemma":"Μυκήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Mycenae"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b4-l53","source":"τὰς διαπέρσαι ὅτʼ ἄν τοι ἀπέχθωνται περὶ κῆρι·","translation":"Lay these waste, whenever they grow hateful to your heart;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l53.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὰς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of διαπέρσαι","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"διαπέρσαι","lemma":"διαπέρθω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay waste"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"ἄν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"they may"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἀπέχθωνται","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"ἀπέχθωνται","lemma":"ἀπέχθομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτ̓","gloss":"grow hateful"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"deep in"},{"surface":"κῆρι","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b4-l54","source":"τάων οὔ τοι ἐγὼ πρόσθʼ ἵσταμαι οὐδὲ μεγαίρω.","translation":"I will not stand before them, nor begrudge you this.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l54.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τάων","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of πρόσθ̓","gloss":"before them"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"πρόσθ","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in front"},{"surface":"ἵσταμαι","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will stand"},{"surface":"μεγαίρω","lemma":"μεγαίρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"begrudge"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b4-l55","source":"εἴ περ γὰρ φθονέω τε καὶ οὐκ εἰῶ διαπέρσαι,","translation":"For even if I begrudged it, and would not let you lay them waste,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l55.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"φθονέω","lemma":"φθονέω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"I begrudged"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"εἰῶ","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"I allowed"},{"surface":"διαπέρσαι","lemma":"διαπέρθω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of εἰῶ","gloss":"to lay waste"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b4-l56","source":"οὐκ ἀνύω φθονέουσʼ ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτερός ἐσσι.","translation":"my grudging would come to nothing, since you are far stronger.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l56.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"ἀνύω","lemma":"ἀνύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would I accomplish"},{"surface":"φθονέουσ","lemma":"φθονέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἀνύω","gloss":"begrudging"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"φέρτερός","lemma":"φέρτατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"stronger"},{"surface":"ἐσσι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"you are"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b4-l57","source":"ἀλλὰ χρὴ καὶ ἐμὸν θέμεναι πόνον οὐκ ἀτέλεστον·","translation":"Yet it is right that my labor too should not go unfulfilled;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l57.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"χρὴ","lemma":"χρή","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it is right"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἐμὸν","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόνον","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"θέμεναι","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of χρὴ","gloss":"to make"},{"surface":"πόνον","lemma":"πόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of θέμεναι","gloss":"labor"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἀτέλεστον","lemma":"ἀτέλεστος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of θέμεναι","gloss":"unfulfilled"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b4-l58","source":"καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ θεός εἰμι, γένος δέ μοι ἔνθεν ὅθεν σοί,","translation":"for I too am a god, and my birth is from the same stock as yours,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l58.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰμι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"θεός","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a god"},{"surface":"εἰμι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"am"},{"surface":"γένος","lemma":"γένος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"birth"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies γένος","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"ἔνθεν","lemma":"ἔνθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"from there"},{"surface":"ὅθεν","lemma":"ὅθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"whence"},{"surface":"σοί","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies","gloss":"yours"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b4-l59","source":"καί με πρεσβυτάτην τέκετο Κρόνος ἀγκυλομήτης,","translation":"and crooked-counseling Cronos begot me the eldest,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l59.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Κρόνος ἀγκυλομήτης","title":"\"Crooked-counseling\" Cronos, as subject","body":"ἀγκυλομήτης is locked (Book 4 c01, line 75) as \"crooked-counseling Cronos\" in the patronymic pattern \"son of crooked-counseling Cronos\"; here the same epithet describes Cronos himself as the sentence's subject, so it is held to the same English word directly on his name rather than in the patronymic pattern."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of τέκετο","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"πρεσβυτάτην","lemma":"πρέσβυς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"eldest"},{"surface":"τέκετο","lemma":"τίκτω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"begot"},{"surface":"Κρόνος","lemma":"Κρόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τέκετο","gloss":"Cronos"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b4-l60","source":"ἀμφότερον γενεῇ τε καὶ οὕνεκα σὴ παράκοιτις","translation":"honored both by my birth and because I am called","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l60.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφότερον","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in both respects"},{"surface":"γενεῇ","lemma":"γενεά","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"by birth"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὕνεκα","lemma":"οὕνεκα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"σὴ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies παράκοιτις","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"παράκοιτις","lemma":"παράκοιτις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"wife"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b4-l61","source":"κέκλημαι, σὺ δὲ πᾶσι μετʼ ἀθανάτοισιν ἀνάσσεις.","translation":"your wife, and you rule over all the immortals.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l61.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κέκλημαι","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"I am called"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἀνάσσεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀθανάτοισιν","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισιν","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"immortals"},{"surface":"ἀνάσσεις","lemma":"ἀνάσσω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δὲ","gloss":"rule over"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b4-l62","source":"ἀλλʼ ἤτοι μὲν ταῦθʼ ὑποείξομεν ἀλλήλοισι,","translation":"But let us yield to one another in this,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l62.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ταῦθ","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὑποείξομεν","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"ὑποείξομεν","lemma":"ὑπείκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us yield"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισι","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ὑποείξομεν","gloss":"to one another"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b4-l63","source":"σοὶ μὲν ἐγώ, σὺ δʼ ἐμοί· ἐπὶ δʼ ἕψονται θεοὶ ἄλλοι","translation":"I to you, and you to me; and the other gods, the immortals,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l63.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σοὶ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐμοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕψονται","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will follow"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕψονται","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"other"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b4-l64","source":"ἀθάνατοι· σὺ δὲ θᾶσσον Ἀθηναίῃ ἐπιτεῖλαι","translation":"will follow after; and you, command Athena with all speed","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l64.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὥς κε ... ἄρξωσι","title":"Purpose clause with the subjunctive","body":"ὥς κε with the subjunctive ἄρξωσι (line 67) introduces a purpose clause, \"so that the Trojans may be the first...\" — the aorist subjunctive expresses a single decisive act aimed at, not a general tendency, matching Zeus's own repetition of this same instruction word for word a few lines later."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθάνατοι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπιτεῖλαι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θᾶσσον","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπιτεῖλαι","gloss":"with all speed"},{"surface":"Ἀθηναίῃ","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπιτεῖλαι","gloss":"Athena"},{"surface":"ἐπιτεῖλαι","lemma":"ἐπιτέλλω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"command"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b4-l65","source":"ἐλθεῖν ἐς Τρώων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν φύλοπιν αἰνήν,","translation":"to go into the dread battle-strife of Trojans and Achaeans,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l65.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐλθεῖν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"Achaeans"},{"surface":"φύλοπιν","lemma":"φύλοπις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"battle-strife"},{"surface":"αἰνήν","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φύλοπιν","gloss":"dread"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b4-l66","source":"πειρᾶν δʼ ὥς κε Τρῶες ὑπερκύδαντας Ἀχαιοὺς","translation":"and try how the Trojans, against the triumphant Achaeans,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l66.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πειρᾶν","lemma":"πειράω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"to try"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἄρξωσι","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"ὑπερκύδαντας","lemma":"ὑπερκύδας","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοὺς","gloss":"triumphant"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὺς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of δηλήσασθαι","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b4-l67","source":"ἄρξωσι πρότεροι ὑπὲρ ὅρκια δηλήσασθαι.","translation":"may be the first to violate the oaths.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l67.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρξωσι","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of ὥς","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"πρότεροι","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὲρ","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"δηλήσασθαι","lemma":"δηλέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of πρότεροι","gloss":"to violate"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b4-l68","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἀπίθησε πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε·","translation":"So she spoke, and the father of men and gods did not disobey;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l68.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she spoke"},{"surface":"ἀπίθησε","lemma":"ἀπιθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did not disobey"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀπίθησε","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of gods"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b4-l69","source":"αὐτίκʼ Ἀθηναίην ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"at once he addressed Athena with winged words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l69.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"Ἀθηναίην","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"Athena"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he addressed"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b4-l70","source":"αἶψα μάλʼ ἐς στρατὸν ἐλθὲ μετὰ Τρῶας καὶ Ἀχαιούς,","translation":"\"Go with all speed into the host, among Trojans and Achaeans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l70.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλθὲ","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"στρατὸν","lemma":"στρατός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"host"},{"surface":"ἐλθὲ","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιούς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b4-l71","source":"πειρᾶν δʼ ὥς κε Τρῶες ὑπερκύδαντας Ἀχαιοὺς","translation":"and try how the Trojans, against the triumphant Achaeans,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l71.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πειρᾶν δʼ ὥς κε Τρῶες ὑπερκύδαντας Ἀχαιοὺς / ἄρξωσι πρότεροι ὑπὲρ ὅρκια δηλήσασθαι","title":"Zeus repeats Hera's own instruction verbatim","body":"Lines 66–67 and 71–72 are textually identical: Zeus hands back to Athena the exact charge Hera has just given him, word for word. The English is held identical at both occurrences, matching the Greek's own verbatim repetition."}],"words":[{"surface":"πειρᾶν","lemma":"πειράω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"main verb","gloss":"try"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἄρξωσι","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"ὑπερκύδαντας","lemma":"ὑπερκύδας","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοὺς","gloss":"triumphant"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὺς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἄρξωσι","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b4-l72","source":"ἄρξωσι πρότεροι ὑπὲρ ὅρκια δηλήσασθαι.","translation":"may be the first to violate the oaths.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l72.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄρξωσι","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of ὥς","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"πρότεροι","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὲρ","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"δηλήσασθαι","lemma":"δηλέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἄρξωσι","gloss":"to violate"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b4-l73","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν ὄτρυνε πάρος μεμαυῖαν Ἀθήνην,","translation":"So speaking, he spurred on Athena, who was eager already,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l73.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὄτρυνε","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"ὄτρυνε","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spurred on"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μεμαυῖαν","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"μεμαυῖαν","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνην","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὄτρυνε","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b4-l74","source":"βῆ δὲ κατʼ Οὐλύμποιο καρήνων ἀΐξασα.","translation":"but went darting down from the peaks of Olympus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l74.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she went"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down from"},{"surface":"Οὐλύμποιο","lemma":"Ὄλυμπος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies καρήνων","gloss":"of Olympus"},{"surface":"καρήνων","lemma":"κάρηνον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of κατ̓","gloss":"peaks"},{"surface":"ἀΐξασα","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"darting"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b4-l75","source":"οἷον δʼ ἀστέρα ἧκε Κρόνου πάϊς ἀγκυλομήτεω","translation":"Just as the son of crooked-counseling Cronos sends down a star,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l75.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀγκυλομήτεω","title":"Crooked-counseling Cronos","body":"ἀγκυλομήτης, \"of crooked counsel,\" is a standing epithet for Cronos, recalling the cunning and treachery by which he overthrew his own father Uranus. It marks Zeus by lineage — \"the son of crooked-counseling Cronos\" — without repeating \"Zeus\" outright."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἷον","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἧκε","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀστέρα","lemma":"ἀστήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἧκε","gloss":"star"},{"surface":"ἧκε","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"sends down"},{"surface":"Κρόνου","lemma":"Κρόνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πάϊς","gloss":"of Cronos"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἧκε","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b4-l76","source":"ἢ ναύτῃσι τέρας ἠὲ στρατῷ εὐρέϊ λαῶν","translation":"a portent for sailors, or for a wide army of men,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l76.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"ναύτῃσι","lemma":"ναύτης","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τέρας","gloss":"for sailors"},{"surface":"τέρας","lemma":"τέρας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"portent"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἠέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"στρατῷ","lemma":"στρατός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἠὲ","gloss":"for an army"},{"surface":"εὐρέϊ","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies στρατῷ","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies στρατῷ","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b4-l77","source":"λαμπρόν· τοῦ δέ τε πολλοὶ ἀπὸ σπινθῆρες ἵενται·","translation":"bright, and from it many sparks fly off —","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l77.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λαμπρόν","lemma":"λαμπρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀστέρα","gloss":"bright"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"from it"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"habitually"},{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σπινθῆρες","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"σπινθῆρες","lemma":"σπινθήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἵενται","gloss":"sparks"},{"surface":"ἵενται","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"fly"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b4-l78","source":"τῷ ἐϊκυῖʼ ἤϊξεν ἐπὶ χθόνα Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη,","translation":"like that Pallas Athena darted down to earth,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l78.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐϊκυῖ̓","gloss":"to it"},{"surface":"ἐϊκυῖ","lemma":"εἰκός","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἤϊξεν","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ἤϊξεν","lemma":"ἀίσσω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"darted"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"χθόνα","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"Παλλὰς","lemma":"Παλλάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Pallas"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b4-l79","source":"κὰδ δʼ ἔθορʼ ἐς μέσσον· θάμβος δʼ ἔχεν εἰσορόωντας","translation":"and leapt down into their midst; and amazement seized the onlookers,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l79.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κὰδ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔθορ","lemma":"θρῴσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she leapt"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"μέσσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"the midst"},{"surface":"θάμβος","lemma":"θάμβος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔχεν","gloss":"amazement"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔχεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"seized"},{"surface":"εἰσορόωντας","lemma":"εἰσοράω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"object","gloss":"the onlookers"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b4-l80","source":"Τρῶάς θʼ ἱπποδάμους καὶ ἐϋκνήμιδας Ἀχαιούς·","translation":"both the horse-taming Trojans and the well-greaved Achaeans;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l80.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶάς","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱπποδάμους","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρῶάς","gloss":"horse-taming"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐϋκνήμιδας","lemma":"ἐυκνήμις","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιούς","gloss":"well-greaved"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιούς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b4-l81","source":"ὧδε δέ τις εἴπεσκεν ἰδὼν ἐς πλησίον ἄλλον·","translation":"and thus one would say, looking at his neighbor:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l81.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"εἴπεσκεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would say","note":"The iterative epic form marks what people repeatedly or characteristically said."},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"looking"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"πλησίον","lemma":"πλησίος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"ἄλλον","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"another"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b4-l82","source":"ἦ ῥʼ αὖτις πόλεμός τε κακὸς καὶ φύλοπις αἰνὴ","translation":"\"Surely evil war and dread battle-strife","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l82.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσσεται","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"πόλεμός","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κακὸς","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόλεμός","gloss":"evil"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φύλοπις","lemma":"φύλοπις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"battle-strife"},{"surface":"αἰνὴ","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies φύλοπις","gloss":"dread"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b4-l83","source":"ἔσσεται, ἢ φιλότητα μετʼ ἀμφοτέροισι τίθησι","translation":"will come again, or else Zeus is setting friendship","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l83.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσσεται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will come"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"φιλότητα","lemma":"φιλότης","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τίθησι","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"ἀμφοτέροισι","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"both sides"},{"surface":"τίθησι","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is setting"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b4-l84","source":"Ζεύς, ὅς τʼ ἀνθρώπων ταμίης πολέμοιο τέτυκται.","translation":"between the two sides, he who is made the steward of war for men.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l84.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ταμίης πολέμοιο","title":"Steward of war","body":"ταμίης, \"steward\" or \"dispenser,\" is the household word for the one who portions out stores; applied to Zeus and war, it casts him as the one who allots war and peace to men the way a steward allots rations — a domestic image stretched over the whole fate of armies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεύς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τίθησι","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τέτυκται","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώπων","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies πολέμοιο","gloss":"for men"},{"surface":"ταμίης","lemma":"τάμιας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"steward"},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ταμίης","gloss":"of war"},{"surface":"τέτυκται","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Ζεύς","gloss":"has been made"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b4-l85","source":"ὣς ἄρα τις εἴπεσκεν Ἀχαιῶν τε Τρώων τε.","translation":"So one would say, among the Achaeans and the Trojans.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l85.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἴπεσκεν","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"εἴπεσκεν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would say"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"among Achaeans"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b4-l86","source":"ἣ δʼ ἀνδρὶ ἰκέλη Τρώων κατεδύσεθʼ ὅμιλον","translation":"But she, in the likeness of a man, plunged into the throng of the Trojans,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l86.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀνδρὶ ἰκέλη","title":"Divine disguise","body":"ἰκέλη, \"like, resembling,\" governs a dative of the person resembled — a common Homeric construction for a god taking on a mortal's shape. Athena does not merely look like a man in general here; the following lines name exactly which man."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of κατεδύσεθ̓","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἀνδρὶ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"to a man"},{"surface":"ἰκέλη","lemma":"ἴκελος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ὅμιλον","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"κατεδύσεθ","lemma":"καταδύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"plunged into"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατεδύσεθ̓","gloss":"throng"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b4-l87","source":"Λαοδόκῳ Ἀντηνορίδῃ κρατερῷ αἰχμητῇ,","translation":"Laodocus, son of Antenor, a mighty spearman,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l87.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Λαοδόκῳ","lemma":"Λαόδοκος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Laodocus"},{"surface":"Ἀντηνορίδῃ","lemma":"Ἀντηνορίδης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Λαοδόκῳ","gloss":"son of Antenor"},{"surface":"κρατερῷ","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἰχμητῇ","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"αἰχμητῇ","lemma":"αἰχμητής","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"spearman"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b4-l88","source":"Πάνδαρον ἀντίθεον διζημένη εἴ που ἐφεύροι.","translation":"seeking godlike Pandarus, if she might find him anywhere.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l88.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πάνδαρον","lemma":"Πάνδαρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of διζημένη","gloss":"Pandarus"},{"surface":"ἀντίθεον","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πάνδαρον","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"διζημένη","lemma":"δίζημαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to κατεδύσεθ̓","gloss":"seeking"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"που","lemma":"πού","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"anywhere"},{"surface":"ἐφεύροι","lemma":"ἐφευρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"she might find"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b4-l89","source":"εὗρε Λυκάονος υἱὸν ἀμύμονά τε κρατερόν τε","translation":"She found the son of Lycaon, blameless and mighty,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l89.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀμύμονά τε κρατερόν τε","title":"Blameless and mighty","body":"ἀμύμων, \"blameless,\" is a common Homeric honorific for a man of good standing, paired here with κρατερός, \"mighty, strong\" — the poem introduces Pandarus with real stature before showing him break a truce, which sharpens the wrongness of what Athena is about to urge on him."}],"words":[{"surface":"εὗρε","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she found"},{"surface":"Λυκάονος","lemma":"Λυκάων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"of Lycaon"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εὗρε","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονά","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"κρατερόν","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b4-l90","source":"ἑσταότʼ· ἀμφὶ δέ μιν κρατεραὶ στίχες ἀσπιστάων","translation":"standing there; and around him the strong ranks of shield-bearing","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l90.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑσταότ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"κρατεραὶ","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies στίχες","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"στίχες","lemma":"στίξ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"ἀσπιστάων","lemma":"ἀσπιστής","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαῶν","gloss":"of shield-bearers"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b4-l91","source":"λαῶν, οἵ οἱ ἕποντο ἀπʼ Αἰσήποιο ῥοάων·","translation":"men who had followed him from the streams of the Aesepus.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l91.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies στίχες","gloss":"men"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕποντο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἕποντο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἕποντο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing λαῶν","gloss":"had followed"},{"surface":"ἀπ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"Αἰσήποιο","lemma":"Αἴσηπος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ῥοάων","gloss":"of the Aesepus"},{"surface":"ῥοάων","lemma":"ῥόα","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπ̓","gloss":"streams"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b4-l92","source":"ἀγχοῦ δʼ ἱσταμένη ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"Standing close beside him, she addressed him with winged words:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l92.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγχοῦ","lemma":"ἀγχοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱσταμένη","gloss":"close beside"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱσταμένη","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she addressed him"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b4-l93","source":"ἦ ῥά νύ μοί τι πίθοιο Λυκάονος υἱὲ δαΐφρον.","translation":"\"Would you now be persuaded by me, warlike son of Lycaon?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l93.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πίθοιο","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"μοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of πίθοιο","gloss":"by me"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to πίθοιο","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"πίθοιο","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would you be persuaded"},{"surface":"Λυκάονος","lemma":"Λυκάων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὲ","gloss":"of Lycaon"},{"surface":"υἱὲ","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"δαΐφρον","lemma":"δαίφρων","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὲ","gloss":"warlike"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b4-l94","source":"τλαίης κεν Μενελάῳ ἐπιπροέμεν ταχὺν ἰόν,","translation":"Would you dare to send a swift arrow at Menelaus,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l94.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τλαίης","lemma":"τλάω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would you dare"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"perhaps"},{"surface":"Μενελάῳ","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπιπροέμεν","gloss":"at Menelaus"},{"surface":"ἐπιπροέμεν","lemma":"ἐπιπροίημι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of τλαίης","gloss":"to send"},{"surface":"ταχὺν","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἰόν","gloss":"swift"},{"surface":"ἰόν","lemma":"ἰός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπιπροέμεν","gloss":"arrow"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b4-l95","source":"πᾶσι δέ κε Τρώεσσι χάριν καὶ κῦδος ἄροιο,","translation":"and win favor and glory from all the Trojans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l95.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρώεσσι","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"from Trojans"},{"surface":"χάριν","lemma":"χάρις","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"favor"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ἄροιο","lemma":"αἴρω","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you would win"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b4-l96","source":"ἐκ πάντων δὲ μάλιστα Ἀλεξάνδρῳ βασιλῆϊ.","translation":"and above all from Prince Paris.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l96.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ἀλεξάνδρῳ βασιλῆϊ","title":"Paris, also called Alexandros","body":"The Greek here names him Alexandros, the second name Homer uses for Paris throughout the poem; we hold to \"Paris\" in the line text (the alternate name is glossed at its first occurrence in Book 3). βασιλῆϊ, \"to the king/prince,\" marks him as a son of the royal house of Troy, not king in his own right."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάλιστα","lemma":"μάλιστα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"most of all"},{"surface":"Ἀλεξάνδρῳ","lemma":"Ἀλέξανδρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Paris"},{"surface":"βασιλῆϊ","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀλεξάνδρῳ","gloss":"the prince"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b4-l97","source":"τοῦ κεν δὴ πάμπρωτα παρʼ ἀγλαὰ δῶρα φέροιο,","translation":"From him, before all others, you would carry off splendid gifts,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l97.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of παῤ","gloss":"from him"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"surely"},{"surface":"πάμπρωτα","lemma":"πάμπρωτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to φέροιο","gloss":"before all others"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἀγλαὰ","lemma":"ἀγλαός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δῶρα","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"δῶρα","lemma":"δῶρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of φέροιο","gloss":"gifts"},{"surface":"φέροιο","lemma":"φέρω","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you would carry off"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b4-l98","source":"αἴ κεν ἴδῃ Μενέλαον ἀρήϊον Ἀτρέος υἱὸν","translation":"if he should see warlike Menelaus, son of Atreus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l98.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"he should"},{"surface":"ἴδῃ","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"Μενέλαον","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"ἀρήϊον","lemma":"ἄρειος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"warlike"},{"surface":"Ἀτρέος","lemma":"Ἀτρεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"of Atreus"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b4-l99","source":"σῷ βέλεϊ δμηθέντα πυρῆς ἐπιβάντʼ ἀλεγεινῆς.","translation":"brought down by your shaft and mounting the grievous pyre.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l99.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σῷ","lemma":"σός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies βέλεϊ","gloss":"by your"},{"surface":"βέλεϊ","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of δμηθέντα","gloss":"shaft"},{"surface":"δμηθέντα","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"brought down"},{"surface":"πυρῆς","lemma":"πυρή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπιβάντ̓","gloss":"of the pyre"},{"surface":"ἐπιβάντ","lemma":"ἐπιβαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"mounting"},{"surface":"ἀλεγεινῆς","lemma":"ἀλεγεινός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies πυρῆς","gloss":"grievous"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b4-l100","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγʼ ὀΐστευσον Μενελάου κυδαλίμοιο,","translation":"Come, then, loose an arrow at glorious Menelaus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l100.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγ","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ὀΐστευσον","lemma":"ὀιστεύω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shoot an arrow"},{"surface":"Μενελάου","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀΐστευσον","gloss":"at Menelaus"},{"surface":"κυδαλίμοιο","lemma":"κυδάλιμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενελάου","gloss":"glorious"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b4-l101","source":"εὔχεο δʼ Ἀπόλλωνι Λυκηγενέϊ κλυτοτόξῳ","translation":"and vow to Apollo, Lycia-born, famed for his bow,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l101.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Λυκηγενέϊ κλυτοτόξῳ","title":"Lycia-born, famed for his bow","body":"Λυκηγενής, \"Lycia-born,\" ties Apollo to Lycia, the region Pandarus's own troops hold near the Aesepus, and κλυτότοξος, \"famed for his bow,\" names his weapon outright — a new epithet-pair for Apollo, distinct from ἀργυρότοξος \"of the silver bow\" and ἑκηβόλος \"far-shooting\" already locked for him elsewhere."}],"words":[{"surface":"εὔχεο","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"vow"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλωνι","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εὔχεο","gloss":"to Apollo"},{"surface":"Λυκηγενέϊ","lemma":"Λυκηγενής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλωνι","gloss":"Lycia-born"},{"surface":"κλυτοτόξῳ","lemma":"κλυτότοξος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλωνι","gloss":"famed for his bow"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b4-l102","source":"ἀρνῶν πρωτογόνων ῥέξειν κλειτὴν ἑκατόμβην","translation":"that you will offer a glorious hecatomb of firstling lambs","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l102.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀρνῶν","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἑκατόμβην","gloss":"of lambs"},{"surface":"πρωτογόνων","lemma":"πρωτόγονος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀρνῶν","gloss":"firstling"},{"surface":"ῥέξειν","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of εὔχεο","gloss":"you will offer"},{"surface":"κλειτὴν","lemma":"κλειτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἑκατόμβην","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"ἑκατόμβην","lemma":"ἑκατόμβη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ῥέξειν","gloss":"hecatomb"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b4-l103","source":"οἴκαδε νοστήσας ἱερῆς εἰς ἄστυ Ζελείης.","translation":"when you return home to the sacred city of Zeleia.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l103.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκαδε","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of νοστήσας","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"νοστήσας","lemma":"νοστέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ῥέξειν","gloss":"returning"},{"surface":"ἱερῆς","lemma":"ἱερή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ζελείης","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"Ζελείης","lemma":"Ζέλεια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἄστυ","gloss":"of Zeleia"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b4-l104","source":"ὣς φάτʼ Ἀθηναίη, τῷ δὲ φρένας ἄφρονι πεῖθεν·","translation":"So spoke Athena, and she persuaded the mind of the fool;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l104.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"φρένας ἄφρονι πεῖθεν","title":"Imperfect of an action taking hold","body":"πεῖθεν is imperfect, \"was persuading\" rather than a completed \"persuaded\" — the sense is of Pandarus's resolve forming even as Athena speaks, his own folly (ἄφρονι, \"to the witless one\") doing half the work of his own ruin."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"Ἀθηναίη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"Athena"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πεῖθεν","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φρένας","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of πεῖθεν","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"ἄφρονι","lemma":"ἄφρων","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"the fool"},{"surface":"πεῖθεν","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"she persuaded"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b4-l105","source":"αὐτίκʼ ἐσύλα τόξον ἐΰξοον ἰξάλου αἰγὸς","translation":"at once he uncased his polished bow, made from the horns","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l105.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐσύλα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"ἐσύλα","lemma":"συλάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he uncased"},{"surface":"τόξον","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐσύλα","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"ἐΰξοον","lemma":"εὔξοος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τόξον","gloss":"polished"},{"surface":"ἰξάλου","lemma":"ἴξαλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἰγὸς","gloss":"bounding"},{"surface":"αἰγὸς","lemma":"αἴξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τόξον","gloss":"goat"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b4-l106","source":"ἀγρίου, ὅν ῥά ποτʼ αὐτὸς ὑπὸ στέρνοιο τυχήσας","translation":"of a wild mountain goat, which he himself once, catching it beneath the breast,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l106.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγρίου","lemma":"ἄγριος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies αἰγὸς","gloss":"wild"},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βεβλήκει","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to βεβλήκει","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"στέρνοιο","lemma":"στέρνον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὸ","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"τυχήσας","lemma":"τυγχάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βεβλήκει","gloss":"hitting"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b4-l107","source":"πέτρης ἐκβαίνοντα δεδεγμένος ἐν προδοκῇσι","translation":"as it stepped out from a rock, waiting for it in ambush,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l107.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πέτρης","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκβαίνοντα","gloss":"from a rock"},{"surface":"ἐκβαίνοντα","lemma":"ἐκβαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"stepping out"},{"surface":"δεδεγμένος","lemma":"δέχομαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βεβλήκει","gloss":"waiting for"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"προδοκῇσι","lemma":"προδοκή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ambush"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b4-l108","source":"βεβλήκει πρὸς στῆθος· ὃ δʼ ὕπτιος ἔμπεσε πέτρῃ.","translation":"had struck in the chest; and it fell backward upon the rock.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l108.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βεβλήκει","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing αἰγὸς","gloss":"had struck"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"στῆθος","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔμπεσε","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὕπτιος","lemma":"ὕπτιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"backward"},{"surface":"ἔμπεσε","lemma":"ἐμπίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell upon"},{"surface":"πέτρῃ","lemma":"πέτρα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔμπεσε","gloss":"rock"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b4-l109","source":"τοῦ κέρα ἐκ κεφαλῆς ἑκκαιδεκάδωρα πεφύκει·","translation":"From its head the horns had grown sixteen palms long;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l109.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἑκκαιδεκάδωρα","title":"Sixteen palms","body":"δῶρον here is a unit of measure, the breadth of a hand — roughly three inches — so ἑκκαιδεκάδωρα, \"sixteen palms,\" gives the horns a real, measurable length of some four feet, the kind of concrete craftsman's detail Homer favors when describing a made object."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies κέρα","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"κέρα","lemma":"κέρας","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of πεφύκει","gloss":"horns"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"κεφαλῆς","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"ἑκκαιδεκάδωρα","lemma":"ἑκκαιδεκάδωρος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"sixteen palms long"},{"surface":"πεφύκει","lemma":"φύω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had grown"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b4-l110","source":"καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀσκήσας κεραοξόος ἤραρε τέκτων,","translation":"these a horn-worker, a skilled craftsman, shaped and fitted together,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l110.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of ἤραρε","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀσκήσας","lemma":"ἀσκέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἤραρε","gloss":"shaping"},{"surface":"κεραοξόος","lemma":"κεραοξόος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τέκτων","gloss":"horn-worker"},{"surface":"ἤραρε","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fitted together"},{"surface":"τέκτων","lemma":"τέκτων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤραρε","gloss":"craftsman"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b4-l111","source":"πᾶν δʼ εὖ λειήνας χρυσέην ἐπέθηκε κορώνην.","translation":"and, having smoothed the whole well, set a golden tip upon it.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l111.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πᾶν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to λειήνας","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λειήνας","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"λειήνας","lemma":"λεαίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπέθηκε","gloss":"smoothing"},{"surface":"χρυσέην","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κορώνην","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"ἐπέθηκε","lemma":"ἐπιτίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set upon it"},{"surface":"κορώνην","lemma":"κορώνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπέθηκε","gloss":"tip"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b4-l112","source":"καὶ τὸ μὲν εὖ κατέθηκε τανυσσάμενος ποτὶ γαίῃ","translation":"And this he laid down well, bracing it stretched against the ground,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l112.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of κατέθηκε","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατέθηκε","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"κατέθηκε","lemma":"κατατίθημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he laid down"},{"surface":"τανυσσάμενος","lemma":"τανύω","morphology":"aorist participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κατέθηκε","gloss":"bracing it"},{"surface":"ποτὶ","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"γαίῃ","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ποτὶ","gloss":"ground"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b4-l113","source":"ἀγκλίνας· πρόσθεν δὲ σάκεα σχέθον ἐσθλοὶ ἑταῖροι","translation":"leaning it there; and before him his brave companions held their shields,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l113.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγκλίνας","lemma":"ἀνακλίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κατέθηκε","gloss":"leaning it"},{"surface":"πρόσθεν","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σχέθον","gloss":"before him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σάκεα","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of σχέθον","gloss":"shields"},{"surface":"σχέθον","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"ἐσθλοὶ","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"brave"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of σχέθον","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b4-l114","source":"μὴ πρὶν ἀναΐξειαν ἀρήϊοι υἷες Ἀχαιῶν","translation":"lest the warlike sons of the Achaeans should leap up before","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l114.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"lest"},{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀναΐξειαν","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ἀναΐξειαν","lemma":"ἀναίσσω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to μὴ","gloss":"should leap up"},{"surface":"ἀρήϊοι","lemma":"ἄρειος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷες","gloss":"warlike"},{"surface":"υἷες","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀναΐξειαν","gloss":"sons"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἷες","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b4-l115","source":"πρὶν βλῆσθαι Μενέλαον ἀρήϊον Ἀτρέος υἱόν.","translation":"warlike Menelaus, son of Atreus, was struck.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l115.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρὶν","lemma":"πρίν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"βλῆσθαι","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to πρὶν","gloss":"to be struck"},{"surface":"Μενέλαον","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"ἀρήϊον","lemma":"ἄρειος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαον","gloss":"warlike"},{"surface":"Ἀτρέος","lemma":"Ἀτρεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱόν","gloss":"of Atreus"},{"surface":"υἱόν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b4-l116","source":"αὐτὰρ ὁ σύλα πῶμα φαρέτρης, ἐκ δʼ ἕλετʼ ἰὸν","translation":"Then he opened the lid of his quiver, and drew out an arrow,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l116.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"σύλα","lemma":"συλάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"πῶμα","lemma":"πῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of σύλα","gloss":"lid"},{"surface":"φαρέτρης","lemma":"φαρέτρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πῶμα","gloss":"of his quiver"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἕλετ","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"ἰὸν","lemma":"ἰός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"arrow"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b4-l117","source":"ἀβλῆτα πτερόεντα μελαινέων ἕρμʼ ὀδυνάων·","translation":"unshot, feathered, a bearer of black pains.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l117.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μελαινέων ἕρμʼ ὀδυνάων","title":"A bearer of black pains","body":"ἕρμα, literally \"prop\" or \"cargo,\" is used here almost like a ship's ballast — the arrow is a vessel loaded with pain before it is even loosed. This kenning-like phrase marks the arrow as freighted with harm from the moment it is drawn."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀβλῆτα","lemma":"ἀβλής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἰὸν","gloss":"unshot"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἰὸν","gloss":"feathered"},{"surface":"μελαινέων","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὀδυνάων","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"ἕρμ","lemma":"ἕρμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"bearer"},{"surface":"ὀδυνάων","lemma":"ὀδύνη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ἕρμ̓","gloss":"of pains"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b4-l118","source":"αἶψα δʼ ἐπὶ νευρῇ κατεκόσμει πικρὸν ὀϊστόν,","translation":"Swiftly upon the string he fitted the bitter shaft,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l118.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἶψα","lemma":"αἶψα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κατεκόσμει","gloss":"swiftly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"νευρῇ","lemma":"νευρή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"string"},{"surface":"κατεκόσμει","lemma":"κατακοσμέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he fitted"},{"surface":"πικρὸν","lemma":"πικρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀϊστόν","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"ὀϊστόν","lemma":"ὀιστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατεκόσμει","gloss":"shaft"}]},{"number":119,"label":"119","id":"b4-l119","source":"εὔχετο δʼ Ἀπόλλωνι Λυκηγενέϊ κλυτοτόξῳ","translation":"and he vowed to Apollo, Lycia-born, famed for his bow,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l119.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὔχετο","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he vowed"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλωνι","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εὔχετο","gloss":"to Apollo"},{"surface":"Λυκηγενέϊ","lemma":"Λυκηγενής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλωνι","gloss":"Lycia-born"},{"surface":"κλυτοτόξῳ","lemma":"κλυτότοξος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀπόλλωνι","gloss":"famed for his bow"}]},{"number":120,"label":"120","id":"b4-l120","source":"ἀρνῶν πρωτογόνων ῥέξειν κλειτὴν ἑκατόμβην","translation":"that he would offer a glorious hecatomb of firstling lambs","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l120.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀρνῶν","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἑκατόμβην","gloss":"of lambs"},{"surface":"πρωτογόνων","lemma":"πρωτόγονος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀρνῶν","gloss":"firstling"},{"surface":"ῥέξειν","lemma":"ῥέζω","morphology":"future active infinitive","role":"object of εὔχετο","gloss":"he would offer"},{"surface":"κλειτὴν","lemma":"κλειτός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἑκατόμβην","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"ἑκατόμβην","lemma":"ἑκατόμβη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ῥέξειν","gloss":"hecatomb"}]},{"number":121,"label":"121","id":"b4-l121","source":"οἴκαδε νοστήσας ἱερῆς εἰς ἄστυ Ζελείης.","translation":"when he returned home to the sacred city of Zeleia.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l121.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴκαδε","lemma":"οἴκαδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of νοστήσας","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"νοστήσας","lemma":"νοστέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ῥέξειν","gloss":"returning"},{"surface":"ἱερῆς","lemma":"ἱερή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ζελείης","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"εἰς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ἄστυ","lemma":"ἄστυ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἰς","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"Ζελείης","lemma":"Ζέλεια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἄστυ","gloss":"of Zeleia"}]},{"number":122,"label":"122","id":"b4-l122","source":"ἕλκε δʼ ὁμοῦ γλυφίδας τε λαβὼν καὶ νεῦρα βόεια·","translation":"He drew back together, grasping both the notch and the oxhide string;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l122.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕλκε","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he drew back"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὁμοῦ","lemma":"ὁμοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"γλυφίδας","lemma":"γλυφίς","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"notches"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"λαβὼν","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕλκε","gloss":"grasping"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νεῦρα","lemma":"νεῦρον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"string"},{"surface":"βόεια","lemma":"βόειος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies νεῦρα","gloss":"oxhide"}]},{"number":123,"label":"123","id":"b4-l123","source":"νευρὴν μὲν μαζῷ πέλασεν, τόξῳ δὲ σίδηρον.","translation":"the string he brought to his breast, and to the bow the iron point.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l123.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νευρὴν","lemma":"νευρή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of πέλασεν","gloss":"string"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on one hand"},{"surface":"μαζῷ","lemma":"μαστός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πέλασεν","gloss":"to his breast"},{"surface":"πέλασεν","lemma":"πελάζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he brought"},{"surface":"τόξῳ","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"to the bow"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σίδηρον","lemma":"σίδηρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"iron point"}]},{"number":124,"label":"124","id":"b4-l124","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ κυκλοτερὲς μέγα τόξον ἔτεινε,","translation":"But when he had drawn the great bow into a full circle,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l124.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κυκλοτερὲς","lemma":"κυκλοτερής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"into a full circle"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τόξον","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"τόξον","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔτεινε","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"ἔτεινε","lemma":"τείνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"he had drawn"}]},{"number":125,"label":"125","id":"b4-l125","source":"λίγξε βιός, νευρὴ δὲ μέγʼ ἴαχεν, ἆλτο δʼ ὀϊστὸς","translation":"the bow twanged, the string sang out loud, and the arrow leapt away,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l125.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λίγξε","lemma":"λίγγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"twanged"},{"surface":"βιός","lemma":"βιός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of λίγξε","gloss":"bow"},{"surface":"νευρὴ","lemma":"νευρή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἴαχεν","gloss":"string"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἴαχεν","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"ἴαχεν","lemma":"ἰάχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sang out"},{"surface":"ἆλτο","lemma":"ἅλλομαι","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"leapt away"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀϊστὸς","lemma":"ὀιστός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἆλτο","gloss":"arrow"}]},{"number":126,"label":"126","id":"b4-l126","source":"ὀξυβελὴς καθʼ ὅμιλον ἐπιπτέσθαι μενεαίνων.","translation":"sharp-pointed, eager to fly on into the throng.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l126.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀξυβελὴς","lemma":"ὀξυβελής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀϊστὸς","gloss":"sharp-pointed"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καθ̓","gloss":"throng"},{"surface":"ἐπιπτέσθαι","lemma":"ἐπιπέτομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of μενεαίνων","gloss":"to fly on"},{"surface":"μενεαίνων","lemma":"μενεαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἆλτο","gloss":"eager"}]},{"number":127,"label":"127","id":"b4-l127","source":"οὐδὲ σέθεν Μενέλαε θεοὶ μάκαρες λελάθοντο","translation":"Nor did the blessed gods forget you, Menelaus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l127.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σέθεν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"object of λελάθοντο","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"Μενέλαε","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of λελάθοντο","gloss":"gods"},{"surface":"μάκαρες","lemma":"μάκαρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"blessed"},{"surface":"λελάθοντο","lemma":"λανθάνω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"did not forget"}]},{"number":128,"label":"128","id":"b4-l128","source":"ἀθάνατοι, πρώτη δὲ Διὸς θυγάτηρ ἀγελείη,","translation":"the immortals; and first among them the daughter of Zeus, driver of spoil,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l128.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀγελείη","title":"Driver of spoil","body":"ἀγελείη is a rare standing epithet for Athena, from ἄγειν, \"to drive off,\" and λεία, \"booty\" — Athena as the goddess who drives off plunder in war, a martial byname distinct from γλαυκῶπις \"bright-eyed\" or Παλλὰς already locked for her elsewhere."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀθάνατοι","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεοὶ","gloss":"immortal"},{"surface":"πρώτη","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θυγάτηρ","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"θυγάτηρ","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"ἀγελείη","lemma":"ἀγελείη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θυγάτηρ","gloss":"driver of spoil"}]},{"number":129,"label":"129","id":"b4-l129","source":"ἥ τοι πρόσθε στᾶσα βέλος ἐχεπευκὲς ἄμυνεν.","translation":"who stood before you and warded off the piercing shaft.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l129.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἄμυνεν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἄμυνεν","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"πρόσθε","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στᾶσα","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"στᾶσα","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἄμυνεν","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"βέλος","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἄμυνεν","gloss":"shaft"},{"surface":"ἐχεπευκὲς","lemma":"ἐχεπευκής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies βέλος","gloss":"piercing"},{"surface":"ἄμυνεν","lemma":"ἀμύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing θυγάτηρ","gloss":"warded off"}]},{"number":130,"label":"130","id":"b4-l130","source":"ἣ δὲ τόσον μὲν ἔεργεν ἀπὸ χροὸς ὡς ὅτε μήτηρ","translation":"She turned it just so far from his flesh as a mother","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l130.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τόσον","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔεργεν","gloss":"so far"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔεργεν","lemma":"ἔργω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turned away"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"χροὸς","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἐέργῃ","gloss":"a mother"}]},{"number":131,"label":"131","id":"b4-l131","source":"παιδὸς ἐέργῃ μυῖαν ὅθʼ ἡδέϊ λέξεται ὕπνῳ,","translation":"brushes a fly from her child when he lies in sweet sleep,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l131.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παιδὸς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐέργῃ","gloss":"from her child"},{"surface":"ἐέργῃ","lemma":"ἔργω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"brushes away"},{"surface":"μυῖαν","lemma":"μυῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐέργῃ","gloss":"a fly"},{"surface":"ὅθ","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἡδέϊ","lemma":"ἡδύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὕπνῳ","gloss":"sweet"},{"surface":"λέξεται","lemma":"λέγω","morphology":"aorist middle subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅθ̓","gloss":"he lies"},{"surface":"ὕπνῳ","lemma":"ὕπνος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λέξεται","gloss":"in sleep"}]},{"number":132,"label":"132","id":"b4-l132","source":"αὐτὴ δʼ αὖτʼ ἴθυνεν ὅθι ζωστῆρος ὀχῆες","translation":"and she herself guided it to where the golden buckles of the belt","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l132.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὴ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ἴθυνεν","lemma":"ἰθύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"guided"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ζωστῆρος","lemma":"ζωστήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὀχῆες","gloss":"of the belt"},{"surface":"ὀχῆες","lemma":"ὀχεύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of σύνεχον","gloss":"buckles"}]},{"number":133,"label":"133","id":"b4-l133","source":"χρύσειοι σύνεχον καὶ διπλόος ἤντετο θώρηξ.","translation":"held fast, and the double corselet met it.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l133.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χρύσειοι","lemma":"χρύσεος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀχῆες","gloss":"golden"},{"surface":"σύνεχον","lemma":"συνόχωκα","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"held fast"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διπλόος","lemma":"διπλόος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θώρηξ","gloss":"double"},{"surface":"ἤντετο","lemma":"ἄντομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"met it"},{"surface":"θώρηξ","lemma":"θώραξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἤντετο","gloss":"corselet"}]},{"number":134,"label":"134","id":"b4-l134","source":"ἐν δʼ ἔπεσε ζωστῆρι ἀρηρότι πικρὸς ὀϊστός·","translation":"The bitter arrow fell upon the close-fitted belt;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l134.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ζωστῆρι","title":"The belt","body":"The ζωστήρ is a metal war-belt, worn over the corselet at the waist — the first and outermost of three defensive layers the arrow must pass through (belt, corselet, taslet) before it reaches Menelaus's skin, named here in the order it is actually struck."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"object","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔπεσε","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"ζωστῆρι","lemma":"ζωστήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"belt"},{"surface":"ἀρηρότι","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"modifies ζωστῆρι","gloss":"close-fitted"},{"surface":"πικρὸς","lemma":"πικρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀϊστός","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"ὀϊστός","lemma":"ὀιστός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔπεσε","gloss":"arrow"}]},{"number":135,"label":"135","id":"b4-l135","source":"διὰ μὲν ἂρ ζωστῆρος ἐλήλατο δαιδαλέοιο,","translation":"through the richly wrought belt it was driven,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l135.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἂρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ζωστῆρος","lemma":"ζωστήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"belt"},{"surface":"ἐλήλατο","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it was driven"},{"surface":"δαιδαλέοιο","lemma":"δαιδάλεος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ζωστῆρος","gloss":"richly wrought"}]},{"number":136,"label":"136","id":"b4-l136","source":"καὶ διὰ θώρηκος πολυδαιδάλου ἠρήρειστο","translation":"and through the corselet, richly worked, it drove on,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l136.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θώρηκος","title":"The corselet","body":"The θώρηξ is the body-armor proper, worn beneath the belt in Homeric arming and struck here as the arrow's second layer — the same word rendered \"corselet\" elsewhere in these drafts (Book 2, the Trojan catalogue)."}],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"θώρηκος","lemma":"θώραξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of θ̓","gloss":"corselet"},{"surface":"πολυδαιδάλου","lemma":"πολυδαίδαλος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θώρηκος","gloss":"cunningly wrought"},{"surface":"ἠρήρειστο","lemma":"ἐρείδω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it forced its way"}]},{"number":137,"label":"137","id":"b4-l137","source":"μίτρης θʼ, ἣν ἐφόρει ἔρυμα χροὸς ἕρκος ἀκόντων,","translation":"and through the taslet he wore, a guard for his flesh, a bar against javelins,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l137.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μίτρης","title":"The taslet","body":"The μίτρη is a separate belly-guard of metal or leather, worn under the corselet close to the skin — the third and innermost of the three armor layers the arrow passes through here. \"Taslet\" (a plate or band guarding the lower belly) is the traditional English term for this piece, kept distinct from the outer ζωστήρ \"belt\" and θώρηξ \"corselet.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"μίτρης","lemma":"μίτρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of θ̓","gloss":"taslet"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἣν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐφόρει","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ἐφόρει","lemma":"ἐφοράω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"he wore"},{"surface":"ἔρυμα","lemma":"ἔρυμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"guard"},{"surface":"χροὸς","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἔρυμα","gloss":"for his flesh"},{"surface":"ἕρκος","lemma":"ἕρκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"bar"},{"surface":"ἀκόντων","lemma":"ἄκων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἕρκος","gloss":"against javelins"}]},{"number":138,"label":"138","id":"b4-l138","source":"ἥ οἱ πλεῖστον ἔρυτο· διὰ πρὸ δὲ εἴσατο καὶ τῆς.","translation":"which shielded him most; through this too it passed on.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l138.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔρυτο","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔρυτο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"πλεῖστον","lemma":"πλεῖστος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔρυτο","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"ἔρυτο","lemma":"ῥύομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ,","gloss":"shielded"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"πρὸ","lemma":"πρό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"onward"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εἴσατο","lemma":"εἴδω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it passed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"τῆς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"this"}]},{"number":139,"label":"139","id":"b4-l139","source":"ἀκρότατον δʼ ἄρʼ ὀϊστὸς ἐπέγραψε χρόα φωτός·","translation":"And the arrow grazed the outermost skin of the man;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l139.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀκρότατον","lemma":"ἄκρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine superlative adjective","role":"modifies χρόα","gloss":"outermost"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὀϊστὸς","lemma":"ὀιστός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπέγραψε","gloss":"arrow"},{"surface":"ἐπέγραψε","lemma":"ἐπιγράφω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grazed"},{"surface":"χρόα","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπέγραψε","gloss":"skin"},{"surface":"φωτός","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies χρόα","gloss":"of the man"}]},{"number":140,"label":"140","id":"b4-l140","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ ἔρρεεν αἷμα κελαινεφὲς ἐξ ὠτειλῆς.","translation":"and at once the dark blood flowed from the wound.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l140.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"αἷμα κελαινεφὲς","title":"Dark blood","body":"κελαινεφής, literally \"dark-clouded,\" is more often an epithet of Zeus (\"lord of the dark clouds\"); applied here to blood it carries the same ominous, storm-dark coloring — the same root Homer reaches for when marking something heavy with dread."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔρρεεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔρρεεν","lemma":"ῥέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"flowed"},{"surface":"αἷμα","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔρρεεν","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"κελαινεφὲς","lemma":"κελαινεφής","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἷμα","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὠτειλῆς","lemma":"ὠτειλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"wound"}]},{"number":141,"label":"141","id":"b4-l141","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτε τίς τʼ ἐλέφαντα γυνὴ φοίνικι μιήνῃ","translation":"As when some woman stains ivory with purple,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l141.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies γυνὴ","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)","note":"Epic te is often absorbed into the introductory simile formula."},{"surface":"ἐλέφαντα","lemma":"ἐλέφας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μιήνῃ","gloss":"ivory"},{"surface":"γυνὴ","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of μιήνῃ","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"φοίνικι","lemma":"φοῖνιξ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of μιήνῃ","gloss":"purple"},{"surface":"μιήνῃ","lemma":"μιαίνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"stains"}]},{"number":142,"label":"142","id":"b4-l142","source":"Μῃονὶς ἠὲ Κάειρα παρήϊον ἔμμεναι ἵππων·","translation":"a Maeonian or a Carian woman, to be a cheek-piece for horses;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l142.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Μῃονὶς","lemma":"Μῃονίς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἠὲ","gloss":"Maeonian"},{"surface":"ἠὲ","lemma":"ἠέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Κάειρα","lemma":"Κάειρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἠὲ","gloss":"Carian"},{"surface":"παρήϊον","lemma":"παρήιον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"cheek-piece"},{"surface":"ἔμμεναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to μιήνῃ","gloss":"to be","note":"Emmenai is the epic infinitive of 'to be.'"},{"surface":"ἵππων","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies παρήϊον","gloss":"horses"}]},{"number":143,"label":"143","id":"b4-l143","source":"κεῖται δʼ ἐν θαλάμῳ, πολέες τέ μιν ἠρήσαντο","translation":"it lies stored in her chamber, and many horsemen have longed","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l143.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"lies stored"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θαλάμῳ","lemma":"θάλαμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"chamber"},{"surface":"πολέες","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἱππῆες","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φορέειν","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ἠρήσαντο","lemma":"ἀράομαι","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"longed"}]},{"number":144,"label":"144","id":"b4-l144","source":"ἱππῆες φορέειν· βασιλῆϊ δὲ κεῖται ἄγαλμα,","translation":"to wear it; but it lies there, a treasure kept for a king,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l144.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱππῆες","lemma":"ἱππεύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠρήσαντο","gloss":"horsemen"},{"surface":"φορέειν","lemma":"φορέω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἠρήσαντο","gloss":"to wear"},{"surface":"βασιλῆϊ","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄγαλμα","gloss":"for a king"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"κεῖται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"ἄγαλμα","lemma":"ἄγαλμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"treasure"}]},{"number":145,"label":"145","id":"b4-l145","source":"ἀμφότερον κόσμός θʼ ἵππῳ ἐλατῆρί τε κῦδος·","translation":"at once an ornament for the horse and glory for its driver —","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l145.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφότερον","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both","note":"The neuter singular is adverbial: 'in both respects,' hence 'both.'"},{"surface":"κόσμός","lemma":"κόσμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"ornament"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἵππῳ","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κόσμός","gloss":"for the horse"},{"surface":"ἐλατῆρί","lemma":"ἐλατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κῦδος","gloss":"for the driver"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"glory"}]},{"number":146,"label":"146","id":"b4-l146","source":"τοῖοί τοι Μενέλαε μιάνθην αἵματι μηροὶ","translation":"just so, Menelaus, your shapely thighs were stained with blood,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l146.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖοί","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies ἰδὲ","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"Μενέλαε","lemma":"μενέλαος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"μιάνθην","lemma":"μιαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were stained"},{"surface":"αἵματι","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of μιάνθην","gloss":"with blood"},{"surface":"μηροὶ","lemma":"μηρός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἰδὲ","gloss":"thighs"}]},{"number":147,"label":"147","id":"b4-l147","source":"εὐφυέες κνῆμαί τε ἰδὲ σφυρὰ κάλʼ ὑπένερθε.","translation":"and your legs, and your fair ankles beneath.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l147.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὐφυέες","lemma":"εὐφυής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies μηροὶ","gloss":"shapely"},{"surface":"κνῆμαί","lemma":"κνήμη","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἰδὲ","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰδὲ","lemma":"ἰδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφυρὰ","lemma":"σφυρόν","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἰδὲ","gloss":"ankles"},{"surface":"κάλ","lemma":"κάλη","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies σφυρὰ","gloss":"fair"},{"surface":"ὑπένερθε","lemma":"ὑπένερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies σφυρὰ","gloss":"beneath"}]},{"number":148,"label":"148","id":"b4-l148","source":"ῥίγησεν δʼ ἄρʼ ἔπειτα ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων","translation":"Then Agamemnon, lord of men, shuddered,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l148.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥίγησεν","lemma":"ῥιγέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shuddered"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ῥίγησεν","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄναξ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄναξ","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ῥίγησεν","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":149,"label":"149","id":"b4-l149","source":"ὡς εἶδεν μέλαν αἷμα καταρρέον ἐξ ὠτειλῆς·","translation":"when he saw the black blood flowing down from the wound;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l149.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"εἶδεν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"μέλαν","lemma":"μέλας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies αἷμα","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"αἷμα","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἶδεν","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"καταρρέον","lemma":"καταρρέω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular neuter","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"flowing down"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὠτειλῆς","lemma":"ὠτειλή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"the wound"}]},{"number":150,"label":"150","id":"b4-l150","source":"ῥίγησεν δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ἀρηΐφιλος Μενέλαος.","translation":"and Menelaus himself, dear to Ares, shuddered too.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l150.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ῥίγησεν","title":"A shudder shared by both brothers","body":"The same verb, ῥίγησεν, \"he shuddered,\" opens both this line and line 148, applied first to Agamemnon and then to Menelaus himself. Homer often doubles a formula this way to show two men gripped by the same fear at once, rather than describing the second man's reaction independently."}],"words":[{"surface":"ῥίγησεν","lemma":"ῥιγέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shuddered"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ἀρηΐφιλος","lemma":"ἀρηίφιλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"dear to Ares"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ῥίγησεν","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":151,"label":"151","id":"b4-l151","source":"ὡς δὲ ἴδεν νεῦρόν τε καὶ ὄγκους ἐκτὸς ἐόντας","translation":"But when he saw the binding-cord and the barbs still outside the wound,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l151.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἴδεν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"νεῦρόν","lemma":"νεῦρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"binding-cord"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄγκους","lemma":"ὄγκος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"barbs"},{"surface":"ἐκτὸς","lemma":"ἐκτός","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντας","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"ἐόντας","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":152,"label":"152","id":"b4-l152","source":"ἄψορρόν οἱ θυμὸς ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν ἀγέρθη.","translation":"his spirit gathered itself back within his breast.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l152.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀγέρθη","title":"Aorist passive","body":"ἀγέρθη, \"was gathered,\" is aorist passive: Menelaus's courage is pictured as something scattered by fright that is then physically collected back together inside him, a concrete Homeric image for regaining one's nerve."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἄψορρόν","lemma":"ἄψορρος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀγέρθη","gloss":"back again"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀγέρθη","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"στήθεσσιν","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"his breast"},{"surface":"ἀγέρθη","lemma":"ἀγείρω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gathered"}]},{"number":153,"label":"153","id":"b4-l153","source":"τοῖς δὲ βαρὺ στενάχων μετέφη κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων","translation":"Then, groaning heavily, the lord Agamemnon spoke among them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l153.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of μετέφη","gloss":"among them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"βαρὺ","lemma":"βαρύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to στενάχων","gloss":"heavily"},{"surface":"στενάχων","lemma":"στενάχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μετέφη","gloss":"groaning"},{"surface":"μετέφη","lemma":"μετάφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"κρείων","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of μετέφη","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":154,"label":"154","id":"b4-l154","source":"χειρὸς ἔχων Μενέλαον, ἐπεστενάχοντο δʼ ἑταῖροι·","translation":"holding Menelaus by the hand; and his companions groaned along with him:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l154.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χειρὸς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"by the hand"},{"surface":"ἔχων","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μετέφη","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"Μενέλαον","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔχων","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"ἐπεστενάχοντο","lemma":"ἐπιστενάχω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"groaned along"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπεστενάχοντο","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":155,"label":"155","id":"b4-l155","source":"φίλε κασίγνητε θάνατόν νύ τοι ὅρκιʼ ἔταμνον","translation":"\"Dear brother, it was death, it seems, that I was cutting oaths for you,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l155.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὅρκιʼ ἔταμνον","title":"\"Cutting oaths\"","body":"Greek idiom pictures the swearing of an oath as \"cutting\" it, ὅρκια τέμνειν, because the ceremony involved cutting the throats of sacrificial victims as the oath was sworn. Agamemnon's grim pun is that the oath he cut for the duel has, in effect, cut down his own brother."}],"words":[{"surface":"φίλε","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κασίγνητε","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"κασίγνητε","lemma":"κασίγνητος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"brother"},{"surface":"θάνατόν","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"νύ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"it seems"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies θάνατόν","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"ὅρκι","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔταμνον","gloss":"oaths","note":"Cutting the sacrificial victims is the act by which oaths are solemnized."},{"surface":"ἔταμνον","lemma":"τέμνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I was cutting"}]},{"number":156,"label":"156","id":"b4-l156","source":"οἶον προστήσας πρὸ Ἀχαιῶν Τρωσὶ μάχεσθαι,","translation":"setting you forth alone before the Achaeans to fight the Trojans,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l156.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶον","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"προστήσας","lemma":"προίστημι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔταμνον","gloss":"setting forth"},{"surface":"πρὸ","lemma":"πρό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to Τρωσὶ","gloss":"the Achaeans"},{"surface":"Τρωσὶ","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μάχεσθαι","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to προστήσας","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":157,"label":"157","id":"b4-l157","source":"ὥς σʼ ἔβαλον Τρῶες, κατὰ δʼ ὅρκια πιστὰ πάτησαν.","translation":"since the Trojans struck you down and trampled the trusted oaths underfoot.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l157.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὅρκια πιστά","title":"The trusted oaths","body":"ὅρκια πιστά, literally \"oaths of trust/faith,\" is the recurring formula for the sworn truce broken in Book 3 — rendered here as \"the trusted oaths,\" held to this exact wording for every later recurrence of the phrase in the poem."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"σ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔβαλον","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔβαλον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"down","note":"Kata is separated from its verb patēsan: epic tmesis, 'trampled down.'"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πάτησαν","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"πιστὰ","lemma":"πιστός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὅρκια","gloss":"trusted"},{"surface":"πάτησαν","lemma":"πατέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"trampled"}]},{"number":158,"label":"158","id":"b4-l158","source":"οὐ μέν πως ἅλιον πέλει ὅρκιον αἷμά τε ἀρνῶν","translation":"Yet the oath is not thereby in vain, nor the blood of lambs,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l158.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"ἅλιον","lemma":"ἅλιος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"πέλει","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"ὅρκιον","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"oath"},{"surface":"αἷμά","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀρνῶν","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies αἷμά","gloss":"of lambs"}]},{"number":159,"label":"159","id":"b4-l159","source":"σπονδαί τʼ ἄκρητοι καὶ δεξιαὶ ᾗς ἐπέπιθμεν.","translation":"nor the unmixed libations, nor the right hands we joined in trust.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l159.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σπονδαί","lemma":"σπονδή","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"libations"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄκρητοι","lemma":"ἄκρατος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies σπονδαί","gloss":"unmixed"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δεξιαὶ","lemma":"δεξιά","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"right hands"},{"surface":"ᾗς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"dative plural feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπέπιθμεν","gloss":"in which"},{"surface":"ἐπέπιθμεν","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δεξιαὶ","gloss":"we trusted"}]},{"number":160,"label":"160","id":"b4-l160","source":"εἴ περ γάρ τε καὶ αὐτίκʼ Ὀλύμπιος οὐκ ἐτέλεσσεν,","translation":"For even if the Olympian did not bring it to pass at once,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l160.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"αὐτίκ","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐτέλεσσεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"Ὀλύμπιος","lemma":"Ὀλύμπιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐτέλεσσεν","gloss":"the Olympian"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐτέλεσσεν","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"fulfilled"}]},{"number":161,"label":"161","id":"b4-l161","source":"ἔκ τε καὶ ὀψὲ τελεῖ, σύν τε μεγάλῳ ἀπέτισαν","translation":"he will fulfill it late, and men shall pay a heavy price,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l161.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"fully","note":"Ek is separated from telei in epic tmesis: together they mean 'fulfills completely.'"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ὀψὲ","lemma":"ὀψέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τελεῖ","gloss":"late"},{"surface":"τελεῖ","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will fulfill"},{"surface":"σύν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"μεγάλῳ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to σύν","gloss":"a heavy price"},{"surface":"ἀπέτισαν","lemma":"ἀποτίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shall pay"}]},{"number":162,"label":"162","id":"b4-l162","source":"σὺν σφῇσιν κεφαλῇσι γυναιξί τε καὶ τεκέεσσιν.","translation":"with their own heads, and their wives, and their children.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l162.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"σφῇσιν","lemma":"σφός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies κεφαλῇσι","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"κεφαλῇσι","lemma":"κεφαλή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"heads"},{"surface":"γυναιξί","lemma":"γυνή","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τεκέεσσιν","lemma":"τέκος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":163,"label":"163","id":"b4-l163","source":"εὖ γὰρ ἐγὼ τόδε οἶδα κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμόν·","translation":"For this I know well, in my mind and in my heart:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l163.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εὖ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to οἶδα","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of οἶδα","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"τόδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of οἶδα","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"οἶδα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρένα","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":164,"label":"164","id":"b4-l164","source":"ἔσσεται ἦμαρ ὅτʼ ἄν ποτʼ ὀλώλῃ Ἴλιος ἱρὴ","translation":"there will come a day when sacred Ilion shall perish,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l164.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσσεται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there will be"},{"surface":"ἦμαρ","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔσσεται","gloss":"a day"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἄν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ποτ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"someday"},{"surface":"ὀλώλῃ","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὅτ̓","gloss":"shall perish","note":"The perfect subjunctive presents Troy's destruction as an accomplished fate."},{"surface":"Ἴλιος","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Ilion"},{"surface":"ἱρὴ","lemma":"ἱρός","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἴλιος","gloss":"sacred"}]},{"number":165,"label":"165","id":"b4-l165","source":"καὶ Πρίαμος καὶ λαὸς ἐϋμμελίω Πριάμοιο,","translation":"and Priam, and the people of Priam of the strong ash spear,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l165.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Πρίαμος","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Priam"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λαὸς","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"ἐϋμμελίω","lemma":"ἐυμελίης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πριάμοιο","gloss":"of the strong spear"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies λαὸς","gloss":"of Priam"}]},{"number":166,"label":"166","id":"b4-l166","source":"Ζεὺς δέ σφι Κρονίδης ὑψίζυγος αἰθέρι ναίων","translation":"when Zeus, son of Cronos, throned on high, dwelling in the heavens,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l166.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐπισσείῃσιν","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφι","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπισσείῃσιν","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"Κρονίδης","lemma":"Κρονίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"son of Cronos"},{"surface":"ὑψίζυγος","lemma":"ὑψίζυγος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"throned on high","note":"A traditional epithet picturing Zeus as enthroned in the heights."},{"surface":"αἰθέρι","lemma":"αἰθήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ναίων","gloss":"in heaven"},{"surface":"ναίων","lemma":"ναίω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies","gloss":"dwelling"}]},{"number":167,"label":"167","id":"b4-l167","source":"αὐτὸς ἐπισσείῃσιν ἐρεμνὴν αἰγίδα πᾶσι","translation":"shall himself shake his dark aegis over them all,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l167.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"ἐπισσείῃσιν","lemma":"ἐπισείω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shall shake over"},{"surface":"ἐρεμνὴν","lemma":"ἐρεμνός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἰγίδα","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"αἰγίδα","lemma":"αἰγίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπισσείῃσιν","gloss":"aegis"},{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies σφι","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":168,"label":"168","id":"b4-l168","source":"τῆσδʼ ἀπάτης κοτέων· τὰ μὲν ἔσσεται οὐκ ἀτέλεστα·","translation":"in wrath at this deceit; these things shall not go unfulfilled.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l168.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῆσδ","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"genitive singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀπάτης","gloss":"at this"},{"surface":"ἀπάτης","lemma":"ἀπάτη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of κοτέων","gloss":"deceit"},{"surface":"κοτέων","lemma":"κοτέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπισσείῃσιν","gloss":"in wrath"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἔσσεται","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔσσεται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shall be"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἀτέλεστα","lemma":"ἀτέλεστος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"unfulfilled"}]},{"number":169,"label":"169","id":"b4-l169","source":"ἀλλά μοι αἰνὸν ἄχος σέθεν ἔσσεται ὦ Μενέλαε","translation":"But for you, Menelaus, terrible grief will be mine,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l169.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔσσεται","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"αἰνὸν","lemma":"αἰνός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἄχος","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"ἄχος","lemma":"ἄχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔσσεται","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"σέθεν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"modifies ἄχος","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"ἔσσεται","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"o"},{"surface":"Μενέλαε","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":170,"label":"170","id":"b4-l170","source":"αἴ κε θάνῃς καὶ πότμον ἀναπλήσῃς βιότοιο.","translation":"if you should die and fill up the measure of your life's doom.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l170.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"αἴ κε θάνῃς","title":"Conditional subjunctive with κε","body":"αἴ κε with the aorist subjunctive θάνῃς marks a feared future possibility, \"if you should die\" — more vivid and less certain than a simple future indicative, fitting Agamemnon's dread of an outcome not yet decided."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"should","note":"Ke with the subjunctive makes the condition prospective: 'if you should die.'"},{"surface":"θάνῃς","lemma":"θνήσκω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"you die"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀναπλήσῃς","gloss":"doom"},{"surface":"ἀναπλήσῃς","lemma":"ἀναπίμπλημι","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"fulfill"},{"surface":"βιότοιο","lemma":"βίοτος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πότμον","gloss":"of life"}]},{"number":171,"label":"171","id":"b4-l171","source":"καί κεν ἐλέγχιστος πολυδίψιον Ἄργος ἱκοίμην·","translation":"and I would come, most shamed of men, to thirsty Argos;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l171.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πολυδίψιον Ἄργος","title":"\"Thirsty Argos\"","body":"πολυδίψιον, \"much-thirsting,\" is a standing epithet for Argos, evoking the region's dry summer plain — distinct from the city of Argos named elsewhere without this epithet, and held to this exact wording if it recurs."}],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ἐλέγχιστος","lemma":"ἐλεγχής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"most shamed"},{"surface":"πολυδίψιον","lemma":"πολυδίψιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Ἄργος","gloss":"thirsty"},{"surface":"Ἄργος","lemma":"Ἄργος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἱκοίμην","gloss":"Argos"},{"surface":"ἱκοίμην","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I would reach"}]},{"number":172,"label":"172","id":"b4-l172","source":"αὐτίκα γὰρ μνήσονται Ἀχαιοὶ πατρίδος αἴης·","translation":"for at once the Achaeans will remember their fatherland,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l172.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μνήσονται","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μνήσονται","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will remember"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of μνήσονται","gloss":"Achaeans"},{"surface":"πατρίδος","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἴης","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"αἴης","lemma":"αἶα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of μνήσονται","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":173,"label":"173","id":"b4-l173","source":"κὰδ δέ κεν εὐχωλὴν Πριάμῳ καὶ Τρωσὶ λίποιμεν","translation":"and we would leave behind for Priam and the Trojans a boast to glory in—","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l173.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κὰδ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"behind","note":"Kad is kata in tmesis with lipoimen: 'leave behind.'"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"εὐχωλὴν","lemma":"εὐχωλή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"a boast"},{"surface":"Πριάμῳ","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"for Priam"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρωσὶ","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"λίποιμεν","lemma":"λιπάω","morphology":"present active optative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we leave"}]},{"number":174,"label":"174","id":"b4-l174","source":"Ἀργείην Ἑλένην· σέο δʼ ὀστέα πύσει ἄρουρα","translation":"Argive Helen; and your bones will rot in the plowland,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l174.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργείην","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἑλένην","gloss":"Argive"},{"surface":"Ἑλένην","lemma":"Ἑλένη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Helen"},{"surface":"σέο","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive singular pronoun","role":"modifies ὀστέα","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀστέα","lemma":"ὀστέον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πύσει","gloss":"bones"},{"surface":"πύσει","lemma":"πύθω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will rot"},{"surface":"ἄρουρα","lemma":"ἄρουρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πύσει","gloss":"plowland"}]},{"number":175,"label":"175","id":"b4-l175","source":"κειμένου ἐν Τροίῃ ἀτελευτήτῳ ἐπὶ ἔργῳ.","translation":"lying in Troy, the task left unaccomplished.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l175.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κειμένου","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as you lie","note":"The masculine genitive participle refers to Menelaus, not his neuter plural bones: literally, 'with you lying in Troy.'"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Τροίῃ","lemma":"Τροία","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"ἀτελευτήτῳ","lemma":"ἀτελεύτητος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργῳ","gloss":"unaccomplished"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἔργῳ","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"task"}]},{"number":176,"label":"176","id":"b4-l176","source":"καί κέ τις ὧδʼ ἐρέει Τρώων ὑπερηνορεόντων","translation":"And thus will some overbearing Trojan say,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l176.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κέ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρέει","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ὧδ","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρέει","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἐρέει","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"ὑπερηνορεόντων","lemma":"ὑπερηνορέων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρώων","gloss":"overbearing"}]},{"number":177,"label":"177","id":"b4-l177","source":"τύμβῳ ἐπιθρῴσκων Μενελάου κυδαλίμοιο·","translation":"leaping upon the tomb of glorious Menelaus:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l177.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τύμβῳ","lemma":"τύμβος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπιθρῴσκων","gloss":"upon the tomb"},{"surface":"ἐπιθρῴσκων","lemma":"ἐπιθρῴσκω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐρέει","gloss":"leaping"},{"surface":"Μενελάου","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τύμβῳ","gloss":"of Menelaus"},{"surface":"κυδαλίμοιο","lemma":"κυδάλιμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενελάου","gloss":"glorious"}]},{"number":178,"label":"178","id":"b4-l178","source":"αἴθʼ οὕτως ἐπὶ πᾶσι χόλον τελέσειʼ Ἀγαμέμνων,","translation":"\"Would that Agamemnon might bring his wrath to fulfillment upon everyone","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l178.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἴθ","lemma":"εἴθε","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would that"},{"surface":"οὕτως","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τελέσεἰ","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"χόλον","lemma":"χόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of τελέσεἰ","gloss":"wrath"},{"surface":"τελέσει","lemma":"τελέω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"might fulfill"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τελέσεἰ","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":179,"label":"179","id":"b4-l179","source":"ὡς καὶ νῦν ἅλιον στρατὸν ἤγαγεν ἐνθάδʼ Ἀχαιῶν,","translation":"just as now he led the army of the Achaeans here in vain,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l179.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ἅλιον","lemma":"ἅλιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies στρατὸν","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"στρατὸν","lemma":"στρατός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἤγαγεν","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"ἤγαγεν","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"led"},{"surface":"ἐνθάδ","lemma":"ἐνθάδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἤγαγεν","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies στρατὸν","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":180,"label":"180","id":"b4-l180","source":"καὶ δὴ ἔβη οἶκον δὲ φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν","translation":"and has gone back home to his own dear fatherland","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l180.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἔβη","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔβη","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φίλην","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"πατρίδα","lemma":"πατρίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γαῖαν","gloss":"native"},{"surface":"γαῖαν","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"land"}]},{"number":181,"label":"181","id":"b4-l181","source":"σὺν κεινῇσιν νηυσὶ λιπὼν ἀγαθὸν Μενέλαον.","translation":"with empty ships, leaving good Menelaus behind.\"","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l181.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"κεινῇσιν","lemma":"κενός","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νηυσὶ","gloss":"empty"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"λιπὼν","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔβη","gloss":"leaving"},{"surface":"ἀγαθὸν","lemma":"ἀγαθός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαον","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Μενέλαον","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λιπὼν","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":182,"label":"182","id":"b4-l182","source":"ὥς ποτέ τις ἐρέει· τότε μοι χάνοι εὐρεῖα χθών.","translation":"So will someone say one day; then let the wide earth gape open for me.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l182.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρέει","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ποτέ","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"one day"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐρέει","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἐρέει","lemma":"ἐρῶ","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will say"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χάνοι","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of χάνοι","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"χάνοι","lemma":"χάσκω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"may gape"},{"surface":"εὐρεῖα","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χθών","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"χθών","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of χάνοι","gloss":"earth"}]},{"number":183,"label":"183","id":"b4-l183","source":"τὸν δʼ ἐπιθαρσύνων προσέφη ξανθὸς Μενέλαος·","translation":"Then, giving him courage, fair-haired Menelaus spoke to him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l183.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπιθαρσύνων","lemma":"ἐπιθαρσύνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"encouraging"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"ξανθὸς","lemma":"ξανθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"fair-haired"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":184,"label":"184","id":"b4-l184","source":"θάρσει, μηδέ τί πω δειδίσσεο λαὸν Ἀχαιῶν·","translation":"\"Take heart, and do not yet frighten the army of the Achaeans;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l184.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θάρσει","lemma":"θαρσέω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"take heart"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to δειδίσσεο","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"πω","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"δειδίσσεο","lemma":"δειδίσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"frighten"},{"surface":"λαὸν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of δειδίσσεο","gloss":"the army"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαὸν","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":185,"label":"185","id":"b4-l185","source":"οὐκ ἐν καιρίῳ ὀξὺ πάγη βέλος, ἀλλὰ πάροιθεν","translation":"the sharp shaft did not lodge in a deadly place, but before it could,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l185.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"καιρίῳ","lemma":"καίριος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"a deadly place"},{"surface":"ὀξὺ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies βέλος","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"πάγη","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lodged"},{"surface":"βέλος","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of πάγη","gloss":"shaft"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πάροιθεν","lemma":"πάροιθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰρύσατο","gloss":"in front"}]},{"number":186,"label":"186","id":"b4-l186","source":"εἰρύσατο ζωστήρ τε παναίολος ἠδʼ ὑπένερθε","translation":"the gleaming belt held it back, and beneath that","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l186.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰρύσατο","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held back","note":"The middle voice emphasizes the belt's protective action: it warded the shaft off."},{"surface":"ζωστήρ","lemma":"ζωστήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"belt"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παναίολος","lemma":"παναίολος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ζωστήρ","gloss":"gleaming"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπένερθε","lemma":"ὑπένερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ζῶμά","gloss":"beneath"}]},{"number":187,"label":"187","id":"b4-l187","source":"ζῶμά τε καὶ μίτρη, τὴν χαλκῆες κάμον ἄνδρες.","translation":"the kilt, and the taslet that the bronze-smiths wrought.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l187.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ζῶμα","title":"The kilt beneath the belt","body":"ζῶμα names a third layer of Menelaus's war-gear, a metal-reinforced kilt worn beneath the outer belt (ζωστήρ, \"belt\") and above the taslet (μίτρη, \"taslet\") already locked in this book. Rendered \"kilt,\" it is held distinct from both, so the anatomical sequence stays exact wherever Homer names it again."}],"words":[{"surface":"ζῶμά","lemma":"ζῶμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"kilt"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μίτρη","lemma":"μίτρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"taslet","note":"A protective metal plate or band worn below the belt, often rendered 'taslet.'"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κάμον","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"χαλκῆες","lemma":"χαλκεύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄνδρες","gloss":"bronze-smiths"},{"surface":"κάμον","lemma":"κάμνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μίτρη","gloss":"wrought"},{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of κάμον","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":188,"label":"188","id":"b4-l188","source":"τὸν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων·","translation":"Then the lord Agamemnon answered him and said:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l188.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀπαμειβόμενος","lemma":"ἀπαμείβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"answering"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke to"},{"surface":"κρείων","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":189,"label":"189","id":"b4-l189","source":"αἲ γὰρ δὴ οὕτως εἴη φίλος ὦ Μενέλαε·","translation":"\"If only it were so indeed, dear Menelaus;","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l189.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἴη","title":"Optative of wish","body":"εἴη is present optative, the mood Greek uses for an unfulfilled wish, \"might it be so.\" Agamemnon does not simply agree with his brother; he voices a hope he is not yet sure of."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἲ","lemma":"αἴ","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"if only","note":"Ai gar with the optative expresses a wish: 'if only it were so.'"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οὕτως","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴη","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it were"},{"surface":"φίλος","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαε","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"o"},{"surface":"Μενέλαε","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":190,"label":"190","id":"b4-l190","source":"ἕλκος δʼ ἰητὴρ ἐπιμάσσεται ἠδʼ ἐπιθήσει","translation":"but the healer will handle your wound and lay upon it","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l190.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕλκος","lemma":"ἕλκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπιμάσσεται","gloss":"wound"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἰητὴρ","lemma":"ἰατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἠδ̓","gloss":"healer"},{"surface":"ἐπιμάσσεται","lemma":"ἐπιμάσσομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will handle"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπιθήσει","lemma":"ἐπιτίθημι","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will apply"}]},{"number":191,"label":"191","id":"b4-l191","source":"φάρμαχʼ ἅ κεν παύσῃσι μελαινάων ὀδυνάων.","translation":"drugs that will put an end to the black pains.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l191.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φάρμαχ","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπιθήσει","gloss":"drugs"},{"surface":"ἅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of παύσῃσι","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"παύσῃσι","lemma":"παύω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing φάρμαχ̓","gloss":"put an end to"},{"surface":"μελαινάων","lemma":"μέλαινα","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies ὀδυνάων","gloss":"black"},{"surface":"ὀδυνάων","lemma":"ὀδύνη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of παύσῃσι","gloss":"pains"}]},{"number":192,"label":"192","id":"b4-l192","source":"ἦ καὶ Ταλθύβιον θεῖον κήρυκα προσηύδα·","translation":"He spoke, and called out to Talthybius, the godlike herald:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l192.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ταλθύβιον","lemma":"Ταλθύβιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Talthybius"},{"surface":"θεῖον","lemma":"θεῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κήρυκα","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"κήρυκα","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"herald"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":193,"label":"193","id":"b4-l193","source":"Ταλθύβιʼ ὅττι τάχιστα Μαχάονα δεῦρο κάλεσσον","translation":"\"Talthybius, call Machaon here as quickly as you can,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l193.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ταλθύβι","lemma":"Ταλθύβιος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Talthybius"},{"surface":"ὅττι","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"as","note":"Hotti with the superlative strengthens it: 'as quickly as possible.'"},{"surface":"τάχιστα","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κάλεσσον","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"Μαχάονα","lemma":"Μαχάων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Machaon"},{"surface":"δεῦρο","lemma":"δεῦρο","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κάλεσσον","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"κάλεσσον","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"aorist active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"call"}]},{"number":194,"label":"194","id":"b4-l194","source":"φῶτʼ Ἀσκληπιοῦ υἱὸν ἀμύμονος ἰητῆρος,","translation":"the son of Asclepius, the blameless healer,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l194.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φῶτ","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"Ἀσκληπιοῦ","lemma":"Ἀσκληπιός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"of Asclepius"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἀμύμονος","lemma":"ἀμύμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies ἰητῆρος","gloss":"blameless"},{"surface":"ἰητῆρος","lemma":"ἰατήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"healer"}]},{"number":195,"label":"195","id":"b4-l195","source":"ὄφρα ἴδῃ Μενέλαον ἀρήϊον Ἀτρέος υἱόν,","translation":"that he may see warlike Menelaus, son of Atreus,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l195.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἴδῃ","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"he may see"},{"surface":"Μενέλαον","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"ἀρήϊον","lemma":"ἄρειος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαον","gloss":"warlike"},{"surface":"Ἀτρέος","lemma":"Ἀτρεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱόν","gloss":"of Atreus"},{"surface":"υἱόν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":196,"label":"196","id":"b4-l196","source":"ὅν τις ὀϊστεύσας ἔβαλεν τόξων ἐῢ εἰδὼς","translation":"whom some man skilled in archery struck with an arrow,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l196.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔβαλεν","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔβαλεν","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ὀϊστεύσας","lemma":"ὀιστεύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔβαλεν","gloss":"having shot an arrow","note":"Literally 'having shot an arrow'; with 'knowing bows well,' it means skilled in archery."},{"surface":"ἔβαλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"τόξων","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἰδὼς","gloss":"of bows"},{"surface":"ἐῢ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰδὼς","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"εἰδὼς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"knowing"}]},{"number":197,"label":"197","id":"b4-l197","source":"Τρώων ἢ Λυκίων, τῷ μὲν κλέος, ἄμμι δὲ πένθος.","translation":"a Trojan or a Lycian—glory for him, but grief for us.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l197.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"a Trojan"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Λυκίων","lemma":"Λύκιοι","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"a Lycian"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κλέος","lemma":"κλέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ἄμμι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πένθος","lemma":"πένθος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"grief"}]},{"number":198,"label":"198","id":"b4-l198","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, οὐδʼ ἄρα οἱ κῆρυξ ἀπίθησεν ἀκούσας,","translation":"So he spoke, and the herald did not disobey him when he heard,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l198.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπίθησεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"κῆρυξ","lemma":"κῆρυξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀπίθησεν","gloss":"herald"},{"surface":"ἀπίθησεν","lemma":"ἀπιθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"disobeyed","note":"The preceding negative makes this 'did not disobey,' a conventional way to say he obeyed."},{"surface":"ἀκούσας","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀπίθησεν","gloss":"having heard"}]},{"number":199,"label":"199","id":"b4-l199","source":"βῆ δʼ ἰέναι κατὰ λαὸν Ἀχαιῶν χαλκοχιτώνων","translation":"but went his way through the ranks of the bronze-clad Achaeans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l199.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went","note":"Bē d' ienai is a formula: literally 'he set out to go.'"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰέναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βῆ","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"λαὸν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαὸν","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"χαλκοχιτώνων","lemma":"χαλκοχίτων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀχαιῶν","gloss":"bronze-clad"}]},{"number":200,"label":"200","id":"b4-l200","source":"παπταίνων ἥρωα Μαχάονα· τὸν δὲ νόησεν","translation":"searching for the hero Machaon; and he caught sight of him","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l200.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παπταίνων","lemma":"παπταίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"searching"},{"surface":"ἥρωα","lemma":"ἥρως","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Μαχάονα","gloss":"hero"},{"surface":"Μαχάονα","lemma":"Μαχάων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of παπταίνων","gloss":"Machaon"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of νόησεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νόησεν","lemma":"νοέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"caught sight of"}]},{"number":201,"label":"201","id":"b4-l201","source":"ἑσταότʼ· ἀμφὶ δέ μιν κρατεραὶ στίχες ἀσπιστάων","translation":"standing there; and around him the strong ranks of shield-bearing","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l201.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑσταότ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"κρατεραὶ","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies στίχες","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"στίχες","lemma":"στίξ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"ἀσπιστάων","lemma":"ἀσπιστής","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαῶν","gloss":"shield-bearers"}]},{"number":202,"label":"202","id":"b4-l202","source":"λαῶν, οἵ οἱ ἕποντο Τρίκης ἐξ ἱπποβότοιο.","translation":"men who had followed him from horse-pasturing Tricca.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l202.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies στίχες","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕποντο","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἕποντο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἕποντο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing λαῶν","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"Τρίκης","lemma":"Τρίκη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"Tricca"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἱπποβότοιο","lemma":"ἱππόβοτος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Τρίκης","gloss":"horse-pasturing"}]},{"number":203,"label":"203","id":"b4-l203","source":"ἀγχοῦ δʼ ἱστάμενος ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"Standing close beside him, he addressed him with winged words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l203.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγχοῦ","lemma":"ἀγχοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἱστάμενος","gloss":"close by"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἱστάμενος","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged","note":"A Homeric formula for speech that swiftly travels from speaker to hearer."},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":204,"label":"204","id":"b4-l204","source":"ὄρσʼ Ἀσκληπιάδη, καλέει κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων,","translation":"\"Rise up, son of Asclepius; the lord Agamemnon is calling you,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l204.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄρσ","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rise up"},{"surface":"Ἀσκληπιάδη","lemma":"Ἀσκληπιάδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Asclepius"},{"surface":"καλέει","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"calls"},{"surface":"κρείων","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καλέει","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":205,"label":"205","id":"b4-l205","source":"ὄφρα ἴδῃς Μενέλαον ἀρήϊον ἀρχὸν Ἀχαιῶν,","translation":"that you may see warlike Menelaus, leader of the Achaeans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l205.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἴδῃς","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"you may see"},{"surface":"Μενέλαον","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Menelaus"},{"surface":"ἀρήϊον","lemma":"ἄρειος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαον","gloss":"warlike"},{"surface":"ἀρχὸν","lemma":"ἀρχός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"leader"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀρχὸν","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":206,"label":"206","id":"b4-l206","source":"ὅν τις ὀϊστεύσας ἔβαλεν τόξων ἐῢ εἰδὼς","translation":"whom some man skilled in archery struck with an arrow,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l206.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔβαλεν","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔβαλεν","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"ὀϊστεύσας","lemma":"ὀιστεύω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔβαλεν","gloss":"having shot an arrow"},{"surface":"ἔβαλεν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"τόξων","lemma":"τόξον","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of εἰδὼς","gloss":"of bows"},{"surface":"ἐῢ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰδὼς","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"εἰδὼς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"knowing"}]},{"number":207,"label":"207","id":"b4-l207","source":"Τρώων ἢ Λυκίων, τῷ μὲν κλέος, ἄμμι δὲ πένθος.","translation":"a Trojan or a Lycian—glory for him, but grief for us.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l207.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"a Trojan"},{"surface":"ἢ","lemma":"ἤ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"Λυκίων","lemma":"Λύκιοι","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἢ","gloss":"a Lycian"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κλέος","lemma":"κλέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ἄμμι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"for us"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πένθος","lemma":"πένθος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"grief"}]},{"number":208,"label":"208","id":"b4-l208","source":"ὣς φάτο, τῷ δʼ ἄρα θυμὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν ὄρινε·","translation":"So he spoke, and stirred the spirit within his breast;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l208.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὄρινε","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὄρινε","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"στήθεσσιν","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"his breast"},{"surface":"ὄρινε","lemma":"ὀρίνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stirred"}]},{"number":209,"label":"209","id":"b4-l209","source":"βὰν δʼ ἰέναι καθʼ ὅμιλον ἀνὰ στρατὸν εὐρὺν Ἀχαιῶν.","translation":"and the two went their way through the throng, along the wide army of the Achaeans.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l209.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βὰν","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"the two went","note":"The plural verb refers to Talthybius and Machaon setting out together; it is not a dual form."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰέναι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of βὰν","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καθ̓","gloss":"the throng"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"στρατὸν","lemma":"στρατός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"εὐρὺν","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies στρατὸν","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies στρατὸν","gloss":"of the Achaeans"}]},{"number":210,"label":"210","id":"b4-l210","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅτε δή ῥʼ ἵκανον ὅθι ξανθὸς Μενέλαος","translation":"But when they came to where fair-haired Menelaus","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l210.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἵκανον","lemma":"ἱκάνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"they reached"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ξανθὸς","lemma":"ξανθός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαος","gloss":"fair-haired"},{"surface":"Μενέλαος","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦν","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":211,"label":"211","id":"b4-l211","source":"βλήμενος ἦν, περὶ δʼ αὐτὸν ἀγηγέραθʼ ὅσσοι ἄριστοι","translation":"lay wounded, and all the best men had gathered around him","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l211.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βλήμενος","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦν","gloss":"wounded"},{"surface":"ἦν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὐτὸν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to περὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἀγηγέραθ","lemma":"ἀγείρω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of δ̓","gloss":"had gathered"},{"surface":"ὅσσοι","lemma":"ὅσος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"all who"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"best"}]},{"number":212,"label":"212","id":"b4-l212","source":"κυκλόσʼ, ὃ δʼ ἐν μέσσοισι παρίστατο ἰσόθεος φώς,","translation":"in a circle, the godlike man took his place among them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l212.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κυκλόσ","lemma":"κυκλόσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀγηγέραθ̓","gloss":"in a circle"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"μέσσοισι","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the midst"},{"surface":"παρίστατο","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took his place"},{"surface":"ἰσόθεος","lemma":"ἰσόθεος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies φώς","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"φώς","lemma":"φώς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":213,"label":"213","id":"b4-l213","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ ἐκ ζωστῆρος ἀρηρότος ἕλκεν ὀϊστόν·","translation":"and at once drew the arrow out from the close-fitted belt;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l213.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕλκεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ζωστῆρος","lemma":"ζωστήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"belt"},{"surface":"ἀρηρότος","lemma":"ἀραρίσκω","morphology":"perfect active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"modifies ζωστῆρος","gloss":"close-fitted","note":"The perfect participle means the belt had been fitted firmly together."},{"surface":"ἕλκεν","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"ὀϊστόν","lemma":"ὀιστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἕλκεν","gloss":"arrow"}]},{"number":214,"label":"214","id":"b4-l214","source":"τοῦ δʼ ἐξελκομένοιο πάλιν ἄγεν ὀξέες ὄγκοι.","translation":"and as it was being drawn out, the sharp barbs bent back.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l214.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τοῦ δʼ ἐξελκομένοιο","title":"Genitive absolute","body":"τοῦ ... ἐξελκομένοιο is a genitive absolute, a participial clause set grammatically apart from the main sentence's subject: \"as it [the arrow] was being drawn out.\" The construction lets Homer note a simultaneous circumstance — the barbs catching as the shaft is pulled — without breaking the main action."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐξελκομένοιο","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξελκομένοιο","lemma":"ἐξέλκω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἄγεν","gloss":"being drawn out"},{"surface":"πάλιν","lemma":"πάλιν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἄγεν","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἄγεν","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bent","note":"Here the simple verb has the intransitive sense 'bent' or 'broke back.'"},{"surface":"ὀξέες","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄγκοι","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"ὄγκοι","lemma":"ὄγκος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἄγεν","gloss":"barbs"}]},{"number":215,"label":"215","id":"b4-l215","source":"λῦσε δέ οἱ ζωστῆρα παναίολον ἠδʼ ὑπένερθε","translation":"He loosed the gleaming belt, and beneath it","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l215.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λῦσε","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"loosed"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ζωστῆρα","lemma":"ζωστήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"belt"},{"surface":"παναίολον","lemma":"παναίολος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ζωστῆρα","gloss":"gleaming"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπένερθε","lemma":"ὑπένερθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ζῶμά","gloss":"beneath"}]},{"number":216,"label":"216","id":"b4-l216","source":"ζῶμά τε καὶ μίτρην, τὴν χαλκῆες κάμον ἄνδρες.","translation":"the kilt, and the taslet that the bronze-smiths wrought.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l216.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ζῶμά","lemma":"ζῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"kilt"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μίτρην","lemma":"μίτρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"taslet"},{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of κάμον","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"χαλκῆες","lemma":"χαλκεύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄνδρες","gloss":"bronze-smiths"},{"surface":"κάμον","lemma":"κάμνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing μίτρην","gloss":"wrought"},{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of κάμον","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":217,"label":"217","id":"b4-l217","source":"αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ ἴδεν ἕλκος ὅθʼ ἔμπεσε πικρὸς ὀϊστός,","translation":"Then, when he saw the wound where the bitter arrow had struck,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l217.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἴδεν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"ἕλκος","lemma":"ἕλκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἴδεν","gloss":"wound"},{"surface":"ὅθ","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔμπεσε","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"ἔμπεσε","lemma":"ἐμπίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἕλκος","gloss":"had struck"},{"surface":"πικρὸς","lemma":"πικρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀϊστός","gloss":"bitter"},{"surface":"ὀϊστός","lemma":"ὀιστός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔμπεσε","gloss":"arrow"}]},{"number":218,"label":"218","id":"b4-l218","source":"αἷμʼ ἐκμυζήσας ἐπʼ ἄρʼ ἤπια φάρμακα εἰδὼς","translation":"he sucked out the blood, and, skilled in healing,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l218.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἷμ","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκμυζήσας","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"ἐκμυζήσας","lemma":"ἐκμυζάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πάσσε","gloss":"having sucked out"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"upon it"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἤπια","lemma":"ἤπιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies φάρμακα","gloss":"soothing"},{"surface":"φάρμακα","lemma":"φάρμακον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πάσσε","gloss":"drugs"},{"surface":"εἰδὼς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πάσσε","gloss":"skilled in","note":"Oida with an object means 'be skilled in' or 'know how to use.'"}]},{"number":219,"label":"219","id":"b4-l219","source":"πάσσε, τά οἵ ποτε πατρὶ φίλα φρονέων πόρε Χείρων.","translation":"spread upon it soothing drugs, which Chiron, kindly disposed, had once given to his father.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l219.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάσσε","lemma":"πάσσω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spread"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of πόρε","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies πατρὶ","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to πόρε","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"πατρὶ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πόρε","gloss":"to his father"},{"surface":"φίλα","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of φρονέων","gloss":"kindly"},{"surface":"φρονέων","lemma":"φρονέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πόρε","gloss":"disposed"},{"surface":"πόρε","lemma":"πόρω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing φάρμακα","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"Χείρων","lemma":"Χείρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πόρε","gloss":"Chiron"}]},{"number":220,"label":"220","id":"b4-l220","source":"ὄφρα τοὶ ἀμφεπένοντο βοὴν ἀγαθὸν Μενέλαον,","translation":"While they were tending Menelaus, good at the war-cry,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l220.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"τοὶ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀμφεπένοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"ἀμφεπένοντο","lemma":"ἀμφιπένομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"were tending"},{"surface":"βοὴν","lemma":"βοή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀγαθὸν","gloss":"at the war-cry","note":"The accusative phrase is an epithet: literally 'good in respect of the war-cry.'"},{"surface":"ἀγαθὸν","lemma":"ἀγαθός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενέλαον","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"Μενέλαον","lemma":"Μενέλαος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφεπένοντο","gloss":"Menelaus"}]},{"number":221,"label":"221","id":"b4-l221","source":"τόφρα δʼ ἐπὶ Τρώων στίχες ἤλυθον ἀσπιστάων·","translation":"the ranks of shield-bearing Trojans came on;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l221.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόφρα","lemma":"τόφρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἤλυθον","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"onward"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies στίχες","gloss":"of Trojans"},{"surface":"στίχες","lemma":"στίξ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἤλυθον","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"ἤλυθον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"ἀσπιστάων","lemma":"ἀσπιστής","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies Τρώων","gloss":"shield-bearers"}]},{"number":222,"label":"222","id":"b4-l222","source":"οἳ δʼ αὖτις κατὰ τεύχεʼ ἔδυν, μνήσαντο δὲ χάρμης.","translation":"and the Achaeans in turn put on their armor once more, and turned their minds again to the joy of battle.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l222.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αὖτις","lemma":"αὖθις","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔδυν","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"into","note":"Kata with 'put on' conveys putting armor down over the body."},{"surface":"τεύχε","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔδυν","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"ἔδυν","lemma":"δύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"μνήσαντο","lemma":"μιμνήσκω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"remembered"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χάρμης","lemma":"χάρμη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of μνήσαντο","gloss":"battle joy"}]},{"number":223,"label":"223","id":"b4-l223","source":"ἔνθʼ οὐκ ἂν βρίζοντα ἴδοις Ἀγαμέμνονα δῖον","translation":"There you would not see godlike Agamemnon slumbering,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l223.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἴδοις","title":"Potential optative, addressing the listener","body":"ἴδοις is optative with ἄν, the Greek potential construction, \"you would not see\" — Homer briefly steps outside the narrative to address the listener directly, a rare but genuine second-person aside rather than a slip into the audience's own world."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴδοις","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἂν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would","note":"An with the optative marks the imagined observer: 'you would not see.'"},{"surface":"βρίζοντα","lemma":"βρίζω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"slumbering"},{"surface":"ἴδοις","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you see"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνονα","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἴδοις","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"surface":"δῖον","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνονα","gloss":"godlike"}]},{"number":224,"label":"224","id":"b4-l224","source":"οὐδὲ καταπτώσσοντʼ οὐδʼ οὐκ ἐθέλοντα μάχεσθαι,","translation":"nor cowering back, nor unwilling to fight,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l224.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐδὲ","lemma":"οὐδέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"καταπτώσσοντ","lemma":"καταπτώσσω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"cowering back"},{"surface":"οὐδ","lemma":"οὐδέ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐθέλοντα","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"willing","note":"Negated by the preceding οὐκ: 'not willing' = 'unwilling.'"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλοντα","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":225,"label":"225","id":"b4-l225","source":"ἀλλὰ μάλα σπεύδοντα μάχην ἐς κυδιάνειραν.","translation":"but eager, rather, for the battle that brings men glory.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l225.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κυδιάνειραν","title":"The battle that brings men glory","body":"κυδιάνειρα, \"man-glorifying,\" is a standing epithet for battle itself, built from κῦδος \"glory\" and ἀνήρ \"man\" — war framed not as horror but as the field where a man's worth is proven and made known."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σπεύδοντα","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"σπεύδοντα","lemma":"σπεύδω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"μάχην","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"battle"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κυδιάνειραν","lemma":"κυδιάνειρα","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μάχην","gloss":"bringing men glory"}]},{"number":226,"label":"226","id":"b4-l226","source":"ἵππους μὲν γὰρ ἔασε καὶ ἅρματα ποικίλα χαλκῷ·","translation":"For he left his horses, and his chariot inlaid with bronze,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l226.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔασε","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅρματα","lemma":"ἅρμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"chariot"},{"surface":"ποικίλα","lemma":"ποικίλος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἅρματα","gloss":"inlaid"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκοῦς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ποικίλα","gloss":"with bronze"}]},{"number":227,"label":"227","id":"b4-l227","source":"καὶ τοὺς μὲν θεράπων ἀπάνευθʼ ἔχε φυσιόωντας","translation":"and his attendant held them apart, snorting,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l227.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔχε","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"θεράπων","lemma":"θεράπων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"attendant"},{"surface":"ἀπάνευθ","lemma":"ἀπάνευθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἔχε","gloss":"apart"},{"surface":"ἔχε","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"held"},{"surface":"φυσιόωντας","lemma":"φυσιάω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"snorting"}]},{"number":228,"label":"228","id":"b4-l228","source":"Εὐρυμέδων υἱὸς Πτολεμαίου Πειραΐδαο·","translation":"Eurymedon, son of Ptolemaeus, son of Peiraeus;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l228.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Εὐρυμέδων","lemma":"Εὐρυμέδων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Eurymedon"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Πτολεμαίου","lemma":"Πτολεμαῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Ptolemaeus"}]},{"number":229,"label":"229","id":"b4-l229","source":"τῷ μάλα πόλλʼ ἐπέτελλε παρισχέμεν ὁππότε κέν μιν","translation":"to him he gave strict charge to have them ready, whenever","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l229.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπέτελλε","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"πόλλ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπέτελλε","gloss":"many instructions"},{"surface":"ἐπέτελλε","lemma":"ἐπιτέλλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave charge"},{"surface":"παρισχέμεν","lemma":"παρίσχω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐπέτελλε","gloss":"to keep ready","note":"The epic infinitive means to keep the horses and chariot standing ready beside him."},{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"should"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of λάβῃ","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":230,"label":"230","id":"b4-l230","source":"γυῖα λάβῃ κάματος πολέας διὰ κοιρανέοντα·","translation":"weariness should seize his limbs as he ranged among the many, commanding them;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l230.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γυῖα","lemma":"γυῖον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of λάβῃ","gloss":"limbs"},{"surface":"λάβῃ","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὁππότε","gloss":"seize"},{"surface":"κάματος","lemma":"κάματος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of λάβῃ","gloss":"weariness"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"κοιρανέοντα","lemma":"κοιρανέω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"commanding"}]},{"number":231,"label":"231","id":"b4-l231","source":"αὐτὰρ ὃ πεζὸς ἐὼν ἐπεπωλεῖτο στίχας ἀνδρῶν·","translation":"but he himself, on foot, ranged along the ranks of men;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l231.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐπεπωλεῖτο","title":"The Review of the Troops","body":"ἐπεπωλεῖτο, \"was going about, ranging over,\" is the verb that gives this whole scene its name in later scholarship, the epipolesis — Agamemnon's on-foot review of the army, praising the eager and shaming the slack, which runs from here through his visit to Nestor."}],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπεπωλεῖτο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"πεζὸς","lemma":"πεζός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"on foot"},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπεπωλεῖτο","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"ἐπεπωλεῖτο","lemma":"ἐπιπωλέομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ranged along"},{"surface":"στίχας","lemma":"στίξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπεπωλεῖτο","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies στίχας","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":232,"label":"232","id":"b4-l232","source":"καί ῥʼ οὓς μὲν σπεύδοντας ἴδοι Δαναῶν ταχυπώλων,","translation":"and whomever he saw eager among the swift-horsed Danaans,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l232.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"οὓς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἴδοι","gloss":"whomever","note":"The relative and demonstrative in the next line form a correlative pair: 'whomever...them.'"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σπεύδοντας","lemma":"σπεύδω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"ἴδοι","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τοὺς","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"Δαναῶν","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies οὓς","gloss":"of Danaans"},{"surface":"ταχυπώλων","lemma":"ταχύπωλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Δαναῶν","gloss":"swift-horsed"}]},{"number":233,"label":"233","id":"b4-l233","source":"τοὺς μάλα θαρσύνεσκε παριστάμενος ἐπέεσσιν·","translation":"these he encouraged strongly, standing beside them with words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l233.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"θαρσύνεσκε","title":"Iterative imperfect","body":"The -σκε suffix on θαρσύνεσκε marks a distinct iterative form of the imperfect, \"he would encourage, again and again\" — the repeated action of stopping beside one eager man after another as he walks the whole line."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of θαρσύνεσκε","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to θαρσύνεσκε","gloss":"strongly"},{"surface":"θαρσύνεσκε","lemma":"θαρσύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept encouraging","note":"The iterative imperfect in -ske means he repeatedly encouraged each group."},{"surface":"παριστάμενος","lemma":"παρίστημι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to θαρσύνεσκε","gloss":"standing beside"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to θαρσύνεσκε","gloss":"with words"}]},{"number":234,"label":"234","id":"b4-l234","source":"Ἀργεῖοι μή πώ τι μεθίετε θούριδος ἀλκῆς·","translation":"\"Argives, in no way slacken yet your furious valor;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l234.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"θούριδος ἀλκῆς","title":"Furious valor","body":"θοῦρις, \"rushing, impetuous,\" paired with ἀλκή, \"valor, fighting strength,\" is a recurring Homeric formula for battle-fury; held to \"furious valor\" wherever it recurs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργεῖοι","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Argives"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to μεθίετε","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"μεθίετε","lemma":"μεθίημι","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slacken"},{"surface":"θούριδος","lemma":"θοῦρος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλκῆς","gloss":"furious"},{"surface":"ἀλκῆς","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of μεθίετε","gloss":"valor"}]},{"number":235,"label":"235","id":"b4-l235","source":"οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ ψευδέσσι πατὴρ Ζεὺς ἔσσετʼ ἀρωγός,","translation":"for father Zeus will not be a helper to liars,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l235.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ψευδέσσι","lemma":"ψευδής","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"liars"},{"surface":"πατὴρ","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεὺς","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσσετ̓","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"ἔσσετ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"ἀρωγός","lemma":"ἀρωγός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"helper"}]},{"number":236,"label":"236","id":"b4-l236","source":"ἀλλʼ οἵ περ πρότεροι ὑπὲρ ὅρκια δηλήσαντο","translation":"but those who were the first to violate the oaths","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l236.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δηλήσαντο","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πρότεροι","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beyond","note":"Hyper with 'oaths' means acting beyond or against them: violating their bounds."},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δηλήσαντο","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"δηλήσαντο","lemma":"δηλέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τῶν","gloss":"violated"}]},{"number":237,"label":"237","id":"b4-l237","source":"τῶν ἤτοι αὐτῶν τέρενα χρόα γῦπες ἔδονται,","translation":"— their own tender flesh the vultures will devour,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l237.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies χρόα","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed","note":"Ētoi strongly resumes the consequence: 'then surely' or 'indeed.'"},{"surface":"αὐτῶν","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τῶν","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"τέρενα","lemma":"τέρην","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χρόα","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"χρόα","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔδονται","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"γῦπες","lemma":"γύψ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔδονται","gloss":"vultures"},{"surface":"ἔδονται","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will devour"}]},{"number":238,"label":"238","id":"b4-l238","source":"ἡμεῖς αὖτʼ ἀλόχους τε φίλας καὶ νήπια τέκνα","translation":"while we, in turn, their dear wives and infant children","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l238.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἄξομεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ἀλόχους","lemma":"ἄλοχος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φίλας","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλόχους","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νήπια","lemma":"νήπιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τέκνα","gloss":"infant"},{"surface":"τέκνα","lemma":"τέκνον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":239,"label":"239","id":"b4-l239","source":"ἄξομεν ἐν νήεσσιν, ἐπὴν πτολίεθρον ἕλωμεν.","translation":"shall carry off in our ships, once we have taken their city.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l239.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄξομεν","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shall carry off"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"νήεσσιν","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"ἐπὴν","lemma":"ἐπήν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"πτολίεθρον","lemma":"πτολίεθρον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἕλωμεν","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"ἕλωμεν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπὴν","gloss":"we take"}]},{"number":240,"label":"240","id":"b4-l240","source":"οὕς τινας αὖ μεθιέντας ἴδοι στυγεροῦ πολέμοιο,","translation":"But whomever he saw shrinking from hateful war,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l240.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὕς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἴδοι","gloss":"whomever"},{"surface":"τινας","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies οὕς","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"μεθιέντας","lemma":"μεθίημι","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"shrinking"},{"surface":"ἴδοι","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τοὺς","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"στυγεροῦ","lemma":"στυγερός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πολέμοιο","gloss":"hateful"},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of μεθιέντας","gloss":"war"}]},{"number":241,"label":"241","id":"b4-l241","source":"τοὺς μάλα νεικείεσκε χολωτοῖσιν ἐπέεσσιν·","translation":"these he railed at bitterly with angry words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l241.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of νεικείεσκε","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to νεικείεσκε","gloss":"bitterly"},{"surface":"νεικείεσκε","lemma":"νεικέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"kept railing at","note":"The -ske form is iterative: he repeatedly rebuked the groups he found shrinking."},{"surface":"χολωτοῖσιν","lemma":"χολωτός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἐπέεσσιν","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"ἐπέεσσιν","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to νεικείεσκε","gloss":"with words"}]},{"number":242,"label":"242","id":"b4-l242","source":"Ἀργεῖοι ἰόμωροι ἐλεγχέες οὔ νυ σέβεσθε;","translation":"\"Argives, you arrow-boasters, disgraces — have you no shame?","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l242.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἰόμωροι","title":"\"Arrow-boasters\" — a disputed term","body":"ἰόμωρος is a rare word of contested etymology, traditionally connected to ἰός \"arrow\" and taken as a jeer at men who only fight at a distance and boast of it, though the second element is genuinely uncertain; we follow the traditional reading rather than silently picking a firmer sense than the Greek actually supports."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργεῖοι","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Argives"},{"surface":"ἰόμωροι","lemma":"ἰόμωροι","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀργεῖοι","gloss":"arrow-boasters","note":"A taunting compound, literally something like 'arrow-fools' or 'arrow-boasters.'"},{"surface":"ἐλεγχέες","lemma":"ἐλεγχής","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀργεῖοι","gloss":"disgraces"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"νυ","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to σέβεσθε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"σέβεσθε","lemma":"σέβομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are you ashamed"}]},{"number":243,"label":"243","id":"b4-l243","source":"τίφθʼ οὕτως ἔστητε τεθηπότες ἠΰτε νεβροί,","translation":"Why do you stand thus, stunned, like fawns","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l243.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίφθ","lemma":"τίπτε","morphology":"pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔστητε","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"οὕτως","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔστητε","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἔστητε","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you stand"},{"surface":"τεθηπότες","lemma":"τέθηπα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔστητε","gloss":"stunned"},{"surface":"ἠΰτε","lemma":"ἠύτε","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"νεβροί","lemma":"νεβρός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"fawns"}]},{"number":244,"label":"244","id":"b4-l244","source":"αἵ τʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν ἔκαμον πολέος πεδίοιο θέουσαι","translation":"who, once they have grown tired running over the wide plain,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l244.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἑστᾶσ̓","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)","note":"The transmitted form functions as an enclitic particle in the simile and is absorbed in English."},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔκαμον","lemma":"κάμνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"grew tired"},{"surface":"πολέος","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πεδίοιο","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"πεδίοιο","lemma":"πεδίον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of θέουσαι","gloss":"plain"},{"surface":"θέουσαι","lemma":"θέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"object of ἔκαμον","gloss":"running"}]},{"number":245,"label":"245","id":"b4-l245","source":"ἑστᾶσʼ, οὐδʼ ἄρα τίς σφι μετὰ φρεσὶ γίγνεται ἀλκή·","translation":"stand still, and no strength of courage rises in their hearts?","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l245.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑστᾶσ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ̓","gloss":"stand still"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τίς","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀλκή","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"σφι","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of γίγνεται","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"φρεσὶ","lemma":"φρήν","morphology":"dative plural noun","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"hearts"},{"surface":"γίγνεται","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing δ̓","gloss":"arises"},{"surface":"ἀλκή","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γίγνεται","gloss":"courage"}]},{"number":246,"label":"246","id":"b4-l246","source":"ὣς ὑμεῖς ἔστητε τεθηπότες οὐδὲ μάχεσθε.","translation":"So you stand stunned, and do not fight.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l246.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔστητε","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ὑμεῖς","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative plural pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"ἔστητε","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"τεθηπότες","lemma":"τέθηπα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔστητε","gloss":"stunned"},{"surface":"μάχεσθε","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fight"}]},{"number":247,"label":"247","id":"b4-l247","source":"ἦ μένετε Τρῶας σχεδὸν ἐλθέμεν ἔνθά τε νῆες","translation":"Are you waiting for the Trojans to come close, to where the ships","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l247.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"or","note":"The question particle introduces an indignant alternative: 'Or are you waiting...?'"},{"surface":"μένετε","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"are you waiting"},{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐλθέμεν","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"σχεδὸν","lemma":"σχεδόν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐλθέμεν","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἐλθέμεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of μένετε","gloss":"to come"},{"surface":"ἔνθά","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰρύατ̓","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"νῆες","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of εἰρύατ̓","gloss":"ships"}]},{"number":248,"label":"248","id":"b4-l248","source":"εἰρύατʼ εὔπρυμνοι πολιῆς ἐπὶ θινὶ θαλάσσης,","translation":"with their fair sterns are drawn up on the shore of the gray sea,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l248.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰρύατ","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing σχεδὸν","gloss":"are drawn up"},{"surface":"εὔπρυμνοι","lemma":"εὔπρυμνος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies νῆες","gloss":"fair-sterned"},{"surface":"πολιῆς","lemma":"πολιός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies θαλάσσης","gloss":"gray"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"θινὶ","lemma":"θίς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"shore"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies θινὶ","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":249,"label":"249","id":"b4-l249","source":"ὄφρα ἴδητʼ αἴ κʼ ὔμμιν ὑπέρσχῃ χεῖρα Κρονίων;","translation":"so that you may see whether the son of Cronos will hold his hand over you?\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l249.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"ἴδητ","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"you may see"},{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"ὔμμιν","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative plural pronoun","role":"object of ὑπέρσχῃ","gloss":"over you"},{"surface":"ὑπέρσχῃ","lemma":"ὑπερέχω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of αἴ","gloss":"hold over","note":"Literally 'hold his hand over you,' meaning extend divine protection."},{"surface":"χεῖρα","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ὑπέρσχῃ","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"Κρονίων","lemma":"Κρονίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὑπέρσχῃ","gloss":"son of Cronos"}]},{"number":250,"label":"250","id":"b4-l250","source":"ὣς ὅ γε κοιρανέων ἐπεπωλεῖτο στίχας ἀνδρῶν·","translation":"So, commanding, he ranged along the ranks of men;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l250.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεπωλεῖτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπεπωλεῖτο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κοιρανέων","lemma":"κοιρανέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπεπωλεῖτο","gloss":"commanding"},{"surface":"ἐπεπωλεῖτο","lemma":"ἐπιπωλέομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ranged along"},{"surface":"στίχας","lemma":"στίξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπεπωλεῖτο","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies στίχας","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":251,"label":"251","id":"b4-l251","source":"ἦλθε δʼ ἐπὶ Κρήτεσσι κιὼν ἀνὰ οὐλαμὸν ἀνδρῶν.","translation":"and he came to the Cretans, passing along the throng of men.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l251.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Κρήτεσσι","lemma":"Κρής","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the Cretans"},{"surface":"κιὼν","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"οὐλαμὸν","lemma":"οὐλαμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνὰ","gloss":"throng"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies οὐλαμὸν","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":252,"label":"252","id":"b4-l252","source":"οἳ δʼ ἀμφʼ Ἰδομενῆα δαΐφρονα θωρήσσοντο·","translation":"They around warlike Idomeneus were arming themselves;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l252.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δαΐφρονα","title":"\"Warlike-minded\" — a generic epithet","body":"δαΐφρων, literally \"battle-minded,\" is a generic honorific applied to more than one hero across the poem, not a byname reserved for Idomeneus alone — like μάντις ἀμύμων \"blameless seer,\" it praises a quality rather than naming a unique standing."}],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of θωρήσσοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"Ἰδομενῆα","lemma":"Ἰδομενεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀμφ̓","gloss":"Idomeneus"},{"surface":"δαΐφρονα","lemma":"δαίφρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἰδομενῆα","gloss":"warlike"},{"surface":"θωρήσσοντο","lemma":"θωρήσσω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were arming"}]},{"number":253,"label":"253","id":"b4-l253","source":"Ἰδομενεὺς μὲν ἐνὶ προμάχοις συῒ εἴκελος ἀλκήν,","translation":"Idomeneus among the front-fighters, like a boar in his courage,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l253.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"συῒ εἴκελος ἀλκήν","title":"Accusative of respect","body":"ἀλκήν, \"in respect of valor,\" is an accusative of respect specifying exactly in what way Idomeneus resembles a boar — Greek narrows a comparison this way instead of piling on a modifying clause."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἰδομενεὺς","lemma":"Ἰδομενεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Idomeneus"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"προμάχοις","lemma":"πρόμαχος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"front-fighters"},{"surface":"συῒ","lemma":"ὗς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies εἴκελος","gloss":"a boar","note":"The dative supplies the standard of comparison: 'like a boar.'"},{"surface":"εἴκελος","lemma":"εἴκελος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"ἀλκήν","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies εἴκελος","gloss":"in courage"}]},{"number":254,"label":"254","id":"b4-l254","source":"Μηριόνης δʼ ἄρα οἱ πυμάτας ὄτρυνε φάλαγγας.","translation":"and Meriones was rousing the rearmost ranks for him.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l254.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Μηριόνης","lemma":"Μηριόνης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὄτρυνε","gloss":"Meriones"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὄτρυνε","gloss":"for him"},{"surface":"πυμάτας","lemma":"πύματος","morphology":"accusative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies φάλαγγας","gloss":"rearmost"},{"surface":"ὄτρυνε","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was rousing"},{"surface":"φάλαγγας","lemma":"φάλαγξ","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὄτρυνε","gloss":"ranks"}]},{"number":255,"label":"255","id":"b4-l255","source":"τοὺς δὲ ἰδὼν γήθησεν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων,","translation":"Seeing them, Agamemnon, lord of men, rejoiced,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l255.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"τοὺς δὲ ἰδὼν γήθησεν","title":"A recurring rejoicing-formula","body":"\"Seeing [him/them], [X] rejoiced\" recurs three times in this scene (here, and again at lines 283 and 311), each time with Agamemnon's epithet changing to fit the moment; the participle-plus-verb pattern itself is held to the same shape each time, only the following epithet varies."}],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἰδὼν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to γήθησεν","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"γήθησεν","lemma":"γηθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"ἄναξ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄναξ","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of γήθησεν","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":256,"label":"256","id":"b4-l256","source":"αὐτίκα δʼ Ἰδομενῆα προσηύδα μειλιχίοισιν·","translation":"and at once he spoke to Idomeneus with gentle words:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l256.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτίκα","lemma":"αὐτίκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἰδομενῆα","lemma":"Ἰδομενεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"Idomeneus"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"μειλιχίοισιν","lemma":"μειλίχιος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"with gentle words"}]},{"number":257,"label":"257","id":"b4-l257","source":"Ἰδομενεῦ περὶ μέν σε τίω Δαναῶν ταχυπώλων","translation":"\"Idomeneus, I honor you above the swift-horsed Danaans,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l257.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Δαναῶν ταχυπώλων","title":"Swift-horsed Danaans","body":"ταχύπωλος, \"swift-horsed,\" is a new standing epithet for the Danaans in these drafts, recurring verbatim at line 232 within this same chunk; held to \"swift-horsed Danaans\" wherever it recurs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἰδομενεῦ","lemma":"Ἰδομενεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Idomeneus"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"above","note":"Peri used adverbially with a verb of honoring means 'above' or 'beyond' others."},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of τίω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"τίω","lemma":"τίω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I honor"},{"surface":"Δαναῶν","lemma":"Δαναοί","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"of Danaans"},{"surface":"ταχυπώλων","lemma":"ταχύπωλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Δαναῶν","gloss":"swift-horsed"}]},{"number":258,"label":"258","id":"b4-l258","source":"ἠμὲν ἐνὶ πτολέμῳ ἠδʼ ἀλλοίῳ ἐπὶ ἔργῳ","translation":"both in war and in every other task,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l258.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠμὲν","lemma":"ἠμέν","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πτολέμῳ","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀλλοίῳ","lemma":"ἀλλοῖος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργῳ","gloss":"every other"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ἔργῳ","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"task"}]},{"number":259,"label":"259","id":"b4-l259","source":"ἠδʼ ἐν δαίθʼ, ὅτε πέρ τε γερούσιον αἴθοπα οἶνον","translation":"and at the feast, when the sparkling wine set aside for the elders","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l259.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠδ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"δαίθ","lemma":"δαίτη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"feast"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"πέρ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"γερούσιον","lemma":"γερούσιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶνον","gloss":"for the elders","note":"The wine is 'for the council of elders,' a privileged portion at the feast."},{"surface":"αἴθοπα","lemma":"αἶθοψ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἶνον","gloss":"sparkling"},{"surface":"οἶνον","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κέρωνται","gloss":"wine"}]},{"number":260,"label":"260","id":"b4-l260","source":"Ἀργείων οἳ ἄριστοι ἐνὶ κρητῆρι κέρωνται.","translation":"the best of the Argives mix in the bowl.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l260.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἄριστοι","gloss":"of Argives"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies ἄριστοι","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"ἄριστοι","lemma":"ἄριστος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of κέρωνται","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κρητῆρι","lemma":"κρατήρ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"mixing bowl"},{"surface":"κέρωνται","lemma":"κεράννυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"mix"}]},{"number":261,"label":"261","id":"b4-l261","source":"εἴ περ γάρ τʼ ἄλλοι γε κάρη κομόωντες Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"For even if the other long-haired Achaeans","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l261.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"even if"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"κάρη","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies κομόωντες","gloss":"hair","note":"Kare komoōntes, literally 'wearing the hair long,' is a fixed Achaean epithet."},{"surface":"κομόωντες","lemma":"κομάω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοὶ","gloss":"wearing long"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of πίνωσιν","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":262,"label":"262","id":"b4-l262","source":"δαιτρὸν πίνωσιν, σὸν δὲ πλεῖον δέπας αἰεὶ","translation":"drink their measured share, your cup always stands","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l262.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δαιτρὸν","lemma":"δαιτρόν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of πίνωσιν","gloss":"measured share"},{"surface":"πίνωσιν","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"drink"},{"surface":"σὸν","lemma":"σός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δέπας","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πλεῖον","lemma":"πλέως","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"full","note":"The comparative form functions as 'fuller' or 'full,' contrasting his privileged cup with measured portions."},{"surface":"δέπας","lemma":"δέπας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἕστηχ̓","gloss":"cup"},{"surface":"αἰεὶ","lemma":"ἀεί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕστηχ̓","gloss":"always"}]},{"number":263,"label":"263","id":"b4-l263","source":"ἕστηχʼ, ὥς περ ἐμοί, πιέειν ὅτε θυμὸς ἀνώγοι.","translation":"full, as mine does, to drink whenever your heart bids you.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l263.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕστηχ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐμοί","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies","gloss":"mine"},{"surface":"πιέειν","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἕστηχ̓","gloss":"to drink"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀνώγοι","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἀνώγοι","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"bids"}]},{"number":264,"label":"264","id":"b4-l264","source":"ἀλλʼ ὄρσευ πόλεμον δʼ οἷος πάρος εὔχεαι εἶναι.","translation":"But rouse yourself to war, and be such a man as you have always claimed to be.\"","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l264.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὄρσευ","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rouse yourself","note":"The middle imperative is self-directed: 'rouse yourself' or 'up with you.'"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὄρσευ","gloss":"for war"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἷος","lemma":"οἷος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such as"},{"surface":"πάρος","lemma":"πάρος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εὔχεαι","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"εὔχεαι","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"you claim"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of εὔχεαι","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":265,"label":"265","id":"b4-l265","source":"τὸν δʼ αὖτʼ Ἰδομενεὺς Κρητῶν ἀγὸς ἀντίον ηὔδα·","translation":"Then Idomeneus, leader of the Cretans, answered him in turn:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l265.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ηὔδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"Ἰδομενεὺς","lemma":"Ἰδομενεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Idomeneus"},{"surface":"Κρητῶν","lemma":"Κρής","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀγὸς","gloss":"of Cretans"},{"surface":"ἀγὸς","lemma":"ἀγός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"leader"},{"surface":"ἀντίον","lemma":"ἀντίον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ηὔδα","gloss":"in reply"},{"surface":"ηὔδα","lemma":"αὐδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"}]},{"number":266,"label":"266","id":"b4-l266","source":"Ἀτρεΐδη μάλα μέν τοι ἐγὼν ἐρίηρος ἑταῖρος","translation":"\"Son of Atreus, I will indeed be a steadfast comrade to you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l266.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδη","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of ἔσσομαι","gloss":"for you"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔσσομαι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐρίηρος","lemma":"ἐρίηρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖρος","gloss":"steadfast"},{"surface":"ἑταῖρος","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"comrade"}]},{"number":267,"label":"267","id":"b4-l267","source":"ἔσσομαι, ὡς τὸ πρῶτον ὑπέστην καὶ κατένευσα·","translation":"just as I promised and pledged from the first;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l267.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσσομαι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter article","role":"modifies πρῶτον","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"from the first"},{"surface":"ὑπέστην","lemma":"ὑφίστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"I promised","note":"The verb literally means 'stood under'; in this context, undertook or promised."},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κατένευσα","lemma":"κατανεύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"pledged"}]},{"number":268,"label":"268","id":"b4-l268","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄλλους ὄτρυνε κάρη κομόωντας Ἀχαιοὺς","translation":"but rouse the other long-haired Achaeans,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l268.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄλλους","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοὺς","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"ὄτρυνε","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rouse"},{"surface":"κάρη","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies κομόωντας","gloss":"hair"},{"surface":"κομόωντας","lemma":"κομάω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"modifies Ἀχαιοὺς","gloss":"wearing long"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὺς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ὄτρυνε","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":269,"label":"269","id":"b4-l269","source":"ὄφρα τάχιστα μαχώμεθʼ, ἐπεὶ σύν γʼ ὅρκιʼ ἔχευαν","translation":"that we may fight with all speed, since the Trojans have confounded the oaths.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l269.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"τάχιστα","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to μαχώμεθ̓","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"μαχώμεθ","lemma":"συμμαχέω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"we may fight"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"σύν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"together","note":"Syn...echeuan is tmesis: literally 'poured together,' hence threw the oaths into confusion."},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὅρκι","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχευαν","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"ἔχευαν","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"confounded"}]},{"number":270,"label":"270","id":"b4-l270","source":"Τρῶες· τοῖσιν δʼ αὖ θάνατος καὶ κήδεʼ ὀπίσσω","translation":"But for them, in turn, death and sorrows hereafter","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l270.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔχευαν","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔσσετ̓","gloss":"for them"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"θάνατος","lemma":"θάνατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κήδε","lemma":"κῆδος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"sorrows"},{"surface":"ὀπίσσω","lemma":"ὀπίσω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔσσετ̓","gloss":"hereafter"}]},{"number":271,"label":"271","id":"b4-l271","source":"ἔσσετʼ ἐπεὶ πρότεροι ὑπὲρ ὅρκια δηλήσαντο.","translation":"will be, since they were the first to violate the oaths.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l271.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔσσετ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will be"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"πρότεροι","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"ὅρκια","lemma":"ὅρκιον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of δηλήσαντο","gloss":"oaths"},{"surface":"δηλήσαντο","lemma":"δηλέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεὶ","gloss":"violated"}]},{"number":272,"label":"272","id":"b4-l272","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, Ἀτρεΐδης δὲ παρῴχετο γηθόσυνος κῆρ·","translation":"So he spoke, and the son of Atreus passed on, glad at heart;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l272.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδης","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of παρῴχετο","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παρῴχετο","lemma":"παροίχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"passed on"},{"surface":"γηθόσυνος","lemma":"γηθόσυνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies γηθόσυνος","gloss":"at heart"}]},{"number":273,"label":"273","id":"b4-l273","source":"ἦλθε δʼ ἐπʼ Αἰάντεσσι κιὼν ἀνὰ οὐλαμὸν ἀνδρῶν·","translation":"and he came to the two Ajaxes, passing along the throng of men;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l273.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Αἰάντεσσι","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπ̓","gloss":"the Ajaxes"},{"surface":"κιὼν","lemma":"κίω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"οὐλαμὸν","lemma":"οὐλαμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνὰ","gloss":"throng"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies οὐλαμὸν","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":274,"label":"274","id":"b4-l274","source":"τὼ δὲ κορυσσέσθην, ἅμα δὲ νέφος εἵπετο πεζῶν.","translation":"and they were arming themselves, and with them a cloud of foot soldiers followed.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l274.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κορυσσέσθην","gloss":"the two","note":"The dual pronoun and dual verb refer specifically to the two Ajaxes."},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κορυσσέσθην","lemma":"κορύσσω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were arming"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἵπετο","gloss":"with them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νέφος","lemma":"νέφος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of εἵπετο","gloss":"cloud"},{"surface":"εἵπετο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"πεζῶν","lemma":"πεζός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies νέφος","gloss":"of foot soldiers"}]},{"number":275,"label":"275","id":"b4-l275","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἀπὸ σκοπιῆς εἶδεν νέφος αἰπόλος ἀνὴρ","translation":"As when, from a watching-place, a goatherd sees a cloud","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l275.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"σκοπιῆς","lemma":"σκοπιά","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"watching-place"},{"surface":"εἶδεν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"sees"},{"surface":"νέφος","lemma":"νέφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἶδεν","gloss":"cloud"},{"surface":"αἰπόλος","lemma":"αἰπόλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"goatherd"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of εἶδεν","gloss":"man"}]},{"number":276,"label":"276","id":"b4-l276","source":"ἐρχόμενον κατὰ πόντον ὑπὸ Ζεφύροιο ἰωῆς·","translation":"coming on over the sea, driven by the rushing of the West Wind —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l276.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐρχόμενον","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular neuter","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"by","note":"With the genitive, hypo expresses the driving cause: propelled by the wind's rush."},{"surface":"Ζεφύροιο","lemma":"Ζέφυρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἰωῆς","gloss":"of the West Wind"},{"surface":"ἰωῆς","lemma":"ἰωή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὸ","gloss":"rushing"}]},{"number":277,"label":"277","id":"b4-l277","source":"τῷ δέ τʼ ἄνευθεν ἐόντι μελάντερον ἠΰτε πίσσα","translation":"and to him, standing apart, it seems blacker than pitch","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l277.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of φαίνετ̓","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἄνευθεν","lemma":"ἄνευθε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐόντι","gloss":"apart"},{"surface":"ἐόντι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"μελάντερον","lemma":"μελάντερος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"blacker"},{"surface":"ἠΰτε","lemma":"ἠύτε","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial","gloss":"than","note":"A comparison particle: 'as' or, with the comparative here, 'than.'"},{"surface":"πίσσα","lemma":"πίσσα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"pitch"}]},{"number":278,"label":"278","id":"b4-l278","source":"φαίνετʼ ἰὸν κατὰ πόντον, ἄγει δέ τε λαίλαπα πολλήν,","translation":"as it moves over the sea, and it drives before it a great storm-blast,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l278.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"φαίνετ","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"appears"},{"surface":"ἰὸν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"adverbial to φαίνετ̓","gloss":"moving"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"πόντον","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"sea"},{"surface":"ἄγει","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"drives"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"λαίλαπα","lemma":"λαῖλαψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἄγει","gloss":"storm-blast"},{"surface":"πολλήν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies λαίλαπα","gloss":"great"}]},{"number":279,"label":"279","id":"b4-l279","source":"ῥίγησέν τε ἰδών, ὑπό τε σπέος ἤλασε μῆλα·","translation":"and he shudders at the sight, and drives his flock beneath a cave —","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l279.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥίγησέν","lemma":"ῥιγέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"shudders"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰδών","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ῥίγησέν","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"ὑπό","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σπέος","lemma":"σπέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπό","gloss":"cave"},{"surface":"ἤλασε","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"drives"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἤλασε","gloss":"flock","note":"Mēla denotes small livestock collectively, here the goatherd's flock."}]},{"number":280,"label":"280","id":"b4-l280","source":"τοῖαι ἅμʼ Αἰάντεσσι διοτρεφέων αἰζηῶν","translation":"just so, with the two Ajaxes, the dense battalions of vigorous young men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l280.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖαι","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"just so"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Αἰάντεσσι","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἅμ̓","gloss":"the Ajaxes"},{"surface":"διοτρεφέων","lemma":"Διοτρεφής","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies φάλαγγες","gloss":"Zeus-nurtured","note":"A traditional epithet, literally 'nurtured by Zeus.'"},{"surface":"αἰζηῶν","lemma":"αἰζηός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies διοτρεφέων","gloss":"young men"}]},{"number":281,"label":"281","id":"b4-l281","source":"δήϊον ἐς πόλεμον πυκιναὶ κίνυντο φάλαγγες","translation":"nurtured of Zeus, moved on into consuming war,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l281.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δήϊον","lemma":"δάιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πόλεμον","gloss":"consuming"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"πυκιναὶ","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"dense"},{"surface":"κίνυντο","lemma":"κίνυμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"φάλαγγες","lemma":"φάλαγξ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of κίνυντο","gloss":"battalions"}]},{"number":282,"label":"282","id":"b4-l282","source":"κυάνεαι, σάκεσίν τε καὶ ἔγχεσι πεφρικυῖαι.","translation":"dark, bristling with shields and spears.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l282.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κυάνεαι","lemma":"κυάνεος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"σάκεσίν","lemma":"σάκος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"shields"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔγχεσι","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"πεφρικυῖαι","lemma":"φρίσσω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"modifies ,","gloss":"bristling"}]},{"number":283,"label":"283","id":"b4-l283","source":"καὶ τοὺς μὲν γήθησεν ἰδὼν κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων,","translation":"And seeing them, the lord Agamemnon rejoiced,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l283.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἰδὼν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"γήθησεν","lemma":"γηθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to γήθησεν","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"κρείων","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":284,"label":"284","id":"b4-l284","source":"καί σφεας φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and speaking, he addressed them with winged words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l284.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφεας","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":285,"label":"285","id":"b4-l285","source":"Αἴαντʼ Ἀργείων ἡγήτορε χαλκοχιτώνων,","translation":"\"You two Ajaxes, leaders of the bronze-clad Argives —","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l285.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἴαντ","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"vocative dual masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"two Ajaxes","note":"The dual form addresses both warriors named Ajax together."},{"surface":"Ἀργείων","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἡγήτορε","gloss":"of the Argives"},{"surface":"ἡγήτορε","lemma":"ἡγήτωρ","morphology":"vocative dual masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"two leaders"},{"surface":"χαλκοχιτώνων","lemma":"χαλκοχίτων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀργείων","gloss":"bronze-clad"}]},{"number":286,"label":"286","id":"b4-l286","source":"σφῶϊ μέν· οὐ γὰρ ἔοικʼ ὀτρυνέμεν· οὔ τι κελεύω·","translation":"to you two I give no charge, for it is not fitting to urge you on; I command you nothing.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l286.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σφῶϊ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative dual pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"you two"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔοικ","lemma":"ἔοικα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"it is fitting"},{"surface":"ὀτρυνέμεν","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἔοικ̓","gloss":"to urge on","note":"An epic infinitive ending in -μεν, equivalent to the ordinary -ειν form."},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of κελεύω","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"κελεύω","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I command"}]},{"number":287,"label":"287","id":"b4-l287","source":"αὐτὼ γὰρ μάλα λαὸν ἀνώγετον ἶφι μάχεσθαι.","translation":"For you two yourselves command your men to fight with all their might.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l287.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὼ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"you two yourselves"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνώγετον","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"λαὸν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνώγετον","gloss":"your men"},{"surface":"ἀνώγετον","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you command"},{"surface":"ἶφι","lemma":"ἶφι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μάχεσθαι","gloss":"mightily"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ἀνώγετον","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":288,"label":"288","id":"b4-l288","source":"αἲ γὰρ Ζεῦ τε πάτερ καὶ Ἀθηναίη καὶ Ἄπολλον","translation":"Would that, father Zeus, and Athena, and Apollo,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l288.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἲ","lemma":"αἴ","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would that"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ζεῦ","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πάτερ","lemma":"πάτηρ","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ζεῦ","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀθηναίη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"vocative singular feminine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Athena"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἄπολλον","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":289,"label":"289","id":"b4-l289","source":"τοῖος πᾶσιν θυμὸς ἐνὶ στήθεσσι γένοιτο·","translation":"such a spirit might be in every man's breast;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l289.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖος","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"πᾶσιν","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of γένοιτο","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"στήθεσσι","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"breasts"},{"surface":"γένοιτο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"might be"}]},{"number":290,"label":"290","id":"b4-l290","source":"τώ κε τάχʼ ἠμύσειε πόλις Πριάμοιο ἄνακτος","translation":"then the city of lord Priam would soon bow down,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l290.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τώ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠμύσειε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"τάχ","lemma":"τάχα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠμύσειε","gloss":"soon"},{"surface":"ἠμύσειε","lemma":"ἠμύω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"bow down"},{"surface":"πόλις","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἠμύσειε","gloss":"city"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πόλις","gloss":"of Priam","note":"The ending -οιο is an epic genitive singular."},{"surface":"ἄνακτος","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Πριάμοιο","gloss":"lord"}]},{"number":291,"label":"291","id":"b4-l291","source":"χερσὶν ὑφʼ ἡμετέρῃσιν ἁλοῦσά τε περθομένη τε.","translation":"taken and sacked beneath our hands.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l291.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑφ̓","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"ὑφ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"ἡμετέρῃσιν","lemma":"ἡμέτερος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χερσὶν","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"ἁλοῦσά","lemma":"ἁλίσκομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"taken"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"περθομένη","lemma":"πέρθω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"being sacked"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":292,"label":"292","id":"b4-l292","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν τοὺς μὲν λίπεν αὐτοῦ, βῆ δὲ μετʼ ἄλλους·","translation":"So speaking, he left them there, and went on to the others;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l292.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to λίπεν","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of λίπεν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"λίπεν","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he left"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of λίπεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he went"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἄλλους","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":293,"label":"293","id":"b4-l293","source":"ἔνθʼ ὅ γε Νέστορʼ ἔτετμε λιγὺν Πυλίων ἀγορητὴν","translation":"there he came upon Nestor, the clear-voiced orator of the Pylians,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l293.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"λιγὺν Πυλίων ἀγορητὴν","title":"The clear-voiced orator of the Pylians","body":"λιγύς, \"clear-toned, ringing,\" paired with ἀγορητής, \"public speaker,\" is a new standing epithet for Nestor honoring the very quality that will drive the rest of this scene — his gift for words has outlasted his gift for the spear."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔτετμε","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔτετμε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Νέστορ","lemma":"Νέστωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Nestor"},{"surface":"ἔτετμε","lemma":"τέτμον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came upon"},{"surface":"λιγὺν","lemma":"λιγύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀγορητὴν","gloss":"clear-voiced"},{"surface":"Πυλίων","lemma":"Πύλιος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀγορητὴν","gloss":"of the Pylians"},{"surface":"ἀγορητὴν","lemma":"ἀγορητής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"orator"}]},{"number":294,"label":"294","id":"b4-l294","source":"οὓς ἑτάρους στέλλοντα καὶ ὀτρύνοντα μάχεσθαι","translation":"marshaling his companions, and rousing them to fight,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l294.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὓς","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάρους","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ἑτάρους","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of στέλλοντα","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"στέλλοντα","lemma":"στέλλω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"marshaling"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀτρύνοντα","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"rousing"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ὀτρύνοντα","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":295,"label":"295","id":"b4-l295","source":"ἀμφὶ μέγαν Πελάγοντα Ἀλάστορά τε Χρομίον τε","translation":"around great Pelagon and Alastor and Chromius","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l295.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πελάγοντα","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"Πελάγοντα","lemma":"Πελάγων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Pelagon"},{"surface":"Ἀλάστορά","lemma":"Ἀλάστωρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Alastor"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Χρομίον","lemma":"Χρομίος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Chromius"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":296,"label":"296","id":"b4-l296","source":"Αἵμονά τε κρείοντα Βίαντά τε ποιμένα λαῶν·","translation":"and lordly Haemon and Bias, shepherd of the people;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l296.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἵμονά","lemma":"Αἵμων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"Haemon"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κρείοντα","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Αἵμονά","gloss":"lordly"},{"surface":"Βίαντά","lemma":"Βίας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"Bias"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ποιμένα","lemma":"ποιμήν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"shepherd"},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ποιμένα","gloss":"of the people"}]},{"number":297,"label":"297","id":"b4-l297","source":"ἱππῆας μὲν πρῶτα σὺν ἵπποισιν καὶ ὄχεσφι,","translation":"first the horsemen, with their horses and their chariots,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l297.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱππῆας","lemma":"ἱππεύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"horsemen"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἵπποισιν","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄχεσφι","lemma":"ὄχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"chariots"}]},{"number":298,"label":"298","id":"b4-l298","source":"πεζοὺς δʼ ἐξόπιθε στῆσεν πολέας τε καὶ ἐσθλοὺς","translation":"and behind them he stationed the footmen, many and brave,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l298.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πεζοὺς","lemma":"πεζός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of στῆσεν","gloss":"footmen"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξόπιθε","lemma":"ἐξόπιθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στῆσεν","gloss":"behind"},{"surface":"στῆσεν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he stationed"},{"surface":"πολέας","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐσθλοὺς","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"brave"}]},{"number":299,"label":"299","id":"b4-l299","source":"ἕρκος ἔμεν πολέμοιο· κακοὺς δʼ ἐς μέσσον ἔλασσεν,","translation":"to be a bulwark of the battle; and the cowardly he drove into the middle,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l299.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕρκος","lemma":"ἕρκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"bulwark"},{"surface":"ἔμεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"adverbial to στῆσεν","gloss":"to be","note":"Epic infinitive for ordinary εἶναι."},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἕρκος","gloss":"of battle"},{"surface":"κακοὺς","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἔλασσεν","gloss":"cowardly men"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"μέσσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"the middle"},{"surface":"ἔλασσεν","lemma":"ἐλαύνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he drove"}]},{"number":300,"label":"300","id":"b4-l300","source":"ὄφρα καὶ οὐκ ἐθέλων τις ἀναγκαίῃ πολεμίζοι.","translation":"so that even an unwilling man should be forced to fight.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l300.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἐθέλων","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πολεμίζοι","gloss":"willing"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πολεμίζοι","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"ἀναγκαίῃ","lemma":"ἀνάγκη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πολεμίζοι","gloss":"by necessity"},{"surface":"πολεμίζοι","lemma":"πολεμίζω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"should fight"}]},{"number":301,"label":"301","id":"b4-l301","source":"ἱππεῦσιν μὲν πρῶτʼ ἐπετέλλετο· τοὺς γὰρ ἀνώγει","translation":"To the horsemen first he gave his charge; for he commanded them","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l301.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἱππεῦσιν","lemma":"ἱππεύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπετέλλετο","gloss":"horsemen"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"πρῶτ","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπετέλλετο","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"ἐπετέλλετο","lemma":"ἐπιτέλλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he charged"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἀνώγει","lemma":"ἄνωγα","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he commanded"}]},{"number":302,"label":"302","id":"b4-l302","source":"σφοὺς ἵππους ἐχέμεν μηδὲ κλονέεσθαι ὁμίλῳ·","translation":"to hold their own horses in check, and not to be thrown into confusion by the crowd:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l302.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σφοὺς","lemma":"σφός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἵππους","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"ἵππους","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐχέμεν","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"ἐχέμεν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"to hold"},{"surface":"κλονέεσθαι","lemma":"κλονέω","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"to be confused"},{"surface":"ὁμίλῳ","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κλονέεσθαι","gloss":"by the crowd"}]},{"number":303,"label":"303","id":"b4-l303","source":"μηδέ τις ἱπποσύνῃ τε καὶ ἠνορέηφι πεποιθὼς","translation":"\"Let no man, trusting in his horsemanship and his manhood,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l303.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"ἱπποσύνῃ","lemma":"ἱππόσυνος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"horsemanship"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠνορέηφι","lemma":"ἠνορέη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"manhood"},{"surface":"πεποιθὼς","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to μεμάτω","gloss":"trusting"}]},{"number":304,"label":"304","id":"b4-l304","source":"οἶος πρόσθʼ ἄλλων μεμάτω Τρώεσσι μάχεσθαι,","translation":"be eager to fight the Trojans alone, out ahead of the rest,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l304.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶος","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"πρόσθ","lemma":"πρόσθεν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"ahead of"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to πρόσθ̓","gloss":"the others"},{"surface":"μεμάτω","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let him be eager"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μάχεσθαι","gloss":"the Trojans"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of μεμάτω","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":305,"label":"305","id":"b4-l305","source":"μηδʼ ἀναχωρείτω· ἀλαπαδνότεροι γὰρ ἔσεσθε.","translation":"nor let him fall back; for so you will all be weaker.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l305.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀναχωρείτω","lemma":"ἀναχωρέω","morphology":"present active imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let him fall back"},{"surface":"ἀλαπαδνότεροι","lemma":"ἀλαπαδνός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"weaker"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔσεσθε","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will be"}]},{"number":306,"label":"306","id":"b4-l306","source":"ὃς δέ κʼ ἀνὴρ ἀπὸ ὧν ὀχέων ἕτερʼ ἅρμαθʼ ἵκηται","translation":"Whatever man comes, from his own chariot, against another,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l306.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἵκηται","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὧν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"genitive plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὀχέων","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"ὀχέων","lemma":"ὄχος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"chariot"},{"surface":"ἕτερ","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἅρμαθ̓","gloss":"another's"},{"surface":"ἅρμαθ","lemma":"ἅρμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἵκηται","gloss":"chariot"},{"surface":"ἵκηται","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"subject of ὀρεξάσθω","gloss":"comes against"}]},{"number":307,"label":"307","id":"b4-l307","source":"ἔγχει ὀρεξάσθω, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολὺ φέρτερον οὕτω.","translation":"let him reach out with his spear, since this is far the better way.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l307.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔγχει","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὀρεξάσθω","gloss":"with his spear"},{"surface":"ὀρεξάσθω","lemma":"ὀρέγω","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let him reach out"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"φέρτερον","lemma":"φέρτατος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"οὕτω","lemma":"οὕτως","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"this way"}]},{"number":308,"label":"308","id":"b4-l308","source":"ὧδε καὶ οἱ πρότεροι πόλεας καὶ τείχεʼ ἐπόρθεον","translation":"So too the men of old sacked cities and walls,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l308.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρθεον","gloss":"in this way"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine article","role":"modifies πρότεροι","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"πρότεροι","lemma":"πρότερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐπόρθεον","gloss":"men of old"},{"surface":"πόλεας","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"cities"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τείχε","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"ἐπόρθεον","lemma":"πορθέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sacked"}]},{"number":309,"label":"309","id":"b4-l309","source":"τόνδε νόον καὶ θυμὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν ἔχοντες.","translation":"holding this same mind and spirit in their breasts.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l309.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόνδε","lemma":"ὅδε","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"this same"},{"surface":"νόον","lemma":"νόος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"mind"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"στήθεσσιν","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐνὶ","gloss":"their breasts"},{"surface":"ἔχοντες","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐπόρθεον","gloss":"holding"}]},{"number":310,"label":"310","id":"b4-l310","source":"ὣς ὃ γέρων ὄτρυνε πάλαι πολέμων ἐῢ εἰδώς·","translation":"So the old man urged them on, long skilled in war;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l310.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄτρυνε","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine article","role":"modifies γέρων","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"γέρων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὄτρυνε","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"ὄτρυνε","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"urged on"},{"surface":"πάλαι","lemma":"πάλαι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰδώς","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"πολέμων","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of εἰδώς","gloss":"in wars"},{"surface":"ἐῢ","lemma":"εὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰδώς","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"εἰδώς","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὄτρυνε","gloss":"skilled"}]},{"number":311,"label":"311","id":"b4-l311","source":"καὶ τὸν μὲν γήθησεν ἰδὼν κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων,","translation":"and seeing him, the lord Agamemnon rejoiced,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l311.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἰδὼν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"γήθησεν","lemma":"γηθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rejoiced"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to γήθησεν","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"κρείων","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":312,"label":"312","id":"b4-l312","source":"καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and speaking to him, he addressed him with winged words:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l312.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":313,"label":"313","id":"b4-l313","source":"ὦ γέρον εἴθʼ ὡς θυμὸς ἐνὶ στήθεσσι φίλοισιν","translation":"\"Old man, would that, as the spirit in your own dear breast,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l313.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"εἴθʼ ... ἕποιτο","title":"Optative of wish","body":"εἴθε with the optative ἕποιτο is the standard Greek construction for an unattainable wish, \"would that your knees might still follow\" — Agamemnon is not asking for anything possible, and the optative marks that from the very grammar."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"γέρον","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"old man"},{"surface":"εἴθ","lemma":"εἴθε","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"would that"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"just as"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"στήθεσσι","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"φίλοισιν","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies στήθεσσι","gloss":"your dear"}]},{"number":314,"label":"314","id":"b4-l314","source":"ὥς τοι γούναθʼ ἕποιτο, βίη δέ τοι ἔμπεδος εἴη·","translation":"so your knees might follow, and your strength stand firm;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l314.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕποιτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies γούναθ̓","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"γούναθ","lemma":"γόνυ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἕποιτο","gloss":"knees"},{"surface":"ἕποιτο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"might follow"},{"surface":"βίη","lemma":"βία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of εἴη","gloss":"strength"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies βίη","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"ἔμπεδος","lemma":"ἔμπεδος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"steadfast"},{"surface":"εἴη","lemma":"ἐάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"might be"}]},{"number":315,"label":"315","id":"b4-l315","source":"ἀλλά σε γῆρας τείρει ὁμοίϊον· ὡς ὄφελέν τις","translation":"but old age, that wears down all alike, weighs on you. Would that some other","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l315.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλά","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of τείρει","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"γῆρας","lemma":"γῆρας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of τείρει","gloss":"old age"},{"surface":"τείρει","lemma":"τείρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"wears down"},{"surface":"ὁμοίϊον","lemma":"ὁμοίιος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γῆρας","gloss":"impartial","note":"Literally 'alike for all': age wears everyone down without distinction."},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὄφελέν","gloss":"would that"},{"surface":"ὄφελέν","lemma":"ὀφείλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"might"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔχειν","gloss":"someone"}]},{"number":316,"label":"316","id":"b4-l316","source":"ἀνδρῶν ἄλλος ἔχειν, σὺ δὲ κουροτέροισι μετεῖναι.","translation":"man had it instead, and you were counted among the younger.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l316.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"of the men"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies τις","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ἔχειν","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"to have it"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of μετεῖναι","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κουροτέροισι","lemma":"κουρότερος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετεῖναι","gloss":"among younger men"},{"surface":"μετεῖναι","lemma":"μέτειμι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of δὲ","gloss":"to be counted"}]},{"number":317,"label":"317","id":"b4-l317","source":"τὸν δʼ ἠμείβετʼ ἔπειτα Γερήνιος ἱππότα Νέστωρ·","translation":"Then Nestor, the Gerenian horseman, answered him:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l317.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἠμείβετ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἠμείβετ","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠμείβετ̓","gloss":"next"},{"surface":"Γερήνιος","lemma":"Γερήνιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Νέστωρ","gloss":"Gerenian"},{"surface":"ἱππότα","lemma":"ἱππότης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"horseman"},{"surface":"Νέστωρ","lemma":"νέστωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Nestor"}]},{"number":318,"label":"318","id":"b4-l318","source":"Ἀτρεΐδη μάλα μέν τοι ἐγὼν ἐθέλοιμι καὶ αὐτὸς","translation":"\"Son of Atreus, indeed I myself would wish","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l318.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδη","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐθέλοιμι","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"you know"},{"surface":"ἐγὼν","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐθέλοιμι","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ἐθέλοιμι","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active optative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would wish"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"αὐτὸς","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":319,"label":"319","id":"b4-l319","source":"ὣς ἔμεν ὡς ὅτε δῖον Ἐρευθαλίωνα κατέκταν.","translation":"to be as I was when I slew godlike Ereuthalion.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l319.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔμεν","gloss":"thus"},{"surface":"ἔμεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of ἐθέλοιμι","gloss":"to be","note":"Epic infinitive for ordinary εἶναι."},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δῖον","lemma":"δῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἐρευθαλίωνα","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Ἐρευθαλίωνα","lemma":"Ἐρευθαλίων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κατέκταν","gloss":"Ereuthalion"},{"surface":"κατέκταν","lemma":"κατακτείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"I slew"}]},{"number":320,"label":"320","id":"b4-l320","source":"ἀλλʼ οὔ πως ἅμα πάντα θεοὶ δόσαν ἀνθρώποισιν·","translation":"But the gods do not give all things at once to men;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l320.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"πως","lemma":"πως","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"ἅμα","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δόσαν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of δόσαν","gloss":"all things"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of δόσαν","gloss":"the gods"},{"surface":"δόσαν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"ἀνθρώποισιν","lemma":"ἄνθρωπος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δόσαν","gloss":"to mortals"}]},{"number":321,"label":"321","id":"b4-l321","source":"εἰ τότε κοῦρος ἔα νῦν αὖτέ με γῆρας ὀπάζει.","translation":"if I was young then, old age attends me now.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l321.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔα","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"κοῦρος","lemma":"κοῦρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"ἔα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"I was"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀπάζει","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"αὖτέ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀπάζει","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"με","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὀπάζει","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"γῆρας","lemma":"γῆρας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ὀπάζει","gloss":"old age"},{"surface":"ὀπάζει","lemma":"ὀπάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"attends"}]},{"number":322,"label":"322","id":"b4-l322","source":"ἀλλὰ καὶ ὧς ἱππεῦσι μετέσσομαι ἠδὲ κελεύσω","translation":"But even so I will be among the horsemen, and I will command them","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l322.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"ὧς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἠδὲ","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἱππεῦσι","lemma":"ἱππεύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of μετέσσομαι","gloss":"among the horsemen"},{"surface":"μετέσσομαι","lemma":"μέτειμι","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will be"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κελεύσω","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"future active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I will command"}]},{"number":323,"label":"323","id":"b4-l323","source":"βουλῇ καὶ μύθοισι· τὸ γὰρ γέρας ἐστὶ γερόντων.","translation":"with counsel and with words; for that is the privilege of old men.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l323.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βουλῇ","lemma":"βουλεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"with counsel"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μύθοισι","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"τὸ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστὶ","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"γέρας","lemma":"γέρας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"privilege"},{"surface":"ἐστὶ","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"γερόντων","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies γέρας","gloss":"of old men"}]},{"number":324,"label":"324","id":"b4-l324","source":"αἰχμὰς δʼ αἰχμάσσουσι νεώτεροι, οἵ περ ἐμεῖο","translation":"The spear-work belongs to the younger men, who indeed are","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l324.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"αἰχμὰς αἰχμάσσουσι","title":"Cognate accusative","body":"αἰχμὰς αἰχμάσσουσι, literally \"they spear spears,\" pairs a verb with a noun of the same root — a cognate accusative that Greek uses for emphasis, here throwing the younger men's one remaining task, spear-work itself, into sharp relief against Nestor's own resignation to counsel alone."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἰχμὰς","lemma":"αἰχμή","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of αἰχμάσσουσι","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἰχμάσσουσι","lemma":"αἰχμάζω","morphology":"future active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will wield"},{"surface":"νεώτεροι","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine comparative adjective","role":"subject of αἰχμάσσουσι","gloss":"younger men"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐμεῖο","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὁπλότεροι","gloss":"than me"}]},{"number":325,"label":"325","id":"b4-l325","source":"ὁπλότεροι γεγάασι πεποίθασίν τε βίηφιν.","translation":"born after me, and trust in their own strength.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l325.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁπλότεροι","lemma":"ὁπλότερος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"γεγάασι","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"were born"},{"surface":"πεποίθασίν","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τε","gloss":"trust"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βίηφιν","lemma":"βία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of πεποίθασίν","gloss":"in their strength"}]},{"number":326,"label":"326","id":"b4-l326","source":"ὣς ἔφατʼ, Ἀτρεΐδης δὲ παρῴχετο γηθόσυνος κῆρ.","translation":"So he spoke, and the son of Atreus passed on, glad at heart.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l326.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔφατ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"ἔφατ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδης","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of παρῴχετο","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"παρῴχετο","lemma":"παροίχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"passed on"},{"surface":"γηθόσυνος","lemma":"γηθόσυνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to παρῴχετο","gloss":"rejoicing"},{"surface":"κῆρ","lemma":"κῆρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"modifies γηθόσυνος","gloss":"in his heart"}]},{"number":327,"label":"327","id":"b4-l327","source":"εὗρʼ υἱὸν Πετεῶο Μενεσθῆα πλήξιππον","translation":"He found Menestheus, son of Peteos, driver of horses,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l327.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πλήξιππον","title":"\"Driver of horses\" — reused epithet","body":"πλήξιππος, literally \"horse-striker\" or \"driver of horses,\" is the same standing epithet already locked for Pelops in Book 2's scepter genealogy; Homer applies it here to Menestheus as a mark of martial competence with horses, not a unique title."}],"words":[{"surface":"εὗρ","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he found"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Πετεῶο","lemma":"Πετεώς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"of Peteos"},{"surface":"Μενεσθῆα","lemma":"Μενεσθεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Menestheus"},{"surface":"πλήξιππον","lemma":"πλήξιππος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μενεσθῆα","gloss":"driver of horses"}]},{"number":328,"label":"328","id":"b4-l328","source":"ἑσταότʼ· ἀμφὶ δʼ Ἀθηναῖοι μήστωρες ἀϋτῆς·","translation":"standing still; and about him the Athenians, masters of the war-cry;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l328.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μήστωρες ἀϋτῆς","title":"\"Masters of the war-cry\" — new epithet","body":"A new standing collective epithet for the Athenian contingent, \"contrivers\" or \"masters of the war-cry,\" distinct from the individual formula βοὴν ἀγαθὸς \"good at the war-cry\" already locked for Diomedes and Menelaus."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἑσταότ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀθηναῖοι","lemma":"Ἀθηναῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"Athenians"},{"surface":"μήστωρες","lemma":"μήστωρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"masters"},{"surface":"ἀϋτῆς","lemma":"ἀυτή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies μήστωρες","gloss":"of the war-cry"}]},{"number":329,"label":"329","id":"b4-l329","source":"αὐτὰρ ὃ πλησίον ἑστήκει πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς,","translation":"but nearby stood Odysseus of many wiles,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l329.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"article","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"πλησίον","lemma":"πλησίος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἑστήκει","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"ἑστήκει","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many wiles"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":330,"label":"330","id":"b4-l330","source":"πὰρ δὲ Κεφαλλήνων ἀμφὶ στίχες οὐκ ἀλαπαδναὶ","translation":"and beside him the ranks of the Cephallenians, no weak ranks,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l330.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πὰρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Κεφαλλήνων","lemma":"Κεφαλλήν","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies στίχες","gloss":"of the Cephallenians"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕστασαν","gloss":"around him"},{"surface":"στίχες","lemma":"στίξ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἕστασαν","gloss":"ranks"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἀλαπαδναὶ","lemma":"ἀλαπαδνός","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies στίχες","gloss":"weak"}]},{"number":331,"label":"331","id":"b4-l331","source":"ἕστασαν· οὐ γάρ πώ σφιν ἀκούετο λαὸς ἀϋτῆς,","translation":"stood; for their host had not yet heard the battle-cry,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l331.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ἀκούετο","title":"Imperfect passive","body":"ἀκούετο is imperfect passive, \"was [not yet] being heard\": the battle-shout has not yet reached this quiet corner of the line, the ongoing tense marking a lull before the fighting spreads."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἕστασαν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πώ","lemma":"πω","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies λαὸς","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"ἀκούετο","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"had heard"},{"surface":"λαὸς","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀκούετο","gloss":"the host"},{"surface":"ἀϋτῆς","lemma":"ἀυτή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀκούετο","gloss":"the battle-cry"}]},{"number":332,"label":"332","id":"b4-l332","source":"ἀλλὰ νέον συνορινόμεναι κίνυντο φάλαγγες","translation":"but the battalions were only now stirring and beginning to move,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l332.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"νέον","lemma":"νέος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κίνυντο","gloss":"only now"},{"surface":"συνορινόμεναι","lemma":"συνορίνω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to κίνυντο","gloss":"stirring together"},{"surface":"κίνυντο","lemma":"κίνυμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"began to move"},{"surface":"φάλαγγες","lemma":"φάλαγξ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of κίνυντο","gloss":"battalions"}]},{"number":333,"label":"333","id":"b4-l333","source":"Τρώων ἱπποδάμων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν· οἳ δὲ μένοντες","translation":"the horse-taming Trojans and the Achaeans; and these men, waiting,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l333.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἱπποδάμων","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρώων","gloss":"horse-taming"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἕστασαν","gloss":"these men"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μένοντες","lemma":"μένω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕστασαν","gloss":"waiting"}]},{"number":334,"label":"334","id":"b4-l334","source":"ἕστασαν ὁππότε πύργος Ἀχαιῶν ἄλλος ἐπελθὼν","translation":"stood still until some other tower of the Achaeans, advancing,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l334.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕστασαν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"πύργος","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"tower"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πύργος","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"ἄλλος","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πύργος","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"ἐπελθὼν","lemma":"ἐπέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"advancing"}]},{"number":335,"label":"335","id":"b4-l335","source":"Τρώων ὁρμήσειε καὶ ἄρξειαν πολέμοιο.","translation":"should charge against the Trojans and the fighting should begin.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l335.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"object of ὁρμήσειε","gloss":"against the Trojans"},{"surface":"ὁρμήσειε","lemma":"ὁρμάω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"should charge"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρξειαν","lemma":"ἄρχω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"should begin"},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἄρξειαν","gloss":"the fighting"}]},{"number":336,"label":"336","id":"b4-l336","source":"τοὺς δὲ ἰδὼν νείκεσσεν ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγαμέμνων,","translation":"Seeing them, Agamemnon, lord of men, rebuked them,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l336.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἰδὼν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to νείκεσσεν","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"νείκεσσεν","lemma":"νεικέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rebuked"},{"surface":"ἄναξ","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄναξ","gloss":"of men"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":337,"label":"337","id":"b4-l337","source":"καί σφεας φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and speaking, he addressed them with winged words:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l337.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σφεας","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":338,"label":"338","id":"b4-l338","source":"ὦ υἱὲ Πετεῶο διοτρεφέος βασιλῆος,","translation":"\"Son of Peteos, that Zeus-nurtured king,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l338.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"διοτρεφέος","title":"\"Zeus-nurtured\" — reused epithet","body":"διοτρεφής, \"Zeus-nurtured,\" already locked in Book 2 as a standing epithet for kings; here it describes Peteos, Menestheus's father, tying his authority back to Zeus even as Agamemnon is about to rebuke his son."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὦ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"O"},{"surface":"υἱὲ","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Πετεῶο","lemma":"Πετεώς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὲ","gloss":"of Peteos"},{"surface":"διοτρεφέος","lemma":"Διοτρεφής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βασιλῆος","gloss":"Zeus-nurtured"},{"surface":"βασιλῆος","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Πετεῶο","gloss":"king"}]},{"number":339,"label":"339","id":"b4-l339","source":"καὶ σὺ κακοῖσι δόλοισι κεκασμένε κερδαλεόφρον","translation":"and you, well skilled in evil tricks, greedy-minded man,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l339.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"κακοῖσι","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies δόλοισι","gloss":"in evil"},{"surface":"δόλοισι","lemma":"δόλος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κεκασμένε","gloss":"tricks"},{"surface":"κεκασμένε","lemma":"καίνυμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, vocative singular masculine","role":"modifies","gloss":"well skilled"},{"surface":"κερδαλεόφρον","lemma":"κερδαλεόφρων","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"greedy-minded man"}]},{"number":340,"label":"340","id":"b4-l340","source":"τίπτε καταπτώσσοντες ἀφέστατε, μίμνετε δʼ ἄλλους;","translation":"why do you cower and hold back, waiting for others?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l340.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τίπτε","lemma":"τίπτε","morphology":"pronoun","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"καταπτώσσοντες","lemma":"καταπτώσσω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀφέστατε","gloss":"cowering"},{"surface":"ἀφέστατε","lemma":"ἀφίστημι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you hold back"},{"surface":"μίμνετε","lemma":"μίμνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you wait for"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἄλλους","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μίμνετε","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":341,"label":"341","id":"b4-l341","source":"σφῶϊν μέν τʼ ἐπέοικε μετὰ πρώτοισιν ἐόντας","translation":"It befits the two of you, being among the foremost,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l341.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σφῶϊν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐπέοικε","gloss":"for you two"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἐπέοικε","lemma":"ἐπέοικε","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"it befits"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"πρώτοισιν","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"the foremost"},{"surface":"ἐόντας","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἠδὲ","gloss":"being"}]},{"number":342,"label":"342","id":"b4-l342","source":"ἑστάμεν ἠδὲ μάχης καυστείρης ἀντιβολῆσαι·","translation":"to stand your ground and meet the burning heat of battle;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l342.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἑστάμεν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active infinitive","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"to stand firm"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάχης","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀντιβολῆσαι","gloss":"of battle"},{"surface":"καυστείρης","lemma":"καύστειρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies μάχης","gloss":"burning"},{"surface":"ἀντιβολῆσαι","lemma":"ἀντιβολέω","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἠδὲ","gloss":"to meet"}]},{"number":343,"label":"343","id":"b4-l343","source":"πρώτω γὰρ καὶ δαιτὸς ἀκουάζεσθον ἐμεῖο,","translation":"for you two are the first to hear the call to my feast,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l343.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρώτω","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"nominative dual masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"the first two"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"δαιτὸς","lemma":"δαίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀκουάζεσθον","gloss":"of the feast"},{"surface":"ἀκουάζεσθον","lemma":"ἀκουάζομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 2nd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you hear the call"},{"surface":"ἐμεῖο","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies δαιτὸς","gloss":"of mine"}]},{"number":344,"label":"344","id":"b4-l344","source":"ὁππότε δαῖτα γέρουσιν ἐφοπλίζωμεν Ἀχαιοί.","translation":"whenever we Achaeans prepare a banquet for the elders.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l344.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὁππότε","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"whenever"},{"surface":"δαῖτα","lemma":"δαίς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐφοπλίζωμεν","gloss":"a feast"},{"surface":"γέρουσιν","lemma":"γέρων","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφοπλίζωμεν","gloss":"for the elders"},{"surface":"ἐφοπλίζωμεν","lemma":"ἐφοπλίζω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὁππότε","gloss":"we prepare"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐφοπλίζωμεν","gloss":"we Achaeans"}]},{"number":345,"label":"345","id":"b4-l345","source":"ἔνθα φίλʼ ὀπταλέα κρέα ἔδμεναι ἠδὲ κύπελλα","translation":"There it is dear to you to eat roasted meat, and cups","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l345.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"φίλ","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"it is dear"},{"surface":"ὀπταλέα","lemma":"ὀπταλέος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies κρέα","gloss":"roasted"},{"surface":"κρέα","lemma":"κρέας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter","role":"object of ἔδμεναι","gloss":"meat"},{"surface":"ἔδμεναι","lemma":"ἔδω","morphology":"active infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to eat","note":"An epic infinitive ending in -μεναι."},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κύπελλα","lemma":"κύπελλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πινέμεναι","gloss":"cups"}]},{"number":346,"label":"346","id":"b4-l346","source":"οἴνου πινέμεναι μελιηδέος ὄφρʼ ἐθέλητον·","translation":"of honey-sweet wine to drink, for as long as you wish;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l346.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἴνου","lemma":"οἶνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies κύπελλα","gloss":"of wine"},{"surface":"πινέμεναι","lemma":"πίνω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to drink","note":"An epic infinitive ending in -μεναι."},{"surface":"μελιηδέος","lemma":"μελιηδής","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἴνου","gloss":"honey-sweet"},{"surface":"ὄφρ","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"as long as"},{"surface":"ἐθέλητον","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 2nd dual verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφῤ","gloss":"you two wish"}]},{"number":347,"label":"347","id":"b4-l347","source":"νῦν δὲ φίλως χʼ ὁρόῳτε καὶ εἰ δέκα πύργοι Ἀχαιῶν","translation":"but now you would gladly look on, even if ten towers of Achaeans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l347.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὁρόῳτε","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"φίλως","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὁρόῳτε","gloss":"gladly"},{"surface":"χ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ὁρόῳτε","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"present active optative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you two look on"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"εἰ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"δέκα","lemma":"δέκα","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies πύργοι","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"πύργοι","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of μαχοίατο","gloss":"towers"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πύργοι","gloss":"of Achaeans"}]},{"number":348,"label":"348","id":"b4-l348","source":"ὑμείων προπάροιθε μαχοίατο νηλέϊ χαλκῷ.","translation":"fought before you with pitiless bronze.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l348.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὑμείων","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"genitive plural pronoun","role":"adverbial to προπάροιθε","gloss":"ahead of you"},{"surface":"προπάροιθε","lemma":"προπάροιθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"μαχοίατο","lemma":"συμμαχέω","morphology":"present medio-passive optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to εἰ","gloss":"were fighting"},{"surface":"νηλέϊ","lemma":"νηλής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"pitiless"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to μαχοίατο","gloss":"with bronze"}]},{"number":349,"label":"349","id":"b4-l349","source":"τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς·","translation":"Then, glaring at him from under his brows, Odysseus of many wiles spoke:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l349.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ὑπόδρα","lemma":"ὑπόδρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδὼν","gloss":"from under his brows"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"glaring"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"πολύμητις","lemma":"πολύμητις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεύς","gloss":"of many wiles"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεύς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":350,"label":"350","id":"b4-l350","source":"Ἀτρεΐδη ποῖόν σε ἔπος φύγεν ἕρκος ὀδόντων;","translation":"\"Son of Atreus, what a word has escaped the barrier of your teeth!","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l350.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἕρκος ὀδόντων","title":"\"The barrier of your teeth\"","body":"ἕρκος ὀδόντων, \"the fence of the teeth,\" is the same recurring Homeric phrase for the mouth already established across the poem's sibling translation, the Odyssey; the image treats words as something that must escape a barrier before being spoken."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδη","lemma":"̓ἀτρείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"ποῖόν","lemma":"ποῖος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπος","gloss":"what sort of"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of φύγεν","gloss":"from you"},{"surface":"ἔπος","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of φύγεν","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"φύγεν","lemma":"φεύγω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"escaped"},{"surface":"ἕρκος","lemma":"ἕρκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of φύγεν","gloss":"barrier"},{"surface":"ὀδόντων","lemma":"ὀδούς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἕρκος","gloss":"of your teeth","note":"'The barrier of the teeth' is a formula for the mouth through which words escape."}]},{"number":351,"label":"351","id":"b4-l351","source":"πῶς δὴ φῂς πολέμοιο μεθιέμεν ὁππότʼ Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"How can you say that we hold back from war, when we Achaeans","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l351.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πῶς","lemma":"πῶς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φῂς","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"φῂς","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you say"},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of μεθιέμεν","gloss":"from war"},{"surface":"μεθιέμεν","lemma":"μεθίημι","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of φῂς","gloss":"we hold back"},{"surface":"ὁππότ","lemma":"ὁπότε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ἐγείρομεν","gloss":"we Achaeans"}]},{"number":352,"label":"352","id":"b4-l352","source":"Τρωσὶν ἐφʼ ἱπποδάμοισιν ἐγείρομεν ὀξὺν Ἄρηα;","translation":"are rousing sharp Ares against the horse-taming Trojans?","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l352.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρωσὶν","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφ̓","gloss":"against the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἐφ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"ἱπποδάμοισιν","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρωσὶν","gloss":"horse-taming"},{"surface":"ἐγείρομεν","lemma":"ἐγείρω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὁππότ̓","gloss":"rouse"},{"surface":"ὀξὺν","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἄρηα","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"Ἄρηα","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐγείρομεν","gloss":"Ares","note":"Here Ares stands by metonymy for the fury of battle."}]},{"number":353,"label":"353","id":"b4-l353","source":"ὄψεαι αἴ κʼ ἐθέλῃσθα καὶ αἴ κέν τοι τὰ μεμήλῃ","translation":"You will see, if you wish, and if these things concern you,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l353.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὄψεαι","title":"Future middle","body":"ὄψεαι is the future middle of ὁράω, \"you will see\" — a deponent-flavored future (the middle form serving an active sense) common in Homeric Greek for verbs of perception."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὄψεαι","lemma":"ὁράω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you will see"},{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κ","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἐθέλῃσθα","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"present active subjunctive, 2nd singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"you wish"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κέν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"object of μεμήλῃ","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of μεμήλῃ","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"μεμήλῃ","lemma":"μέλω","morphology":"perfect active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to αἴ","gloss":"are a concern"}]},{"number":354,"label":"354","id":"b4-l354","source":"Τηλεμάχοιο φίλον πατέρα προμάχοισι μιγέντα","translation":"the dear father of Telemachus mingling among the foremost fighters","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l354.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τηλεμάχοιο","lemma":"Τηλέμαχος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies πατέρα","gloss":"of Telemachus"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πατέρα","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"πατέρα","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὄψεαι","gloss":"father"},{"surface":"προμάχοισι","lemma":"πρόμαχος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μιγέντα","gloss":"among the foremost fighters"},{"surface":"μιγέντα","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"mingling"}]},{"number":355,"label":"355","id":"b4-l355","source":"Τρώων ἱπποδάμων· σὺ δὲ ταῦτʼ ἀνεμώλια βάζεις.","translation":"of the horse-taming Trojans; but you speak these words as wind.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l355.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies προμάχοισι","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἱπποδάμων","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρώων","gloss":"horse-taming"},{"surface":"σὺ","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"nominative singular pronoun","role":"subject of βάζεις","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ταῦτ","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of βάζεις","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"ἀνεμώλια","lemma":"ἀνεμώλιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"empty as wind"},{"surface":"βάζεις","lemma":"βάζω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"speak"}]},{"number":356,"label":"356","id":"b4-l356","source":"τὸν δʼ ἐπιμειδήσας προσέφη κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων","translation":"Then, smiling, the lord Agamemnon answered him,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l356.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπιμειδήσας","lemma":"ἐπιμειδάω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"smiling"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"κρείων","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":357,"label":"357","id":"b4-l357","source":"ὡς γνῶ χωομένοιο· πάλιν δʼ ὅ γε λάζετο μῦθον·","translation":"seeing that he was angered; and he took back his words:","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l357.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"γνῶ","lemma":"γιγνώσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὡς","gloss":"he saw"},{"surface":"χωομένοιο","lemma":"χώομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"him angered"},{"surface":"πάλιν","lemma":"πάλιν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λάζετο","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of λάζετο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"λάζετο","lemma":"λάζομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took back"},{"surface":"μῦθον","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of λάζετο","gloss":"his words"}]},{"number":358,"label":"358","id":"b4-l358","source":"διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ","translation":"\"Odysseus, son of Laertes, sprung from Zeus, of many devices,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l358.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη πολυμήχανʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ","title":"Full vocative address-formula","body":"Every word in this line is vocative, the case of direct address; the whole line is a fixed Homeric formula for hailing Odysseus, already drafted this way at Book 2, line 173, and held to the identical English here."}],"words":[{"surface":"διογενὲς","lemma":"διογενής","morphology":"vocative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies Λαερτιάδη","gloss":"sprung from Zeus"},{"surface":"Λαερτιάδη","lemma":"Λαερτιάδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Laertes"},{"surface":"πολυμήχαν","lemma":"πολυμήχανος","morphology":"vocative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ὀδυσσεῦ","gloss":"of many devices"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσεῦ","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Odysseus"}]},{"number":359,"label":"359","id":"b4-l359","source":"οὔτέ σε νεικείω περιώσιον οὔτε κελεύω·","translation":"I neither rebuke you beyond measure nor give you orders;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l359.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔτέ","lemma":"οὔτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"σε","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"accusative singular pronoun","role":"object of νεικείω","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"νεικείω","lemma":"νεικέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do I rebuke"},{"surface":"περιώσιον","lemma":"περιώσιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to νεικείω","gloss":"beyond measure"},{"surface":"κελεύω","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"nor command"}]},{"number":360,"label":"360","id":"b4-l360","source":"οἶδα γὰρ ὥς τοι θυμὸς ἐνὶ στήθεσσι φίλοισιν","translation":"for I know how the heart within your own dear breast","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l360.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἶδα","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"σύ","morphology":"dative singular pronoun","role":"modifies θυμὸς","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"θυμὸς","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of οἶδε","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"στήθεσσι","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐνὶ","gloss":"breast"},{"surface":"φίλοισιν","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies στήθεσσι","gloss":"dear"}]},{"number":361,"label":"361","id":"b4-l361","source":"ἤπια δήνεα οἶδε· τὰ γὰρ φρονέεις ἅ τʼ ἐγώ περ.","translation":"knows gentle counsels; for you think the very things I think.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l361.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤπια","lemma":"ἤπιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies δήνεα","gloss":"gentle"},{"surface":"δήνεα","lemma":"δῆνος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of οἶδε","gloss":"counsels"},{"surface":"οἶδε","lemma":"οἶδα","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὥς","gloss":"knows"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of φρονέεις","gloss":"the things"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"φρονέεις","lemma":"φρονέω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you think"},{"surface":"ἅ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἐγώ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"myself"}]},{"number":362,"label":"362","id":"b4-l362","source":"ἀλλʼ ἴθι ταῦτα δʼ ὄπισθεν ἀρεσσόμεθʼ εἴ τι κακὸν νῦν","translation":"Come, then; these things we shall set right hereafter, if some harsh word","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l362.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἴθι","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"ταῦτα","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἀρεσσόμεθ̓","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄπισθεν","lemma":"ὄπισθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀρεσσόμεθ̓","gloss":"hereafter"},{"surface":"ἀρεσσόμεθ","lemma":"ἀρέσκω","morphology":"future middle indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"we shall set right"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular neuter pronoun","role":"subject of εἴρηται","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"κακὸν","lemma":"κακός","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies τι","gloss":"harsh"},{"surface":"νῦν","lemma":"νῦν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἴρηται","gloss":"now"}]},{"number":363,"label":"363","id":"b4-l363","source":"εἴρηται, τὰ δὲ πάντα θεοὶ μεταμώνια θεῖεν.","translation":"has now been spoken; may the gods make it all come to nothing.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l363.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"μεταμώνια","title":"\"Into the wind\"","body":"μεταμώνιος literally means \"in the air\" or \"carried off by the wind,\" a common Homeric image for something rendered vain or without effect; Agamemnon prays that his own harsh words be blown away and come to nothing."}],"words":[{"surface":"εἴρηται","lemma":"εἴρω","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to εἴ","gloss":"has been spoken"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of θεῖεν","gloss":"these things"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τὰ","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"θεοὶ","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of θεῖεν","gloss":"may the gods"},{"surface":"μεταμώνια","lemma":"μεταμώνιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"complement of θεῖεν","gloss":"vain"},{"surface":"θεῖεν","lemma":"τίθημι","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"make"}]},{"number":364,"label":"364","id":"b4-l364","source":"ὣς εἰπὼν τοὺς μὲν λίπεν αὐτοῦ, βῆ δὲ μετʼ ἄλλους.","translation":"So speaking, he left them there, and went on to the others.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l364.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπὼν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"εἰπὼν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to λίπεν","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of λίπεν","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"λίπεν","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he left"},{"surface":"αὐτοῦ","lemma":"αὐτοῦ","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of λίπεν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he went"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μετ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"ἄλλους","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μετ̓","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":365,"label":"365","id":"b4-l365","source":"εὗρε δὲ Τυδέος υἱὸν ὑπέρθυμον Διομήδεα","translation":"He found the son of Tydeus, high-hearted Diomedes,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l365.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ὑπέρθυμον","title":"\"High-hearted\" — new epithet for Diomedes","body":"ὑπέρθυμος, \"exceedingly spirited\" or \"high-hearted,\" is a new standing epithet for Diomedes, distinct from κρατερός \"mighty,\" also applied to him later in this same passage (lines 401, 411); each is held to its own English wording."}],"words":[{"surface":"εὗρε","lemma":"εὑρίσκω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he found"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τυδέος","lemma":"Τυδεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"of Tydeus"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ὑπέρθυμον","lemma":"ὑπέρθυμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διομήδεα","gloss":"high-hearted"},{"surface":"Διομήδεα","lemma":"Διομήδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Diomedes"}]},{"number":366,"label":"366","id":"b4-l366","source":"ἑσταότʼ ἔν θʼ ἵπποισι καὶ ἅρμασι κολλητοῖσι·","translation":"standing among his horses and well-jointed chariot;","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l366.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἅρμασι κολλητοῖσι","title":"\"Well-jointed\" chariot — new epithet, distinct root","body":"κολλητός, \"glued\" or \"jointed\" (from κολλάω, \"to glue\"), is a distinct Greek root from ἀρηρότος, already locked as \"close-fitted\" for the war-belt in this book's first two chunks; the two words describe different objects and are held to distinct English renderings so a reader does not mistake them for the same Homeric formula."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἑσταότ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"standing"},{"surface":"ἔν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"ἵπποισι","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅρμασι","lemma":"ἅρμα","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"chariot"},{"surface":"κολλητοῖσι","lemma":"κολλητός","morphology":"dative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἅρμασι","gloss":"well-jointed"}]},{"number":367,"label":"367","id":"b4-l367","source":"πὰρ δέ οἱ ἑστήκει Σθένελος Καπανήϊος υἱός.","translation":"and beside him stood Sthenelus, son of Capaneus.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l367.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πὰρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of πὰρ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἑστήκει","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"Σθένελος","lemma":"Σθένελος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Sthenelus"},{"surface":"Καπανήϊος","lemma":"Καπανεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱός","gloss":"of Capaneus"},{"surface":"υἱός","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":368,"label":"368","id":"b4-l368","source":"καὶ τὸν μὲν νείκεσσεν ἰδὼν κρείων Ἀγαμέμνων,","translation":"Seeing him, the lord Agamemnon rebuked him,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l368.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of νείκεσσεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"νείκεσσεν","lemma":"νεικέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rebuked"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to νείκεσσεν","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"κρείων","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνων","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνων","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καί","gloss":"Agamemnon"}]},{"number":369,"label":"369","id":"b4-l369","source":"καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·","translation":"and speaking to him, he addressed him with winged words:","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l369.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"φωνήσας","lemma":"φωνέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσηύδα","gloss":"speaking"},{"surface":"ἔπεα","lemma":"ἔπος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of προσηύδα","gloss":"words"},{"surface":"πτερόεντα","lemma":"πτερόεις","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔπεα","gloss":"winged"},{"surface":"προσηύδα","lemma":"προσαυδάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"addressed"}]},{"number":370,"label":"370","id":"b4-l370","source":"ὤ μοι Τυδέος υἱὲ δαΐφρονος ἱπποδάμοιο","translation":"\"Ah me, son of Tydeus the wise, tamer of horses,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l370.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὤ","lemma":"ὦ","morphology":"interjection","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"ah"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"Τυδέος","lemma":"τυδεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὲ","gloss":"of Tydeus"},{"surface":"υἱὲ","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"δαΐφρονος","lemma":"δαίφρων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"wise"},{"surface":"ἱπποδάμοιο","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"horse-taming"}]},{"number":371,"label":"371","id":"b4-l371","source":"τί πτώσσεις, τί δʼ ὀπιπεύεις πολέμοιο γεφύρας;","translation":"why do you cower, why do you eye the causeways of battle?","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l371.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πολέμοιο γεφύρας","title":"The \"causeways of battle\" — a disputed phrase","body":"γέφυρα ordinarily means a dike, causeway, or bridge; its sense here (\"the causeways of battle\") is one of the poem's genuine ancient cruxes, variously read as the open lanes between the armies or a raised bank of the field. We follow the traditional literal rendering rather than paraphrasing away the difficulty."}],"words":[{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to πτώσσεις","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"πτώσσεις","lemma":"πτώσσω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you cower"},{"surface":"τί","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to ὀπιπεύεις","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀπιπεύεις","lemma":"ὀπιπτεύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"do you eye"},{"surface":"πολέμοιο","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies γεφύρας","gloss":"of battle"},{"surface":"γεφύρας","lemma":"γέφυρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ὀπιπεύεις","gloss":"causeways","note":"The 'causeways of battle' are the open lanes or intervals between opposing lines."}]},{"number":372,"label":"372","id":"b4-l372","source":"οὐ μὲν Τυδέϊ γʼ ὧδε φίλον πτωσκαζέμεν ἦεν,","translation":"It was not dear to Tydeus to cower in this way,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l372.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Τυδέϊ","lemma":"Τυδεύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἦεν","gloss":"to Tydeus"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"ὧδε","lemma":"ὧδε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πτωσκαζέμεν","gloss":"in this way"},{"surface":"φίλον","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"πτωσκαζέμεν","lemma":"πτωσκάζω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"to cower"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"}]},{"number":373,"label":"373","id":"b4-l373","source":"ἀλλὰ πολὺ πρὸ φίλων ἑτάρων δηΐοισι μάχεσθαι,","translation":"but to fight the enemy far in front of his own dear companions,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l373.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to μάχεσθαι","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"πρὸ","lemma":"πρό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"ahead of"},{"surface":"φίλων","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάρων","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἑτάρων","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to πρὸ","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"δηΐοισι","lemma":"δάιος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of μάχεσθαι","gloss":"the enemy"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"subject","gloss":"to fight"}]},{"number":374,"label":"374","id":"b4-l374","source":"ὡς φάσαν οἵ μιν ἴδοντο πονεύμενον· οὐ γὰρ ἔγωγε","translation":"so say those who saw him laboring in battle; for I myself","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l374.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάσαν","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάσαν","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴδοντο","gloss":"those who"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἴδοντο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἴδοντο","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"subject of φάσαν","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"πονεύμενον","lemma":"πονέω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"laboring"},{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἔγωγε","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"I myself"}]},{"number":375,"label":"375","id":"b4-l375","source":"ἤντησʼ οὐδὲ ἴδον· περὶ δʼ ἄλλων φασὶ γενέσθαι.","translation":"never met him nor saw him; but they say he surpassed all others.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l375.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤντησ","lemma":"ἀντάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"met"},{"surface":"ἴδον","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄλλων","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"object of περὶ","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"φασὶ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they say"},{"surface":"γενέσθαι","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"object of φασὶ","gloss":"he was"}]},{"number":376,"label":"376","id":"b4-l376","source":"ἤτοι μὲν γὰρ ἄτερ πολέμου εἰσῆλθε Μυκήνας","translation":"For truly, without war, he came once to Mycenae","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l376.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"truly"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἄτερ","lemma":"ἄτερ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"πολέμου","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἄτερ","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"εἰσῆλθε","lemma":"εἰσέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he came into"},{"surface":"Μυκήνας","lemma":"Μυκήνη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of εἰσῆλθε","gloss":"Mycenae"}]},{"number":377,"label":"377","id":"b4-l377","source":"ξεῖνος ἅμʼ ἀντιθέῳ Πολυνείκεϊ λαὸν ἀγείρων·","translation":"as a guest, with godlike Polynices, gathering an army;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l377.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ξεῖνος","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as a guest"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"together with"},{"surface":"ἀντιθέῳ","lemma":"ἀντίθεος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πολυνείκεϊ","gloss":"godlike"},{"surface":"Πολυνείκεϊ","lemma":"Πολυνείκης","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἅμ̓","gloss":"Polynices"},{"surface":"λαὸν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀγείρων","gloss":"an army"},{"surface":"ἀγείρων","lemma":"ἀγείρω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to εἰσῆλθε","gloss":"gathering"}]},{"number":378,"label":"378","id":"b4-l378","source":"οἳ δὲ τότʼ ἐστρατόωνθʼ ἱερὰ πρὸς τείχεα Θήβης,","translation":"and at that time they were marching against the sacred walls of Thebes,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l378.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐστρατόωνθ̓","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐστρατόωνθ̓","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐστρατόωνθ","lemma":"στρατόω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were marching"},{"surface":"ἱερὰ","lemma":"ἱερόν","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"modifies τείχεα","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"πρὸς","lemma":"πρός","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"τείχεα","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πρὸς","gloss":"walls"},{"surface":"Θήβης","lemma":"Θήβη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies τείχεα","gloss":"of Thebes"}]},{"number":379,"label":"379","id":"b4-l379","source":"καί ῥα μάλα λίσσοντο δόμεν κλειτοὺς ἐπικούρους·","translation":"and they earnestly begged the Mycenaeans to give them famous allies;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l379.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"καί","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λίσσοντο","gloss":"earnestly"},{"surface":"λίσσοντο","lemma":"λίσσομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they begged"},{"surface":"δόμεν","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of λίσσοντο","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"κλειτοὺς","lemma":"κλειτός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐπικούρους","gloss":"famous"},{"surface":"ἐπικούρους","lemma":"ἐπίκουρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δόμεν","gloss":"allies"}]},{"number":380,"label":"380","id":"b4-l380","source":"οἳ δʼ ἔθελον δόμεναι καὶ ἐπῄνεον ὡς ἐκέλευον·","translation":"and the Mycenaeans were willing to give them, and approved as they asked;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l380.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔθελον","lemma":"ἐθέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were willing"},{"surface":"δόμεναι","lemma":"δίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἔθελον","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπῄνεον","lemma":"ἐπαινέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"approved"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial to ἐκέλευον","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ἐκέλευον","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπῄνεον","gloss":"they asked"}]},{"number":381,"label":"381","id":"b4-l381","source":"ἀλλὰ Ζεὺς ἔτρεψε παραίσια σήματα φαίνων.","translation":"but Zeus turned them aside, showing signs of ill omen.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l381.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ζεὺς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔτρεψε","gloss":"Zeus"},{"surface":"ἔτρεψε","lemma":"τρέπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"turned them aside"},{"surface":"παραίσια","lemma":"παραίσιος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies σήματα","gloss":"ill-omened"},{"surface":"σήματα","lemma":"σῆμα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of φαίνων","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"φαίνων","lemma":"φαίνω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἔτρεψε","gloss":"showing"}]},{"number":382,"label":"382","id":"b4-l382","source":"οἳ δʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν ᾤχοντο ἰδὲ πρὸ ὁδοῦ ἐγένοντο,","translation":"So when they had set out and were well on their way,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l382.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"οὖν","lemma":"οὖν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ᾤχοντο","lemma":"οἴχομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"had set out"},{"surface":"ἰδὲ","lemma":"ἰδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πρὸ","lemma":"πρό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"forward on"},{"surface":"ὁδοῦ","lemma":"ὁδός","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to πρὸ","gloss":"the road"},{"surface":"ἐγένοντο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"had gone"}]},{"number":383,"label":"383","id":"b4-l383","source":"Ἀσωπὸν δʼ ἵκοντο βαθύσχοινον λεχεποίην,","translation":"and had come to the deep-reeded, grassy Asopus,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l383.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀσωπὸν","lemma":"Ἀσωπός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἵκοντο","gloss":"Asopus"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἵκοντο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"they reached"},{"surface":"βαθύσχοινον","lemma":"βαθύσχοινος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"deep-reeded"},{"surface":"λεχεποίην","lemma":"λεχεποίης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies","gloss":"grassy"}]},{"number":384,"label":"384","id":"b4-l384","source":"ἔνθʼ αὖτʼ ἀγγελίην ἐπὶ Τυδῆ στεῖλαν Ἀχαιοί.","translation":"there the Achaeans sent Tydeus ahead as a messenger.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l384.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to στεῖλαν","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"αὖτ","lemma":"αὖτε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"ἀγγελίην","lemma":"ἀγγελία","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of στεῖλαν","gloss":"as a messenger"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Τυδῆ","lemma":"Τυδεύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of στεῖλαν","gloss":"Tydeus"},{"surface":"στεῖλαν","lemma":"στέλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent ahead"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοί","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":385,"label":"385","id":"b4-l385","source":"αὐτὰρ ὃ βῆ, πολέας δὲ κιχήσατο Καδμεΐωνας","translation":"So he went, and found many of the Cadmeans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l385.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κιχήσατο","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"πολέας","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Καδμεΐωνας","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κιχήσατο","lemma":"κιχάνω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"Καδμεΐωνας","lemma":"Καδμεῖος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κιχήσατο","gloss":"Cadmeans"}]},{"number":386,"label":"386","id":"b4-l386","source":"δαινυμένους κατὰ δῶμα βίης Ἐτεοκληείης.","translation":"feasting in the hall of the might of Eteocles.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l386.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δῶμα βίης Ἐτεοκληείης","title":"Periphrasis: \"the might of Eteocles\"","body":"βίης Ἐτεοκληείης, literally \"of the might of Eteocles,\" is the same Homeric periphrasis already seen in the Odyssey drafts (\"the might of Alcinous,\" \"the might of Telemachus\"), naming a hero's force in place of the man himself; here it modifies \"hall,\" so \"the hall of the might of Eteocles\" simply means Eteocles' own palace."}],"words":[{"surface":"δαινυμένους","lemma":"δαίνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"feasting"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δῶμα","lemma":"δῶμα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to κατὰ","gloss":"the hall"},{"surface":"βίης","lemma":"βία","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies δῶμα","gloss":"of the might"},{"surface":"Ἐτεοκληείης","lemma":"Ἐτεοκλεῖος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies βίης","gloss":"Eteocles"}]},{"number":387,"label":"387","id":"b4-l387","source":"ἔνθʼ οὐδὲ ξεῖνός περ ἐὼν ἱππηλάτα Τυδεὺς","translation":"There, though he was a stranger, Tydeus the horseman","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l387.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τάρβει","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"ξεῖνός","lemma":"ξένος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a stranger"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τάρβει","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"ἱππηλάτα","lemma":"ἱππηλάτης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Τυδεὺς","gloss":"horseman"},{"surface":"Τυδεὺς","lemma":"Τυδεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τάρβει","gloss":"Tydeus"}]},{"number":388,"label":"388","id":"b4-l388","source":"τάρβει, μοῦνος ἐὼν πολέσιν μετὰ Καδμείοισιν,","translation":"did not tremble, alone as he was among the many Cadmeans,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l388.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τάρβει","lemma":"ταρβέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"trembled"},{"surface":"μοῦνος","lemma":"μόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἐὼν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to τάρβει","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"πολέσιν","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Καδμείοισιν","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"μετὰ","lemma":"μετά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"Καδμείοισιν","lemma":"Καδμεῖος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to μετὰ","gloss":"Cadmeans"}]},{"number":389,"label":"389","id":"b4-l389","source":"ἀλλʼ ὅ γʼ ἀεθλεύειν προκαλίζετο, πάντα δʼ ἐνίκα","translation":"but he challenged them to contests, and he won every one","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l389.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἀεθλεύειν","lemma":"ἀθλεύω","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of προκαλίζετο","gloss":"to compete"},{"surface":"προκαλίζετο","lemma":"προκαλίζομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"challenged"},{"surface":"πάντα","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"object of ἐνίκα","gloss":"every contest"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐνίκα","lemma":"νικάω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he won"}]},{"number":390,"label":"390","id":"b4-l390","source":"ῥηϊδίως· τοίη οἱ ἐπίρροθος ἦεν Ἀθήνη.","translation":"with ease; such a helper Athena was to him.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l390.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ῥηϊδίως","lemma":"ῥᾴδιος","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐνίκα","gloss":"with ease"},{"surface":"τοίη","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἐπίρροθος","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἦεν","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"ἐπίρροθος","lemma":"ἐπίρροθος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"a helper"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":391,"label":"391","id":"b4-l391","source":"οἳ δὲ χολωσάμενοι Καδμεῖοι κέντορες ἵππων","translation":"But the Cadmeans, goaders of horses, grew angry,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l391.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of εἷσαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"χολωσάμενοι","lemma":"χολόω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to εἷσαν","gloss":"growing angry"},{"surface":"Καδμεῖοι","lemma":"Καδμεῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject","gloss":"Cadmeans"},{"surface":"κέντορες","lemma":"κέντωρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"goaders"},{"surface":"ἵππων","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies κέντορες","gloss":"of horses"}]},{"number":392,"label":"392","id":"b4-l392","source":"ἂψ ἄρʼ ἀνερχομένῳ πυκινὸν λόχον εἷσαν ἄγοντες","translation":"and as he journeyed back they set a close ambush against him, leading","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l392.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἂψ","lemma":"ἄψ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀνερχομένῳ","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἀνερχομένῳ","lemma":"ἀνέρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as he journeyed"},{"surface":"πυκινὸν","lemma":"πυκνός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λόχον","gloss":"close-packed"},{"surface":"λόχον","lemma":"λόχος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of εἷσαν","gloss":"ambush"},{"surface":"εἷσαν","lemma":"ἵζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"they set"},{"surface":"ἄγοντες","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to εἷσαν","gloss":"leading"}]},{"number":393,"label":"393","id":"b4-l393","source":"κούρους πεντήκοντα· δύω δʼ ἡγήτορες ἦσαν,","translation":"fifty young men; and there were two leaders,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l393.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κούρους","lemma":"κοῦρος","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἄγοντες","gloss":"young men"},{"surface":"πεντήκοντα","lemma":"πεντήκοντα","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies κούρους","gloss":"fifty"},{"surface":"δύω","lemma":"δύο","morphology":"numeral","role":"modifies ἡγήτορες","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἡγήτορες","lemma":"ἡγήτωρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"ἦσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"there were"}]},{"number":394,"label":"394","id":"b4-l394","source":"Μαίων Αἱμονίδης ἐπιείκελος ἀθανάτοισιν,","translation":"Maeon, son of Haemon, the equal of the immortals,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l394.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Μαίων","lemma":"Μαίων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τ̓","gloss":"Maeon"},{"surface":"Αἱμονίδης","lemma":"Αἱμονίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Μαίων","gloss":"son of Haemon"},{"surface":"ἐπιείκελος","lemma":"ἐπιείκελος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Μαίων","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"ἀθανάτοισιν","lemma":"ἀθάνατος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἐπιείκελος","gloss":"to the immortals"}]},{"number":395,"label":"395","id":"b4-l395","source":"υἱός τʼ Αὐτοφόνοιο μενεπτόλεμος Πολυφόντης.","translation":"and Polyphontes, steadfast in battle, son of Autophonus.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l395.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"υἱός","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Αὐτοφόνοιο","lemma":"Αὐτόφονος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱός","gloss":"of Autophonus","note":"The ending -οιο is an epic genitive singular."},{"surface":"μενεπτόλεμος","lemma":"μενεπτόλεμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Πολυφόντης","gloss":"steadfast in battle"},{"surface":"Πολυφόντης","lemma":"Πολυφόντης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Polyphontes"}]},{"number":396,"label":"396","id":"b4-l396","source":"Τυδεὺς μὲν καὶ τοῖσιν ἀεικέα πότμον ἐφῆκε·","translation":"But Tydeus dealt out to them too an unseemly fate;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l396.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τυδεὺς","lemma":"Τυδεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐφῆκε","gloss":"Tydeus"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"τοῖσιν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐφῆκε","gloss":"to them"},{"surface":"ἀεικέα","lemma":"ἀεικής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies πότμον","gloss":"unseemly"},{"surface":"πότμον","lemma":"πότμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐφῆκε","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"ἐφῆκε","lemma":"ἐφίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dealt out"}]},{"number":397,"label":"397","id":"b4-l397","source":"πάντας ἔπεφνʼ, ἕνα δʼ οἶον ἵει οἶκον δὲ νέεσθαι·","translation":"he slew them all, and let only one man go home,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l397.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πάντας","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἔπεφν̓","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"ἔπεφν","lemma":"θείνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he slew"},{"surface":"ἕνα","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἵει","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οἶον","lemma":"οἶος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"ἵει","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he let go"},{"surface":"οἶκον","lemma":"οἶκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of νέεσθαι","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"νέεσθαι","lemma":"νέομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἵει","gloss":"to return"}]},{"number":398,"label":"398","id":"b4-l398","source":"Μαίονʼ ἄρα προέηκε θεῶν τεράεσσι πιθήσας.","translation":"Maeon he sent forth, obeying the portents of the gods.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l398.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Μαίον","lemma":"Μαίων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of προέηκε","gloss":"Maeon"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"προέηκε","lemma":"προίημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he sent forth"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τεράεσσι","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"τεράεσσι","lemma":"τέρας","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of πιθήσας","gloss":"portents"},{"surface":"πιθήσας","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προέηκε","gloss":"obeying"}]},{"number":399,"label":"399","id":"b4-l399","source":"τοῖος ἔην Τυδεὺς Αἰτώλιος· ἀλλὰ τὸν υἱὸν","translation":"Such a man was Tydeus of Aetolia; but the son","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l399.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖος","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ἔην","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Τυδεὺς","lemma":"Τυδεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔην","gloss":"Tydeus"},{"surface":"Αἰτώλιος","lemma":"Αἰτώλιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τυδεὺς","gloss":"Aetolian"},{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine article","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"the"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of γείνατο","gloss":"son"}]},{"number":400,"label":"400","id":"b4-l400","source":"γείνατο εἷο χέρεια μάχῃ, ἀγορῇ δέ τʼ ἀμείνω.","translation":"he begot is worse than he in battle, but better in the assembly.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l400.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"χέρεια","title":"Irregular comparative","body":"χέρεια is the neuter comparative of κακός, \"bad,\" built on the suppletive stem χείρων/χέρης rather than a regular -τερος form — \"worse,\" the same irregular pattern English shows in \"bad/worse.\""}],"words":[{"surface":"γείνατο","lemma":"γείνομαι","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he begot"},{"surface":"εἷο","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies χέρεια","gloss":"than himself"},{"surface":"χέρεια","lemma":"χείρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies δέ","gloss":"worse"},{"surface":"μάχῃ","lemma":"μάχη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies χέρεια","gloss":"in battle"},{"surface":"ἀγορῇ","lemma":"ἀγορά","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἀμείνω","gloss":"in assembly"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ἀμείνω","lemma":"ἀμείνων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"modifies δέ","gloss":"better"}]},{"number":401,"label":"401","id":"b4-l401","source":"ὣς φάτο, τὸν δʼ οὔ τι προσέφη κρατερὸς Διομήδης","translation":"So he spoke, and mighty Diomedes answered him nothing at all,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l401.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"κρατερὸς Διομήδης","title":"\"Mighty Diomedes\" — new epithet-name unit","body":"κρατερός, \"mighty, strong,\" already glossed for Pandarus in this book's first chunk, is here locked as a standing epithet-name unit for Diomedes, distinct from ὑπέρθυμον \"high-hearted\" used of him earlier in this same passage."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτο","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"τι","lemma":"τις","morphology":"accusative singular neuter pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"κρατερὸς","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διομήδης","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"Διομήδης","lemma":"διομήδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Diomedes"}]},{"number":402,"label":"402","id":"b4-l402","source":"αἰδεσθεὶς βασιλῆος ἐνιπὴν αἰδοίοιο·","translation":"in reverence for the rebuke of the honored king;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l402.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰδεσθεὶς","lemma":"αἰδέομαι","morphology":"aorist passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"revering"},{"surface":"βασιλῆος","lemma":"βασιλεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἐνιπὴν","gloss":"of the king"},{"surface":"ἐνιπὴν","lemma":"ἐνιπή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of αἰδεσθεὶς","gloss":"rebuke"},{"surface":"αἰδοίοιο","lemma":"αἰδοῖος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies βασιλῆος","gloss":"honored"}]},{"number":403,"label":"403","id":"b4-l403","source":"τὸν δʼ υἱὸς Καπανῆος ἀμείψατο κυδαλίμοιο·","translation":"but the son of glorious Capaneus answered him instead:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l403.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμείψατο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"υἱὸς","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀμείψατο","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Καπανῆος","lemma":"Καπανεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸς","gloss":"of Capaneus"},{"surface":"ἀμείψατο","lemma":"ἀμείβω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"answered"},{"surface":"κυδαλίμοιο","lemma":"κυδάλιμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Καπανῆος","gloss":"glorious"}]},{"number":404,"label":"404","id":"b4-l404","source":"Ἀτρεΐδη μὴ ψεύδεʼ ἐπιστάμενος σάφα εἰπεῖν·","translation":"\"Son of Atreus, do not lie, when you know how to speak the plain truth;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l404.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀτρεΐδη","lemma":"Ἀτρείδης","morphology":"vocative singular masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"son of Atreus"},{"surface":"μὴ","lemma":"μή","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"do not"},{"surface":"ψεύδε","lemma":"ψεύδω","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lie"},{"surface":"ἐπιστάμενος","lemma":"ἐπίσταμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ψεύδἐ","gloss":"knowing how"},{"surface":"σάφα","lemma":"σάφα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to εἰπεῖν","gloss":"plainly"},{"surface":"εἰπεῖν","lemma":"εἶπον","morphology":"aorist active infinitive","role":"object of ἐπιστάμενος","gloss":"to speak"}]},{"number":405,"label":"405","id":"b4-l405","source":"ἡμεῖς τοι πατέρων μέγʼ ἀμείνονες εὐχόμεθʼ εἶναι·","translation":"we claim to be far better men than our fathers;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l405.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εὐχόμεθ̓","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"τοι","lemma":"τοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"I tell you"},{"surface":"πατέρων","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀμείνονες","gloss":"than our fathers"},{"surface":"μέγ","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"far"},{"surface":"ἀμείνονες","lemma":"ἀμείνων","morphology":"nominative plural masculine comparative adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"εὐχόμεθ","lemma":"εὔχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"claim"},{"surface":"εἶναι","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active infinitive","role":"object of εὐχόμεθ̓","gloss":"to be"}]},{"number":406,"label":"406","id":"b4-l406","source":"ἡμεῖς καὶ Θήβης ἕδος εἵλομεν ἑπταπύλοιο","translation":"we took the seat of seven-gated Thebes,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l406.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡμεῖς","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἵλομεν","gloss":"we"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"Θήβης","lemma":"Θήβη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies ἕδος","gloss":"of Thebes"},{"surface":"ἕδος","lemma":"ἕδος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἵλομεν","gloss":"seat"},{"surface":"εἵλομεν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"ἑπταπύλοιο","lemma":"ἑπτάπυλος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Θήβης","gloss":"seven-gated"}]},{"number":407,"label":"407","id":"b4-l407","source":"παυρότερον λαὸν ἀγαγόνθʼ ὑπὸ τεῖχος ἄρειον,","translation":"leading a smaller army against a stronger wall,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l407.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"παυρότερον","lemma":"παῦρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine comparative adjective","role":"modifies λαὸν","gloss":"smaller"},{"surface":"λαὸν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀγαγόνθ̓","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"ἀγαγόνθ","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative dual masculine","role":"adverbial to εἵλομεν","gloss":"leading"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"τεῖχος","lemma":"τεῖχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπὸ","gloss":"wall"},{"surface":"ἄρειον","lemma":"ἀρείων","morphology":"accusative singular neuter comparative adjective","role":"modifies τεῖχος","gloss":"stronger"}]},{"number":408,"label":"408","id":"b4-l408","source":"πειθόμενοι τεράεσσι θεῶν καὶ Ζηνὸς ἀρωγῇ·","translation":"trusting in the portents of the gods and the help of Zeus;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l408.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πειθόμενοι","lemma":"πείθω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, vocative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to εἵλομεν","gloss":"trusting"},{"surface":"τεράεσσι","lemma":"τέρας","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"in portents"},{"surface":"θεῶν","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies τεράεσσι","gloss":"of the gods"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ζηνὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀρωγῇ","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"ἀρωγῇ","lemma":"ἀρωγή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"help"}]},{"number":409,"label":"409","id":"b4-l409","source":"κεῖνοι δὲ σφετέρῃσιν ἀτασθαλίῃσιν ὄλοντο·","translation":"but they perished through their own recklessness;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l409.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κεῖνοι","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of ὄλοντο","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"σφετέρῃσιν","lemma":"σφέτερος","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀτασθαλίῃσιν","gloss":"their own"},{"surface":"ἀτασθαλίῃσιν","lemma":"ἀτασθαλία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ὄλοντο","gloss":"through recklessness"},{"surface":"ὄλοντο","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"perished"}]},{"number":410,"label":"410","id":"b4-l410","source":"τὼ μή μοι πατέρας ποθʼ ὁμοίῃ ἔνθεο τιμῇ.","translation":"so never set our fathers in equal honor with us in your heart.\"","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l410.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὼ","lemma":"τῷ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔνθεο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"μή","lemma":"μή","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"μοι","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"adverbial to ἔνθεο","gloss":"for me"},{"surface":"πατέρας","lemma":"πατήρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔνθεο","gloss":"our fathers"},{"surface":"ποθ","lemma":"ποθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"ὁμοίῃ","lemma":"ὁμοῖος","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies τιμῇ","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"ἔνθεο","lemma":"ἐντίθημι","morphology":"aorist middle imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"τιμῇ","lemma":"τιμή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔνθεο","gloss":"in honor"}]},{"number":411,"label":"411","id":"b4-l411","source":"τὸν δʼ ἄρʼ ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν προσέφη κρατερὸς Διομήδης·","translation":"Then, glaring at him from under his brows, mighty Diomedes spoke:","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l411.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of προσέφη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"ὑπόδρα","lemma":"ὑπόδρα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰδὼν","gloss":"from under his brows"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to προσέφη","gloss":"glaring"},{"surface":"προσέφη","lemma":"πρόσφημι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"κρατερὸς","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Διομήδης","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"Διομήδης","lemma":"Διομήδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of προσέφη","gloss":"Diomedes"}]},{"number":412,"label":"412","id":"b4-l412","source":"τέττα, σιωπῇ ἧσο, ἐμῷ δʼ ἐπιπείθεο μύθῳ·","translation":"\"Friend, sit in silence, and obey my word;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l412.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"τέττα","title":"A rare word of address","body":"τέττα is a unique word in Homer, an informal, affectionate term of address used by a younger man to an elder or superior comrade; Diomedes softens his rebuke of Sthenelus even as he silences him."}],"words":[{"surface":"τέττα","lemma":"τέττα","morphology":"irregular","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"friend","note":"A familiar form of address to an elder or respected companion."},{"surface":"σιωπῇ","lemma":"σιωπή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἧσο","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"ἧσο","lemma":"ἧμαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"ἐμῷ","lemma":"ἐμός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μύθῳ","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπιπείθεο","lemma":"ἐπιπείθομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"obey"},{"surface":"μύθῳ","lemma":"μῦθος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐπιπείθεο","gloss":"word"}]},{"number":413,"label":"413","id":"b4-l413","source":"οὐ γὰρ ἐγὼ νεμεσῶ Ἀγαμέμνονι ποιμένι λαῶν","translation":"for I do not blame Agamemnon, shepherd of the people,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l413.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐγὼ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of νεμεσῶ","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"νεμεσῶ","lemma":"νεμεσάω","morphology":"present active indicative, 1st singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"blame"},{"surface":"Ἀγαμέμνονι","lemma":"Ἀγαμέμνων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of νεμεσῶ","gloss":"Agamemnon"},{"surface":"ποιμένι","lemma":"ποιμήν","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἀγαμέμνονι","gloss":"shepherd"},{"surface":"λαῶν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ποιμένι","gloss":"of the people"}]},{"number":414,"label":"414","id":"b4-l414","source":"ὀτρύνοντι μάχεσθαι ἐϋκνήμιδας Ἀχαιούς·","translation":"for urging the well-greaved Achaeans to fight;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l414.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀτρύνοντι","lemma":"ὀτρύνω","morphology":"present active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"for urging"},{"surface":"μάχεσθαι","lemma":"μάχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of ὀτρύνοντι","gloss":"to fight"},{"surface":"ἐϋκνήμιδας","lemma":"ἐυκνήμις","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀχαιούς","gloss":"well-greaved"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιούς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of μάχεσθαι","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":415,"label":"415","id":"b4-l415","source":"τούτῳ μὲν γὰρ κῦδος ἅμʼ ἕψεται εἴ κεν Ἀχαιοὶ","translation":"for glory will follow him, if the Achaeans","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l415.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τούτῳ","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἅμ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"κῦδος","lemma":"κῦδος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἕψεται","gloss":"glory"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"along with"},{"surface":"ἕψεται","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"future indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"will follow"},{"surface":"εἴ","lemma":"εἰ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὶ","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"the Achaeans"}]},{"number":416,"label":"416","id":"b4-l416","source":"Τρῶας δῃώσωσιν ἕλωσί τε Ἴλιον ἱρήν,","translation":"cut down the Trojans and take sacred Ilion,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l416.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶας","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δῃώσωσιν","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"δῃώσωσιν","lemma":"δηιόω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"cut down"},{"surface":"ἕλωσί","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to τε","gloss":"take"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἴλιον","lemma":"Ἴλιος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἕλωσί","gloss":"Ilion"},{"surface":"ἱρήν","lemma":"ἱρός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἴλιον","gloss":"sacred"}]},{"number":417,"label":"417","id":"b4-l417","source":"τούτῳ δʼ αὖ μέγα πένθος Ἀχαιῶν δῃωθέντων.","translation":"but great grief will be his too, if the Achaeans are cut down.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l417.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τούτῳ","lemma":"οὗτος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"αὖ","lemma":"αὖ","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies πένθος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"πένθος","lemma":"πένθος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of δῃωθέντων","gloss":"the Achaeans"},{"surface":"δῃωθέντων","lemma":"δηιόω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"adverbial","gloss":"if cut down","note":"The genitive participial phrase supplies the circumstance: 'if/when the Achaeans are cut down.'"}]},{"number":418,"label":"418","id":"b4-l418","source":"ἀλλʼ ἄγε δὴ καὶ νῶϊ μεδώμεθα θούριδος ἀλκῆς.","translation":"Come, then, let the two of us turn our minds to furious valor.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l418.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἄγε","lemma":"ἄγε","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"come"},{"surface":"δὴ","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"νῶϊ","lemma":"ἐγώ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μεδώμεθα","gloss":"we two"},{"surface":"μεδώμεθα","lemma":"μέδομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive subjunctive, 1st plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"let us consider"},{"surface":"θούριδος","lemma":"θοῦρος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀλκῆς","gloss":"furious"},{"surface":"ἀλκῆς","lemma":"ἀλκή","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of μεδώμεθα","gloss":"valor"}]},{"number":419,"label":"419","id":"b4-l419","source":"ἦ ῥα καὶ ἐξ ὀχέων σὺν τεύχεσιν ἆλτο χαμᾶζε·","translation":"So he spoke, and leaped down from his chariot to the ground in his armor;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l419.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦ","lemma":"ἠμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he spoke"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐξ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ὀχέων","lemma":"ὄχος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐξ","gloss":"the chariot"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"τεύχεσιν","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to σὺν","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"ἆλτο","lemma":"ἅλλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"he leaped"},{"surface":"χαμᾶζε","lemma":"χαμᾶζε","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἆλτο","gloss":"to the ground"}]},{"number":420,"label":"420","id":"b4-l420","source":"δεινὸν δʼ ἔβραχε χαλκὸς ἐπὶ στήθεσσιν ἄνακτος","translation":"and terribly the bronze clanged about the chest of the lord","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l420.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεινὸν","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἔβραχε","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔβραχε","lemma":"βράσσω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"clanged"},{"surface":"χαλκὸς","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔβραχε","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"στήθεσσιν","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"the chest"},{"surface":"ἄνακτος","lemma":"ἄναξ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies στήθεσσιν","gloss":"of the lord"}]},{"number":421,"label":"421","id":"b4-l421","source":"ὀρνυμένου· ὑπό κεν ταλασίφρονά περ δέος εἷλεν.","translation":"as he rose up; fear would have seized even a stout-hearted man.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l421.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀρνυμένου","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as he rose"},{"surface":"ὑπό","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"(untranslated)"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ταλασίφρονά","lemma":"ταλασίφρων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"a stout-hearted man"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"δέος","lemma":"δέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of εἷλεν","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"εἷλεν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"would have seized"}]},{"number":422,"label":"422","id":"b4-l422","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτʼ ἐν αἰγιαλῷ πολυηχέϊ κῦμα θαλάσσης","translation":"As when on a much-echoing beach a wave of the sea","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l422.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτ","lemma":"ὅτι","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"αἰγιαλῷ","lemma":"αἰγιαλός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"beach"},{"surface":"πολυηχέϊ","lemma":"πολυηχής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies αἰγιαλῷ","gloss":"much-echoing"},{"surface":"κῦμα","lemma":"κῦμα","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ὄρνυτ̓","gloss":"a wave"},{"surface":"θαλάσσης","lemma":"θάλασσα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies κῦμα","gloss":"of the sea"}]},{"number":423,"label":"423","id":"b4-l423","source":"ὄρνυτʼ ἐπασσύτερον Ζεφύρου ὕπο κινήσαντος·","translation":"rises wave upon wave, driven on beneath the West Wind's stirring —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l423.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ζεφύρου","title":"The West Wind","body":"Ζέφυρος, the West Wind, is elsewhere in Homer a gentle or a stirring breeze rather than a storm-gale; here it sets the sea heaving in long, orderly ranks, an image the poem then maps directly onto the Achaean ranks moving forward rank upon rank."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὄρνυτ","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"rises"},{"surface":"ἐπασσύτερον","lemma":"ἐπασσύτερος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ὄρνυτ̓","gloss":"one after another"},{"surface":"Ζεφύρου","lemma":"Ζέφυρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὕπο","gloss":"the West Wind"},{"surface":"ὕπο","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"κινήσαντος","lemma":"κινέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"stirring"}]},{"number":424,"label":"424","id":"b4-l424","source":"πόντῳ μέν τε πρῶτα κορύσσεται, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα","translation":"far out at sea it first rears up its crest, but then,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l424.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πόντῳ","lemma":"πόντος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κορύσσεται","gloss":"at sea"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κορύσσεται","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"κορύσσεται","lemma":"κορύσσω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"rears its crest"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to βρέμει","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":425,"label":"425","id":"b4-l425","source":"χέρσῳ ῥηγνύμενον μεγάλα βρέμει, ἀμφὶ δέ τʼ ἄκρας","translation":"breaking upon the land, it roars greatly, and around the headlands","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l425.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χέρσῳ","lemma":"χέρσος","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ῥηγνύμενον","gloss":"land"},{"surface":"ῥηγνύμενον","lemma":"ῥήγνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"adverbial to βρέμει","gloss":"breaking"},{"surface":"μεγάλα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to βρέμει","gloss":"loudly"},{"surface":"βρέμει","lemma":"βρέμω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"thunders"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄκρας","lemma":"ἄκρα","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἀμφὶ","gloss":"headlands"}]},{"number":426,"label":"426","id":"b4-l426","source":"κυρτὸν ἐὸν κορυφοῦται, ἀποπτύει δʼ ἁλὸς ἄχνην·","translation":"it arches and crests, and spits out the spray of the salt sea —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l426.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κυρτὸν","lemma":"κυρτός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"arched"},{"surface":"ἐὸν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular neuter","role":"adverbial to κορυφοῦται","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"κορυφοῦται","lemma":"κορυφόω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"crests"},{"surface":"ἀποπτύει","lemma":"ἀποπτύω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"spits out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἁλὸς","lemma":"ἅλς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄχνην","gloss":"the sea"},{"surface":"ἄχνην","lemma":"ἄχνη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀποπτύει","gloss":"spray"}]},{"number":427,"label":"427","id":"b4-l427","source":"ὣς τότʼ ἐπασσύτεραι Δαναῶν κίνυντο φάλαγγες","translation":"so then, rank upon rank, the battalions of the Danaans moved","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l427.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κίνυντο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τότ","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κίνυντο","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐπασσύτεραι","lemma":"ἐπασσύτερος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"one after another"},{"surface":"Δαναῶν","lemma":"Δανάη","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"modifies φάλαγγες","gloss":"Danaans"},{"surface":"κίνυντο","lemma":"κίνυμαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"moved"},{"surface":"φάλαγγες","lemma":"φάλαγξ","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of κίνυντο","gloss":"ranks"}]},{"number":428,"label":"428","id":"b4-l428","source":"νωλεμέως πόλεμον δέ· κέλευε δὲ οἷσιν ἕκαστος","translation":"steadily on to war; and each of their captains gave orders,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l428.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νωλεμέως","lemma":"νωλεμές","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κίνυντο","gloss":"steadily"},{"surface":"πόλεμον","lemma":"πόλεμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κίνυντο","gloss":"war"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κέλευε","lemma":"κελεύω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave orders"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἷσιν","lemma":"ἑός","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of κέλευε","gloss":"his own men"},{"surface":"ἕκαστος","lemma":"ἕκαστος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"subject of κέλευε","gloss":"each"}]},{"number":429,"label":"429","id":"b4-l429","source":"ἡγεμόνων· οἳ δʼ ἄλλοι ἀκὴν ἴσαν, οὐδέ κε φαίης","translation":"his own men; and the rest went on in silence — you would not have said","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l429.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡγεμόνων","lemma":"ἡγεμών","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἕκαστος","gloss":"captains"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἴσαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies οἳ","gloss":"the rest"},{"surface":"ἀκὴν","lemma":"ἀκήν","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴσαν","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"ἴσαν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"κε","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"φαίης","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"present active optative, 2nd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"you would have said"}]},{"number":430,"label":"430","id":"b4-l430","source":"τόσσον λαὸν ἕπεσθαι ἔχοντʼ ἐν στήθεσιν αὐδήν,","translation":"that so great a host followed, holding voice in their breasts,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l430.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόσσον","lemma":"τόσος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λαὸν","gloss":"so great"},{"surface":"λαὸν","lemma":"λαός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕπεσθαι","gloss":"host"},{"surface":"ἕπεσθαι","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive infinitive","role":"object of φαίης","gloss":"follow"},{"surface":"ἔχοντ","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"στήθεσιν","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"breasts"},{"surface":"αὐδήν","lemma":"αὐδή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχοντ̓","gloss":"voice"}]},{"number":431,"label":"431","id":"b4-l431","source":"σιγῇ δειδιότες σημάντορας· ἀμφὶ δὲ πᾶσι","translation":"in silence, fearing their commanders; and about them all","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l431.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σιγῇ","lemma":"σιγή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to δειδιότες","gloss":"in silence"},{"surface":"δειδιότες","lemma":"δείδω","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕπεσθαι","gloss":"fearing"},{"surface":"σημάντορας","lemma":"σημάντωρ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine noun","role":"object of δειδιότες","gloss":"commanders"},{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πᾶσι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἀμφὶ","gloss":"them all"}]},{"number":432,"label":"432","id":"b4-l432","source":"τεύχεα ποικίλʼ ἔλαμπε, τὰ εἱμένοι ἐστιχόωντο.","translation":"their well-wrought armor shone, wherein they marched arrayed.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l432.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἔλαμπε","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"ποικίλ","lemma":"ποικίλος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies τεύχεα","gloss":"well-wrought"},{"surface":"ἔλαμπε","lemma":"λάμπω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shone"},{"surface":"τὰ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural neuter pronoun","role":"object of εἱμένοι","gloss":"which armor"},{"surface":"εἱμένοι","lemma":"ἕννυμι","morphology":"perfect passive participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἐστιχόωντο","gloss":"wearing"},{"surface":"ἐστιχόωντο","lemma":"στιχάομαι","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τεύχεα","gloss":"marched in ranks"}]},{"number":433,"label":"433","id":"b4-l433","source":"Τρῶες δʼ, ὥς τʼ ὄϊες πολυπάμονος ἀνδρὸς ἐν αὐλῇ","translation":"But the Trojans — as the ewes of a man rich in flocks, in his farmyard,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l433.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ὥς τʼ","title":"Simile particle","body":"ὡς with τε marks a generalizing epic simile, a comparison drawn not to one particular flock but to what happens habitually — the mixed, untrained clamor of the Trojan advance is set against a scene any listener would recognize."}],"words":[{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὀρώρει","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὥς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"conjunction","role":"adverbial to ἑστήκασιν","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄϊες","lemma":"ὄις","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἑστήκασιν","gloss":"ewes"},{"surface":"πολυπάμονος","lemma":"πολυπάμων","morphology":"genitive singular adjective","role":"modifies ἀνδρὸς","gloss":"rich in flocks"},{"surface":"ἀνδρὸς","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies αὐλῇ","gloss":"man’s"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"αὐλῇ","lemma":"αὐλή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"farmyard"}]},{"number":434,"label":"434","id":"b4-l434","source":"μυρίαι ἑστήκασιν ἀμελγόμεναι γάλα λευκὸν","translation":"stand by the thousands, being milked of their white milk,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l434.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μυρίαι","lemma":"μυρίος","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"countless"},{"surface":"ἑστήκασιν","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὀρώρει","gloss":"stand"},{"surface":"ἀμελγόμεναι","lemma":"ἀμέλγω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἑστήκασιν","gloss":"being milked"},{"surface":"γάλα","lemma":"γάλα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἀμελγόμεναι","gloss":"milk"},{"surface":"λευκὸν","lemma":"λευκός","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies γάλα","gloss":"white"}]},{"number":435,"label":"435","id":"b4-l435","source":"ἀζηχὲς μεμακυῖαι ἀκούουσαι ὄπα ἀρνῶν,","translation":"bleating without ceasing, as they hear the voices of their lambs —","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l435.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀζηχὲς","lemma":"ἀζηχής","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to μεμακυῖαι","gloss":"unceasingly"},{"surface":"μεμακυῖαι","lemma":"μηκάομαι","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἑστήκασιν","gloss":"bleating"},{"surface":"ἀκούουσαι","lemma":"ἀκούω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural feminine","role":"adverbial to ἑστήκασιν","gloss":"hearing"},{"surface":"ὄπα","lemma":"ὄψ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀκούουσαι","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"ἀρνῶν","lemma":"ἀρνός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄπα","gloss":"of lambs"}]},{"number":436,"label":"436","id":"b4-l436","source":"ὣς Τρώων ἀλαλητὸς ἀνὰ στρατὸν εὐρὺν ὀρώρει·","translation":"so the clamor of the Trojans rose up through the wide army;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l436.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀρώρει","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἀλαλητὸς","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἀλαλητὸς","lemma":"ἀλαλητός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὀρώρει","gloss":"clamor"},{"surface":"ἀνὰ","lemma":"ἀνά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"throughout"},{"surface":"στρατὸν","lemma":"στρατός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀνὰ","gloss":"army"},{"surface":"εὐρὺν","lemma":"εὐρύς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies στρατὸν","gloss":"wide"},{"surface":"ὀρώρει","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"arose"}]},{"number":437,"label":"437","id":"b4-l437","source":"οὐ γὰρ πάντων ἦεν ὁμὸς θρόος οὐδʼ ἴα γῆρυς,","translation":"for they had not all one cry, nor a single speech,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l437.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"πάντων","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies θρόος","gloss":"of all"},{"surface":"ἦεν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ὁμὸς","lemma":"ὁμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θρόος","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"θρόος","lemma":"θρόος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦεν","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"ἴα","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies γῆρυς","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"γῆρυς","lemma":"γῆρυς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"speech"}]},{"number":438,"label":"438","id":"b4-l438","source":"ἀλλὰ γλῶσσα μέμικτο, πολύκλητοι δʼ ἔσαν ἄνδρες.","translation":"but their tongues were mingled, and the men were called from many lands.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l438.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλὰ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"γλῶσσα","lemma":"γλῶσσα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of μέμικτο","gloss":"tongue"},{"surface":"μέμικτο","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were mingled"},{"surface":"πολύκλητοι","lemma":"πολύκλητος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"called from many lands"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔσαν","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"ἄνδρες","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔσαν","gloss":"men"}]},{"number":439,"label":"439","id":"b4-l439","source":"ὄρσε δὲ τοὺς μὲν Ἄρης, τοὺς δὲ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη","translation":"Ares roused some of them on, and bright-eyed Athena the others,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l439.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄρσε","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὄρσε","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"Ἄρης","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὄρσε","gloss":"Ares"},{"surface":"τοὺς","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γλαυκῶπις","lemma":"γλαυκῶπις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"bright-eyed"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":440,"label":"440","id":"b4-l440","source":"Δεῖμός τʼ ἠδὲ Φόβος καὶ Ἔρις ἄμοτον μεμαυῖα,","translation":"and Terror, and Rout, and Strife raging without limit,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l440.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Δεῖμός τʼ ἠδὲ Φόβος","title":"Terror and Rout","body":"Δεῖμος and Φόβος, personified Terror and Rout, are elsewhere named as sons and attendant-spirits of Ares who ride with him into battle; here, with Strife, they are pictured as active agents driving both armies forward, not mere abstractions."}],"words":[{"surface":"Δεῖμός","lemma":"Δεῖμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Terror"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἠδὲ","lemma":"ἠδέ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Φόβος","lemma":"φόβος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Rout"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἔρις","lemma":"ἔρις","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"strife"},{"surface":"ἄμοτον","lemma":"ἄμοτον","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to μεμαυῖα","gloss":"without limit"},{"surface":"μεμαυῖα","lemma":"μέμαα","morphology":"perfect active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"eager"}]},{"number":441,"label":"441","id":"b4-l441","source":"Ἄρεος ἀνδροφόνοιο κασιγνήτη ἑτάρη τε,","translation":"the sister and companion of man-slaying Ares,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l441.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἀνδροφόνοιο","title":"Man-slaying Ares","body":"ἀνδροφόνος, \"man-slaying,\" is a standing epithet fixed to Ares whenever the poem wants his violence named plainly rather than softened; hold this exact wording for later recurrences of the epithet."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ἄρεος","lemma":"Ἄρης","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies τε","gloss":"of Ares"},{"surface":"ἀνδροφόνοιο","lemma":"ἀνδροφόνος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἄρεος","gloss":"man-slaying"},{"surface":"κασιγνήτη","lemma":"κασιγνήτη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"sister"},{"surface":"ἑτάρη","lemma":"ἑταίρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"companion"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":442,"label":"442","id":"b4-l442","source":"ἥ τʼ ὀλίγη μὲν πρῶτα κορύσσεται, αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα","translation":"she who at first rears her head but small, but then","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l442.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of αὐτὰρ","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀλίγη","lemma":"ὀλίγος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"πρῶτα","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to κορύσσεται","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"κορύσσεται","lemma":"κορύσσω","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing αὐτὰρ","gloss":"rears her head"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἔπειτα","lemma":"ἔπειτα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to καὶ","gloss":"then"}]},{"number":443,"label":"443","id":"b4-l443","source":"οὐρανῷ ἐστήριξε κάρη καὶ ἐπὶ χθονὶ βαίνει·","translation":"plants her head in the sky, while her feet still walk the earth.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l443.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐρανῷ","lemma":"οὐρανός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐστήριξε","gloss":"in the sky"},{"surface":"ἐστήριξε","lemma":"στηρίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"planted"},{"surface":"κάρη","lemma":"κάρα","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐστήριξε","gloss":"head"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"χθονὶ","lemma":"χθών","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐπὶ","gloss":"earth"},{"surface":"βαίνει","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing καὶ","gloss":"walks"}]},{"number":444,"label":"444","id":"b4-l444","source":"ἥ σφιν καὶ τότε νεῖκος ὁμοίϊον ἔμβαλε μέσσῳ","translation":"She then, too, cast strife equally between the two sides,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l444.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔμβαλε","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"σφιν","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔμβαλε","gloss":"between them"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"τότε","lemma":"τότε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔμβαλε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"νεῖκος","lemma":"νεῖκος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἔμβαλε","gloss":"strife"},{"surface":"ὁμοίϊον","lemma":"ὁμοίιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies νεῖκος","gloss":"equal"},{"surface":"ἔμβαλε","lemma":"ἐμβάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"cast between"},{"surface":"μέσσῳ","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἔμβαλε","gloss":"between"}]},{"number":445,"label":"445","id":"b4-l445","source":"ἐρχομένη καθʼ ὅμιλον ὀφέλλουσα στόνον ἀνδρῶν.","translation":"moving through the throng, swelling the groaning of men.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l445.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐρχομένη","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔμβαλε","gloss":"moving"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καθ̓","gloss":"throng"},{"surface":"ὀφέλλουσα","lemma":"ὀφέλλω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἔμβαλε","gloss":"swelling"},{"surface":"στόνον","lemma":"στόνος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ὀφέλλουσα","gloss":"groaning"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies στόνον","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":446,"label":"446","id":"b4-l446","source":"οἳ δʼ ὅτε δή ῥʼ ἐς χῶρον ἕνα ξυνιόντες ἵκοντο,","translation":"Now when the two sides, coming together, met in one place,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l446.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"the two sides"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"δή","lemma":"δή","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"χῶρον","lemma":"χῶρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"place"},{"surface":"ἕνα","lemma":"εἷς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies χῶρον","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"ξυνιόντες","lemma":"σύνειμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to ἵκοντο","gloss":"coming together"},{"surface":"ἵκοντο","lemma":"ἱκνέομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"adverbial to ὅτε","gloss":"met"}]},{"number":447,"label":"447","id":"b4-l447","source":"σύν ῥʼ ἔβαλον ῥινούς, σὺν δʼ ἔγχεα καὶ μένεʼ ἀνδρῶν","translation":"they dashed together shield on shield, and spears, and the fury of men","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l447.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"σύν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔβαλον","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dashed"},{"surface":"ῥινούς","lemma":"ῥινός","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔβαλον","gloss":"shields"},{"surface":"σὺν","lemma":"σύν","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔγχεα","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μένε","lemma":"μένος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object","gloss":"fury"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies μένἐ","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":448,"label":"448","id":"b4-l448","source":"χαλκεοθωρήκων· ἀτὰρ ἀσπίδες ὀμφαλόεσσαι","translation":"clad in bronze corselets; and the bossed shields","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l448.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χαλκεοθωρήκων","lemma":"χαλκεοθώραξ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"bronze-corseleted"},{"surface":"ἀτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδες","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of ἔπληντ̓","gloss":"shields"},{"surface":"ὀμφαλόεσσαι","lemma":"ὀμφαλόεις","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἀσπίδες","gloss":"bossed"}]},{"number":449,"label":"449","id":"b4-l449","source":"ἔπληντʼ ἀλλήλῃσι, πολὺς δʼ ὀρυμαγδὸς ὀρώρει.","translation":"pressed against one another, and a great din arose.","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l449.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔπληντ","lemma":"πίμπλημι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pressed"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλῃσι","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural feminine adjective","role":"object of ἔπληντ̓","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"πολὺς","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὀρυμαγδὸς","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀρυμαγδὸς","lemma":"ὀρυμαγδός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὀρώρει","gloss":"din"},{"surface":"ὀρώρει","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"arose"}]},{"number":450,"label":"450","id":"b4-l450","source":"ἔνθα δʼ ἅμʼ οἰμωγή τε καὶ εὐχωλὴ πέλεν ἀνδρῶν","translation":"There at once were the groaning and the boasting of men,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l450.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθα","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δ̓","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέλεν","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"οἰμωγή","lemma":"οἰμωγή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"groaning"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"εὐχωλὴ","lemma":"εὐχωλή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"main verb","gloss":"boasting"},{"surface":"πέλεν","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":451,"label":"451","id":"b4-l451","source":"ὀλλύντων τε καὶ ὀλλυμένων, ῥέε δʼ αἵματι γαῖα.","translation":"of those who slew and those who were slain, and the earth ran with blood.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l451.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὀλλύντων","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"present active participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"slaying"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀλλυμένων","lemma":"ὄλλυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being slain"},{"surface":"ῥέε","lemma":"ῥέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ran"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἵματι","lemma":"αἷμα","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ῥέε","gloss":"blood"},{"surface":"γαῖα","lemma":"γαῖα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ῥέε","gloss":"the earth"}]},{"number":452,"label":"452","id":"b4-l452","source":"ὡς δʼ ὅτε χείμαρροι ποταμοὶ κατʼ ὄρεσφι ῥέοντες","translation":"As when winter torrents, flowing down from the mountains,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l452.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"χείμαρροι","lemma":"χειμάρρους","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ποταμοὶ","gloss":"winter torrents"},{"surface":"ποταμοὶ","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of συμβάλλετον","gloss":"rivers"},{"surface":"κατ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"down from"},{"surface":"ὄρεσφι","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"object of κατ̓","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"ῥέοντες","lemma":"ῥέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to συμβάλλετον","gloss":"flowing"}]},{"number":453,"label":"453","id":"b4-l453","source":"ἐς μισγάγκειαν συμβάλλετον ὄβριμον ὕδωρ","translation":"hurl their mighty waters together into one meeting-glen,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l453.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐς","lemma":"εἰς","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"μισγάγκειαν","lemma":"μισγάγκεια","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἐς","gloss":"meeting-glen"},{"surface":"συμβάλλετον","lemma":"συμβάλλω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"hurl together"},{"surface":"ὄβριμον","lemma":"ὄβριμος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ὕδωρ","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"ὕδωρ","lemma":"ὕδωρ","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of συμβάλλετον","gloss":"water"}]},{"number":454,"label":"454","id":"b4-l454","source":"κρουνῶν ἐκ μεγάλων κοίλης ἔντοσθε χαράδρης,","translation":"out of their great springs, within a hollow ravine,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l454.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κρουνῶν","lemma":"κρουνός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"springs"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"μεγάλων","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies κρουνῶν","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"κοίλης","lemma":"κοῖλος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies χαράδρης","gloss":"hollow"},{"surface":"ἔντοσθε","lemma":"ἔντοσθε","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"},{"surface":"χαράδρης","lemma":"χαράδρα","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἔντοσθε","gloss":"ravine"}]},{"number":455,"label":"455","id":"b4-l455","source":"τῶν δέ τε τηλόσε δοῦπον ἐν οὔρεσιν ἔκλυε ποιμήν·","translation":"and a shepherd far off in the mountains hears the roaring of them —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l455.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies δοῦπον","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τηλόσε","lemma":"τηλόσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔκλυε","gloss":"far off"},{"surface":"δοῦπον","lemma":"δοῦπος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔκλυε","gloss":"roar"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"οὔρεσιν","lemma":"ὄρος","morphology":"dative plural neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"mountains"},{"surface":"ἔκλυε","lemma":"κλύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"hears"},{"surface":"ποιμήν","lemma":"ποιμήν","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔκλυε","gloss":"shepherd"}]},{"number":456,"label":"456","id":"b4-l456","source":"ὣς τῶν μισγομένων γένετο ἰαχή τε πόνος τε.","translation":"so, as they mingled, arose the shouting and the toil of battle.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l456.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γένετο","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τῶν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of μισγομένων","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"μισγομένων","lemma":"μίγνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, genitive plural masculine","role":"adverbial to γένετο","gloss":"mingling"},{"surface":"γένετο","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"arose"},{"surface":"ἰαχή","lemma":"ἰαχή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"shouting"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πόνος","lemma":"πόνος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of τε","gloss":"toil"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"}]},{"number":457,"label":"457","id":"b4-l457","source":"πρῶτος δʼ Ἀντίλοχος Τρώων ἕλεν ἄνδρα κορυστὴν","translation":"First Antilochus slew a man of the Trojans, a helmed warrior,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l457.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρῶτος","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀντίλοχος","lemma":"Ἀντίλοχος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἕλεν","gloss":"Antilochus"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"ἕλεν","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"slew"},{"surface":"ἄνδρα","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"κορυστὴν","lemma":"κορυστής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἄνδρα","gloss":"helmed warrior"}]},{"number":458,"label":"458","id":"b4-l458","source":"ἐσθλὸν ἐνὶ προμάχοισι Θαλυσιάδην Ἐχέπωλον·","translation":"good among the champions, Echepolus, son of Thalysius;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l458.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσθλὸν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κορυστὴν","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"προμάχοισι","lemma":"πρόμαχος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐνὶ","gloss":"champions"},{"surface":"Θαλυσιάδην","lemma":"Θαλυσιάδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἐχέπωλον","gloss":"son of Thalysius"},{"surface":"Ἐχέπωλον","lemma":"Ἐχέπωλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Echepolus"}]},{"number":459,"label":"459","id":"b4-l459","source":"τόν ῥʼ ἔβαλε πρῶτος κόρυθος φάλον ἱπποδασείης,","translation":"him he struck first on the ridge of his horsehair helmet,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l459.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔβαλε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔβαλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"πρῶτος","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"the first"},{"surface":"κόρυθος","lemma":"κόρυς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies φάλον","gloss":"helmet"},{"surface":"φάλον","lemma":"φάλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἔβαλε","gloss":"ridge"},{"surface":"ἱπποδασείης","lemma":"ἱπποδάσεια","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κόρυθος","gloss":"horsehair-crested"}]},{"number":460,"label":"460","id":"b4-l460","source":"ἐν δὲ μετώπῳ πῆξε, πέρησε δʼ ἄρʼ ὀστέον εἴσω","translation":"and fixed the point in his forehead, and the bronze spearhead","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l460.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μετώπῳ","lemma":"μέτωπον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"forehead"},{"surface":"πῆξε","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fixed"},{"surface":"πέρησε","lemma":"περάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove through"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ὀστέον","lemma":"ὀστέον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of εἴσω","gloss":"bone"},{"surface":"εἴσω","lemma":"εἴσω","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"within"}]},{"number":461,"label":"461","id":"b4-l461","source":"αἰχμὴ χαλκείη· τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψεν,","translation":"drove through the bone within; and darkness covered his eyes.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l461.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψεν","title":"Darkness covers the eyes","body":"This formula for the moment of death, \"and darkness covered his eyes,\" is the first of its kind in the poem and recurs verbatim across the battle books; hold this exact English wording every time the Greek recurs."}],"words":[{"surface":"αἰχμὴ","lemma":"αἰχμή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πέρησε","gloss":"spearpoint"},{"surface":"χαλκείη","lemma":"χάλκειος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies αἰχμὴ","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κάλυψεν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σκότος","lemma":"σκότος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κάλυψεν","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσα","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"object of κάλυψεν","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"κάλυψεν","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"covered"}]},{"number":462,"label":"462","id":"b4-l462","source":"ἤριπε δʼ ὡς ὅτε πύργος ἐνὶ κρατερῇ ὑσμίνῃ.","translation":"He fell as a tower falls in the mighty combat.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l462.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἤριπε δʼ ὡς ὅτε πύργος","title":"Falling like a tower","body":"This simile-formula for a warrior's collapse, comparing the sudden toppling of a great body to a tower falling in battle, is distinct from the plainer \"he fell with a thud\" formula that appears later in this same chunk (line 504) — two different Greek fall-formulas, held to their own separate English wording."}],"words":[{"surface":"ἤριπε","lemma":"ἐρείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὡς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"ὅτε","lemma":"ὅτε","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"πύργος","lemma":"πύργος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"tower"},{"surface":"ἐνὶ","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κρατερῇ","lemma":"κρατερός","morphology":"dative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ὑσμίνῃ","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"ὑσμίνῃ","lemma":"ὑσμίνη","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial","gloss":"in the melee"}]},{"number":463,"label":"463","id":"b4-l463","source":"τὸν δὲ πεσόντα ποδῶν ἔλαβε κρείων Ἐλεφήνωρ","translation":"As he fell, the lord Elephenor caught him by the feet,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l463.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἔλαβε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πεσόντα","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"fallen"},{"surface":"ποδῶν","lemma":"πούς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἔλαβε","gloss":"feet"},{"surface":"ἔλαβε","lemma":"λαμβάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"caught"},{"surface":"κρείων","lemma":"κρείων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἐλεφήνωρ","gloss":"lord"},{"surface":"Ἐλεφήνωρ","lemma":"Ἐλεφήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Elephenor"}]},{"number":464,"label":"464","id":"b4-l464","source":"Χαλκωδοντιάδης μεγαθύμων ἀρχὸς Ἀβάντων,","translation":"son of Chalcodon, chief of the great-hearted Abantes,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l464.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Χαλκωδοντιάδης","lemma":"Χαλκωδοντιάδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἐλεφήνωρ","gloss":"son of Chalcodon"},{"surface":"μεγαθύμων","lemma":"μεγάθυμος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀβάντων","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"ἀρχὸς","lemma":"ἀρχός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"leader"},{"surface":"Ἀβάντων","lemma":"Ἄβας","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀρχὸς","gloss":"Abantes"}]},{"number":465,"label":"465","id":"b4-l465","source":"ἕλκε δʼ ὑπʼ ἐκ βελέων, λελιημένος ὄφρα τάχιστα","translation":"and dragged him out from under the missiles, eager that as quickly as possible","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l465.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἕλκε","lemma":"ἕλκω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"under","note":"Together with the following ‘from,’ it forms the split expression ‘out from under.’"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"βελέων","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπ̓","gloss":"missiles"},{"surface":"λελιημένος","lemma":"λελίημαι","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἕλκε","gloss":"eager"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"τάχιστα","lemma":"ταχύς","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to συλήσειε","gloss":"as quickly as possible"}]},{"number":466,"label":"466","id":"b4-l466","source":"τεύχεα συλήσειε· μίνυνθα δέ οἱ γένεθʼ ὁρμή.","translation":"he might strip his armor; but his effort lasted only a moment.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l466.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of συλήσειε","gloss":"armor"},{"surface":"συλήσειε","lemma":"συλάω","morphology":"aorist active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"object of ὄφρα","gloss":"might strip"},{"surface":"μίνυνθα","lemma":"μίνυνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to γένεθ̓","gloss":"only a moment"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὁρμή","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"γένεθ","lemma":"γίγνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lasted"},{"surface":"ὁρμή","lemma":"ὁρμή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γένεθ̓","gloss":"effort"}]},{"number":467,"label":"467","id":"b4-l467","source":"νεκρὸν γὰρ ἐρύοντα ἰδὼν μεγάθυμος Ἀγήνωρ","translation":"For great-hearted Agenor, seeing him dragging the corpse,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l467.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"νεκρὸν","lemma":"νεκρός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐρύοντα","gloss":"corpse"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἐρύοντα","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"dragging"},{"surface":"ἰδὼν","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to οὔτησε","gloss":"seeing"},{"surface":"μεγάθυμος","lemma":"μεγάθυμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἀγήνωρ","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"Ἀγήνωρ","lemma":"Ἀγήνωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"Agenor"}]},{"number":468,"label":"468","id":"b4-l468","source":"πλευρά, τά οἱ κύψαντι παρʼ ἀσπίδος ἐξεφαάνθη,","translation":"struck him in the ribs, where, as he stooped, they showed bare beside his shield,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l468.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πλευρά","title":"Anatomical precision","body":"Homer names the exact body part struck and the exact reason it lay open — the ribs exposed because Elephenor bent over the corpse and let his shield swing clear; this precision, tracking how the wound became possible, is characteristic of the poem's battle narration and is never abstracted away."}],"words":[{"surface":"πλευρά","lemma":"πλευρόν","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of οὔτησε","gloss":"ribs"},{"surface":"τά","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural neuter pronoun","role":"subject of ἐξεφαάνθη","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξεφαάνθη","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"κύψαντι","lemma":"κύπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"as he stooped"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ἀσπίδος","lemma":"ἀσπίς","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παῤ","gloss":"shield"},{"surface":"ἐξεφαάνθη","lemma":"ἐκφαίνω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing πλευρά","gloss":"were exposed"}]},{"number":469,"label":"469","id":"b4-l469","source":"οὔτησε ξυστῷ χαλκήρεϊ, λῦσε δὲ γυῖα.","translation":"with his bronze-shod spear, and loosed his limbs.","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l469.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὔτησε","lemma":"οὐτάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stabbed"},{"surface":"ξυστῷ","lemma":"ξυστόν","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to οὔτησε","gloss":"spear"},{"surface":"χαλκήρεϊ","lemma":"χαλκήρης","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξυστῷ","gloss":"bronze-shod"},{"surface":"λῦσε","lemma":"λύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"loosed"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"γυῖα","lemma":"γυῖον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of λῦσε","gloss":"limbs"}]},{"number":470,"label":"470","id":"b4-l470","source":"ὣς τὸν μὲν λίπε θυμός, ἐπʼ αὐτῷ δʼ ἔργον ἐτύχθη","translation":"So his spirit left him there, and over his body was done","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l470.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to λίπε","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of λίπε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"λίπε","lemma":"λείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"θυμός","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of λίπε","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἐτύχθη","gloss":"work"},{"surface":"ἐτύχθη","lemma":"τεύχω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was done"}]},{"number":471,"label":"471","id":"b4-l471","source":"ἀργαλέον Τρώων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν· οἳ δὲ λύκοι ὣς","translation":"grim work for the Trojans and Achaeans; and like wolves","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l471.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀργαλέον","lemma":"ἀργαλέος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔργον","gloss":"hard"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"οἳ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἐπόρουσαν","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"λύκοι","lemma":"λύκος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"wolves"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":472,"label":"472","id":"b4-l472","source":"ἀλλήλοις ἐπόρουσαν, ἀνὴρ δʼ ἄνδρʼ ἐδνοπάλιζεν.","translation":"they sprang upon one another, and man grappled man.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l472.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλήλοις","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπόρουσαν","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"ἐπόρουσαν","lemma":"ἐπορούω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sprang upon"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐδνοπάλιζεν","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄνδρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐδνοπάλιζεν","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἐδνοπάλιζεν","lemma":"δνοπαλίζω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"grappled"}]},{"number":473,"label":"473","id":"b4-l473","source":"ἔνθʼ ἔβαλʼ Ἀνθεμίωνος υἱὸν Τελαμώνιος Αἴας","translation":"Then Telamonian Ajax struck the son of Anthemion,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l473.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἔβαλ̓","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔβαλ","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Ἀνθεμίωνος","lemma":"Ἀνθεμίων","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"of Anthemion"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Τελαμώνιος","lemma":"τελαμών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴας","gloss":"son of Telamon"},{"surface":"Αἴας","lemma":"αἴας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔβαλ̓","gloss":"Ajax"}]},{"number":474,"label":"474","id":"b4-l474","source":"ἠΐθεον θαλερὸν Σιμοείσιον, ὅν ποτε μήτηρ","translation":"the flourishing young man Simoisius, whom once his mother,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l474.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἠΐθεον","lemma":"ἠίθεος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"young man"},{"surface":"θαλερὸν","lemma":"θαλερός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἠΐθεον","gloss":"flourishing"},{"surface":"Σιμοείσιον","lemma":"σιμοείσιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object","gloss":"Simoisius"},{"surface":"ὅν","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of γείνατ̓","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"ποτε","lemma":"ποτέ","morphology":"particle","role":"adverbial to γείνατ̓","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"μήτηρ","lemma":"μήτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of γείνατ̓","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":475,"label":"475","id":"b4-l475","source":"Ἴδηθεν κατιοῦσα παρʼ ὄχθῃσιν Σιμόεντος","translation":"coming down from Ida beside the banks of the Simois,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l475.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἴδηθεν","lemma":"Ἴδη","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of κατιοῦσα","gloss":"from Ida"},{"surface":"κατιοῦσα","lemma":"κάτειμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to γείνατ̓","gloss":"coming down"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ὄχθῃσιν","lemma":"ὄχθη","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παῤ","gloss":"banks"},{"surface":"Σιμόεντος","lemma":"Σιμόεις","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ὄχθῃσιν","gloss":"Simois"}]},{"number":476,"label":"476","id":"b4-l476","source":"γείνατʼ, ἐπεί ῥα τοκεῦσιν ἅμʼ ἕσπετο μῆλα ἰδέσθαι·","translation":"bore, since she had gone with her parents to see the flocks;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l476.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"γείνατ","lemma":"γείνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing Σιμοείσιον","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"ἐπεί","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"ῥα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τοκεῦσιν","lemma":"τοκεύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἕσπετο","gloss":"parents"},{"surface":"ἅμ","lemma":"ἅμα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἕσπετο","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ἕσπετο","lemma":"ἕπομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐπεί","gloss":"followed"},{"surface":"μῆλα","lemma":"μῆλον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἰδέσθαι","gloss":"flocks"},{"surface":"ἰδέσθαι","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to ἕσπετο","gloss":"to see"}]},{"number":477,"label":"477","id":"b4-l477","source":"τοὔνεκά μιν κάλεον Σιμοείσιον· οὐδὲ τοκεῦσι","translation":"for this they called him Simoisius; yet he did not repay his own parents","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l477.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοὔνεκά","lemma":"τοὔνεκα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κάλεον","gloss":"for this"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κάλεον","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"κάλεον","lemma":"καλέω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Σιμοείσιον","lemma":"Σιμόεις","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"complement of κάλεον","gloss":"Simoisius"},{"surface":"τοκεῦσι","lemma":"τοκεύς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of ἀπέδωκε","gloss":"parents"}]},{"number":478,"label":"478","id":"b4-l478","source":"θρέπτρα φίλοις ἀπέδωκε, μινυνθάδιος δέ οἱ αἰὼν","translation":"the debt of his upbringing, for his life was brief,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l478.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θρέπτρα","lemma":"θρέπτρα","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπέδωκε","gloss":"debt of upbringing"},{"surface":"φίλοις","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies τοκεῦσι","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἀπέδωκε","lemma":"ἀποδίδωμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"repay"},{"surface":"μινυνθάδιος","lemma":"μινυνθάδιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"brief"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies αἰὼν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"αἰὼν","lemma":"αἰών","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔπλεθ̓","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":479,"label":"479","id":"b4-l479","source":"ἔπλεθʼ ὑπʼ Αἴαντος μεγαθύμου δουρὶ δαμέντι.","translation":"cut short beneath the spear of great-hearted Ajax.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l479.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔπλεθ","lemma":"πέλω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ὑπ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beneath"},{"surface":"Αἴαντος","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies δουρὶ","gloss":"Ajax's"},{"surface":"μεγαθύμου","lemma":"μεγάθυμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴαντος","gloss":"great-hearted"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὑπ̓","gloss":"with the spear"},{"surface":"δαμέντι","lemma":"δαμάζω","morphology":"aorist passive participle, dative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"slain"}]},{"number":480,"label":"480","id":"b4-l480","source":"πρῶτον γάρ μιν ἰόντα βάλε στῆθος παρὰ μαζὸν","translation":"For as he came on first, Ajax struck him in the chest, beside the right","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l480.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πρῶτον","lemma":"πρῶτος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"γάρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"μιν","lemma":"μιν","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἰόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"στῆθος","lemma":"στῆθος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"his chest"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"μαζὸν","lemma":"μαστός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"nipple"}]},{"number":481,"label":"481","id":"b4-l481","source":"δεξιόν· ἀντικρὺ δὲ διʼ ὤμου χάλκεον ἔγχος","translation":"nipple; straight through his shoulder the bronze spear","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l481.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δεξιόν","lemma":"δεξιός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies μαζὸν","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"ἀντικρὺ","lemma":"ἀντικρύ","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἦλθεν","gloss":"straight through"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δι","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ὤμου","lemma":"ὦμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of δἰ","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"χάλκεον","lemma":"χάλκεος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"of bronze"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"nominative singular neuter noun","role":"subject of ἦλθεν","gloss":"the spear"}]},{"number":482,"label":"482","id":"b4-l482","source":"ἦλθεν· ὁ δʼ ἐν κονίῃσι χαμαὶ πέσεν αἴγειρος ὣς","translation":"went; and he fell in the dust to the ground, like a poplar","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l482.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἦλθεν","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"ὁ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πέσεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κονίῃσι","lemma":"κονία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the dust"},{"surface":"χαμαὶ","lemma":"χαμαί","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of πέσεν","gloss":"on the ground"},{"surface":"πέσεν","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"αἴγειρος","lemma":"αἴγειρος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"poplar"},{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial","gloss":"like"}]},{"number":483,"label":"483","id":"b4-l483","source":"ἥ ῥά τʼ ἐν εἱαμενῇ ἕλεος μεγάλοιο πεφύκει","translation":"that has grown up smooth in the bottomland of a great marsh,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l483.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἥ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of πεφύκει","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ῥά","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"εἱαμενῇ","lemma":"εἱαμενή","morphology":"dative singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"bottomland"},{"surface":"ἕλεος","lemma":"ἕλος","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"modifies εἱαμενῇ","gloss":"marsh"},{"surface":"μεγάλοιο","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"genitive singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἕλεος","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"πεφύκει","lemma":"φύω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"had grown"}]},{"number":484,"label":"484","id":"b4-l484","source":"λείη, ἀτάρ τέ οἱ ὄζοι ἐπʼ ἀκροτάτῃ πεφύασι·","translation":"with branches growing only at its very crown;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l484.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"λείη","lemma":"λεῖος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἥ","gloss":"smooth"},{"surface":"ἀτάρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"τέ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular feminine pronoun","role":"modifies ὄζοι","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"ὄζοι","lemma":"ὄζος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of πεφύασι","gloss":"branches"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"ἀκροτάτῃ","lemma":"ἄκρος","morphology":"dative singular feminine superlative adjective","role":"adverbial to ἐπ̓","gloss":"topmost"},{"surface":"πεφύασι","lemma":"φύω","morphology":"perfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"grow"}]},{"number":485,"label":"485","id":"b4-l485","source":"τὴν μέν θʼ ἁρματοπηγὸς ἀνὴρ αἴθωνι σιδήρῳ","translation":"this a chariot-maker fells with the gleaming iron,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l485.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἁρματοπηγὸς ἀνὴρ","title":"The chariot-maker","body":"ἁρματοπηγός names a specific craftsman, a builder of chariots, who fells the poplar for the practical purpose named in the next line — bending its wood into a wheel-rim. The simile's expansive length is characteristic of Homer's craft-similes, which open a working world of ordinary labor beside the moment of a young man's death."}],"words":[{"surface":"τὴν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine pronoun","role":"object of ἐξέταμ̓","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"θ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἁρματοπηγὸς","lemma":"ἁρματοπηγός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἀνὴρ","gloss":"chariot-maker"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐξέταμ̓","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"αἴθωνι","lemma":"αἴθων","morphology":"dative singular noun","role":"modifies σιδήρῳ","gloss":"gleaming"},{"surface":"σιδήρῳ","lemma":"σίδηρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐξέταμ̓","gloss":"iron"}]},{"number":486,"label":"486","id":"b4-l486","source":"ἐξέταμʼ, ὄφρα ἴτυν κάμψῃ περικαλλέϊ δίφρῳ·","translation":"so that he may bend it into a wheel-rim for a beautiful chariot;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l486.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐξέταμ","lemma":"ἐκτέμνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"fells"},{"surface":"ὄφρα","lemma":"ὄφρα","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ἴτυν","lemma":"ἴτυς","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of κάμψῃ","gloss":"wheel-rim"},{"surface":"κάμψῃ","lemma":"κάμπτω","morphology":"aorist active subjunctive, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ὄφρα","gloss":"may bend"},{"surface":"περικαλλέϊ","lemma":"περικαλλής","morphology":"dative singular adjective","role":"modifies δίφρῳ","gloss":"beautiful"},{"surface":"δίφρῳ","lemma":"δίφρος","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κάμψῃ","gloss":"chariot"}]},{"number":487,"label":"487","id":"b4-l487","source":"ἣ μέν τʼ ἀζομένη κεῖται ποταμοῖο παρʼ ὄχθας.","translation":"and it lies there seasoning beside the banks of the river.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l487.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject of κεῖται","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"μέν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"τ","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀζομένη","lemma":"ἄζω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"seasoning"},{"surface":"κεῖται","lemma":"κεῖμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing τ̓","gloss":"lies"},{"surface":"ποταμοῖο","lemma":"ποταμός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ὄχθας","gloss":"river"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ὄχθας","lemma":"ὄχθη","morphology":"accusative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to παῤ","gloss":"banks"}]},{"number":488,"label":"488","id":"b4-l488","source":"τοῖον ἄρʼ Ἀνθεμίδην Σιμοείσιον ἐξενάριξεν","translation":"In such a way did he strip Simoisius, son of Anthemion, of life —","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l488.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῖον","lemma":"τοῖος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἀνθεμίδην","lemma":"Ἀνθεμίδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Σιμοείσιον","gloss":"son of Anthemion"},{"surface":"Σιμοείσιον","lemma":"Σιμοείσιος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐξενάριξεν","gloss":"Simoisius"},{"surface":"ἐξενάριξεν","lemma":"ἐξεναρίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stripped of life"}]},{"number":489,"label":"489","id":"b4-l489","source":"Αἴας διογενής· τοῦ δʼ Ἄντιφος αἰολοθώρηξ","translation":"Ajax, sprung from Zeus. And at him Antiphus of the flashing corselet,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l489.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Αἴας","lemma":"Αἴας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἐξενάριξεν","gloss":"Ajax"},{"surface":"διογενής","lemma":"διογενής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Αἴας","gloss":"Zeus-sprung"},{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀκόντισεν","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἄντιφος","lemma":"Ἄντιφος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀκόντισεν","gloss":"Antiphus"}]},{"number":490,"label":"490","id":"b4-l490","source":"Πριαμίδης καθʼ ὅμιλον ἀκόντισεν ὀξέϊ δουρί.","translation":"son of Priam, hurled his sharp spear through the throng.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l490.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πριαμίδης","lemma":"Πριαμίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἄντιφος","gloss":"son of Priam"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to καθ̓","gloss":"throng"},{"surface":"ἀκόντισεν","lemma":"ἀκοντίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"ὀξέϊ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δουρί","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"δουρί","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀκόντισεν","gloss":"spear"}]},{"number":491,"label":"491","id":"b4-l491","source":"τοῦ μὲν ἅμαρθʼ, ὃ δὲ Λεῦκον Ὀδυσσέος ἐσθλὸν ἑταῖρον","translation":"Him he missed, but struck Leucus, Odysseus's good companion,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l491.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἅμαρθ̓","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"ἅμαρθ","lemma":"ἁμαρτάνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"missed"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of βεβλήκει","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Λεῦκον","lemma":"Λεῦκος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Leucus"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσσέος","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἑταῖρον","gloss":"Odysseus'"},{"surface":"ἐσθλὸν","lemma":"ἐσθλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖρον","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"ἑταῖρον","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"companion"}]},{"number":492,"label":"492","id":"b4-l492","source":"βεβλήκει βουβῶνα, νέκυν ἑτέρωσʼ ἐρύοντα·","translation":"in the groin, as he was dragging the corpse to the other side;","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l492.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βεβλήκει","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"βουβῶνα","lemma":"βουβών","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βεβλήκει","gloss":"groin"},{"surface":"νέκυν","lemma":"νέκυς","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐρύοντα","gloss":"corpse"},{"surface":"ἑτέρωσ","lemma":"ἑτέρωσε","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἐρύοντα","gloss":"to the other side"},{"surface":"ἐρύοντα","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"dragging"}]},{"number":493,"label":"493","id":"b4-l493","source":"ἤριπε δʼ ἀμφʼ αὐτῷ, νεκρὸς δέ οἱ ἔκπεσε χειρός.","translation":"he fell upon it, and the corpse dropped from his hand.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l493.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤριπε","lemma":"ἐρείπω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀμφ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἀμφ̓","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"νεκρὸς","lemma":"νεκρός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἔκπεσε","gloss":"corpse"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies χειρός","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ἔκπεσε","lemma":"ἐκπίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dropped"},{"surface":"χειρός","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἔκπεσε","gloss":"from his hand"}]},{"number":494,"label":"494","id":"b4-l494","source":"τοῦ δʼ Ὀδυσεὺς μάλα θυμὸν ἀποκταμένοιο χολώθη,","translation":"Odysseus's heart was greatly angered at his death,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l494.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τοῦ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀποκταμένοιο","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of χολώθη","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"μάλα","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χολώθη","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to χολώθη","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"ἀποκταμένοιο","lemma":"ἀποκτείνω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"adverbial to χολώθη","gloss":"at his death"},{"surface":"χολώθη","lemma":"χολόω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was angered"}]},{"number":495,"label":"495","id":"b4-l495","source":"βῆ δὲ διὰ προμάχων κεκορυθμένος αἴθοπι χαλκῷ,","translation":"and he strode out through the front ranks, helmed in gleaming bronze,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l495.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"βῆ","lemma":"βαίνω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"προμάχων","lemma":"πρόμαχος","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"front ranks"},{"surface":"κεκορυθμένος","lemma":"κορύσσω","morphology":"perfect medio-passive participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βῆ","gloss":"helmed"},{"surface":"αἴθοπι","lemma":"αἶθοψ","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"gleaming"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of κεκορυθμένος","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":496,"label":"496","id":"b4-l496","source":"στῆ δὲ μάλʼ ἐγγὺς ἰὼν καὶ ἀκόντισε δουρὶ φαεινῷ","translation":"and came very near, and stood, and hurled his shining spear,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l496.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στῆ","lemma":"ἵστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μάλ","lemma":"μάλα","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ἐγγὺς","lemma":"ἐγγύς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἰὼν","gloss":"near"},{"surface":"ἰὼν","lemma":"εἶμι","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to στῆ","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀκόντισε","lemma":"ἀκοντίζω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"hurled"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to ἀκόντισε","gloss":"with the spear"},{"surface":"φαεινῷ","lemma":"φαεινός","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies δουρὶ","gloss":"shining"}]},{"number":497,"label":"497","id":"b4-l497","source":"ἀμφὶ ἓ παπτήνας· ὑπὸ δὲ Τρῶες κεκάδοντο","translation":"glancing about him; and the Trojans gave ground","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l497.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφὶ","lemma":"ἀμφί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"ἓ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀμφὶ","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"παπτήνας","lemma":"παπταίνω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ἀκόντισε","gloss":"glancing about"},{"surface":"ὑπὸ","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of κεκάδοντο","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"κεκάδοντο","lemma":"χάζω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave way"}]},{"number":498,"label":"498","id":"b4-l498","source":"ἀνδρὸς ἀκοντίσσαντος· ὃ δʼ οὐχ ἅλιον βέλος ἧκεν,","translation":"before the man's cast; and he did not send his weapon in vain,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l498.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀνδρὸς","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of κεκάδοντο","gloss":"man’s"},{"surface":"ἀκοντίσσαντος","lemma":"ἀκοντίζω","morphology":"aorist active participle, genitive singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"cast"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἀλλ̓","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐχ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἅλιον","lemma":"ἅλιος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies βέλος","gloss":"in vain"},{"surface":"βέλος","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἧκεν","gloss":"weapon"},{"surface":"ἧκεν","lemma":"ἵημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"sent"}]},{"number":499,"label":"499","id":"b4-l499","source":"ἀλλʼ υἱὸν Πριάμοιο νόθον βάλε Δημοκόωντα","translation":"but struck a bastard son of Priam, Democoon,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l499.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"υἱὸν","lemma":"υἱός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"Πριάμοιο","lemma":"Πρίαμος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"of Priam"},{"surface":"νόθον","lemma":"νόθος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies υἱὸν","gloss":"bastard"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"Δημοκόωντα","lemma":"δημοκόων","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object","gloss":"Democoon"}]},{"number":500,"label":"500","id":"b4-l500","source":"ὅς οἱ Ἀβυδόθεν ἦλθε παρʼ ἵππων ὠκειάων.","translation":"who had come to him from Abydus, from his swift mares.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l500.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Ἀβυδόθεν","title":"Abydus","body":"Abydus was a Trojan-allied town on the Hellespont, known in later times for its horse-pastures; Democoon had come from there to fight beside his father at Troy, arriving with fast mares of his own."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἦλθε","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἦλθε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Ἀβυδόθεν","lemma":"Ἀβυδόθεν","morphology":"adverb","role":"object of ἦλθε","gloss":"from Abydus"},{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"ἵππων","lemma":"ἵππος","morphology":"genitive plural feminine noun","role":"object of παῤ","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"ὠκειάων","lemma":"ὠκύς","morphology":"genitive plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies ἵππων","gloss":"swift"}]},{"number":501,"label":"501","id":"b4-l501","source":"τόν ῥʼ Ὀδυσεὺς ἑτάροιο χολωσάμενος βάλε δουρὶ","translation":"Him Odysseus, angered for his companion, struck with his spear","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l501.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τόν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἆρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ὀδυσεὺς","lemma":"Ὀδυσσεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βάλε","gloss":"Odysseus"},{"surface":"ἑτάροιο","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of χολωσάμενος","gloss":"for his companion"},{"surface":"χολωσάμενος","lemma":"χολόω","morphology":"aorist participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"angered"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"with the spear"}]},{"number":502,"label":"502","id":"b4-l502","source":"κόρσην· ἣ δʼ ἑτέροιο διὰ κροτάφοιο πέρησεν","translation":"in the temple; and the point drove through and out","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l502.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κόρσην","lemma":"κόρσης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"temple"},{"surface":"ἣ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"the point"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑτέροιο","lemma":"ἕτερος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies κροτάφοιο","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"διὰ","lemma":"διά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"κροτάφοιο","lemma":"κρόταφος","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"object of διὰ","gloss":"temple"},{"surface":"πέρησεν","lemma":"περάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drove through"}]},{"number":503,"label":"503","id":"b4-l503","source":"αἰχμὴ χαλκείη· τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψε,","translation":"the other temple, the bronze spearhead; and darkness covered his eyes,","scansion":"—— | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l503.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"αἰχμὴ","lemma":"αἰχμή","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"spearpoint"},{"surface":"χαλκείη","lemma":"χαλκεία","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies αἰχμὴ","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κάλυψε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σκότος","lemma":"σκότος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κάλυψε","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσα","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"object of κάλυψε","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"κάλυψε","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"covered"}]},{"number":504,"label":"504","id":"b4-l504","source":"δούπησεν δὲ πεσών, ἀράβησε δὲ τεύχεʼ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ.","translation":"he fell with a thud, and his armor clattered upon him.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l504.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"δούπησεν δὲ πεσών, ἀράβησε δὲ τεύχεʼ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ","title":"The falling-and-clattering formula","body":"This whole-line formula for a warrior's collapse, \"he fell with a thud, and his armor clattered upon him,\" is one of the Iliad's most recurrent kill-formulas; hold this exact English wording every time the Greek recurs, distinct from the \"tower\" fall-simile at line 462."}],"words":[{"surface":"δούπησεν","lemma":"δουπέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell with a thud"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πεσών","lemma":"πίπτω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to δούπησεν","gloss":"falling"},{"surface":"ἀράβησε","lemma":"ἀραβέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"clattered"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τεύχε","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"nominative plural neuter noun","role":"subject of ἀράβησε","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"ἐπ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"upon"},{"surface":"αὐτῷ","lemma":"αὐτός","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐπ̓","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":505,"label":"505","id":"b4-l505","source":"χώρησαν δʼ ὑπό τε πρόμαχοι καὶ φαίδιμος Ἕκτωρ·","translation":"The front fighters gave ground, and glorious Hector with them;","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l505.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χώρησαν","lemma":"χωρέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gave ground"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὑπό","lemma":"ὑπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"τε","lemma":"τε","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πρόμαχοι","lemma":"πρόμαχος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"front fighters"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"φαίδιμος","lemma":"φαίδιμος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Ἕκτωρ","gloss":"glorious"},{"surface":"Ἕκτωρ","lemma":"Ἕκτωρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of καὶ","gloss":"Hector"}]},{"number":506,"label":"506","id":"b4-l506","source":"Ἀργεῖοι δὲ μέγα ἴαχον, ἐρύσαντο δὲ νεκρούς,","translation":"and the Argives shouted greatly, and dragged away the corpses,","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l506.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργεῖοι","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"the Argives"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"μέγα","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἴαχον","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"ἴαχον","lemma":"ἰάχω","morphology":"imperfect active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"ἐρύσαντο","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"dragged away"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"νεκρούς","lemma":"νεκρός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ἐρύσαντο","gloss":"corpses"}]},{"number":507,"label":"507","id":"b4-l507","source":"ἴθυσαν δὲ πολὺ προτέρω· νεμέσησε δʼ Ἀπόλλων","translation":"and pressed on much further forward; and Apollo was angered,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l507.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἴθυσαν","lemma":"ἰθύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"pressed on"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"πολὺ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to προτέρω","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"προτέρω","lemma":"προτέρω","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴθυσαν","gloss":"further forward"},{"surface":"νεμέσησε","lemma":"νεμεσάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was angered"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀπόλλων","lemma":"Ἀπόλλων","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of δὲ","gloss":"Apollo"}]},{"number":508,"label":"508","id":"b4-l508","source":"Περγάμου ἐκκατιδών, Τρώεσσι δὲ κέκλετʼ ἀΰσας·","translation":"looking down from Pergamus, and he called out, shouting to the Trojans:","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l508.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Περγάμου","title":"Pergamus, Troy's citadel","body":"Πέργαμος names the acropolis of Troy, its fortified height where Apollo's temple stood; the god shouts down from this commanding vantage to rally the Trojans, just as bright-eyed Athena will shortly move among the Achaean ranks below."}],"words":[{"surface":"Περγάμου","lemma":"Πέργαμον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκκατιδών","gloss":"from Pergamus"},{"surface":"ἐκκατιδών","lemma":"ἐκκατεῖδον","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to νεμέσησε","gloss":"looking down"},{"surface":"Τρώεσσι","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of κέκλετ̓","gloss":"to the Trojans"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"κέκλετ","lemma":"κέλομαι","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"called out"},{"surface":"ἀΰσας","lemma":"αὔω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κέκλετ̓","gloss":"shouting"}]},{"number":509,"label":"509","id":"b4-l509","source":"ὄρνυσθʼ ἱππόδαμοι Τρῶες μηδʼ εἴκετε χάρμης","translation":"\"Rise up, horse-taming Trojans, do not yield in valor","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l509.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὄρνυσθ","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"present medio-passive imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"rise up"},{"surface":"ἱππόδαμοι","lemma":"ἱππόδαμος","morphology":"vocative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies Τρῶες","gloss":"horse-taming"},{"surface":"Τρῶες","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"vocative plural masculine noun","role":"governed by an elided head","gloss":"Trojans"},{"surface":"εἴκετε","lemma":"ει´κω","morphology":"present active imperative, 2nd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"yield"},{"surface":"χάρμης","lemma":"χάρμη","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of εἴκετε","gloss":"valor"}]},{"number":510,"label":"510","id":"b4-l510","source":"Ἀργείοις, ἐπεὶ οὔ σφι λίθος χρὼς οὐδὲ σίδηρος","translation":"to the Argives, since their flesh is not stone, nor is it iron,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l510.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Ἀργείοις","lemma":"Ἀργεῖος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of εἴκετε","gloss":"to the Argives"},{"surface":"ἐπεὶ","lemma":"ἐπεί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"subordinating conjunction","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"οὔ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"σφι","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"dative plural masculine pronoun","role":"modifies χρὼς","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"λίθος","lemma":"λίθος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"χρὼς","lemma":"χρώς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"flesh"},{"surface":"σίδηρος","lemma":"σίδηρος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"iron"}]},{"number":511,"label":"511","id":"b4-l511","source":"χαλκὸν ἀνασχέσθαι ταμεσίχροα βαλλομένοισιν·","translation":"to withstand the flesh-cutting bronze when it strikes them.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l511.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χαλκὸν","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀνασχέσθαι","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"ἀνασχέσθαι","lemma":"ἀνέχω","morphology":"aorist middle infinitive","role":"adverbial to δὲ","gloss":"withstand"},{"surface":"ταμεσίχροα","lemma":"ταμεσίχρως","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies χαλκὸν","gloss":"flesh-cutting"},{"surface":"βαλλομένοισιν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, dative plural masculine","role":"object of ἀνασχέσθαι","gloss":"when struck"}]},{"number":512,"label":"512","id":"b4-l512","source":"οὐ μὰν οὐδʼ Ἀχιλεὺς Θέτιδος πάϊς ἠϋκόμοιο","translation":"Nor indeed does Achilles, son of lovely-haired Thetis,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l512.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οὐ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"μὰν","lemma":"μήν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Ἀχιλεὺς","lemma":"Ἀχιλλεύς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Achilles"},{"surface":"Θέτιδος","lemma":"Θέτις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"modifies πάϊς","gloss":"Thetis"},{"surface":"πάϊς","lemma":"παῖς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"ἠϋκόμοιο","lemma":"εὔκομος","morphology":"genitive singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Θέτιδος","gloss":"lovely-haired"}]},{"number":513,"label":"513","id":"b4-l513","source":"μάρναται, ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ νηυσὶ χόλον θυμαλγέα πέσσει.","translation":"fight at all, but beside the ships he broods over his heart-searing anger.\"","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l513.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"μάρναται","lemma":"μάρναμαι","morphology":"present medio-passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fights"},{"surface":"ἀλλ","lemma":"ἀλλά","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ἐπὶ","lemma":"ἐπί","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"νηυσὶ","lemma":"ναῦς","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐπὶ","gloss":"ships"},{"surface":"χόλον","lemma":"χόλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πέσσει","gloss":"anger"},{"surface":"θυμαλγέα","lemma":"θυμαλγής","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χόλον","gloss":"heart-searing"},{"surface":"πέσσει","lemma":"πέσσω","morphology":"present active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"broods over"}]},{"number":514,"label":"514","id":"b4-l514","source":"ὣς φάτʼ ἀπὸ πτόλιος δεινὸς θεός· αὐτὰρ Ἀχαιοὺς","translation":"So spoke the dread god from the city; but the Achaeans","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l514.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to φάτ̓","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"φάτ","lemma":"φημί","morphology":"aorist indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"spoke"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"πτόλιος","lemma":"πόλις","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἀπὸ","gloss":"the city"},{"surface":"δεινὸς","lemma":"δεινός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies θεός","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"θεός","lemma":"θεός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of φάτ̓","gloss":"god"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιοὺς","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"accusative plural masculine adjective","role":"object of ὦρσε","gloss":"Achaeans"}]},{"number":515,"label":"515","id":"b4-l515","source":"ὦρσε Διὸς θυγάτηρ κυδίστη Τριτογένεια","translation":"were roused by the daughter of Zeus, most glorious Tritogeneia,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l515.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦρσε","lemma":"ὄρνυμι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"roused"},{"surface":"Διὸς","lemma":"Ζεύς","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"modifies θυγάτηρ","gloss":"of Zeus"},{"surface":"θυγάτηρ","lemma":"θυγάτηρ","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"daughter"},{"surface":"κυδίστη","lemma":"κύδιστος","morphology":"nominative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies Τριτογένεια","gloss":"most glorious"},{"surface":"Τριτογένεια","lemma":"Τριτογένεια","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Tritogeneia"}]},{"number":516,"label":"516","id":"b4-l516","source":"ἐρχομένη καθʼ ὅμιλον, ὅθι μεθιέντας ἴδοιτο.","translation":"moving through the throng, wherever she saw men slackening.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l516.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐρχομένη","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ὦρσε","gloss":"moving"},{"surface":"καθ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"ὅμιλον","lemma":"ὅμιλος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καθ̓","gloss":"throng"},{"surface":"ὅθι","lemma":"ὅθι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἴδοιτο","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"μεθιέντας","lemma":"μεθίημι","morphology":"present active participle, accusative plural masculine","role":"object of ἴδοιτο","gloss":"slackening"},{"surface":"ἴδοιτο","lemma":"εἶδον","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"adverbial to ἐρχομένη","gloss":"saw"}]},{"number":517,"label":"517","id":"b4-l517","source":"ἔνθʼ Ἀμαρυγκείδην Διώρεα μοῖρα πέδησε·","translation":"Then fate fettered Diores, son of Amarynceus;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l517.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθ","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to πέδησε","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"Ἀμαρυγκείδην","lemma":"Ἀμαρυγκείδης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies Διώρεα","gloss":"son of Amarynceus"},{"surface":"Διώρεα","lemma":"Διώρης","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of πέδησε","gloss":"Diores"},{"surface":"μοῖρα","lemma":"μοῖρα","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of πέδησε","gloss":"fate"},{"surface":"πέδησε","lemma":"πεδάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fettered"}]},{"number":518,"label":"518","id":"b4-l518","source":"χερμαδίῳ γὰρ βλῆτο παρὰ σφυρὸν ὀκριόεντι","translation":"for he was struck by a jagged stone beside the ankle,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l518.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χερμαδίῳ","lemma":"χερμάδιον","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βλῆτο","gloss":"jagged stone"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"βλῆτο","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was struck"},{"surface":"παρὰ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"σφυρὸν","lemma":"σφυρόν","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to παρὰ","gloss":"ankle"},{"surface":"ὀκριόεντι","lemma":"ὀκριόεις","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies χερμαδίῳ","gloss":"jagged"}]},{"number":519,"label":"519","id":"b4-l519","source":"κνήμην δεξιτερήν· βάλε δὲ Θρῃκῶν ἀγὸς ἀνδρῶν","translation":"on the right shin; and the man who struck him was the leader of the Thracians,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l519.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κνήμην","lemma":"κνήμη","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of βλῆτο","gloss":"shin"},{"surface":"δεξιτερήν","lemma":"δεξιτερός","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"modifies κνήμην","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Θρῃκῶν","lemma":"Θρᾷξ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"the Thracians"},{"surface":"ἀγὸς","lemma":"ἀγός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"leader"},{"surface":"ἀνδρῶν","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀγὸς","gloss":"of men"}]},{"number":520,"label":"520","id":"b4-l520","source":"Πείρως Ἰμβρασίδης ὃς ἄρʼ Αἰνόθεν εἰληλούθει.","translation":"Peirous, son of Imbrasus, who had come there from Aenus.","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l520.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πείρως","lemma":"Πείρως","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Peirous"},{"surface":"Ἰμβρασίδης","lemma":"Ἰμβρασίδης","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"modifies ἀνδρῶν","gloss":"son of Imbrasus"},{"surface":"ὃς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of εἰληλούθει","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἄρ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"εἰληλούθει","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"pluperfect active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing","gloss":"had come"}]},{"number":521,"label":"521","id":"b4-l521","source":"ἀμφοτέρω δὲ τένοντε καὶ ὀστέα λᾶας ἀναιδὴς","translation":"Both tendons and the bones the pitiless stone","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l521.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀμφοτέρω","lemma":"ἀμφότερος","morphology":"accusative dual masculine adjective","role":"modifies τένοντε","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"τένοντε","lemma":"τένων","morphology":"accusative dual masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"tendons"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὀστέα","lemma":"ὀστέον","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"bones"},{"surface":"λᾶας","lemma":"λᾶας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἀπηλοίησεν","gloss":"stone"},{"surface":"ἀναιδὴς","lemma":"ἀναιδής","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies λᾶας","gloss":"pitiless"}]},{"number":522,"label":"522","id":"b4-l522","source":"ἄχρις ἀπηλοίησεν· ὃ δʼ ὕπτιος ἐν κονίῃσι","translation":"utterly crushed; and he fell backward in the dust,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l522.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἄχρις","lemma":"ἄχρι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ἀπηλοίησεν","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"ἀπηλοίησεν","lemma":"ἀπαλοάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"crushed"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of κάππεσεν","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὕπτιος","lemma":"ὕπτιος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"backward"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κονίῃσι","lemma":"κονία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"the dust"}]},{"number":523,"label":"523","id":"b4-l523","source":"κάππεσεν ἄμφω χεῖρε φίλοις ἑτάροισι πετάσσας","translation":"stretching out both hands to his dear companions,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l523.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"κάππεσεν","lemma":"καταπίπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"fell backward"},{"surface":"ἄμφω","lemma":"ἄμφω","morphology":"accusative dual feminine adjective","role":"modifies χεῖρε","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"χεῖρε","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"accusative dual feminine noun","role":"object of πετάσσας","gloss":"hands"},{"surface":"φίλοις","lemma":"φίλος","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑτάροισι","gloss":"dear"},{"surface":"ἑτάροισι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"dative plural masculine noun","role":"object of πετάσσας","gloss":"companions"},{"surface":"πετάσσας","lemma":"πετάννυμι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κάππεσεν","gloss":"stretching out"}]},{"number":524,"label":"524","id":"b4-l524","source":"θυμὸν ἀποπνείων· ὃ δʼ ἐπέδραμεν ὅς ῥʼ ἔβαλέν περ","translation":"gasping out his life; and the man who had struck him, Peirous, ran up","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l524.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"θυμὸν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἀποπνείων","gloss":"life"},{"surface":"ἀποπνείων","lemma":"ἀποπνέω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to κάππεσεν","gloss":"gasping out"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐπέδραμεν","lemma":"ἐπιτρέχω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"ran up"},{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ἔβαλέν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ῥ","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"ἔβαλέν","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ὃ","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"}]},{"number":525,"label":"525","id":"b4-l525","source":"Πείροος, οὖτα δὲ δουρὶ παρʼ ὀμφαλόν· ἐκ δʼ ἄρα πᾶσαι","translation":"and stabbed him with his spear beside the navel; and all his bowels","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l525.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Πείροος","lemma":"Πείροος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject","gloss":"Peirous"},{"surface":"οὖτα","lemma":"οὐτάω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stabbed"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to οὖτα","gloss":"with the spear"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ὀμφαλόν","lemma":"ὀμφαλός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to παῤ","gloss":"navel"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἄρα","lemma":"ἄρα","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"πᾶσαι","lemma":"πᾶς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine adjective","role":"modifies χολάδες","gloss":"all"}]},{"number":526,"label":"526","id":"b4-l526","source":"χύντο χαμαὶ χολάδες, τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψε.","translation":"gushed out on the ground, and darkness covered his eyes.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l526.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χύντο","lemma":"χέω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"gushed out"},{"surface":"χαμαὶ","lemma":"χαμαί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to χύντο","gloss":"on the ground"},{"surface":"χολάδες","lemma":"χολάς","morphology":"nominative plural feminine noun","role":"subject of χύντο","gloss":"bowels"},{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of κάλυψε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"σκότος","lemma":"σκότος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of κάλυψε","gloss":"darkness"},{"surface":"ὄσσε","lemma":"ὄσσα","morphology":"accusative dual neuter noun","role":"object of κάλυψε","gloss":"eyes"},{"surface":"κάλυψε","lemma":"καλύπτω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"covered"}]},{"number":527,"label":"527","id":"b4-l527","source":"τὸν δὲ Θόας Αἰτωλὸς ἀπεσσύμενον βάλε δουρὶ","translation":"But Thoas the Aetolian struck Peirous, as he rushed away, with his spear","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l527.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τὸν","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Θόας","lemma":"Θόας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of βάλε","gloss":"Thoas"},{"surface":"Αἰτωλὸς","lemma":"Αἰτωλός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies Θόας","gloss":"the Aetolian"},{"surface":"ἀπεσσύμενον","lemma":"ἀποσεύω","morphology":"present medio-passive participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"rushing away"},{"surface":"βάλε","lemma":"βάλλω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"δουρὶ","lemma":"δόρυ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to βάλε","gloss":"with the spear"}]},{"number":528,"label":"528","id":"b4-l528","source":"στέρνον ὑπὲρ μαζοῖο, πάγη δʼ ἐν πνεύμονι χαλκός·","translation":"above the nipple, in the chest, and the bronze fixed in his lung;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l528.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"στέρνον","lemma":"στέρνον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of βάλε","gloss":"chest"},{"surface":"ὑπὲρ","lemma":"ὑπέρ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"above"},{"surface":"μαζοῖο","lemma":"μαστός","morphology":"genitive singular masculine noun","role":"adverbial to ὑπὲρ","gloss":"nipple"},{"surface":"πάγη","lemma":"πήγνυμι","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"was fixed"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"πνεύμονι","lemma":"πνεύμων","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of ἐν","gloss":"lung"},{"surface":"χαλκός","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of πάγη","gloss":"bronze"}]},{"number":529,"label":"529","id":"b4-l529","source":"ἀγχίμολον δέ οἱ ἦλθε Θόας, ἐκ δʼ ὄβριμον ἔγχος","translation":"and Thoas came close upon him, and drew out the mighty spear","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l529.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἀγχίμολον","lemma":"ἀγχίμολος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"adverbial to ἦλθε","gloss":"close"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οἱ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"dative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἦλθε","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"ἦλθε","lemma":"ἔρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"Θόας","lemma":"Θόας","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ἦλθε","gloss":"Thoas"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"out","note":"The preverb is separated from drew in the next line: a Homeric tmesis meaning drew out."},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ὄβριμον","lemma":"ὄβριμος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχος","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"ἔγχος","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐσπάσατο","gloss":"the spear"}]},{"number":530,"label":"530","id":"b4-l530","source":"ἐσπάσατο στέρνοιο, ἐρύσσατο δὲ ξίφος ὀξύ,","translation":"from his chest, and drew his sharp sword,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l530.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἐσπάσατο","lemma":"σπάω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"στέρνοιο","lemma":"στέρνον","morphology":"genitive singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐκ","gloss":"his chest"},{"surface":"ἐρύσσατο","lemma":"ἐρύω","morphology":"aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"drew"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ξίφος","lemma":"ξίφος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ἐρύσσατο","gloss":"sword"},{"surface":"ὀξύ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ξίφος","gloss":"sharp"}]},{"number":531,"label":"531","id":"b4-l531","source":"τῷ ὅ γε γαστέρα τύψε μέσην, ἐκ δʼ αἴνυτο θυμόν.","translation":"and with it struck him full in the belly, and took away his life.","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l531.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τῷ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"dative singular neuter pronoun","role":"adverbial to τύψε","gloss":"with it"},{"surface":"ὅ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of τύψε","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"γε","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"γαστέρα","lemma":"γαστήρ","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of τύψε","gloss":"belly"},{"surface":"τύψε","lemma":"τύφω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"μέσην","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular feminine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"full in"},{"surface":"ἐκ","lemma":"ἐκ","morphology":"preposition","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"αἴνυτο","lemma":"αἴνυμαι","morphology":"imperfect indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"took away"},{"surface":"θυμόν","lemma":"θυμός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine noun","role":"object of αἴνυτο","gloss":"life"}]},{"number":532,"label":"532","id":"b4-l532","source":"τεύχεα δʼ οὐκ ἀπέδυσε· περίστησαν γὰρ ἑταῖροι","translation":"Yet he did not strip his armor; for his companions stood around him,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l532.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"τεύχεα","lemma":"τεῦχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἀπέδυσε","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"οὐκ","lemma":"οὐ","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"ἀπέδυσε","lemma":"ἀποδύω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"strip"},{"surface":"περίστησαν","lemma":"περιίστημι","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"stood around"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"ἑταῖροι","lemma":"ἑταῖρος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"subject of περίστησαν","gloss":"companions"}]},{"number":533,"label":"533","id":"b4-l533","source":"Θρήϊκες ἀκρόκομοι δολίχʼ ἔγχεα χερσὶν ἔχοντες,","translation":"the top-knotted Thracians, holding long spears in their hands,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l533.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Θρήϊκες","lemma":"Θρᾷξ","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"the Thracians"},{"surface":"ἀκρόκομοι","lemma":"ἀκρόκομος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἑταῖροι","gloss":"top-knotted"},{"surface":"δολίχ","lemma":"δολιχός","morphology":"accusative plural neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἔγχεα","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"ἔγχεα","lemma":"ἔγχος","morphology":"accusative plural neuter noun","role":"object of ἔχοντες","gloss":"spears"},{"surface":"χερσὶν","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"object of ἔχοντες","gloss":"their hands"},{"surface":"ἔχοντες","lemma":"ἔχω","morphology":"present active participle, nominative plural masculine","role":"adverbial to περίστησαν","gloss":"holding"}]},{"number":534,"label":"534","id":"b4-l534","source":"οἵ ἑ μέγαν περ ἐόντα καὶ ἴφθιμον καὶ ἀγαυὸν","translation":"who, great and strong and noble though he was,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l534.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"οἵ","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ὦσαν","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ὦσαν","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"μέγαν","lemma":"μέγας","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"περ","lemma":"πέρ","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"ἐόντα","lemma":"εἰμί","morphology":"present active participle, accusative singular masculine","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"being"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἴφθιμον","lemma":"ἴφθιμος","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"mighty"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀγαυὸν","lemma":"ἀγαυός","morphology":"accusative singular masculine adjective","role":"predicate noun","gloss":"noble"}]},{"number":535,"label":"535","id":"b4-l535","source":"ὦσαν ἀπὸ σφείων· ὃ δὲ χασσάμενος πελεμίχθη.","translation":"drove him back from among themselves; and he gave way, shaken.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l535.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὦσαν","lemma":"ὠθέω","morphology":"aorist active indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"verb of a clause describing ἑταῖροι","gloss":"drove back"},{"surface":"ἀπὸ","lemma":"ἀπό","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"σφείων","lemma":"σφεῖς","morphology":"genitive plural masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἀπὸ","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of πελεμίχθη","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"χασσάμενος","lemma":"χάζω","morphology":"aorist middle participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to πελεμίχθη","gloss":"giving way"},{"surface":"πελεμίχθη","lemma":"πελεμίζω","morphology":"aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"shaken"}]},{"number":536,"label":"536","id":"b4-l536","source":"ὣς τώ γʼ ἐν κονίῃσι παρʼ ἀλλήλοισι τετάσθην,","translation":"So the two of them lay stretched in the dust beside one another,","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l536.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ἐν κονίῃσι παρʼ ἀλλήλοισι τετάσθην","title":"Stretched side by side in the dust","body":"This closing image of two enemy leaders lying together in death, one Thracian and one Achaean, foreshadows the poem's larger closing panorama at lines 543–544, where the whole battlefield is described the same way; Homer frames individual duels and the whole day's fighting with the identical picture."}],"words":[{"surface":"ὣς","lemma":"ὡς","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to τετάσθην","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"τώ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative dual masculine pronoun","role":"subject of ,","gloss":"the two of them"},{"surface":"γ","lemma":"γε","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κονίῃσι","lemma":"κονία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the dust"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισι","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to παῤ","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"τετάσθην","lemma":"τείνω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd dual verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay stretched"}]},{"number":537,"label":"537","id":"b4-l537","source":"ἤτοι ὃ μὲν Θρῃκῶν, ὃ δʼ Ἐπειῶν χαλκοχιτώνων","translation":"the one a leader of the Thracians, the other of the bronze-clad Epeians;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l537.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἤτοι","lemma":"ἤτοι","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"μὲν","lemma":"μέν","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"on the one hand"},{"surface":"Θρῃκῶν","lemma":"Θρᾷξ","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies","gloss":"of the Thracians"},{"surface":"ὃ","lemma":"ὁ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δ̓","gloss":"the other"},{"surface":"δ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἐπειῶν","lemma":"Ἐπειός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies ἡγεμόνες","gloss":"of the Epeians"},{"surface":"χαλκοχιτώνων","lemma":"χαλκοχίτων","morphology":"genitive plural masculine noun","role":"modifies Ἐπειῶν","gloss":"bronze-clad"}]},{"number":538,"label":"538","id":"b4-l538","source":"ἡγεμόνες· πολλοὶ δὲ περὶ κτείνοντο καὶ ἄλλοι.","translation":"and around them many others also were being slain.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l538.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἡγεμόνες","lemma":"ἡγεμών","morphology":"nominative plural masculine noun","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"leaders"},{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of κτείνοντο","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"δὲ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"περὶ","lemma":"περί","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to κτείνοντο","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"κτείνοντο","lemma":"κτείνω","morphology":"imperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"were being slain"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"adverb","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"ἄλλοι","lemma":"ἄλλος","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies πολλοὶ","gloss":"others"}]},{"number":539,"label":"539","id":"b4-l539","source":"ἔνθά κεν οὐκέτι ἔργον ἀνὴρ ὀνόσαιτο μετελθών,","translation":"There no man could any longer make light of the work, coming among it,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l539.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ἔνθά","lemma":"ἔνθα","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀνόσαιτο","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"κεν","lemma":"ἄν","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizing particle","gloss":"could","note":"With the optative, this particle marks the potential sense could."},{"surface":"οὐκέτι","lemma":"οὐκέτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to ὀνόσαιτο","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"ἔργον","lemma":"ἔργον","morphology":"accusative singular neuter noun","role":"object of ὀνόσαιτο","gloss":"the work"},{"surface":"ἀνὴρ","lemma":"ἀνήρ","morphology":"nominative singular masculine noun","role":"subject of ὀνόσαιτο","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ὀνόσαιτο","lemma":"ὄνομαι","morphology":"aorist middle optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"make light of"},{"surface":"μετελθών","lemma":"μετέρχομαι","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular masculine","role":"adverbial to ὀνόσαιτο","gloss":"coming among"}]},{"number":540,"label":"540","id":"b4-l540","source":"ὅς τις ἔτʼ ἄβλητος καὶ ἀνούτατος ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ","translation":"whoever, still unhit and unwounded by the sharp bronze,","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l540.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"ὅς","lemma":"ὅς","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"subject of δινεύοι","gloss":"whoever"},{"surface":"τις","lemma":"τις","morphology":"nominative singular masculine pronoun","role":"modifies ὅς","gloss":"man"},{"surface":"ἔτ","lemma":"ἔτι","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial to δινεύοι","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"ἄβλητος","lemma":"ἄβλητος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unhit"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἀνούτατος","lemma":"ἀνούτατος","morphology":"nominative singular masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"unwounded"},{"surface":"ὀξέϊ","lemma":"ὀξύς","morphology":"dative singular masculine adjective","role":"modifies χαλκῷ","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"χαλκῷ","lemma":"χαλκός","morphology":"dative singular masculine noun","role":"object of καὶ","gloss":"by the bronze"}]},{"number":541,"label":"541","id":"b4-l541","source":"δινεύοι κατὰ μέσσον, ἄγοι δέ ἑ Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη","translation":"might wheel through the midst of it, and Pallas Athena led him","scansion":"—— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l541.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"δινεύοι","lemma":"δινεύω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing αὐτὰρ","gloss":"might wheel about"},{"surface":"κατὰ","lemma":"κατά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"μέσσον","lemma":"μέσος","morphology":"accusative singular neuter adjective","role":"object of κατὰ","gloss":"the midst"},{"surface":"ἄγοι","lemma":"ἄγω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing αὐτὰρ","gloss":"might lead"},{"surface":"δέ","lemma":"δέ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ἑ","lemma":"ἕ","morphology":"accusative singular masculine pronoun","role":"object of ἄγοι","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"Παλλὰς","lemma":"Παλλάς","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"modifies Ἀθήνη","gloss":"Pallas"},{"surface":"Ἀθήνη","lemma":"Ἀθήνη","morphology":"nominative singular feminine noun","role":"subject of ἄγοι","gloss":"Athena"}]},{"number":542,"label":"542","id":"b4-l542","source":"χειρὸς ἑλοῦσʼ, αὐτὰρ βελέων ἀπερύκοι ἐρωήν·","translation":"by the hand, and warded off the onrush of missiles;","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l542.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"χειρὸς","lemma":"χείρ","morphology":"genitive singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἑλοῦσ̓","gloss":"by the hand"},{"surface":"ἑλοῦσ","lemma":"αἱρέω","morphology":"aorist active participle, nominative singular feminine","role":"adverbial to ἄγοι","gloss":"taking"},{"surface":"αὐτὰρ","lemma":"ἀτάρ","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"βελέων","lemma":"βέλος","morphology":"genitive plural neuter noun","role":"modifies ἐρωήν","gloss":"missiles"},{"surface":"ἀπερύκοι","lemma":"ἀπερύκω","morphology":"present active optative, 3rd singular verb","role":"verb of a clause describing αὐτὰρ","gloss":"might ward off"},{"surface":"ἐρωήν","lemma":"ἐρωή","morphology":"accusative singular feminine noun","role":"object of ἀπερύκοι","gloss":"onrush"}]},{"number":543,"label":"543","id":"b4-l543","source":"πολλοὶ γὰρ Τρώων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν ἤματι κείνῳ","translation":"for many of the Trojans and Achaeans, on that day,","scansion":"—— | —— | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l543.m4a","notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"πολλοὶ","lemma":"πολύς","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"subject of τέταντο","gloss":"many"},{"surface":"γὰρ","lemma":"γάρ","morphology":"particle","role":"sentence particle","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Τρώων","lemma":"Τρώς","morphology":"genitive plural noun","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the Trojans"},{"surface":"καὶ","lemma":"καί","morphology":"conjunction","role":"coordinating word","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Ἀχαιῶν","lemma":"Ἀχαιός","morphology":"genitive plural masculine adjective","role":"modifies καὶ","gloss":"of the Achaeans"},{"surface":"ἤματι","lemma":"ἦμαρ","morphology":"dative singular neuter noun","role":"adverbial to τέταντο","gloss":"on the day"},{"surface":"κείνῳ","lemma":"ἐκεῖνος","morphology":"dative singular neuter adjective","role":"modifies ἤματι","gloss":"that very"}]},{"number":544,"label":"544","id":"b4-l544","source":"πρηνέες ἐν κονίῃσι παρʼ ἀλλήλοισι τέταντο.","translation":"lay stretched face-down in the dust beside one another.","scansion":"—⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —⏑⏑ | —— | —⏑⏑ | —×","audio":"https://audio.1732studios.com/iliad/b4-l544.m4a","notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"πρηνέες ἐν κονίῃσι παρʼ ἀλλήλοισι τέταντο","title":"Face-down in the dust, side by side","body":"This closing formula, ending Book 4's battle-panorama, echoes exactly the language just used of Diores and Peirous alone at line 536 (ἐν κονίῃσι παρʼ ἀλλήλοισι τετάσθην), now widened from two men to the whole field; hold πρηνέες ἐν κονίῃσι \"face-down in the dust\" as a standing phrase if it recurs in later books."}],"words":[{"surface":"πρηνέες","lemma":"πρηνής","morphology":"nominative plural masculine adjective","role":"circumstantial complement","gloss":"lying face down"},{"surface":"ἐν","lemma":"ἐν","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"κονίῃσι","lemma":"κονία","morphology":"dative plural feminine noun","role":"adverbial to ἐν","gloss":"the dust"},{"surface":"παρ","lemma":"παρά","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"ἀλλήλοισι","lemma":"ἀλλήλων","morphology":"dative plural masculine adjective","role":"adverbial to παῤ","gloss":"one another"},{"surface":"τέταντο","lemma":"τείνω","morphology":"pluperfect medio-passive indicative, 3rd plural verb","role":"main verb","gloss":"lay stretched"}]}]}