{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b10-c1","title":{"source":"I. Коля Красоткин","translated":"Kolya Krassotkin"},"section":"Book X — The Boys","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c1","lines":75},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b9-c9","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c2","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b10-c1-s1","source":"Ноябрь в начале.","translation":"Early November.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ноябрь в начале.","title":"A verbless nominal sentence","body":"There is no verb at all: «Ноябрь» (November, nominative) simply stands, with «в начале» ('at the beginning') as a frame. Russian needs no copula in the present, so a bare noun phrase can open a chapter like a stage direction — 'Early November.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Ноябрь","lemma":"ноябрь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of the sentence","gloss":"November"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начале","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"начале","lemma":"начало","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement describing Ноябрь","gloss":"its beginning"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b10-c1-s2","source":"У нас стал мороз градусов в одиннадцать, а с ним гололедица.","translation":"We had had a frost of some eleven degrees, and with it an icy glaze over everything.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"градусов в одиннадцать","title":"'About eleven' — inverted approximation","body":"Placing the noun before the numeral — «градусов в одиннадцать» instead of «одиннадцать градусов» — turns an exact count into an approximate one: 'some eleven degrees, give or take.' The noun «градусов» is genitive plural as numerals above five demand."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"У нас стал мороз","title":"«у нас» — the possessive 'we had'","body":"Russian has no verb 'to have'; «у нас» (literally 'at us', у + genitive) frames possession or local circumstance — here 'we had' a frost set in. The perfective «стал» marks the single onset of the cold snap."}],"words":[{"surface":"У","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нас","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"us","note":"у нас стал мороз is idiomatic for 'we had/there set in a frost'."},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"set in"},{"surface":"мороз","lemma":"мороз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"a frost"},{"surface":"градусов","lemma":"градус","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies мороз","gloss":"of degrees"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"marks approximation of одиннадцать","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"одиннадцать","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"complement of в (approximation)","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гололедица (with it)","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"гололедица","lemma":"гололедица","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стал (elided)","gloss":"an icy glaze"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b10-c1-s3","source":"На мерзлую землю упало в ночь немного сухого снегу, и ветер «сухой и острый» подымает его и метет по скучным улицам нашего городка и особенно по базарной площади.","translation":"A little dry snow had fallen on the frozen ground in the night, and a wind 'dry and sharp' lifts it and sweeps it along the dreary streets of our little town, and most of all across the marketplace.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"упало в ночь немного сухого снегу","title":"Partitive genitive «снегу»","body":"After «немного» ('a little') the noun stands in the genitive of quantity, and Dostoevsky uses the old partitive ending «-у» — «снегу» rather than «снега». This special masculine partitive (cf. «чаю», «сахару») marks 'some of' a mass and gives the line a homely, period flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"упало ... подымает и метет","title":"Past then present — narrative shift","body":"The snow «упало» (perfective past — a completed fall in the night) gives way to «подымает... и метет» (imperfective present), and the scene leaps into the living present tense: the wind is lifting and sweeping it now, before our eyes."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"мерзлую","lemma":"мёрзлый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies землю","gloss":"frozen"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упало","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"упало","lemma":"упасть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had fallen"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упало","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"немного","lemma":"немного","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снегу","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"сухого","lemma":"сухой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies снегу","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"снегу","lemma":"снег","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of упало (partitive)","gloss":"snow"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ветер","lemma":"ветер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of подымает","gloss":"a wind"},{"surface":"сухой","lemma":"сухой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to ветер","gloss":"dry"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"острый","lemma":"острый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with сухой","gloss":"sharp"},{"surface":"подымает","lemma":"подымать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with упало","gloss":"lifts"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подымает","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"метет","lemma":"мести","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подымает","gloss":"sweeps"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улицам","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"скучным","lemma":"скучный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies улицам","gloss":"dreary"},{"surface":"улицам","lemma":"улица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of метет","gloss":"the streets"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городка","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городка","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies улицам","gloss":"little town"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies площади","gloss":"especially"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"базарной","lemma":"базарный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies площади","gloss":"market"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with улицам","gloss":"the square"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b10-c1-s4","source":"Утро мутное, но снежок перестал.","translation":"The morning is murky, but the snowfall has stopped.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Утро мутное","title":"Zero copula: 'the morning is murky'","body":"Two nominative words, no verb: «Утро» (morning) plus the long adjective «мутное» predicate to it across an absent 'is.' The present tense simply omits the copula, so the adjective alone carries the statement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"снежок","title":"«снежок» — a little snow","body":"The diminutive of «снег», «снежок» softens the snowfall to a gentle, slight 'bit of snow' — an affectionate, scene-setting touch rather than a literal claim about size."}],"words":[{"surface":"Утро","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of мутное","gloss":"the morning"},{"surface":"мутное","lemma":"мутный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of Утро","gloss":"murky"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"снежок","lemma":"снежок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of перестал","gloss":"the snowfall"},{"surface":"перестал","lemma":"перестать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with мутное","gloss":"has stopped"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b10-c1-s5","source":"Недалеко от площади, поблизости от лавки Плотниковых, стоит небольшой, очень чистенький и снаружи и снутри домик вдовы чиновника Красоткиной.","translation":"Not far from the square, close by the Plotnikovs' shop, stands the small house — very clean, both outside and in — of the widow Krassotkina, an official's wife.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоит ... домик вдовы чиновника Красоткиной","title":"A chain of genitives","body":"The 'of' relations stack up in the genitive: «домик вдовы чиновника Красоткиной» — the little house of the widow of the official, Krassotkina. Each noun governs the next in turn, a typical Russian way of nesting possession without prepositions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стоит ... домик","title":"Verb-first existential word order","body":"The verb «стоит» ('stands') comes before its subject «домик», placing the new information — the house — at the sentence's stressed end. This presentative inversion is how Russian introduces something onto the scene: 'there stands a little house.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"снутри","title":"«снутри» — old 'within'","body":"Paired with «снаружи» ('outside'), «снутри» is a colloquial, dated form of «изнутри» ('from within / inside'). The folksy doublet 'outside and in' fits the narrator's chatty, small-town register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Недалеко","lemma":"недалеко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"not far"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking площади","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"площади","lemma":"площадь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Недалеко","gloss":"the square"},{"surface":"поблизости","lemma":"поблизости","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"close by"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавки","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"лавки","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поблизости","gloss":"the shop"},{"surface":"Плотниковых","lemma":"плотниковы","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лавки","gloss":"the Plotnikovs'"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"небольшой","lemma":"небольшой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies домик","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чистенький","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"чистенький","lemma":"чистенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies домик","gloss":"neat"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"снаружи","lemma":"снаружи","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чистенький","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"снутри","lemma":"снутри","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with снаружи","gloss":"inside"},{"surface":"домик","lemma":"домик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоит","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"вдовы","lemma":"вдова","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies домик","gloss":"of the widow"},{"surface":"чиновника","lemma":"чиновник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вдовы","gloss":"of the official"},{"surface":"Красоткиной","lemma":"красоткина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to вдовы","gloss":"Krassotkina"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b10-c1-s6","source":"Сам губернский секретарь Красоткин помер уже очень давно, тому назад почти четырнадцать лет, но вдова его, тридцатилетняя и до сих пор еще весьма смазливая собою дамочка, жива и живет в своем чистеньком домике «своим капиталом».","translation":"Krassotkin himself, a provincial secretary, had died a very long time ago, almost fourteen years back, but his widow — a woman of thirty, and still quite a pretty little thing — is alive and lives in her tidy little house 'on her own capital.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"помер","title":"«помер» — the plain word for 'died'","body":"«Помер» is the colloquial, slightly rustic past of «помереть», less neutral than «умер». The narrator's choice keeps the homely small-town voice that runs through this whole portrait of the Krassotkins."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"смазливая ... дамочка","title":"«смазливая дамочка» — a pretty little thing","body":"«Смазливая» means good-looking in a cheap, superficial way — 'pretty-faced' with a faint condescension. «Дамочка», the diminutive of «дама», adds a patronising, dismissive shade: not a grand lady but a 'little madam.' Together they gently belittle the widow."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies секретарь","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"губернский","lemma":"губернский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies секретарь","gloss":"provincial"},{"surface":"секретарь","lemma":"секретарь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of помер","gloss":"secretary"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to секретарь","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"помер","lemma":"помереть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"died"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies давно","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies помер","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase тому назад","gloss":"back","note":"тому назад is an idiom meaning 'ago'."},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase тому назад","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies четырнадцать","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"четырнадцать","lemma":"четырнадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to давно (temporal)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"вдова","lemma":"вдова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of жива","gloss":"the widow"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of вдова","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"тридцатилетняя","lemma":"тридцатилетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дамочка","gloss":"thirty-year-old"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"until","note":"до сих пор is an idiom meaning 'still, up to now'."},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смазливая","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смазливая","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"смазливая","lemma":"смазливый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дамочка","gloss":"pretty"},{"surface":"собою","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, reflexive","role":"modifies смазливая","gloss":"in herself","note":"смазливая собою is an old-fashioned way of saying 'pretty-looking'."},{"surface":"дамочка","lemma":"дамочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to вдова","gloss":"little lady"},{"surface":"жива","lemma":"живой","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"predicate of вдова","gloss":"alive"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with жива","gloss":"lives"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking домике","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of домике","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"чистеньком","lemma":"чистенький","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies домике","gloss":"tidy"},{"surface":"домике","lemma":"домик","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"little house"},{"surface":"своим","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of капиталом","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"капиталом","lemma":"капитал","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of живет","gloss":"capital","note":"жить своим капиталом = 'live on one's own income/savings'."}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b10-c1-s7","source":"Живет она честно и робко, характера нежного, но довольно веселого.","translation":"She lives honestly and timidly, of a tender disposition, yet cheerful enough.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"характера нежного","title":"Genitive of description","body":"«Характера нежного» ('of a tender disposition') is a qualitative genitive describing the widow's nature without any preposition — a bookish, compact way to attach a trait to a person, here with adjective following noun for a literary cadence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Живет","lemma":"жить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she lives"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Живет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"честно","lemma":"честно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Живет","gloss":"honestly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"робко","lemma":"робко","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with честно","gloss":"timidly"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies она (genitive of quality)","gloss":"of disposition"},{"surface":"нежного","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies веселого","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"веселого","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with нежного","gloss":"cheerful"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b10-c1-s8","source":"Осталась она после мужа лет восемнадцати, прожив с ним всего лишь около году и только что родив ему сына.","translation":"She had been left a widow at about eighteen, after living with her husband only about a year and having just borne him a son.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прожив с ним всего лишь около году и только что родив ему сына","title":"Two perfective gerunds","body":"«Прожив» ('having lived') and «родив» ('having borne') are perfective past gerunds («деепричастия»): indeclinable verb-adverbs naming completed actions prior to the main verb «осталась». They compress two whole clauses — she had lived a year with him and just borne him a son — into the circumstances of her being widowed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"около году","title":"Partitive «году» after «около»","body":"«Около» ('about, around') governs the genitive, and Dostoevsky again reaches for the old partitive ending «-у» — «около году» for modern «около года». The archaic form is a recurring texture of his prose."}],"words":[{"surface":"Осталась","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"she was left"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of Осталась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мужа","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"мужа","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Осталась","gloss":"her husband"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies она (age)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"восемнадцати","lemma":"восемнадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"eighteen"},{"surface":"прожив","lemma":"прожить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on Осталась","gloss":"having lived"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прожив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"всего","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies лишь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies году","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking году","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"году","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прожив","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase только что","gloss":"now","note":"только что is an idiom meaning 'just now, just recently'."},{"surface":"родив","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with прожив","gloss":"having borne"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of родив","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сына","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of родив","gloss":"a son"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b10-c1-s9","source":"С тех пор, с самой его смерти, она посвятила всю себя воспитанию этого своего нещечка мальчика Коли, и хоть любила его все четырнадцать лет без памяти, но уж, конечно, перенесла с ним несравненно больше страданий, чем выжила радостей, трепеща и умирая от страха чуть не каждый день, что он заболеет, простудится, нашалит, полезет на стул и свалится, и проч., и проч.","translation":"From that time on, from his very death, she devoted her whole self to the upbringing of this little treasure of hers, the boy Kolya, and though she had loved him without measure all those fourteen years, she had, of course, endured incomparably more suffering with him than she had ever lived to enjoy in gladness, trembling and dying of fear almost every day lest he fall ill, catch cold, get into mischief, climb up on a chair and tumble off, and so on, and so on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"без памяти","title":"Loving 'without memory'","body":"The idiom «любить без памяти» literally means 'to love without memory,' i.e. to love madly, to distraction, losing one's head — we render it 'loved him without measure.' The same phrase can also mean to faint (потерять память = to lose consciousness), so context decides the sense."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"нещечка","title":"«нещечко» — a treasured darling","body":"«Нещечко» is a rare, archaic endearment for a cherished, pampered thing or person — a 'precious little treasure.' It is markedly old and bookish even for Dostoevsky's day, casting the mother's doting in a faintly antique, ironical light."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"трепеща и умирая от страха","title":"Present gerunds of attendant feeling","body":"«Трепеща» (trembling) and «умирая» (dying of fear) are imperfective present gerunds, naming states that accompany the main verb simultaneously. They hang the mother's perpetual dread alongside her years of love — she loved while constantly trembling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что он заболеет, простудится, нашалит ... и свалится","title":"A cascade of perfective futures","body":"Each fear-verb — «заболеет», «простудится», «нашалит», «свалится» — is a perfective verb in present-form endings, which yields future meaning: she dreads lest he 'fall ill, catch cold, get up to mischief, tumble down.' The piled-up perfectives make each disaster a vivid, single completed event."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"those"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase с тех пор","gloss":"times","note":"с тех пор is an idiom meaning 'from that time on'."},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking смерти","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies смерти","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of смерти","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"смерти","lemma":"смерть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of с","gloss":"death"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of посвятила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"посвятила","lemma":"посвятить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"devoted"},{"surface":"всю","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of себя","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, reflexive","role":"direct object of посвятила","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"воспитанию","lemma":"воспитание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of посвятила","gloss":"to raising"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of нещечка","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of нещечка","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"нещечка","lemma":"нещечко","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies воспитанию","gloss":"treasure"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to нещечка","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчика","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"conjunction","role":"modifies любила","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"любила","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with посвятила","gloss":"she loved"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любила","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of четырнадцать","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"четырнадцать","lemma":"четырнадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on лет","gloss":"fourteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of любила (duration)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking памяти","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"памяти","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of любила","gloss":"memory","note":"без памяти is idiomatic for 'to distraction, madly'."},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies перенесла","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying перенесла","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"перенесла","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with посвятила","gloss":"endured"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of перенесла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"несравненно","lemma":"несравненно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies больше","gloss":"incomparably"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"numeral, comparative","role":"modifies страданий","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"страданий","lemma":"страдание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of перенесла (partitive)","gloss":"suffering"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выжила","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"выжила","lemma":"выжить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"comparative clause on перенесла","gloss":"had lived to enjoy"},{"surface":"радостей","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of выжила","gloss":"joys"},{"surface":"трепеща","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умирая","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"умирая","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"coordinated with трепеща","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умирая","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase чуть не","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чуть не","gloss":"almost","note":"чуть не is idiomatic for 'almost, nearly'."},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умирая (temporal)","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заболеет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заболеет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"заболеет","lemma":"заболеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of умирая","gloss":"might fall ill"},{"surface":"простудится","lemma":"простудиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заболеет","gloss":"catch cold"},{"surface":"нашалит","lemma":"нашалить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заболеет","gloss":"get into mischief"},{"surface":"полезет","lemma":"полезть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заболеет","gloss":"climb up"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стул","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"стул","lemma":"стул","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полезет","gloss":"a chair"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"свалится","lemma":"свалиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with полезет","gloss":"tumble off"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, abbreviation","role":"coordinated with заболеет","gloss":"and so on"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, abbreviation","role":"coordinated with заболеет","gloss":"and so on"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b10-c1-s10","source":"Когда же Коля стал ходить в школу и потом в нашу прогимназию, то мать бросилась изучать вместе с ним все науки, чтобы помогать ему и репетировать с ним уроки, бросилась знакомиться с учителями и с их женами, ласкала даже товарищей Коли, школьников, и лисила пред ними, чтобы не трогали Колю, не насмехались над ним, не прибили его.","translation":"When Kolya began going to school and then to our preparatory gymnasium, his mother flung herself into studying all the subjects together with him, so as to help him and coach him on his lessons; she flung herself into getting to know the teachers and their wives, and even fawned upon Kolya's schoolmates, the schoolboys, ingratiating herself with them so that they would not pick on Kolya, or jeer at him, or beat him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросилась изучать ... бросилась знакомиться","title":"«бросилась» + infinitive — flinging into action","body":"The perfective «бросилась» ('flung herself, threw herself') governs an imperfective infinitive of the activity taken up — «изучать», «знакомиться». Its anaphoric repetition ('she flung herself into... she flung herself into...') drives the mother's frantic, all-out devotion."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лисила","title":"«лисить» — to fawn like a fox","body":"«Лисить» (from «лиса», fox) means to ingratiate oneself cunningly, to flatter and wheedle — 'to play the fox.' The vivid, slightly disapproving verb captures the mother demeaning herself before schoolboys to protect her son."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чтобы не трогали Колю, не насмехались над ним, не прибили его","title":"«чтобы» of purpose with negation","body":"«Чтобы» introduces a purpose clause and takes past-form verbs; the negated «не трогали... не насмехались... не прибили» mean 'so that they would not pick on, jeer at, or beat' Kolya. The verbs are past-tense in form because «чтобы» always pairs with the irrealis past, never an infinitive when the subject differs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the temporal clause, modifies стал","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes Когда","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the temporal clause, modifies бросилась","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"ходить","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"школу","lemma":"школа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ходить","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the elided second ходить","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прогимназию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нашу","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of прогимназию","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"прогимназию","lemma":"прогимназия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with школу","gloss":"preparatory gymnasium"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"resumptive particle, correlates Когда-clause with бросилась","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросилась","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flung herself"},{"surface":"изучать","lemma":"изучать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросилась","gloss":"studying"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies изучать","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместе","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of науки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"науки","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of изучать","gloss":"the subjects"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of помогать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"помогать","lemma":"помогать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on изучать","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of помогать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"репетировать","lemma":"репетировать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with помогать","gloss":"coach him"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of репетировать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уроки","lemma":"урок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of репетировать","gloss":"lessons"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"flung herself"},{"surface":"знакомиться","lemma":"знакомиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросилась","gloss":"getting to know"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking учителями","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"учителями","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of знакомиться","gloss":"the teachers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking женами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of женами","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"женами","lemma":"жена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with учителями","gloss":"wives"},{"surface":"ласкала","lemma":"ласкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"fawned upon"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies товарищей","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"товарищей","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of ласкала","gloss":"schoolmates"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of товарищей","gloss":"Kolya's"},{"surface":"школьников","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to товарищей","gloss":"the schoolboys"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лисила","lemma":"лисить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"ingratiated herself","note":"Archaic/dialect verb лисить, from лиса (\"fox\") — to fawn or flatter like a fox."},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of лисила","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of трогали","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies трогали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"трогали","lemma":"трогать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on лисила","gloss":"pick on"},{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of трогали","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies насмехались","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"насмехались","lemma":"насмехаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with трогали","gloss":"jeer at"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of насмехались","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прибили","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прибили","lemma":"прибить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with насмехались","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of прибили","gloss":"him"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b10-c1-s11","source":"Довела до того, что мальчишки и в самом деле стали было чрез нее над ним насмехаться и начали дразнить его тем, что он маменькин сынок.","translation":"She carried it so far that the boys really did begin, because of her, to mock him, and took to teasing him with being a mama's boy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали было ... насмехаться","title":"The frustrative particle «было»","body":"«Было» after a perfective verb marks an action begun but cut short or reversed — the boys 'had started' to mock him but it came to nothing. This special particle «было» (distinct from the verb 'was') is a subtle period device for an aborted attempt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маменькин сынок","title":"«маменькин сынок» — a mama's boy","body":"A fixed jeer: «маменькин» is the possessive adjective from the affectionate «маменька» (mummy), so «маменькин сынок» is literally 'mummy's little son' — the exact equivalent of 'mama's boy,' a coddled, unmanly child."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез нее","title":"«чрез» — the bookish 'through'","body":"«Чрез» is the contracted, Church-Slavonic-flavoured form of «через» ('through, because of'). Here it means 'on her account, because of her' — and its archaic shape suits the elevated narrative register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Довела","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried it"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Довела","gloss":"such a point"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стали","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мальчишки","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"intensifies в самом деле","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"idiom modifying стали (в самом деле = really)","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause explaining того","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle with стали (стали было)","gloss":"really","note":"Verb + было is a set construction marking an action begun (here emphasized, not interrupted)."},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"because of"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of чрез","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of насмехаться","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"насмехаться","lemma":"насмехаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"mock"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стали","gloss":"took to"},{"surface":"дразнить","lemma":"дразнить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"teasing"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of дразнить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of дразнить","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сынок","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сынок","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"маменькин","lemma":"маменькин","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сынок","gloss":"mama's"},{"surface":"сынок","lemma":"сынок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clause modifying тем","gloss":"boy"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b10-c1-s12","source":"Но мальчик сумел отстоять себя.","translation":"But the boy knew how to stand up for himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сумел отстоять себя","title":"«сумел» + perfective infinitive; reflexive «себя»","body":"«Сумел» ('managed, knew how') governs the perfective infinitive «отстоять» ('to stand up for, defend'). The object is the full reflexive pronoun «себя» ('himself'), pointing back to the subject — he defended his own self."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сумел","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"сумел","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew how to"},{"surface":"отстоять","lemma":"отстоять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумел","gloss":"stand up for"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of отстоять","gloss":"himself"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b10-c1-s13","source":"Был он смелый мальчишка, «ужасно сильный», как пронеслась и скоро утвердилась молва о нем в классе, был ловок, характера упорного, духа дерзкого и предприимчивого.","translation":"He was a bold lad, 'frightfully strong,' as the rumor about him swept through the class and quickly took hold; he was nimble, of a stubborn character, and of a daring, enterprising spirit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"характера упорного, духа дерзкого и предприимчивого","title":"Stacked genitives of quality","body":"'Of a stubborn character, of a daring and enterprising spirit' — «характера упорного, духа дерзкого» are qualitative genitives describing the boy, with adjectives trailing their nouns for rhetorical poise. This portrait-by-genitive is a hallmark of 19th-century characterisation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Был он смелый мальчишка","title":"Verb-first inversion for emphasis","body":"Fronting «был» before the subject «он» — 'A bold lad was he' — gives the sentence a weighted, storytelling rhythm. Because case marks the roles, Russian can reorder freely, and this inversion stresses the predicate."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молва","title":"«молва» — rumour, common talk","body":"«Молва» is the slightly elevated word for word-of-mouth report, hearsay, the talk that spreads through a community — 'the rumour... swept through the class.' It recurs in this chapter as the engine of Kolya's growing legend."}],"words":[{"surface":"Был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мальчишка","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"смелый","lemma":"смелый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчишка","gloss":"bold"},{"surface":"мальчишка","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Был","gloss":"lad"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сильный","gloss":"frightfully"},{"surface":"сильный","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчишка","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пронеслась","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"пронеслась","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the как-clause","gloss":"swept"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"скоро","lemma":"скоро","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утвердилась","gloss":"quickly"},{"surface":"утвердилась","lemma":"утвердиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пронеслась","gloss":"took hold"},{"surface":"молва","lemma":"молва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пронеслась and утвердилась","gloss":"the rumor"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"нем","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies молва","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классе","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"классе","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пронеслась","gloss":"the class"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to ловок","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ловок","lemma":"ловкий","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"nimble"},{"surface":"характера","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ловок","gloss":"character"},{"surface":"упорного","lemma":"упорный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies характера","gloss":"stubborn"},{"surface":"духа","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with ловок","gloss":"spirit"},{"surface":"дерзкого","lemma":"дерзкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies духа","gloss":"daring"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"предприимчивого","lemma":"предприимчивый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with дерзкого","gloss":"enterprising"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b10-c1-s14","source":"Учился он хорошо, и шла даже молва, что он и из арифметики, и из всемирной истории собьет самого учителя Дарданелова.","translation":"He did well at his studies, and there was even a rumor going around that in both arithmetic and world history he could best the teacher Dardanelov himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"из арифметики, и из всемирной истории собьет","title":"«из» + subject = 'in (a subject)'","body":"«Из арифметики, из всемирной истории» uses «из» + genitive in its scholastic sense 'in (a school subject), at examination in' — he could best the teacher 'in arithmetic and world history.' «Собьёт» is a perfective future ('will knock off / best')."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"собьет","title":"«сбить» a teacher — to trip him up","body":"«Сбить» literally 'knock down/off'; in school slang «сбить учителя» means to stump or out-argue the teacher, to catch him out — we render it 'best.' The colloquial verb belongs to the boys' competitive classroom world."}],"words":[{"surface":"Учился","lemma":"учиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"studied"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Учился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"хорошо","lemma":"хорошо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Учился","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"шла","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Учился","gloss":"went around"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies молва","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"молва","lemma":"молва","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of шла","gloss":"a rumor"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of собьет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of собьет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"links the coordination (both...and)","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking арифметики","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"арифметики","lemma":"арифметика","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собьет","gloss":"arithmetic"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истории","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всемирной","lemma":"всемирный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies истории","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"истории","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of собьет","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"собьет","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the что-clause explaining молва","gloss":"best"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies учителя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"учителя","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of собьет","gloss":"the teacher"},{"surface":"Дарданелова","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies учителя","gloss":"Dardanelov"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b10-c1-s15","source":"Но мальчик хоть и смотрел на всех свысока, вздернув носик, но товарищем был хорошим и не превозносился.","translation":"But though the boy looked down on everyone, his little nose in the air, he was nonetheless a good comrade and did not put on airs.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вздернув носик","title":"Perfective gerund «вздёрнув»","body":"«Вздёрнув носик» ('having tilted up his little nose') is a perfective past gerund framing the manner in which he looked down on people. The gerund shares the main subject and adds a vivid, simultaneous gesture to «смотрел свысока»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"носик","title":"«носик» — the disarming diminutive","body":"«Носик», the diminutive of «нос», softens the boy's haughty nose-in-the-air into something faintly comic and endearing — 'his little nose.' The narrator undercuts Kolya's pride with affection through the suffix alone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть ... но","title":"The concessive «хоть... но»","body":"«Хоть» ('although') opens a concession answered by «но» ('but / yet'): 'though he looked down on everyone, yet he was a good comrade.' Russian often pairs the two explicitly, where English needs only one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the concessive clause modifying был","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смотрел (part of хоть и)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the concessive clause modifying был","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of на","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"свысока","lemma":"свысока","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"condescendingly"},{"surface":"вздернув","lemma":"вздёрнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on смотрел","gloss":"tilting up"},{"surface":"носик","lemma":"носик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вздернув","gloss":"his little nose"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"товарищем","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a comrade"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb, copula linking товарищем and хорошим","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"хорошим","lemma":"хороший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies товарищем","gloss":"good"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies превозносился","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"превозносился","lemma":"превозноситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"put on airs"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b10-c1-s16","source":"Уважение школьников принимал как должное, но держал себя дружелюбно.","translation":"He accepted the schoolboys' respect as his due, but bore himself in a friendly way.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"принимал как должное","title":"Imperfective of habitual bearing","body":"«Принимал» and «держал» are imperfective pasts describing his settled, habitual conduct — how he generally took the boys' respect and carried himself, not single events. The imperfective is the natural tense of standing character description."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как должное","title":"«как должное» — as his due","body":"The set phrase «принимать как должное» means to take something as one's natural right, as only proper — 'as his due,' without surprise or gratitude. «Должное» is a substantivised neuter adjective, 'that which is owed.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Уважение","lemma":"уважение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of принимал","gloss":"the respect"},{"surface":"школьников","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies Уважение","gloss":"the schoolboys'"},{"surface":"принимал","lemma":"принимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"accepted"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking должное","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"должное","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of принимал","gloss":"his due"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with принимал","gloss":"bore"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"дружелюбно","lemma":"дружелюбно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держал","gloss":"in a friendly way"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b10-c1-s17","source":"Главное, знал меру, умел при случае сдержать себя самого, а в отношениях к начальству никогда не переступал некоторой последней и заветной черты, за которою уже проступок не может быть терпим, обращаясь в беспорядок, бунт и в беззаконие.","translation":"Above all, he knew where to draw the line, knew how to rein himself in when the occasion called for it, and in his dealings with those in authority never overstepped a certain final and sacred boundary, beyond which a misdeed can no longer be tolerated, turning into disorder, mutiny, and lawlessness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"сдержать себя самого","title":"«себя самого» — emphatic reflexive","body":"The reflexive object «себя» is reinforced by the intensifier «самого» ('his very self') — to rein in his own self. The pairing stresses self-mastery, the agent acting upon precisely himself."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"черты, за которою уже проступок не может быть терпим","title":"Relative «который» in the instrumental","body":"«За которою» is the relative pronoun «который» governed by «за» ('beyond'); the old instrumental ending «-ою» (for «-ой») marks the bookish register. It agrees in feminine gender with «черта» (the line) but takes its own case from the preposition."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не может быть терпим","title":"Short-form passive participle «терпим»","body":"«Терпим» is the short (predicative) form of the passive participle «терпимый» ('tolerated'): 'a misdeed can no longer be tolerated.' The short passive participle plus an auxiliary is Russian's bookish way of forming an impersonal passive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обращаясь в беспорядок, бунт и в беззаконие","title":"Present gerund «обращаясь»","body":"«Обращаясь» ('turning into') is an imperfective present gerund describing what the unchecked misdeed becomes — disorder, mutiny, lawlessness. The reflexive «-ся» here gives the middle, intransitive sense 'turns/transforms itself into.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical modifier of знал","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"знал","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"knew"},{"surface":"меру","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of знал","gloss":"the measure"},{"surface":"умел","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"knew how to"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сдержать","gloss":"occasion"},{"surface":"сдержать","lemma":"сдержать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of умел","gloss":"rein in"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сдержать","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies себя","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отношениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отношениях","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of переступал","gloss":"dealings"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начальству","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"начальству","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies отношениях","gloss":"authority"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переступал","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies переступал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"переступал","lemma":"переступать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with знал","gloss":"overstepped"},{"surface":"некоторой","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of черты","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черты","gloss":"final"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заветной","lemma":"заветный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with последней","gloss":"sacred"},{"surface":"черты","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of переступал","gloss":"boundary"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которою","gloss":"beyond"},{"surface":"которою","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of за, refers to черты","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies может","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"проступок","lemma":"проступок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"a misdeed"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies может","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the relative clause introduced by которою","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"copula linking to терпим","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"терпим","lemma":"терпимый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"complement of может","gloss":"tolerated"},{"surface":"обращаясь","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause describing проступок","gloss":"turning into"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беспорядок","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"беспорядок","lemma":"беспорядок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращаясь","gloss":"disorder"},{"surface":"бунт","lemma":"бунт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with беспорядок","gloss":"mutiny"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking беззаконие","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"беззаконие","lemma":"беззаконие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with беспорядок","gloss":"lawlessness"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b10-c1-s18","source":"И однако, он очень, очень не прочь был пошалить при всяком удобном случае, пошалить как самый последний мальчишка, и не столько пошалить, сколько что-нибудь намудрить, начудесить, задать «экстрафеферу», шику, порисоваться.","translation":"And yet he was very, very far from averse to playing the prankster at every convenient opportunity — to playing the prankster like the most reckless of urchins — and not so much to mere pranks as to contriving something, working some marvel, dishing out a bit of 'extra pepper,' some flash, some showing off.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не столько пошалить, сколько ... намудрить","title":"The «не столько... сколько» correlative","body":"«Не столько X, сколько Y» means 'not so much X as Y' — not so much to play pranks as to contrive something clever. The construction shifts the real emphasis onto the second member, framing Kolya's true craving for ingenious mischief."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"намудрить, начудесить","title":"«намудрить», «начудесить» — to contrive marvels","body":"A pair of expressive coinages: «намудрить» (from «мудрый», wise) means to over-cleverly contrive or complicate, «начудесить» (from «чудо», wonder) to work some wonder or stunt. The prefix «на-» piles up the action; both are playful, slangy verbs of boyish showing-off."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«экстрафеферу»","title":"«задать экстрафеферу» — to give 'em extra pepper","body":"A jokey macaronic phrase: «феферу» is the genitive of «фефер», a Yiddish/German-tinged form of 'pepper' (cf. German Pfeffer), so «задать феферу» means to give someone a hot time, a thrashing — and «экстра-» mock-grandly intensifies it. The quotation marks flag it as Kolya's own swaggering slang."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies the whole sentence","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочь","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"reduplicated intensifier, modifies прочь","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прочь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"прочь","lemma":"прочь","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"averse"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to прочь","gloss":"was","note":"не прочь + infinitive is a set idiom for \"wouldn't mind (doing something).\""},{"surface":"пошалить","lemma":"пошалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прочь","gloss":"play pranks"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всяком","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"удобном","lemma":"удобный","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies случае","gloss":"convenient"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пошалить","gloss":"opportunity"},{"surface":"пошалить","lemma":"пошалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошалить","gloss":"play pranks"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчишка","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies последний","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"последний","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчишка","gloss":"reckless"},{"surface":"мальчишка","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of как","gloss":"urchin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies столько","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"столько","lemma":"столько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пошалить, correlates with сколько","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"пошалить","lemma":"пошалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with пошалить","gloss":"playing pranks"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of намудрить","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of indefinite pronoun что-нибудь, direct object of намудрить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"forms indefinite pronoun with что","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"намудрить","lemma":"намудрить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сколько-clause, parallel to пошалить","gloss":"contrive"},{"surface":"начудесить","lemma":"начудесить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with намудрить","gloss":"work marvels"},{"surface":"задать","lemma":"задать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with намудрить","gloss":"dish out"},{"surface":"экстрафеферу","lemma":"экстрафефер","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of задать","gloss":"extra pepper"},{"surface":"шику","lemma":"шик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with экстрафеферу","gloss":"some flash"},{"surface":"порисоваться","lemma":"порисоваться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with намудрить","gloss":"show off"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b10-c1-s19","source":"Главное, был очень самолюбив.","translation":"Above all, he was very vain.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был очень самолюбив","title":"Short adjective «самолюбив»","body":"«Самолюбив» is the short (predicative) form of «самолюбивый», used with «был» to state a trait — 'he was very vain/proud.' The short form, more bookish than the long one, here gives a crisp, summarising verdict on his character."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"самолюбив","title":"«самолюбие» — touchy self-regard","body":"«Самолюбив» (from «самолюбие», self-love) is a key Dostoevskian word: not mere vanity but prickly pride, amour-propre, an acute sensitivity to one's own dignity. It is the engine of much of Kolya's behaviour in the chapter."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical modifier of был","gloss":"above all"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to самолюбив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies самолюбив","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самолюбив","lemma":"самолюбивый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"vain"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b10-c1-s20","source":"Даже свою маму сумел поставить к себе в отношения подчиненные, действуя на нее почти деспотически.","translation":"He even managed to put his own mama into a subordinate position toward himself, ruling over her almost despotically.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поставить ... в отношения подчиненные","title":"«в» + accusative of resulting state","body":"«Поставить в отношения подчинённые» — to place his mother 'into subordinate relations' toward himself. «В отношения» is accusative (motion-toward / into a state), the adjective «подчинённые» following its noun in literary style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"действуя на нее почти деспотически","title":"Present gerund of manner","body":"«Действуя» ('acting, operating') is an imperfective present gerund describing how he kept her down — by acting almost despotically upon her. «На неё» is «на» + accusative, 'acting upon her.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies маму","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of маму","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"маму","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поставить","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"сумел","lemma":"суметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"managed"},{"surface":"поставить","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of сумел","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себе","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"oblique complement of поставить","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отношения","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"отношения","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of поставить","gloss":"a position"},{"surface":"подчиненные","lemma":"подчинённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies отношения","gloss":"subordinate"},{"surface":"действуя","lemma":"действовать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on поставить","gloss":"acting"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of действуя","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies деспотически","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"деспотически","lemma":"деспотически","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies действуя","gloss":"despotically"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b10-c1-s21","source":"Она и подчинилась, о, давно уже подчинилась, и лишь не могла ни за что перенести одной только мысли, что мальчик ее «мало любит».","translation":"And she submitted — oh, she had submitted long ago — and the one thing she simply could not bear, for anything in the world, was the mere thought that her boy 'loved her too little.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могла ни за что перенести","title":"Negative concord with «ни за что»","body":"«Ни за что» ('for nothing, not for anything') reinforces the negated verb «не могла» — Russian piles negatives that English collapses into one: she 'simply could not, for anything in the world,' bear the thought. The «ни-» word and the verbal «не» work together, not against each other."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Она и подчинилась","title":"Emphatic particle «и»","body":"Here «и» is not 'and' but an emphasising particle before the verb — 'and submit she did,' confirming the expected outcome. The reflexive «подчинилась» ('submitted herself') is a middle-voice «-ся» verb of change of state."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подчинилась","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes подчинилась","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"подчинилась","lemma":"подчиниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"submitted"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"interjection","role":"stands alone (interjection)","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подчинилась","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подчинилась","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"подчинилась","lemma":"подчиниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подчинилась","gloss":"submitted"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подчинилась","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"part of idiom ни за что, modifies могла","gloss":"not for","note":"Ни за что is a set idiom meaning \"for anything/nothing in the world.\""},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of за, idiom modifying могла","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"перенести","lemma":"перенести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"bear"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"the one"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мысли","gloss":"mere"},{"surface":"мысли","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of перенести (genitive under negation)","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любит","gloss":"her boy"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мало","lemma":"мало","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любит","gloss":"too little"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying мысли","gloss":"loves"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b10-c1-s22","source":"Ей беспрерывно казалось, что Коля к ней «бесчувствен», и бывали случаи, что она, обливаясь истерическими слезами, начинала упрекать его в холодности.","translation":"It seemed to her endlessly that Kolya was 'unfeeling' toward her, and there were times when she, dissolving in hysterical tears, would begin to reproach him for his coldness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ей беспрерывно казалось, что","title":"«ей казалось» — a dative-subject impression","body":"«Казалось» ('it seemed') is impersonal: there is no nominative subject, and the experiencer stands in the dative «ей» ('to her'). This dative-experiencer frame — 'it seemed to her' — is exactly how Russian voices inner, involuntary states of mind."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"обливаясь истерическими слезами","title":"Present gerund «обливаясь»","body":"«Обливаясь ... слезами» ('drenching herself in tears') is an imperfective present gerund of attendant circumstance, with «слезами» in the instrumental of means. It paints the manner in which she would begin to reproach him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of казалось","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"беспрерывно","lemma":"беспрерывно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies казалось","gloss":"endlessly"},{"surface":"казалось","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"seemed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бесчувствен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бесчувствен","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бесчувствен","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"бесчувствен","lemma":"бесчувственный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of казалось","gloss":"unfeeling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бывали","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with казалось","gloss":"there were"},{"surface":"случаи","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of бывали","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of начинала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of начинала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"обливаясь","lemma":"обливаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начинала","gloss":"dissolving in"},{"surface":"истерическими","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies слезами","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обливаясь","gloss":"tears"},{"surface":"начинала","lemma":"начинать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying случаи","gloss":"would begin"},{"surface":"упрекать","lemma":"упрекать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начинала","gloss":"reproach"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of упрекать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking холодности","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"холодности","lemma":"холодность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упрекать","gloss":"his coldness"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b10-c1-s23","source":"Мальчик этого не любил, и чем более требовали от него сердечных излияний, тем как бы нарочно становился неподатливее.","translation":"The boy did not like this, and the more heartfelt outpourings were demanded of him, the more — as if on purpose — he grew unyielding.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чем более требовали ... тем ... становился неподатливее","title":"The «чем... тем...» correlative with comparatives","body":"«Чем более..., тем...» is 'the more..., the more...': the more outpourings were demanded, the more unyielding he grew. «Неподатливее» is the comparative of «неподатливый» ('unyielding'), and the construction links the two rising comparatives."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"требовали от него ... излияний","title":"Genitive after «требовать»","body":"«Требовать» ('to demand') governs the genitive of the thing demanded — «излияний» ('outpourings,' genitive plural). «От него» ('from him') marks the source. The verb's genitive government is fixed and worth recognising."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of любил (genitive of negation)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"liked"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"чем","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the correlative clause with тем","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies требовали, part of the phrase чем","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"требовали","lemma":"требовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the чем-clause","gloss":"were demanded"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of требовали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сердечных","lemma":"сердечный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies излияний","gloss":"heartfelt"},{"surface":"излияний","lemma":"излияние","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of требовали","gloss":"outpourings"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"introduces the correlative main clause with становился","gloss":"the more"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase бы","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies становился","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"становился","lemma":"становиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the тем-clause","gloss":"grew"},{"surface":"неподатливее","lemma":"неподатливый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"predicate complement of становился","gloss":"more unyielding"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b10-c1-s24","source":"Но происходило это у него не нарочно, а невольно — таков уж был характер.","translation":"But this happened in him not on purpose but involuntarily — such, after all, was his nature.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"таков уж был характер","title":"«таков» — the predicative demonstrative","body":"«Таков» is the short predicative form of «такой» ('such'), agreeing in masculine gender with «характер»: 'such was his nature.' The particle «уж» adds a resigned 'after all, there's no help for it' shading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не нарочно, а невольно","title":"Contrastive «а» after negation","body":"«Не нарочно, а невольно» — 'not on purpose but involuntarily.' The conjunction «а» here corrects a negated assertion, replacing the rejected term with the true one; this 'not X but Y' use of «а» is distinct from «но»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"происходило","lemma":"происходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"happened"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of происходило","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of происходило","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нарочно","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies происходило","gloss":"on purpose"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"невольно","lemma":"невольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with нарочно","gloss":"involuntarily"},{"surface":"таков","lemma":"таков","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таков","gloss":"after all"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking характер to таков","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"характер","lemma":"характер","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"his nature"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b10-c1-s25","source":"Мать ошибалась: маму свою он очень любил, а не любил только «телячьих нежностей», как выражался он на своем школьническом языке.","translation":"His mother was mistaken: he loved his mama very much; what he did not love was only 'calf-like tendernesses,' as he put it in his schoolboy idiom.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"маму свою он очень любил","title":"Fronted object «маму свою»","body":"The object «маму свою» ('his own mama') is moved to the front for contrast — 'his mama he loved very much; what he did not love was...' The free word order makes 'mama' the topic against which the contrast is drawn. «Свою» is the reflexive possessive, 'his own.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«телячьих нежностей»","title":"«телячьи нежности» — calf-love mawkishness","body":"A fixed scornful idiom: «телячьи нежности» (literally 'calf-like tendernesses') means sloppy, gushing sentimentality, the cooing affection a boy finds embarrassing. «Телячий» is the possessive adjective from «телёнок» (calf); the quotation marks mark it as Kolya's own schoolboy phrase."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ошибалась","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"ошибалась","lemma":"ошибаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was mistaken"},{"surface":"маму","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of маму","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to ошибалась","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with the first любил","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies телячьих нежностей","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"телячьих","lemma":"телячий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies нежностей","gloss":"calf-like"},{"surface":"нежностей","lemma":"нежность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of the second любил","gloss":"tendernesses","note":"\"Телячьи нежности\" is an idiom for mawkish, sentimental displays of affection — literally \"calf-like tendernesses.\""},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выражался","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"выражался","lemma":"выражаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on любил","gloss":"put it"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of выражался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking языке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of языке","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"школьническом","lemma":"школьнический","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies языке","gloss":"schoolboy"},{"surface":"языке","lemma":"язык","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выражался","gloss":"idiom"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b10-c1-s26","source":"После отца остался шкап, в котором хранилось несколько книг; Коля любил читать и про себя прочел уже некоторые из них.","translation":"After his father there remained a cabinet in which a few books were kept; Kolya loved to read and had already read some of them on his own.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шкап","title":"«шкап» — the old spelling of 'cupboard'","body":"«Шкап» is the 19th-century variant of modern «шкаф» (cabinet, cupboard, bookcase). The older labial spelling is a period detail; here it is the late father's bookcase, the source of Kolya's precocious reading."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в котором хранилось несколько книг","title":"Reflexive passive «хранилось»","body":"«Хранилось» ('were kept') is a «-ся» verb used as an imperfective passive — the books 'were being kept' in the cabinet, with no agent named. The neuter singular agrees with the quantified «несколько книг», which counts as grammatically neuter."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"про себя","title":"«про себя» — on his own / to himself","body":"«Про себя» is an idiom meaning silently, to oneself, or here 'on his own, by himself' — Kolya read some of the books unaided. «Себя» is the reflexive pronoun governed by «про» (+ accusative)."}],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"шкап","lemma":"шкап","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"a cabinet"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хранилось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"хранилось","lemma":"храниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, passive, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on шкап","gloss":"were kept"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on книг","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"книг","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of хранилось","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"to read"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of прочел","gloss":"himself","note":"\"Про себя\" is an idiom meaning \"silently, on his own,\" not literally \"about himself.\""},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"had read"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прочел","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"некоторые","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of прочел","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies некоторые","gloss":"them"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b10-c1-s27","source":"Мать этим не смущалась и только дивилась иногда, как это мальчик, вместо того чтоб идти играть, простаивает у шкапа по целым часам над какою-нибудь книжкой.","translation":"His mother was not troubled by this and only marveled sometimes that the boy, instead of going off to play, would stand for hours on end by the cabinet over some book or other.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вместо того чтоб идти играть","title":"«вместо того чтоб(ы)» + infinitive","body":"«Вместо того чтоб идти играть» means 'instead of going to play.' When the implied subject of «чтобы» is the same as the main clause's, it takes a bare infinitive rather than a past-form clause — hence «идти играть.» «Чтоб» is the colloquial clipped «чтобы»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"простаивает у шкапа по целым часам","title":"«про-» + «по целым часам» — durative standing","body":"«Простаивает» (imperfective present) means to stand idle/spend time standing; «по целым часам» ('for whole hours at a time') uses «по» + dative plural to spread the action over repeated long stretches. The pairing stresses the boy's absorbed, hours-long lingering over a book."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дивилась","title":"«дивиться» — to marvel","body":"«Дивиться» ('to wonder, marvel at') is a somewhat folksy, old-fashioned synonym of «удивляться». The «-ся» verb takes its object in the dative; it colours the mother's naive astonishment at her bookish son."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of смущалась","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"этим","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смущалась","gloss":"by this"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смущалась","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смущалась","lemma":"смущаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was troubled"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дивилась","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дивилась","lemma":"дивиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смущалась","gloss":"marveled"},{"surface":"иногда","lemma":"иногда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дивилась","gloss":"sometimes"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of простаивает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"emphatic particle, modifies мальчик","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of простаивает","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"вместо","lemma":"вместо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"instead of"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вместо","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of идти","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"going"},{"surface":"играть","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of идти","gloss":"to play"},{"surface":"простаивает","lemma":"простаивать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the как-clause","gloss":"stands"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкапа","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"шкапа","lemma":"шкап","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of простаивает","gloss":"the cabinet"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking часам","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"целым","lemma":"целый","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies часам","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"часам","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of простаивает","gloss":"hours"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книжкой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"какою","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies книжкой","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какою","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"книжкой","lemma":"книжка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of над","gloss":"book"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b10-c1-s28","source":"И таким образом Коля прочел кое-что, чего бы ему нельзя еще было давать читать в его возрасте.","translation":"And in this way Kolya read a thing or two that ought not yet to have been given him to read at his age.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего бы ему нельзя еще было давать читать","title":"«бы» + dative-subject impossibility","body":"A dense knot: «нельзя» ('one may not') is an impersonal predicate with the dative experiencer «ему» ('to him'), and «бы» makes the whole thing hypothetical — things that 'ought not to have been given him to read.' The relative «чего» is genitive (object under an implied negation/modal)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего бы ему нельзя ... было давать","title":"The mobile particle «бы»","body":"«Бы» here floats away from any verb and leans on the relative «чего», marking the clause as irrealis ('would/should not be permitted'). The particle's freedom to attach to the first stressed word, not the predicate, is characteristic of bookish syntax."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прочел","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прочел","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"прочел","lemma":"прочесть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"кое","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase что","gloss":"a thing or two"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"кое-что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прочел","gloss":"a thing or two"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of нельзя","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"marks the subjunctive of нельзя","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of давать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нельзя","lemma":"нельзя","morphology":"adverb, predicate","role":"predicate of the relative clause on что","gloss":"ought not"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нельзя","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to нельзя","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"давать","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on нельзя","gloss":"to give"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of давать","gloss":"to read"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking возрасте","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of возрасте","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"возрасте","lemma":"возраст","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of в","gloss":"age"}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b10-c1-s29","source":"Впрочем, в последнее время хоть мальчик и не любил переходить в своих шалостях известной черты, но начались шалости испугавшие мать не на шутку, — правда, не безнравственные какие-нибудь, зато отчаянные, головорезные.","translation":"Of late, however, though the boy did not like to carry his pranks past a certain known line, there began pranks that frightened his mother in earnest — not, it is true, anything immoral, but desperate ones, daredevil ones.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"шалости испугавшие мать","title":"Past active participle «испугавшие»","body":"«Испугавшие» ('that frightened') is a past active participle from perfective «испугать», agreeing with «шалости» (pranks) in number and case. It condenses a «который»-clause — 'pranks which frightened the mother' — into a single modifier, the bookish participial style."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не безнравственные ..., зато отчаянные","title":"«зато» — 'but on the other hand'","body":"«Зато» ('but to make up for it, on the other hand') sets a compensating contrast: not immoral, but instead desperate and daredevil. It answers the negation with a balancing positive, distinct from a plain «но»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не на шутку","title":"«не на шутку» — in earnest","body":"The idiom «не на шутку» literally 'not for a joke' means seriously, in earnest, really and truly — the pranks frightened the mother 'in earnest.' «Головорезные» ('cut-throat, daredevil'), from «головорез», intensifies their recklessness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies the sentence","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"последнее","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"recent"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"adverbial, modifies начались","gloss":"of late"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the concessive clause of любил","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying любил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the concessive clause","gloss":"liked"},{"surface":"переходить","lemma":"переходить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"to cross"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шалостях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of шалостях","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"шалостях","lemma":"шалость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of переходить","gloss":"pranks"},{"surface":"известной","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies черты","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"черты","lemma":"черта","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of переходить (genitive of negation)","gloss":"line"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"начались","lemma":"начаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"шалости","lemma":"шалость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of начались","gloss":"pranks"},{"surface":"испугавшие","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies шалости","gloss":"that frightened"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of испугавшие","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom не на шутку","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom не на шутку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"шутку,","lemma":"шутка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of испугавшие","gloss":"a joke","note":"\"Не на шутку\" is an idiom meaning \"in earnest, seriously,\" not literally about a joke."},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies безнравственные","gloss":"it's true"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies безнравственные","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"безнравственные","lemma":"безнравственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"predicate complement, describes шалости","gloss":"immoral"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of безнравственные","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какие","gloss":"or other"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but rather"},{"surface":"отчаянные","lemma":"отчаянный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with безнравственные, describes шалости","gloss":"desperate"},{"surface":"головорезные","lemma":"головорезный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"coordinated with отчаянные","gloss":"daredevil"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b10-c1-s30","source":"Как раз в это лето, в июле месяце, во время вакаций, случилось так, что маменька с сынком отправились погостить на недельку в другой уезд, за семьдесят верст, к одной дальней родственнице, муж которой служил на станции железной дороги (той самой, ближайшей от нашего города станции, с которой Иван Федорович Карамазов месяц спустя отправился в Москву).","translation":"That very summer, in the month of July, during the holidays, it happened that mother and son went off to stay for a little week in another district, some seventy versts away, with a distant kinswoman whose husband worked at a railway station (the very station nearest our town, the one from which Ivan Fyodorovich Karamazov would set out for Moscow a month later).","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"маменька с сынком","title":"«маменька с сынком» — affectionate diminutives","body":"Both nouns are tender diminutives: «маменька» (dear mama, from «мама») and «сынок» (little son, from «сын»). 'Mother and son' set off together in cosy, story-book endearments that match the narrator's fond tone toward the pair."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase Как, modifies лето","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лето","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of лето","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"лето","lemma":"лето","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"summer"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking июле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"июле","lemma":"июль","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случилось","gloss":"July"},{"surface":"месяце","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"appositive to июле","gloss":"month"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase во, governs вакаций","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"вакаций","lemma":"вакация","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of время","gloss":"the holidays"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отправились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отправились","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сынком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сынком","lemma":"сынок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"joins маменька as joint subject of отправились","gloss":"her son"},{"surface":"отправились","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"set off"},{"surface":"погостить","lemma":"погостить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of отправились","gloss":"to visit"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking недельку","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"недельку","lemma":"неделька","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of погостить","gloss":"a little week"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уезд","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies уезд","gloss":"another"},{"surface":"уезд","lemma":"уезд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправились","gloss":"district"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking верст","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"семьдесят","lemma":"семьдесят","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"quantifies верст","gloss":"seventy"},{"surface":"верст","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of за","gloss":"versts"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родственнице","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, dative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies родственнице","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"дальней","lemma":"дальний","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies родственнице","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"родственнице","lemma":"родственница","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправились","gloss":"kinswoman"},{"surface":"муж","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of служил","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"possessive, modifies муж","gloss":"whose"},{"surface":"служил","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on родственнице","gloss":"worked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of служил","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"железной","lemma":"железный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дороги","gloss":"railway"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies станции","gloss":"railway"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of самой","gloss":"that very"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies the second станции","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ближайшей","lemma":"близкий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular, superlative","role":"coordinated with самой, modifies the second станции","gloss":"nearest"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking города","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of города","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"города","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ближайшей","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"appositive, in apposition to the earlier станции","gloss":"station"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправился","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Иван","lemma":"иван","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отправился","gloss":"Ivan"},{"surface":"Федорович","lemma":"фёдорович","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Fyodorovich"},{"surface":"Карамазов","lemma":"карамазов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Иван","gloss":"Karamazov"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase спустя","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition (postposition)","role":"postposition governing месяц, modifies отправился","gloss":"later"},{"surface":"отправился","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on которой","gloss":"set out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Москву","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"Москву","lemma":"москва","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправился","gloss":"Moscow"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b10-c1-s31","source":"Там Коля начал с того, что оглядел железную дорогу в подробности, изучил распорядки, понимая, что новыми знаниями своими может блеснуть, возвратясь домой, между школьниками своей прогимназии.","translation":"There Kolya began by inspecting the railway in every detail and studying its workings, understanding that with this new knowledge of his he could shine, once he returned home, among the schoolboys of his gymnasium.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал с того, что оглядел","title":"«начать с того, что» — 'began by'","body":"«Начал с того, что...» is a set frame meaning 'began by (doing)': literally 'began from that, that he looked over...' The correlative «того... что» links the main verb to the subordinate clause stating what the beginning consisted of."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возвратясь домой","title":"Perfective gerund «возвратясь»","body":"«Возвратясь» ('having returned') is a perfective past gerund (the literary «-ясь» variant for «возвратившись»), marking the prior, completed action: he could shine 'once he had returned home.' The reflexive «-ся» belongs to «возвратиться»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of начал","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оглядел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"оглядел","lemma":"оглядеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"looked over"},{"surface":"железную","lemma":"железный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дорогу","gloss":"railway"},{"surface":"дорогу","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of оглядел","gloss":"railway"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подробности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"подробности","lemma":"подробность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of оглядел","gloss":"detail"},{"surface":"изучил","lemma":"изучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оглядел","gloss":"studied"},{"surface":"распорядки","lemma":"распорядок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of изучил","gloss":"workings"},{"surface":"понимая","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on изучил","gloss":"understanding"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of может","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"новыми","lemma":"новый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies знаниями","gloss":"new"},{"surface":"знаниями","lemma":"знание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of блеснуть","gloss":"knowledge"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of знаниями","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимая","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"блеснуть","lemma":"блеснуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"shine"},{"surface":"возвратясь","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on блеснуть","gloss":"once he returned"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies возвратясь","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking школьниками","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"школьниками","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of блеснуть","gloss":"schoolboys"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of прогимназии","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"прогимназии","lemma":"прогимназия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies школьниками","gloss":"gymnasium"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b10-c1-s32","source":"Но нашлись там как раз в то время и еще несколько мальчиков, с которыми он и сошелся; одни из них проживали на станции, другие по соседству — всего молодого народа от двенадцати до пятнадцати лет сошлось человек шесть или семь, а из них двое случились и из нашего городка.","translation":"But there happened to be just then several other boys as well, with whom he fell in; some of them lived at the station, others nearby — in all, of young folk between twelve and fifteen years old, some six or seven gathered together, and of these two happened to be from our little town as well.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с которыми он и сошелся","title":"Relative «который» in the instrumental","body":"«С которыми» is the relative pronoun governed by «с» ('with') in the instrumental plural — 'with whom he fell in.' The reflexive «сошёлся» ('became close, took up with', from «сойтись») is a reciprocal «-ся» verb of forming a bond."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сошлось человек шесть или семь","title":"Approximation by inversion: «человек шесть»","body":"«Человек шесть или семь» puts the counted noun «человек» (genitive plural here, the special count-form) before the numeral to mean 'some six or seven people, give or take.' The neuter singular verb «сошлось» agrees with the quantified subject."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"молодого народа","title":"«народ» — folk, the young set","body":"«Народ» normally means 'people/nation,' but in «молодого народа» it is the collective 'young folk, the young set' — a mass noun taken in the genitive of quantity after the count. The colloquial collective use suits the narrator's easy voice."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"нашлись","lemma":"найтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there turned out to be"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нашлись","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase раз","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как, modifies время","gloss":"at that very"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of время","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of нашлись","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies несколько","gloss":"several more"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"depends on мальчиков","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of нашлись","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которыми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"которыми","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of сошелся","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошелся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies сошелся","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сошелся","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on мальчиков","gloss":"fell in"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of проживали","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies одни","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"проживали","lemma":"проживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нашлись","gloss":"lived"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проживали","gloss":"the station"},{"surface":"другие","lemma":"другой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"subject of an elided проживали, coordinated with одни","gloss":"others"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking соседству","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"соседству","lemma":"соседство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of по","gloss":"nearby"},{"surface":"всего","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of народа","gloss":"in all"},{"surface":"молодого","lemma":"молодой","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народа","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"народа","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"partitive complement of сошлось","gloss":"folk"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двенадцати","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"двенадцати","lemma":"двенадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies народа","gloss":"twelve"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лет","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пятнадцати","lemma":"пятнадцать","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"fifteen"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of до","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"сошлось","lemma":"сойтись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нашлись","gloss":"gathered"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сошлось","gloss":"people"},{"surface":"шесть","lemma":"шесть","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"six"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"семь","lemma":"семь","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"coordinated with шесть","gloss":"seven"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of случились","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"двое","lemma":"двое","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of случились","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"случились","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with нашлись","gloss":"happened to be"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle, modifies из нашего городка","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городка","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нашего","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городка","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городка","lemma":"городок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of случились","gloss":"little town"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b10-c1-s33","source":"Мальчики вместе играли, шалили, и вот на четвертый или на пятый день гощения на станции состоялось между глупою молодежью одно преневозможное пари в два рубля, именно: Коля, почти изо всех младший, а потому несколько презираемый старшими, из самолюбия или из беспардонной отваги, предложил, что он, ночью, когда придет одиннадцатичасовой поезд, ляжет между рельсами ничком и пролежит недвижимо, пока поезд пронесется над ним на всех парах.","translation":"The boys played and made mischief together, and there, on the fourth or fifth day of the visit at the station, a most impossible wager of two rubles was struck among this foolish youth — namely: Kolya, almost the youngest of them all and therefore somewhat despised by the elder ones, out of vanity or out of brazen daring, proposed that he, at night, when the eleven-o'clock train came in, would lie face down between the rails and lie there motionless while the train roared over him at full steam.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"несколько презираемый старшими","title":"Present passive participle «презираемый»","body":"«Презираемый» ('despised, looked down on') is a present passive participle in «-емый» — rare and bookish — with the agent «старшими» ('by the elder ones') in the instrumental, exactly as the passive requires. It means 'somewhat despised by the older boys.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"когда придет одиннадцатичасовой поезд","title":"Perfective future in a «когда»-clause","body":"«Придёт» is a perfective future ('when the train comes/will have come in'), and Russian, unlike English, keeps the future tense inside the «когда»-clause where English uses a present. The eleven-o'clock train is named exactly because the wager turns on its scheduled passing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of играли","gloss":"boys"},{"surface":"вместе","lemma":"вместе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies играли","gloss":"together"},{"surface":"играли","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"шалили","lemma":"шалить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with играли","gloss":"made mischief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies состоялось","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"четвертый","lemma":"четвёртый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"fourth"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links четвертый and пятый","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"пятый","lemma":"пятый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"fifth"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоялось","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"гощения","lemma":"гощение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"of the visit"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of гощения","gloss":"the station"},{"surface":"состоялось","lemma":"состояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with играли","gloss":"took place"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking молодежью","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"глупою","lemma":"глупый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies молодежью","gloss":"foolish"},{"surface":"молодежью","lemma":"молодёжь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of состоялось","gloss":"youth"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies пари","gloss":"a"},{"surface":"преневозможное","lemma":"преневозможный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пари","gloss":"most impossible"},{"surface":"пари","lemma":"пари","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of состоялось","gloss":"wager"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рубля","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on рубля","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"рубля","lemma":"рубль","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пари","gloss":"rubles"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Коля","gloss":"namely"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предложил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies младший","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"изо","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies младший","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"младший","lemma":"младший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"describes Коля","gloss":"youngest"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презираемый","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презираемый","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"презираемый","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, present, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"describes Коля, coordinated with младший","gloss":"despised"},{"surface":"старшими","lemma":"старший","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"agent of презираемый","gloss":"by the elder ones"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking самолюбия","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"самолюбия","lemma":"самолюбие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"reason for предложил","gloss":"vanity"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отваги","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"беспардонной","lemma":"беспардонный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отваги","gloss":"brazen"},{"surface":"отваги","lemma":"отвага","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with самолюбия","gloss":"daring"},{"surface":"предложил","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main clause verb, coordinated with состоялось","gloss":"proposed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ляжет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of ляжет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"ночью","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ляжет","gloss":"at night"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of придет","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"придет","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on ляжет","gloss":"came in"},{"surface":"одиннадцатичасовой","lemma":"одиннадцатичасовой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies поезд","gloss":"eleven-o'clock"},{"surface":"поезд","lemma":"поезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of придет","gloss":"train"},{"surface":"ляжет","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of предложил","gloss":"would lie"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рельсами","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"рельсами","lemma":"рельс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ляжет","gloss":"the rails"},{"surface":"ничком","lemma":"ничком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ляжет","gloss":"face down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пролежит","lemma":"пролежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with ляжет","gloss":"would lie there"},{"surface":"недвижимо","lemma":"недвижимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пролежит","gloss":"motionless"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пронесется","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"поезд","lemma":"поезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пронесется","gloss":"the train"},{"surface":"пронесется","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on пролежит","gloss":"roared over"},{"surface":"над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of пронесется","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking парах","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of парах","gloss":"full"},{"surface":"парах","lemma":"пар","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пронесется","gloss":"steam","note":"«на всех парах» is an idiom meaning 'at full steam/full speed'."}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b10-c1-s34","source":"Правда, сделано было предварительное изучение, из которого оказалось, что действительно можно так протянуться и сплющиться вдоль между рельсами, что поезд, конечно, пронесется и не заденет лежащего, но, однако же, каково пролежать!","translation":"True, a preliminary study had been made, from which it emerged that one really could stretch out and flatten oneself lengthwise between the rails in such a way that the train, of course, would rush over without touching the one lying there — but, all the same, to lie there!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно так протянуться и сплющиться","title":"Impersonal «можно» + perfective infinitives","body":"«Можно» ('one can, it is possible') is an impersonal predicate taking infinitives with no nominative subject — 'one could stretch out and flatten oneself.' Both «протянуться» and «сплющиться» are reflexive «-ся» verbs of changing one's own bodily position."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каково пролежать!","title":"Exclamatory «каково» + infinitive","body":"«Каково пролежать!» is an exclamation: «каково» ('how (is it), what is it like') plus the bare perfective infinitive «пролежать» — 'but all the same, to lie there!' The construction throws the unspeakable ordeal of doing it into relief without a finite verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies сделано","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"сделано","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was made"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сделано","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"предварительное","lemma":"предварительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies изучение","gloss":"preliminary"},{"surface":"изучение","lemma":"изучение","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive сделано","gloss":"study"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которого","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказалось","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on изучение","gloss":"it emerged"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of можно","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies можно","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb","role":"clausal complement of оказалось","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies протянуться","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"протянуться","lemma":"протянуться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"stretch out"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сплющиться","lemma":"сплющиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with протянуться","gloss":"flatten oneself"},{"surface":"вдоль","lemma":"вдоль","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сплющиться","gloss":"lengthwise"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рельсами","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"рельсами","lemma":"рельс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of сплющиться","gloss":"the rails"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пронесется","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"поезд","lemma":"поезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пронесется","gloss":"the train"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies пронесется","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"пронесется","lemma":"пронестись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of оказалось","gloss":"would rush over"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заденет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заденет","lemma":"задеть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пронесется","gloss":"touch"},{"surface":"лежащего","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, masculine, singular, accusative, imperfective","role":"direct object of заденет","gloss":"the one lying there"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, modifies каково","gloss":"all the same"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies однако","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"каково","lemma":"каково","morphology":"predicative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"main predicate of the exclamation","gloss":"what a thing"},{"surface":"пролежать","lemma":"пролежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on каково","gloss":"to lie there"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b10-c1-s35","source":"Коля стоял твердо, что пролежит.","translation":"Kolya insisted firmly that he would lie there.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"стоял твердо, что","title":"«стоять твёрдо, что» — to insist firmly","body":"Here «стоять» is not literal standing but the idiom 'to hold firm, insist': «стоял твёрдо, что пролежит» — 'he insisted firmly that he would lie there.' «Пролежит» is a perfective future ('will lie [the whole time]')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стоял","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"стоял","lemma":"стоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stood firm"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твёрдо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стоял","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of пролежит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пролежит","lemma":"пролежать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of стоял","gloss":"would lie there"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b10-c1-s36","source":"Над ним сначала смеялись, звали лгунишкой, фанфароном, но тем пуще его подзадорили.","translation":"At first they laughed at him, called him a little liar and a braggart, but that only egged him on the more.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лгунишкой, фанфароном","title":"«лгунишка», «фанфарон» — names they called him","body":"«Лгунишка» is the pejorative-diminutive of «лгун» (liar) — a contemptible 'little liar' (the «-ишк-» suffix belittles). «Фанфарон» is a bookish loan (from French fanfaron) meaning a braggart, swaggerer. Both are predicate instrumentals after «звали» ('called him X')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем пуще его подзадорили","title":"«тем пуще» — 'all the more so'","body":"«Тем пуще» means 'all the more, the more so for that': the mockery only egged him on the more. «Пуще» is an archaic comparative ('more, worse') no longer used outside set phrases, lending a folk-tale ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Над","lemma":"над","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смеялись","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"сначала","lemma":"сначала","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смеялись","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"смеялись","lemma":"смеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"звали","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смеялись","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"лгунишкой","lemma":"лгунишка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of звали","gloss":"a little liar"},{"surface":"фанфароном","lemma":"фанфарон","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with лгунишкой","gloss":"a braggart"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies пуще","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"пуще","lemma":"пуще","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies подзадорили","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of подзадорили","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"подзадорили","lemma":"подзадорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with смеялись","gloss":"egged on"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b10-c1-s37","source":"Главное, эти пятнадцатилетние слишком уж задирали пред ним нос и сперва даже не хотели считать его товарищем, как «маленького», что было уже нестерпимо обидно.","translation":"The main thing was that these fifteen-year-olds had turned up their noses at him too haughtily and at first had even refused to count him as a comrade, as a 'little one,' which was already unbearably insulting.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"задирали пред ним нос","title":"«задирать нос» — to turn up one's nose","body":"The idiom «задирать нос» ('to lift/cock the nose') means to put on airs, look down on others haughtily — the fifteen-year-olds 'turned up their noses' at Kolya. «Пред» is the bookish form of «перед» ('before, in front of')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не хотели считать его товарищем","title":"Instrumental of the predicate after «считать»","body":"«Считать кого товарищем» ('to count someone as a comrade') puts the predicate noun «товарищем» in the instrumental — the case Russian uses for the role something is regarded as. Here they 'refused to count him as a comrade.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было ... нестерпимо обидно","title":"Impersonal «обидно» — a feeling without a subject","body":"«Было нестерпимо обидно» ('it was unbearably hurtful/insulting') is an impersonal predicate in «-о», stating an emotional state with no nominative subject — the slight 'was unbearably insulting' to him. This subjectless way of voicing hurt is deeply Russian."}],"words":[{"surface":"Главное","lemma":"главное","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, modifies задирали","gloss":"the main thing"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of пятнадцатилетние","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"пятнадцатилетние","lemma":"пятнадцатилетний","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of задирали","gloss":"fifteen-year-olds"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задирали","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies задирали","gloss":"much"},{"surface":"задирали","lemma":"задирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"turned up"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"перед","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задирали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"нос","lemma":"нос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задирали","gloss":"nose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"at first"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотели","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотели","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with задирали","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"считать","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of хотели","gloss":"to count"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of считать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"товарищем","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считать","gloss":"a comrade"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"introduces маленького (comparative)","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"маленького","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with товарищем, complement of считать","gloss":"a little one"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of обидно","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to обидно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies нестерпимо","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"нестерпимо","lemma":"нестерпимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обидно","gloss":"unbearably"},{"surface":"обидно","lemma":"обидно","morphology":"predicative adverb, neuter","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"insulting"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b10-c1-s38","source":"И вот решено было отправиться с вечера за версту от станции, чтобы поезд, снявшись со станции, успел уже совсем разбежаться.","translation":"And so it was decided to set out toward evening, a verst from the station, so that the train, having pulled away from the station, would already have built up its full speed.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"решено было отправиться","title":"Short passive participle «решено»","body":"«Решено было» ('it was decided') is the neuter short-form past passive participle of «решить» plus «было» — an impersonal passive with no named decider. It is the standard literary way to report a collective resolution."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поезд, снявшись со станции, успел уже совсем разбежаться","title":"Perfective gerund «снявшись»","body":"«Снявшись» ('having pulled away', reflexive «сняться») is a perfective past gerund framing the prior action: once the train had pulled out, it would have built up speed. «Чтобы... успел разбежаться» is a purpose clause with «чтобы» + past form."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решено","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"решено","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was decided"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of решено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"отправиться","lemma":"отправиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on решено","gloss":"to set out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вечера","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"вечера","lemma":"вечер","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправиться","gloss":"evening"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking версту","gloss":"a distance of"},{"surface":"версту","lemma":"верста","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправиться","gloss":"a verst"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отправиться","gloss":"the station"},{"surface":"чтобы","lemma":"чтобы","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of успел","gloss":"so that"},{"surface":"поезд","lemma":"поезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of успел","gloss":"the train"},{"surface":"снявшись","lemma":"сняться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on успел","gloss":"having pulled away"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снявшись","gloss":"the station"},{"surface":"успел","lemma":"успеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the чтобы-clause","gloss":"had managed"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies разбежаться","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"разбежаться","lemma":"разбежаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of успел","gloss":"to gain speed"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b10-c1-s39","source":"Мальчишки собрались.","translation":"The boys gathered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мальчишки собрались.","title":"Reflexive «собрались» — middle voice","body":"«Собрались» ('gathered, came together') is the reflexive/middle «-ся» form of «собрать»: the boys assembled themselves. The terse two-word sentence — perfective past, subject after no preamble — clips the narrative into a tense, cinematic beat."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчишки","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of собрались","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"собрались","lemma":"собраться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gathered"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b10-c1-s40","source":"Ночь настала безлунная, не то что темная, а почти черная.","translation":"The night that came was moonless — not so much dark as almost black.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ночь настала безлунная","title":"Adjective after subject and verb","body":"Word order weights the new fact: «Ночь настала безлунная» — 'the night that came was moonless,' with «безлунная» trailing for emphasis. The free order lets the predicate adjective land last, where the stress falls."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не то что темная, а почти черная","title":"«не то что..., а...» — 'not so much... as...'","body":"«Не то что тёмная, а почти чёрная» qualifies and corrects: not merely dark but almost black. The «не то что..., а...» frame, with corrective «а», refines the description by upgrading it to the stronger term."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of настала","gloss":"the night"},{"surface":"настала","lemma":"настать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell"},{"surface":"безлунная","lemma":"безлунный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"describes Ночь","gloss":"moonless"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies то","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"correlative with а почти черная","gloss":"so much"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of темная","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"темная","lemma":"тёмный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies то","gloss":"dark"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies черная","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"черная","lemma":"чёрный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with темная","gloss":"black"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b10-c1-s41","source":"В надлежащий час Коля лег между рельсами.","translation":"At the appointed hour Kolya lay down between the rails.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"В надлежащий час Коля лег между рельсами","title":"Perfective «лёг» — the decisive act","body":"«Лёг» (perfective past of «лечь', to lie down) marks the single, completed action that moves the story forward — he lay down. «Между рельсами» ('between the rails') is «между» + instrumental, the case it governs for 'between.'"},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"надлежащий","title":"«надлежащий» — the due, appointed time","body":"«Надлежащий» ('proper, due, appointed') is a formal, bookish adjective; «в надлежащий час» means 'at the appointed hour.' The official-sounding word lends a mock-solemn weight to the boys' reckless ritual."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking час","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"надлежащий","lemma":"надлежащий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies час","gloss":"appointed"},{"surface":"час","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лег","gloss":"hour"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лег","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"лег","lemma":"лечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay down"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рельсами","gloss":"between"},{"surface":"рельсами","lemma":"рельс","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of лег","gloss":"the rails"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b10-c1-s42","source":"Пятеро остальных, державших пари, с замиранием сердца, а наконец в страхе и с раскаянием, ждали внизу насыпи подле дороги в кустах.","translation":"The other five, who had laid the wager, waited with sinking hearts — and at last in terror and remorse — down below the embankment, in the bushes beside the line.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"державших пари","title":"Past active participle «державших»","body":"«Державших пари» ('who had laid the wager') is a past active participle from imperfective «держать», agreeing in genitive plural with «остальных». «Держать пари» is the fixed idiom 'to make a bet'; the participle folds a whole relative clause into the noun phrase."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"с замиранием сердца","title":"«с замиранием сердца» — with sinking hearts","body":"A set phrase: «замирание сердца» is the heart's 'standing still' from suspense or dread — 'with bated breath, with sinking hearts.' The instrumental «с замиранием» frames the manner of their waiting in the bushes."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пятеро","lemma":"пятеро","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"subject of ждали","gloss":"five"},{"surface":"остальных","lemma":"остальной","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), genitive, plural","role":"modifies Пятеро","gloss":"of the others"},{"surface":"державших","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, imperfective","role":"clause modifying остальных","gloss":"who had laid"},{"surface":"пари","lemma":"пари","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of державших","gloss":"the wager"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking замиранием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"замиранием","lemma":"замирание","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ждали","gloss":"sinking"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies замиранием","gloss":"of heart"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies страхе","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"страхе","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with замиранием","gloss":"terror"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раскаянием","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"раскаянием","lemma":"раскаяние","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with замиранием","gloss":"remorse"},{"surface":"ждали","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"waited"},{"surface":"внизу","lemma":"внизу","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies ждали","gloss":"down below"},{"surface":"насыпи","lemma":"насыпь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of внизу","gloss":"the embankment"},{"surface":"подле","lemma":"подле","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороги","gloss":"beside"},{"surface":"дороги","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подле","gloss":"the line"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кустах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"кустах","lemma":"куст","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ждали","gloss":"the bushes"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b10-c1-s43","source":"Наконец загремел вдали поезд, снявшийся со станции.","translation":"At last the train thundered in the distance, having pulled out from the station.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"загремел вдали поезд, снявшийся со станции","title":"Past active participle «снявшийся»","body":"«Снявшийся со станции» ('that had pulled out from the station') is a past active participle (reflexive «-ся») modifying «поезд». The prefix «за-» on «загремел» marks the inceptive — the train suddenly 'began to thunder,' broke into noise in the distance."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загремел","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"загремел","lemma":"загреметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thundered"},{"surface":"вдали","lemma":"вдали","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загремел","gloss":"in the distance"},{"surface":"поезд","lemma":"поезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of загремел","gloss":"the train"},{"surface":"снявшийся","lemma":"сняться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"clause modifying поезд","gloss":"having pulled away"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станции","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"станции","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of снявшийся","gloss":"the station"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b10-c1-s44","source":"Засверкали из тьмы два красные фонаря, загрохотало приближающееся чудовище.","translation":"Two red lanterns flashed out of the darkness, and the approaching monster came roaring on.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Засверкали ... загрохотало приближающееся чудовище","title":"Inceptive «за-» and verb-first drama","body":"Both verbs carry the inceptive prefix «за-» ('flashed out, began to roar') and stand before their subjects, hurling the action onto the page. The verb-first order — «Засверкали... фонаря, загрохотало... чудовище» — heightens the sudden onrush of the train."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приближающееся чудовище","title":"Present active participle «приближающееся»","body":"«Приближающееся» ('approaching') is a present active participle (reflexive «-ся») agreeing with neuter «чудовище» ('monster'). It paints the train as a living thing closing in, the participle condensing 'which was approaching' into one charged adjective."}],"words":[{"surface":"Засверкали","lemma":"засверкать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"flashed"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тьмы","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"тьмы","lemma":"тьма","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Засверкали","gloss":"the darkness"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"depends on фонаря","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"красные","lemma":"красный","morphology":"adjective, plural","role":"modifies фонаря","gloss":"red"},{"surface":"фонаря","lemma":"фонарь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Засверкали","gloss":"lanterns"},{"surface":"загрохотало","lemma":"загрохотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Засверкали","gloss":"came roaring on"},{"surface":"приближающееся","lemma":"приближаться","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies чудовище","gloss":"approaching"},{"surface":"чудовище","lemma":"чудовище","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of загрохотало","gloss":"monster"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b10-c1-s45","source":"«Беги, беги долой с рельсов!» — закричали Коле из кустов умиравшие от страха мальчишки, но было уже поздно: поезд наскакал и промчался мимо.","translation":"'Run, run, get off the rails!' the boys, dying of fear, shouted to Kolya from the bushes — but it was already too late: the train bore down and tore past.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"«Беги, беги долой с рельсов!»","title":"Imperative «беги!»","body":"«Беги!» is the singular imperative of «бежать» ('run!'), repeated for urgency; «долой с рельсов» ('off, away from the rails') is a sharp exclamatory command. The doubled imperative captures the boys' panicked shout."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"умиравшие от страха мальчишки","title":"Past active participle «умиравшие»","body":"«Умиравшие от страха» ('dying of fear') is an imperfective past active participle modifying «мальчишки», naming an ongoing state — the boys who were dying of fright as they shouted. The imperfective stem gives the action duration, not completion."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поезд наскакал и промчался мимо","title":"Two perfectives: bore down and tore past","body":"«Наскакал» ('came charging on') and «промчался» ('tore past') are perfective pasts that snap off the climactic instant — the train was upon him and gone. The «про-» of «промчался» specifically means motion past/through."}],"words":[{"surface":"Беги","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"imperative, repeated for emphasis","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"беги","lemma":"бежать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"repeats Беги for emphasis","gloss":"run"},{"surface":"долой","lemma":"долой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies беги","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рельсов","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"закричали","lemma":"закричать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"shouted"},{"surface":"Коле","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of закричали","gloss":"to Kolya"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кустов","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"кустов","lemma":"куст","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of закричали","gloss":"the bushes"},{"surface":"умиравшие","lemma":"умирать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying мальчишки","gloss":"dying"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умиравшие","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"мальчишки","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of закричали","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to поздно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поздно","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"поздно","lemma":"поздно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"too late"},{"surface":"поезд","lemma":"поезд","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of наскакал","gloss":"the train"},{"surface":"наскакал","lemma":"наскакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with промчался","gloss":"bore down"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"промчался","lemma":"промчаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with наскакал","gloss":"tore past"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies промчался","gloss":"past"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b10-c1-s46","source":"Мальчишки бросились к Коле: он лежал недвижимо.","translation":"The boys rushed to Kolya: he lay motionless.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросились к Коле","title":"Reflexive «бросились» + «к» + dative","body":"«Бросились» ('rushed, threw themselves') is the reflexive perfective of «броситься»; «к Коле» is «к» + dative, the case this preposition governs for motion toward. The colon then drops the bare result: 'he lay motionless.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчишки","lemma":"мальчишка","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of бросились","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"бросились","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rushed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Коле","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Коле","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросились","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лежал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the following clause","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"недвижимо","lemma":"недвижимо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"motionless"}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b10-c1-s47","source":"Они стали его теребить, начали подымать.","translation":"They began to tug at him, started to lift him up.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"стали его теребить, начали подымать","title":"Phasal verbs + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Стали» and «начали» ('began') are phasal verbs that always take an imperfective infinitive — «теребить» (to tug), «подымать» (to lift). «Подымать» is the older, colloquial form of «поднимать», a recurring period spelling in Dostoevsky."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of теребить","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"теребить","lemma":"теребить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"to tug at"},{"surface":"начали","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with стали","gloss":"started"},{"surface":"подымать","lemma":"подымать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начали","gloss":"to lift"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b10-c1-s48","source":"Он вдруг поднялся и молча сошел с насыпи.","translation":"Suddenly he rose and walked down the embankment in silence.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"поднялся и молча сошел с насыпи","title":"Prefixed motion verbs «поднялся», «сошёл»","body":"«Поднялся» ('rose up', reflexive) and «сошёл» ('came down', from «сойти») are prefixed perfective motion verbs: the prefixes «под-/вз-» and «с-» add precise direction (up, off-and-down). «Молча» ('silently') is a frozen gerund of «молчать» used as an adverb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поднялся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поднялся","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"поднялся","lemma":"подняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rose"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сошел","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"сошел","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поднялся","gloss":"walked down"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking насыпи","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"насыпи","lemma":"насыпь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошел","gloss":"the embankment"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b10-c1-s49","source":"Сойдя вниз, он объявил, что нарочно лежал как без чувств, чтоб их испугать, но правда была в том, что он и в самом деле лишился чувств, как и признался потом сам, уже долго спустя, своей маме.","translation":"Having come down, he announced that he had deliberately lain as if unconscious in order to frighten them, but the truth was that he had in fact lost consciousness, as he himself confessed afterward, long after, to his mama.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Сойдя вниз, он объявил","title":"Perfective gerund «сойдя»","body":"«Сойдя вниз» ('having come down') is a perfective past gerund from «сойти», marking the action completed just before he spoke. The gerund shares the subject of «объявил» and chains the descent neatly to the announcement."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лишился чувств","title":"«лишиться чувств» — to faint","body":"«Лишиться чувств» (literally 'to be deprived of one's senses') is the standard idiom for fainting, losing consciousness. «Лишиться» governs the genitive «чувств» ('of his senses') — the genitive of the thing one is bereft of."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"лежал как без чувств, чтоб их испугать","title":"«чтоб» of purpose with a shared subject","body":"«Чтоб(ы) их испугать» ('in order to frighten them') takes a bare infinitive because the implied subject is the same as the main clause — Kolya frightens. «Как без чувств» ('as if unconscious') is the comparative «как» framing his feigned faint."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сойдя","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on объявил","gloss":"having come down"},{"surface":"вниз","lemma":"вниз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Сойдя","gloss":"down"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of объявил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"объявил","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лежал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"нарочно","lemma":"нарочно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежал","gloss":"deliberately"},{"surface":"лежал","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of объявил","gloss":"had lain"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"particle","role":"marks the comparison без чувств","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувств","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of лежал","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of испугать","gloss":"so as to"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of испугать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"испугать","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on лежал","gloss":"to frighten"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"the truth"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to том","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking том","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"том","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"the fact"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of лишился","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of лишился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle modifying в самом деле","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деле","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies деле","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"деле","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лишился","gloss":"fact"},{"surface":"лишился","lemma":"лишиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying том","gloss":"had lost"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"direct object of лишился","gloss":"consciousness"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of признался","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies признался","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"признался","lemma":"признаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on лишился","gloss":"confessed"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies признался","gloss":"afterward"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies признался, in apposition to он","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies долго","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"долго","lemma":"долго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спустя","gloss":"long"},{"surface":"спустя","lemma":"спустя","morphology":"preposition (postposed)","role":"governs долго, modifies признался","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of маме","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"маме","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of признался","gloss":"mother"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b10-c1-s50","source":"Таким образом слава «отчаянного» за ним укрепилась навеки.","translation":"In this way the reputation of a 'desperate fellow' attached itself to him forever.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слава «отчаянного» за ним укрепилась навеки","title":"Substantivised adjective «отчаянного»","body":"«Отчаянный» ('desperate, daredevil') here stands alone as a noun in the genitive — the reputation 'of a desperate fellow.' Russian freely turns adjectives into nouns, and the quotation marks flag it as the town's own label. «Укрепилась» is a reflexive perfective ('took firm hold')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укрепилась","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of укрепилась","gloss":"the reputation"},{"surface":"отчаянного","lemma":"отчаянный","morphology":"adjective (used as noun), genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слава","gloss":"of a desperate fellow"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of укрепилась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"укрепилась","lemma":"укрепиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"attached itself"},{"surface":"навеки","lemma":"навеки","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies укрепилась","gloss":"forever"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b10-c1-s51","source":"Воротился он домой на станцию бледный как полотно.","translation":"He came back home to the station pale as a sheet.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бледный как полотно","title":"«бледный как полотно» — pale as a sheet","body":"A fixed simile: «полотно» is linen/canvas cloth, so «бледный как полотно» is literally 'pale as linen' — the exact equivalent of English 'pale as a sheet.' «Воротился» ('came back') is the older, folksier form of «возвратился»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Воротился","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of Воротился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"домой","lemma":"домой","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Воротился","gloss":"home"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking станцию","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"станцию","lemma":"станция","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of Воротился","gloss":"the station"},{"surface":"бледный","lemma":"бледный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing он","gloss":"pale"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"comparative conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison полотно","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"полотно","lemma":"полотно","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"object of comparison with бледный","gloss":"a sheet"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b10-c1-s52","source":"На другой день заболел слегка нервною лихорадкой, но духом был ужасно весел, рад и доволен.","translation":"The next day he fell slightly ill with a nervous fever, but in spirit he was frightfully cheerful, glad, and content.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"духом был ужасно весел, рад и доволен","title":"Short adjectives in predicate; instrumental «духом»","body":"«Весел, рад, доволен» are short (predicative) adjectives stating his temporary state of spirit — cheerful, glad, content. «Духом» ('in spirit') is an instrumental of respect, naming the sphere in which the statement holds."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заболел","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"заболел","lemma":"заболеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"fell ill"},{"surface":"слегка","lemma":"слегка","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заболел","gloss":"slightly"},{"surface":"нервною","lemma":"нервный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лихорадкой","gloss":"nervous"},{"surface":"лихорадкой","lemma":"лихорадка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заболел","gloss":"fever"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"духом","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies весел","gloss":"in spirit"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to весел","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies весел","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"весел","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective after был","gloss":"cheerful"},{"surface":"рад","lemma":"рад","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with весел","gloss":"glad"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"доволен","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with рад","gloss":"content"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b10-c1-s53","source":"Происшествие огласилось не сейчас, а уже в нашем городе, проникло в прогимназию и достигло до ее начальства.","translation":"The affair did not come to light at once, but only later, in our town; it made its way into the gymnasium and reached the ears of its authorities.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Происшествие огласилось ... проникло ... достигло","title":"Chain of perfectives spreading the news","body":"Three perfective pasts march the rumour forward step by step — «огласилось» (got out, reflexive), «проникло» (penetrated), «достигло» (reached). Each is a completed event, and the sequence enacts the news travelling from town to school to authorities."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"достигло до ее начальства","title":"Genitive after «достигнуть»","body":"«Достигнуть/достигать» ('to reach, attain') governs the genitive — «достигло... начальства» ('reached the authorities'). Dostoevsky doubles it with «до» ('reached even up to'), a period reinforcement of the verb's own government."}],"words":[{"surface":"Происшествие","lemma":"происшествие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of огласилось","gloss":"the affair"},{"surface":"огласилось","lemma":"огласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came to light"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сейчас","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сейчас","lemma":"сейчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies огласилось","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies огласилось (elliptical, only later)","gloss":"only later"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of огласилось","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"проникло","lemma":"проникнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with огласилось","gloss":"made its way"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прогимназию","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"прогимназию","lemma":"прогимназия","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проникло","gloss":"the gymnasium"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"достигло","lemma":"достигнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with огласилось","gloss":"reached"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking начальства","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of начальства","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"начальства","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of достигло","gloss":"authorities"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b10-c1-s54","source":"Но тут маменька Коли бросилась молить начальство за своего мальчика и кончила тем, что его отстоял и упросил за него уважаемый и влиятельный учитель Дарданелов, и дело оставили втуне, как не бывшее вовсе.","translation":"But here Kolya's mama threw herself into pleading with the authorities on behalf of her boy, and it ended with the respected and influential teacher Dardanelov standing up for him and interceding for him, so the matter was let drop, as if it had never happened at all.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросилась молить начальство за своего мальчика","title":"«бросилась» + infinitive; «за» + accusative","body":"«Бросилась молить» ('flung herself into pleading') again pairs the perfective «броситься» with an imperfective infinitive. «За своего мальчика» ('on behalf of her boy') uses «за» + accusative in its 'in defence/favour of' sense; «своего» is the reflexive possessive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кончила тем, что его отстоял ... Дарданелов","title":"«кончить тем, что» — 'ended with'","body":"«Кончила тем, что...» ('ended with the result that...') mirrors the «начать с того, что» frame: a correlative «тем... что» linking the outcome. Within it, the object «его» is fronted before its verbs «отстоял и упросил» for emphasis."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дело оставили втуне","title":"«втуне» — in vain, let drop","body":"«Втуне» is an archaic adverb meaning 'in vain, to no effect, idly'; «оставить дело втуне» means to let a matter drop, leave it without consequence. «Как не бывшее вовсе» ('as if it had never been at all') uses the bookish participle «бывшее»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"тут","lemma":"тут","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросилась","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"маменька","lemma":"маменька","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросилась","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of маменька","gloss":"Kolya's"},{"surface":"бросилась","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"threw herself"},{"surface":"молить","lemma":"молить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of бросилась","gloss":"to plead with"},{"surface":"начальство","lemma":"начальство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of молить","gloss":"the authorities"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мальчика","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчика","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of молить","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"кончила","lemma":"кончить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросилась","gloss":"ended"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of кончила","gloss":"with this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отстоял","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of отстоял","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"отстоял","lemma":"отстоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of тем","gloss":"stood up for"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"упросил","lemma":"упросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отстоял","gloss":"interceded"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of упросил","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"уважаемый","lemma":"уважаемый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies учитель","gloss":"respected"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"влиятельный","lemma":"влиятельный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with уважаемый","gloss":"influential"},{"surface":"учитель","lemma":"учитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отстоял and упросил","gloss":"teacher"},{"surface":"Дарданелов","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to учитель","gloss":"Dardanelov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оставили","gloss":"the matter"},{"surface":"оставили","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with кончила","gloss":"let drop"},{"surface":"втуне","lemma":"втуне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставили","gloss":"unattended","note":"втуне is an archaic bookish adverb meaning 'to no avail, left unattended.'"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывшее","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies бывшее","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"бывшее","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying втуне","gloss":"having been"},{"surface":"вовсе","lemma":"вовсе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бывшее","gloss":"at all"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b10-c1-s55","source":"Этот Дарданелов, человек холостой и нестарый, был страстно и уже многолетне влюблен в госпожу Красоткину и уже раз, назад тому с год, почтительнейше и замирая от страха и деликатности, рискнул было предложить ей свою руку; но она наотрез отказала, считая согласие изменой своему мальчику, хотя Дарданелов, по некоторым таинственным признакам, даже, может быть, имел бы некоторое право мечтать, что он не совсем противен прелестной, но уже слишком целомудренной и нежной вдовице.","translation":"This Dardanelov, a bachelor and not an old man, had been passionately and for many years now in love with Madame Krassotkina, and once already, about a year before, had ventured — most respectfully, and dying of fear and delicacy — to offer her his hand; but she had refused flatly, considering that to consent would be a betrayal of her boy, although Dardanelov, by certain mysterious signs, might even, perhaps, have had some right to dream that he was not altogether repugnant to the charming but all too chaste and tender little widow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"рискнул было предложить ей свою руку","title":"The aborted-action particle «было»","body":"«Рискнул было предложить» — he 'ventured to offer' his hand, but «было» signals the attempt came to nothing (she refused). The idiom «предложить руку» ('to offer one's hand') means to propose marriage; «свою» is the reflexive possessive 'his own.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"считая согласие изменой своему мальчику","title":"Present gerund + instrumental predicate","body":"«Считая» ('considering') is a present gerund; «считать X изменой» puts the predicate noun «изменой» ('a betrayal') in the instrumental — the case for the role a thing is reckoned as. So consent would be 'a betrayal of her boy.'"},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имел бы некоторое право мечтать","title":"Conditional with «бы»","body":"«Имел бы право мечтать» ('might have had some right to dream') is the conditional: past-form verb plus «бы» for the hypothetical. It softly hedges Dardanelov's hopes — he 'might, perhaps, have had' grounds to dream."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вдовице ... целомудренной","title":"«вдовица», «целомудренная» — elevated diction","body":"«Вдовица» is the archaic, poetic-religious form of «вдова» (widow), and «целомудренная» ('chaste, virtuous') is a high, almost ecclesiastical word. Together they lift the widow's portrait into a mock-elevated, tender-ironic register."}],"words":[{"surface":"Этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of Дарданелов","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"Дарданелов","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of влюблен","gloss":"Dardanelov"},{"surface":"человек","lemma":"человек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to Дарданелов","gloss":"a man"},{"surface":"холостой","lemma":"холостой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies человек","gloss":"unmarried"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нестарый","lemma":"нестарый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with холостой","gloss":"not old"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to влюблен","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"страстно","lemma":"страстно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies влюблен","gloss":"passionately"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies многолетне","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"многолетне","lemma":"многолетне","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with страстно","gloss":"for many years"},{"surface":"влюблен","lemma":"влюблённый","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"in love"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпожу","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"госпожу","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of влюблен","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Красоткину","lemma":"Красоткина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожу","gloss":"Krassotkina"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies рискнул","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"назад","lemma":"назад","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"ago"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"part of idiom тому назад","gloss":"before","note":"тому назад is a fixed idiom meaning 'ago.'"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies тому","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"почтительнейше","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb, superlative","role":"modifies предложить","gloss":"most respectfully"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"замирая","lemma":"замирать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рискнул","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies замирая","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деликатности","lemma":"деликатность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with страха","gloss":"delicacy"},{"surface":"рискнул","lemma":"рискнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with влюблен","gloss":"ventured"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies рискнул (attempted action)","gloss":"started to","note":"был/было after a past-tense verb marks an action begun then interrupted or abandoned."},{"surface":"предложить","lemma":"предложить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of рискнул","gloss":"to offer"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of предложить","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of руку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of предложить","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отказала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"наотрез","lemma":"наотрез","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отказала","gloss":"flatly"},{"surface":"отказала","lemma":"отказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"refused"},{"surface":"считая","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on отказала","gloss":"considering"},{"surface":"согласие","lemma":"согласие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of считая","gloss":"consent"},{"surface":"изменой","lemma":"измена","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of считая","gloss":"a betrayal"},{"surface":"своему","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчику","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"мальчику","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies изменой","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of имел","gloss":"although"},{"surface":"Дарданелов","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of имел","gloss":"Dardanelov"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking признакам","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"некоторым","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"determiner of признакам","gloss":"certain"},{"surface":"таинственным","lemma":"таинственный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies признакам","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"признакам","lemma":"признак","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of имел","gloss":"signs"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying имел","gloss":"perhaps","note":"может быть is a fixed parenthetical phrase meaning 'perhaps.'"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with влюблен","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of имел","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"некоторое","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of право","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"право","lemma":"право","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"мечтать","lemma":"мечтать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"modifies право","gloss":"to dream"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of противен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of противен","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies противен","gloss":"entirely"},{"surface":"противен","lemma":"противный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of мечтать","gloss":"repugnant"},{"surface":"прелестной","lemma":"прелестный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вдовице","gloss":"charming"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слишком","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"слишком","lemma":"слишком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies целомудренной","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"целомудренной","lemma":"целомудренный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with прелестной","gloss":"chaste"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нежной","lemma":"нежный","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with прелестной","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"вдовице","lemma":"вдовица","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of противен","gloss":"widow"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b10-c1-s56","source":"Сумасшедшая шалость Коли, кажется, пробила лед, и Дарданелову за его заступничество сделан был намек о надежде, правда отдаленный, но и сам Дарданелов был феноменом чистоты и деликатности, а потому с него и того было покамест довольно для полноты его счастия.","translation":"Kolya's mad prank seems to have broken the ice, and for his intercession Dardanelov was given a hint of hope — a distant one, true — but then Dardanelov himself was a phenomenon of purity and delicacy, and so even that much was, for the time being, enough for the fullness of his happiness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пробила лед","title":"«пробить лёд» — to break the ice","body":"The idiom «пробить лёд» ('to break the ice') means exactly what English does — to overcome the first stiffness between people. Kolya's mad prank, ironically, thaws his mother toward her suitor."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дарданелову ... сделан был намек о надежде","title":"Short passive participle «сделан»; dative recipient","body":"«Сделан был намёк» ('a hint was given') is a short-form past passive participle with «был» — an impersonal passive — and «Дарданелову» is the dative of the person to whom the hint was made. The construction states the result without naming who hinted."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с него и того было ... довольно","title":"Genitive of sufficiency after «довольно»","body":"«Того было довольно» ('that much was enough') takes the genitive «того» — «довольно» ('enough') governs the genitive of what suffices. «С него» ('for him', literally 'from him') marks the person satisfied; the «и» emphasises 'even that much.'"}],"words":[{"surface":"Сумасшедшая","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шалость","gloss":"mad"},{"surface":"шалость","lemma":"шалость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of пробила","gloss":"prank"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"possessive modifier of шалость","gloss":"Kolya's"},{"surface":"кажется","lemma":"казаться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying пробила","gloss":"seems"},{"surface":"пробила","lemma":"пробить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke"},{"surface":"лед","lemma":"лёд","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пробила","gloss":"the ice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Дарданелову","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сделан","gloss":"Dardanelov"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заступничество","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of заступничество","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"заступничество","lemma":"заступничество","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделан","gloss":"intercession"},{"surface":"сделан","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробила","gloss":"was made"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of сделан","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"намек","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of passive сделан","gloss":"a hint"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking надежде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"надежде","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies намек","gloss":"hope"},{"surface":"правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"parenthetical particle","role":"parenthetical modifying отдаленный","gloss":"true"},{"surface":"отдаленный","lemma":"отдалённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies намек","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дарданелов","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Дарданелов","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Dardanelov"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to феноменом","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"феноменом","lemma":"феномен","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"a phenomenon"},{"surface":"чистоты","lemma":"чистота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies феноменом","gloss":"of purity"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"деликатности","lemma":"деликатность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with чистоты","gloss":"delicacy"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"therefore"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies довольно","gloss":"from him"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes того","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"subject of довольно","gloss":"that much"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to довольно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"покамест","lemma":"покамест","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"for now"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"enough"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полноты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"полноты","lemma":"полнота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of довольно","gloss":"the fullness"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of счастия","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"счастия","lemma":"счастие","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies полноты","gloss":"happiness"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b10-c1-s57","source":"Мальчика он любил, хотя считал бы унизительным пред ним заискивать, и относился к нему в классах строго и требовательно.","translation":"He loved the boy, though he would have thought it demeaning to curry favor with him, and treated him strictly and exactingly in class.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"считал бы унизительным ... заискивать","title":"Conditional «бы» + instrumental predicate","body":"«Считал бы унизительным заискивать» — he 'would have thought it demeaning to curry favour.' «Бы» makes it conditional, and «унизительным» ('demeaning') is an instrumental predicate after «считать», naming the quality he would assign to the act."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заискивать","title":"«заискивать» — to curry favour","body":"«Заискивать (перед кем)» means to ingratiate oneself, fawn, seek favour with someone in a self-abasing way. The proud Dardanelov would find it beneath him to do so with his own pupil — a nice touch of mutual stiff-necked pride."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"хотя","lemma":"хотя","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of считал","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"считал","lemma":"считать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on любил","gloss":"would have thought"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks conditional mood of считал","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"унизительным","lemma":"унизительный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of считал","gloss":"demeaning"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заискивать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"заискивать","lemma":"заискивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of считал","gloss":"to curry favor"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"относился","lemma":"относиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"treated"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нему","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"нему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of относился","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"классах","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of относился","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"строго","lemma":"строго","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies относился","gloss":"strictly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"требовательно","lemma":"требовательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with строго","gloss":"exactingly"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b10-c1-s58","source":"Но Коля и сам держал его на почтительном расстоянии, уроки готовил отлично, был в классе вторым учеником, обращался к Дарданелову сухо, и весь класс твердо верил, что во всемирной истории Коля так силен, что «собьет» самого Дарданелова.","translation":"But Kolya, for his part, kept him too at a respectful distance, prepared his lessons splendidly, was second in his class, addressed Dardanelov drily, and the whole class firmly believed that in world history Kolya was so strong that he could 'best' Dardanelov himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"держал его на почтительном расстоянии","title":"Reflexive vs object «его»","body":"«Держал его на расстоянии» ('kept him at a distance') uses the object pronoun «его» for the other person — contrast «держать себя» ('to bear oneself'), which would use the reflexive. Choosing «его» over «себя» keeps subject and object distinct."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что во всемирной истории Коля так силен, что «собьет»","title":"Short adjective «силён» in a «так... что» clause","body":"«Так силён, что...» ('so strong that...') pairs the short predicative adjective «силён» with a result clause introduced by «что». The whole class 'firmly believed' he was so strong in history that he could best the teacher."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of держал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Коля (emphatic)","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of держал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking расстоянии","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"почтительном","lemma":"почтительный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies расстоянии","gloss":"respectful"},{"surface":"расстоянии","lemma":"расстояние","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"distance"},{"surface":"уроки","lemma":"урок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of готовил","gloss":"lessons"},{"surface":"готовил","lemma":"готовить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with держал","gloss":"prepared"},{"surface":"отлично","lemma":"отлично","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies готовил","gloss":"excellently"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with держал","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"классе","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"вторым","lemma":"второй","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies учеником","gloss":"second"},{"surface":"учеником","lemma":"ученик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"pupil"},{"surface":"обращался","lemma":"обращаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with держал","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дарданелову","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Дарданелову","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обращался","gloss":"Dardanelov"},{"surface":"сухо","lemma":"сухо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обращался","gloss":"drily"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of класс","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"класс","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of верил","gloss":"class"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies верил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"верил","lemma":"верить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with держал","gloss":"believed"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of силен","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking истории","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всемирной","lemma":"всемирный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies истории","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"истории","lemma":"история","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of силен","gloss":"history"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of силен","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies силен","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"силен","lemma":"сильный","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of верил","gloss":"strong"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of собьет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"собьет","lemma":"сбить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of силен","gloss":"could best"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"самый","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Дарданелова","gloss":"the very"},{"surface":"Дарданелова","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of собьет","gloss":"Dardanelov"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b10-c1-s59","source":"И действительно, Коля задал ему раз вопрос: «Кто основал Трою?» — на что Дарданелов отвечал лишь вообще про народы, их движения и переселения, про глубину времен, про баснословие, но на то, кто именно основал Трою, то есть какие именно лица, ответить не мог, и даже вопрос нашел почему-то праздным и несостоятельным.","translation":"And indeed, Kolya once put a question to him: 'Who founded Troy?' — to which Dardanelov replied only in general terms, about peoples, their movements and migrations, about the depths of antiquity, about legend, but as to who exactly founded Troy — that is, what particular persons — he could not answer, and even found the question, for some reason, idle and unfounded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"то есть какие именно лица","title":"«то есть» — 'that is to say'","body":"«То есть» ('that is, i.e.') introduces a clarifying restatement — 'who founded Troy, that is, what particular persons.' It is the standard explanatory connector, glossing or narrowing what precedes."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"баснословие","title":"«баснословие» — legend, fable-lore","body":"«Баснословие» (from «басня», fable + «слово») is a bookish word for the body of myth and legend, 'fabulous lore' — Dardanelov retreated into vague talk of 'legend.' «Несостоятельным» ('untenable, unfounded') is likewise an elevated, abstract term."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical modifying задал","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of задал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"задал","lemma":"задать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"put"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of задал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies задал","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задал","gloss":"a question"},{"surface":"Кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of основал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"основал","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of вопрос","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"Трою?»","lemma":"Троя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of основал","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking что","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of отвечал","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"Дарданелов","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отвечал","gloss":"Dardanelov"},{"surface":"отвечал","lemma":"отвечать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"replied"},{"surface":"лишь","lemma":"лишь","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies вообще","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"вообще","lemma":"вообще","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отвечал","gloss":"in general terms"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking народы","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"народы","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отвечал","gloss":"peoples"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of движения","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"движения","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with народы","gloss":"movements"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"переселения","lemma":"переселение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with движения","gloss":"migrations"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking глубину","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"глубину","lemma":"глубина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with народы","gloss":"the depth"},{"surface":"времен","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies глубину","gloss":"of ages"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking баснословие","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"баснословие","lemma":"баснословие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with народы","gloss":"legend"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"as to"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ответить","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of основал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"основал","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on то","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"Трою","lemma":"Троя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of основал","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"part of phrase то есть","gloss":"that is","note":"то есть is a fixed phrase meaning 'that is (to say).'"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of phrase то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"какие","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какие","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"in apposition to то (clarifying)","gloss":"persons"},{"surface":"ответить","lemma":"ответить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"to answer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отвечал","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"вопрос","lemma":"вопрос","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of нашел","gloss":"the question"},{"surface":"нашел","lemma":"найти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отвечал","gloss":"found"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of phrase почему-то","gloss":"for some","note":"почему-то is a fixed phrase meaning 'for some reason.'"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"почему-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of phrase почему-то","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"праздным","lemma":"праздный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"complement of нашел","gloss":"idle"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несостоятельным","lemma":"несостоятельный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with праздным","gloss":"unfounded"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b10-c1-s60","source":"Но мальчики так и остались в уверенности, что Дарданелов не знает, кто основал Трою.","translation":"But the boys remained convinced that Dardanelov did not know who founded Troy.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но мальчики так и остались в уверенности","title":"Emphatic «так и» + «остаться в»","body":"«Так и остались» means 'remained just so, stayed exactly that way' — the «так и» emphasises that nothing changed their conviction. «Остаться в уверенности» ('to remain in the certainty') uses «в» + prepositional for the state they stayed in."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"мальчики","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of остались","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так и, modifies остались","gloss":"simply","note":"так и остались = idiom, \"still simply remained\"."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom так и, modifies остались","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"остались","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking уверенности","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"уверенности","lemma":"уверенность","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остались","gloss":"conviction"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of уверенности","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Дарданелов","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of знает","gloss":"Dardanelov"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знает","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"знает","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause, complement of уверенности","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of основал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"основал","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of знает","gloss":"founded"},{"surface":"Трою","lemma":"Троя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of основал","gloss":"Troy"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b10-c1-s61","source":"Коля же вычитал об основателях Трои у Смарагдова, хранившегося в шкапе с книгами, который остался после родителя.","translation":"Kolya, for his part, had read about the founders of Troy in Smaragdov, who was kept in the cabinet of books that had been left after his father.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коля же вычитал","title":"Topic-shifting «же»","body":"The particle «же» here is not the emphatic 'precisely' but the soft topic-contrastive 'as for, for his part' — it pivots the narration back to Kolya after the surrounding boys. It always follows the word it foregrounds, never opening a clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вычитал","title":"«вычитать» — to read up, glean from a book","body":"The prefix «вы-» on «читать» gives 'to read out / extract by reading' — to find something by reading it somewhere. It is more pointed than plain «прочитать»: Kolya dug the founders of Troy out of his source."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хранившегося в шкапе с книгами","title":"Past active participle «хранившегося»","body":"«хранившегося» is a past active participle of «храниться» (to be kept) — a one-word «который»-clause, 'who/which was kept', here agreeing with Smaragdov in the genitive. Such participial chains, packed into a single sentence, are the texture of 19th-century literary prose."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"в шкапе","title":"Archaic «шкап» for «шкаф»","body":"«шкап» is the older 19th-century form of the modern «шкаф» (cupboard, cabinet). Dostoevsky's spelling preserves a now-obsolete variant; the word means a bookcase here."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"после родителя","title":"«родитель» — the formal 'parent/father'","body":"«родитель» is a more formal, almost legal word for 'parent' (here the late father), loftier than «отец». The phrase «остался после родителя» means the bookcase was 'left behind after' (i.e., inherited from) the deceased father."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вычитал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Коля","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"вычитал","lemma":"вычитать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had read"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking основателях","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"основателях","lemma":"основатель","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вычитал","gloss":"the founders"},{"surface":"Трои","lemma":"Троя","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies основателях","gloss":"of Troy"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Смарагдова","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"Смарагдова","lemma":"Смарагдов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вычитал","gloss":"Smaragdov"},{"surface":"хранившегося","lemma":"храниться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, genitive, imperfective","role":"participial clause modifying Смарагдова","gloss":"which was kept","note":"хранившегося is a past active participle of храниться, agreeing genitive with Смарагдова."},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкапе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"шкапе","lemma":"шкап","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of хранившегося","gloss":"the cabinet"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книгами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"книгами","lemma":"книга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"modifies шкапе","gloss":"books"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остался","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"остался","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on шкапе","gloss":"was left"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking родителя","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"родителя","lemma":"родитель","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of остался","gloss":"his father"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b10-c1-s62","source":"Кончилось тем, что всех даже мальчиков стало наконец интересовать: кто ж именно основал Трою, но Красоткин своего секрета не открывал, и слава знания оставалась за ним незыблемо.","translation":"It ended with all the boys, even, being at last curious to know just who had founded Troy, but Krassotkin would not give away his secret, and the reputation of knowledge remained his, unshakable.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Кончилось тем, что","title":"Impersonal «кончилось тем, что»","body":"A subjectless, neuter-singular «кончилось» ('it ended') sets up the correlative «тем, что…» — literally 'it ended with the fact that…'. The instrumental «тем» is governed by «кончиться (чем)», and «что» opens the subordinate clause that fills it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всех даже мальчиков стало интересовать","title":"Impersonal «стало интересовать» with accusative experiencer","body":"Another subjectless frame: neuter «стало интересовать» ('it came to interest') takes the experiencers «всех мальчиков» in the accusative, while the real topic — who founded Troy — follows as a clause. The animate plural accusative «всех мальчиков» mirrors the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кто ж именно основал Трою","title":"Emphatic «ж» (= «же») after «кто»","body":"«ж» is the reduced form of «же», leaning on the interrogative «кто» to sharpen it: 'just who on earth founded Troy'. The perfective «основал» views the founding as a single completed act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"своего секрета не открывал","title":"Genitive of negation «своего секрета»","body":"Under the negated «не открывал», the direct object slips from accusative «свой секрет» into the genitive «своего секрета» — the classic genitive of negation. The reflexive possessive «своего» keeps the secret as Krassotkin's own."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"слава знания оставалась за ним незыблемо","title":"«оставаться за» + instrumental: to remain to one's credit","body":"The idiom «оставаться за кем-то» means 'to remain (assigned) to someone' — the glory stayed his. «за ним» is the instrumental governed by «за», and «незыблемо» is an adverb, 'unshakably'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кончилось","lemma":"кончиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"It ended"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of Кончилось","gloss":"with this"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стало","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мальчиков","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies мальчиков","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"мальчиков","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of интересовать","gloss":"the boys"},{"surface":"стало","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective, impersonal","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies интересовать","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"интересовать","lemma":"интересовать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стало","gloss":"of interest"},{"surface":"кто","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of основал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"ж","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"indeed","note":"Elided colloquial form of же."},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies кто","gloss":"exactly"},{"surface":"основал","lemma":"основать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal subject of интересовать","gloss":"had founded"},{"surface":"Трою","lemma":"Троя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of основал","gloss":"Troy"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of открывал","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of секрета","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"секрета","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of открывал","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies открывал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"открывал","lemma":"открывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стало, in the но-clause","gloss":"would give away"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"слава","lemma":"слава","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оставалась","gloss":"the fame"},{"surface":"знания","lemma":"знание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слава","gloss":"of his knowledge"},{"surface":"оставалась","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with открывал","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставалась","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"незыблемо","lemma":"незыблемо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставалась","gloss":"unshakably"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b10-c1-s63","source":"После случая на железной дороге у Коли в отношениях к матери произошла некоторая перемена.","translation":"After the affair on the railway a certain change came over Kolya's relations with his mother.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"произошла некоторая перемена","title":"Word order: the new information last","body":"The verb «произошла» ('occurred') precedes its subject «некоторая перемена», so the subject — the change itself — lands in the stressed, news-bearing final position. Russian's free word order lets the topic (the time and persons) come first and the comment last."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"у Коли в отношениях к матери","title":"Possessive «у Коли» + dative «к матери»","body":"«у Коли» (genitive after «у») marks whose relations these are, while «к матери» (dative after «к») names the person the relations are directed toward. Two prepositions, two cases, stacking the relationship precisely."}],"words":[{"surface":"После","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случая","gloss":"After"},{"surface":"случая","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of произошла","gloss":"the affair"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"железной","lemma":"железный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дороге","gloss":"railway"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies случая","gloss":"the railway"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Коли","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"Коли","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies отношениях","gloss":"Kolya's"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отношениях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"отношениях","lemma":"отношение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of произошла","gloss":"relations"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies отношениях","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"произошла","lemma":"произойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came over"},{"surface":"некоторая","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of перемена","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"перемена","lemma":"перемена","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of произошла","gloss":"change"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b10-c1-s64","source":"Когда Анна Федоровна (вдова Красоткина) узнала о подвиге сынка, то чуть не сошла с ума от ужаса.","translation":"When Anna Fyodorovna (the widow Krassotkina) learned of her son's exploit, she nearly went out of her mind with horror.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Когда Анна Федоровна… узнала… то чуть не сошла с ума","title":"Correlative «когда… то…»","body":"The «когда»-clause is answered by «то» heading the main clause — a bookish 'when…, then…' correlative pairing. The perfective «узнала» and «сошла» mark two completed events."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"о подвиге сынка","title":"Ironic diminutive «сынок»","body":"«сынка» (genitive of «сынок») is an affectionate diminutive of «сын», 'sonny / dear little son'. Set against «подвиг» ('heroic exploit'), used here with a mother's frightened irony, the suffix tenderizes the dangerous deed."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чуть не сошла с ума","title":"«чуть не» + «сойти с ума»","body":"«чуть не» means 'all but, very nearly' (the action almost happened). «сойти с ума» is the fixed idiom 'to go out of one's mind' — together, 'she nearly went mad'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of узнала","gloss":"When"},{"surface":"Анна","lemma":"Анна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of узнала","gloss":"Anna"},{"surface":"Федоровна","lemma":"Федоровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Анна","gloss":"Fyodorovna"},{"surface":"вдова","lemma":"вдова","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Анна","gloss":"the widow"},{"surface":"Красоткина","lemma":"Красоткина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on вдова","gloss":"Krassotkina"},{"surface":"узнала","lemma":"узнать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause","gloss":"learned"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking подвиге","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"подвиге","lemma":"подвиг","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of узнала","gloss":"the exploit"},{"surface":"сынка","lemma":"сынок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies подвиге","gloss":"her son's"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlative introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"чуть","lemma":"чуть","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom чуть не, modifies сошла","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom чуть не, modifies сошла","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"сошла","lemma":"сойти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ума","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"ума","lemma":"ум","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошла","gloss":"her mind"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ужаса","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ужаса","lemma":"ужас","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сошла","gloss":"horror"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b10-c1-s65","source":"С ней сделались такие страшные истерические припадки, продолжавшиеся с перемежками несколько дней, что испуганный уже серьезно Коля дал ей честное и благородное слово, что подобных шалостей уже никогда не повторится.","translation":"She fell into such fearful hysterical fits, lasting on and off for several days, that Kolya, now seriously frightened, gave her his word of honor and his solemn promise that such pranks would never again be repeated.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"С ней сделались… припадки","title":"«сделались с ней» — fits came over her","body":"The verb «сделаться» here means 'to come over, befall' someone; the person affected stands in «с ней» (instrumental after «с»), and the grammatical subject is «припадки» (the fits). A vivid impersonal-leaning construction of involuntary states."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"продолжавшиеся с перемежками несколько дней","title":"Past active participle «продолжавшиеся»","body":"«продолжавшиеся» is a past active participle ('which lasted'), agreeing with «припадки» and folding a relative clause into one modifier. The imperfective stem gives the ongoing, drawn-out sense the prose wants."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"испуганный уже серьезно Коля","title":"Past passive participle as attribute","body":"«испуганный» ('frightened') is a past passive participle used attributively before «Коля», expanded by adverbs «уже серьезно» — 'now seriously frightened Kolya'. Russian readily stacks such participial phrases ahead of the noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"честное и благородное слово","title":"«честное благородное слово» — word of honor","body":"«честное слово» is the everyday 'word of honor'; expanded with «благородное» ('noble') it becomes a more solemn, almost chivalric pledge — exactly the inflated register a proud, romantic boy like Kolya would reach for."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"подобных шалостей уже никогда не повторится","title":"Negative concord «уже никогда не»","body":"Russian piles negatives by concord: «никогда» ('never') still requires «не» on the verb — 'will never again be repeated'. The reflexive «повторится» is the middle-voice 'to recur, repeat itself'."}],"words":[{"surface":"С","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сделались","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"сделались","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"came"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of припадки","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"страшные","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies припадки","gloss":"fearful"},{"surface":"истерические","lemma":"истерический","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies припадки","gloss":"hysterical"},{"surface":"припадки","lemma":"припадок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of сделались","gloss":"fits"},{"surface":"продолжавшиеся","lemma":"продолжаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying припадки","gloss":"lasting"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking перемежками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"перемежками","lemma":"перемежка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of продолжавшиеся","gloss":"intervals"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on дней","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"дней","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of продолжавшиеся","gloss":"days"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of дал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"испуганный","lemma":"испугать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies Коля","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies серьезно","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"серьезно","lemma":"серьезно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies испуганный","gloss":"seriously"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of дал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"дал","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of дал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"честное","lemma":"честный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слово","gloss":"honest"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благородное","lemma":"благородный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with честное","gloss":"noble"},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of дал","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of повторится","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"подобных","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies шалостей","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"шалостей","lemma":"шалость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of повторится","gloss":"pranks"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies никогда","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies повторится","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies повторится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"повторится","lemma":"повториться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"clause modifying слово","gloss":"would be repeated"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b10-c1-s66","source":"Он поклялся на коленях пред образом и поклялся памятью отца, как потребовала сама госпожа Красоткина, причем «мужественный» Коля сам расплакался, как шестилетний мальчик, от «чувств», и мать и сын во весь тот день бросались друг другу в объятия и плакали сотрясаясь.","translation":"He swore on his knees before the icon, and swore by his father's memory, as Madame Krassotkina herself demanded, whereupon the 'manly' Kolya himself burst into tears like a six-year-old boy, out of 'feelings,' and mother and son threw themselves into each other's arms all that day and wept, shaking.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пред образом","title":"Archaic «пред» for «перед»","body":"«пред» is the bookish, solemn short form of «перед» ('before, in front of'), fitting for the sacred act. It governs the instrumental «образом»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как потребовала сама госпожа Красоткина","title":"Intensifier «сама»","body":"«сама» ('herself') is the emphatic intensifier underlining that Madame Krassotkina personally demanded it. «госпожа» is the polite 'Madame / Mrs.', a respectful title."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"расплакался","title":"Inceptive «рас-» in «расплакаться»","body":"The prefix «рас-» on «плакать» yields «расплакаться» — to burst into tears, to break out crying. It marks the sudden onset and full spilling-over of the weeping."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"бросались друг другу в объятия и плакали сотрясаясь","title":"Reciprocal «друг другу» and gerund «сотрясаясь»","body":"«друг другу» is the reciprocal 'to each other' (in the dative, governed by «бросаться в объятия кому»). «сотрясаясь» is an imperfective present gerund ('shaking'), an attendant circumstance accompanying «плакали»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of поклялся","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"поклялся","lemma":"поклясться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swore"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking коленях","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"коленях","lemma":"колено","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of поклялся","gloss":"his knees"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking образом","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклялся","gloss":"the icon"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"поклялся","lemma":"поклясться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with поклялся","gloss":"swore"},{"surface":"памятью","lemma":"память","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклялся","gloss":"the memory"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies памятью","gloss":"of his father"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of потребовала","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"потребовала","lemma":"потребовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поклялся","gloss":"demanded"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies госпожа","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"госпожа","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of потребовала","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Красоткина","lemma":"Красоткина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожа","gloss":"Krassotkina"},{"surface":"причем","lemma":"причём","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"whereupon"},{"surface":"мужественный","lemma":"мужественный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Коля","gloss":"manly"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of расплакался","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Коля","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"расплакался","lemma":"расплакаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the причем-clause","gloss":"burst into tears"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the comparison мальчик","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"шестилетний","lemma":"шестилетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"six-year-old"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"complement of как, comparandum for Коля","gloss":"a boy"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувств","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of расплакался","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бросались, coordinated with сын","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бросались, coordinated with мать","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of день","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросались","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"бросались","lemma":"бросаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with плакали","gloss":"threw themselves"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"part of the phrase друг другу, modifies бросались","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"другу","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"part of the phrase друг другу","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking объятия","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"объятия","lemma":"объятие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросались","gloss":"arms"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"плакали","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with бросались","gloss":"wept"},{"surface":"сотрясаясь","lemma":"сотрясаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial complement of плакали","gloss":"shaking"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b10-c1-s67","source":"На другой день Коля проснулся по-прежнему «бесчувственным», однако стал молчаливее, скромнее, строже, задумчивее.","translation":"The next day Kolya woke up 'unfeeling' as before, yet he had grown more silent, more modest, sterner, more thoughtful.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по-прежнему","title":"«по-прежнему» — as before","body":"The adverb «по-прежнему» means 'as before, just as previously'. The «по-…-ему» pattern builds manner adverbs (compare «по-русски», 'in Russian')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молчаливее, скромнее, строже, задумчивее","title":"A chain of comparatives","body":"Four predicative comparatives in a row — «молчаливее, скромнее, строже, задумчивее» ('more silent, more modest, sterner, more thoughtful'). «строже» shows the consonant mutation (г→ж) typical of the -е comparative, against the regular -ее of the others."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"«бесчувственным»","title":"«бесчувственный» in scare quotes","body":"«бесчувственный» means 'unfeeling, insensible' (без + чувство, 'without feeling'). Dostoevsky's quotation marks make it Kolya's own pose of cold-heartedness — ironic, since the previous day he had sobbed."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking день","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"другой","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies день","gloss":"the next"},{"surface":"день","lemma":"день","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проснулся","gloss":"day"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проснулся","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"проснулся","lemma":"проснуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"woke up"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-прежнему, modifies бесчувственным","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase по-прежнему, modifies бесчувственным","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"бесчувственным","lemma":"бесчувственный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of проснулся","gloss":"unfeeling"},{"surface":"однако","lemma":"однако","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with проснулся","gloss":"had grown"},{"surface":"молчаливее","lemma":"молчаливый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"more silent"},{"surface":"скромнее","lemma":"скромный","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with молчаливее","gloss":"more modest"},{"surface":"строже","lemma":"строгий","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with молчаливее","gloss":"sterner"},{"surface":"задумчивее","lemma":"задумчивый","morphology":"adjective, comparative","role":"coordinated with молчаливее","gloss":"more thoughtful"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b10-c1-s68","source":"Правда, месяца чрез полтора он опять было попался в одной шалости, и имя его сделалось даже известным нашему мировому судье, но шалость была уже совсем в другом роде, даже смешная и глупенькая, да и не сам он, как оказалось, совершил ее, а только очутился в нее замешанным.","translation":"True, about a month and a half later he was caught again in some prank, and his name became known even to our justice of the peace, but this prank was of an altogether different sort, even comical and silly, and besides, as it turned out, he had not committed it himself but only found himself mixed up in it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"месяца чрез полтора","title":"Inverted «чрез полтора месяца»","body":"Normal order is «через полтора месяца» ('about a month and a half later'); inverting the noun before the preposition («месяца чрез полтора») gives an approximative 'a month and a half or so'. «чрез» is the archaic, contracted «через»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"опять было попался","title":"The 'almost / annulled action' particle «было»","body":"«было» here is not the past of «быть» but the special particle marking an action begun or about to happen that is then qualified or reversed — 'he was caught again (but…)'. It always follows a past-tense perfective and is a distinctly literary touch."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глупенькая","title":"Affectionate diminutive «глупенькая»","body":"The «-еньк-» suffix on «глупый» gives «глупенькая» — 'silly in a sweet, harmless way', softening the judgment to something almost fond. The narrator forgives the prank with the very shape of the word."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не сам он… совершил ее, а только очутился в нее замешанным","title":"Contrastive «не… а…»","body":"«не… а…» sets up a corrective contrast: 'not X but Y' — he did not commit it himself, but rather got mixed up in it. «замешанным» is a past passive participle in the instrumental, complement of «очутиться» ('to find oneself [in a state]')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правда","lemma":"правда","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical to попался","gloss":"True"},{"surface":"месяца","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies полтора","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полтора","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"полтора","lemma":"полтора","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"complement of чрез","gloss":"and a half"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies попался","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"marks near-occurrence, modifies попался","gloss":"nearly"},{"surface":"попался","lemma":"попасться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was caught"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шалости","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одной","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, locative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies шалости","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"шалости","lemma":"шалость","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of попался","gloss":"a prank"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"имя","lemma":"имя","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of сделалось","gloss":"his name"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of имя","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сделалось","lemma":"сделаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with попался","gloss":"became"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies известным","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"известным","lemma":"известный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of сделалось","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"нашему","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of судье","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"мировому","lemma":"мировой","morphology":"adjective, dative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies судье","gloss":"justice-of-the-peace"},{"surface":"судье","lemma":"судья","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of сделалось","gloss":"judge"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"шалость","lemma":"шалость","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"the prank"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to роде","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies совсем","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies роде","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking роде","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"другой","morphology":"adjective, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies роде","gloss":"a different"},{"surface":"роде","lemma":"род","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"sort"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смешная","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"смешная","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate adjective describing шалость, coordinated with глупенькая","gloss":"comical"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"глупенькая","lemma":"глупенький","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with смешная","gloss":"silly"},{"surface":"да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase да и","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies он, subject of совершил","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of совершил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of оказалось","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"it turned out"},{"surface":"совершил","lemma":"совершить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with попался, negated by не","gloss":"had committed"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of совершил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies очутился","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"очутился","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with совершил","gloss":"found himself"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутился","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"замешанным","lemma":"замешанный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of очутился","gloss":"mixed up"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b10-c1-s69","source":"Но об этом как-нибудь после.","translation":"But of this some other time.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Но об этом как-нибудь после.","title":"Verbless aside with «как-нибудь»","body":"A clipped, verbless narratorial aside — 'But of this some other time'. «как-нибудь» (here 'somehow, at some point') uses the «-нибудь» suffix marking a non-specific 'some-or-other' occasion. «об этом» is the prepositional of topic after «о/об»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"об","lemma":"об","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"topic of the elided verb (fragment)","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-нибудь","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"как-нибудь","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase как-нибудь","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies как-нибудь","gloss":"time"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b10-c1-s70","source":"Мать продолжала трепетать и мучиться, а Дарданелов по мере тревог ее всё более и более воспринимал надежду.","translation":"His mother went on trembling and tormenting herself, while Dardanelov, in proportion to her anxieties, took up more and more hope.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мать продолжала трепетать и мучиться","title":"Imperfective infinitives after «продолжать»","body":"«продолжать» ('to continue') governs imperfective infinitives only — «трепетать», «мучиться» — since one can only go on doing a process, not a completed act. «мучиться» is the reflexive 'to torment oneself, suffer'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а Дарданелов… всё более и более воспринимал надежду","title":"Contrastive «а» and intensifying «всё более и более»","body":"«а» is the soft contrastive 'while, whereas', pivoting from mother to Dardanelov. «всё более и более» ('more and more') uses «всё» + comparative to mark a steadily rising imperfective process — his hope kept growing."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"по мере тревог ее","title":"«по мере» — in proportion to","body":"«по мере (чего)» means 'in proportion to, as' (governing the genitive «тревог»). The phrase ties Dardanelov's rising hope directly to the measure of the mother's anxieties."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мать","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of продолжала","gloss":"His mother"},{"surface":"продолжала","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"went on"},{"surface":"трепетать","lemma":"трепетать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of продолжала","gloss":"trembling"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"мучиться","lemma":"мучиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with трепетать","gloss":"tormenting herself"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"Дарданелов","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of воспринимал","gloss":"Dardanelov"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мере","gloss":"in proportion to"},{"surface":"мере","lemma":"мера","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase по мере","gloss":"proportion"},{"surface":"тревог","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of по мере","gloss":"anxieties"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of тревог","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies более","gloss":"ever"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воспринимал","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with более","gloss":"more"},{"surface":"воспринимал","lemma":"воспринимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with продолжала","gloss":"took up"},{"surface":"надежду","lemma":"надежда","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of воспринимал","gloss":"hope"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b10-c1-s71","source":"Надо заметить, что Коля понимал и разгадывал с этой стороны Дарданелова и, уж разумеется, глубоко презирал его за его «чувства»; прежде даже имел неделикатность выказывать это презрение свое пред матерью, отдаленно намекая ей, что понимает, чего добивается Дарданелов.","translation":"It should be noted that Kolya understood and read Dardanelov from this side, and, of course, deeply despised him for his 'feelings'; earlier he had even had the indelicacy to display this contempt of his before his mother, hinting to her from a distance that he understood what Dardanelov was after.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Надо заметить, что","title":"Impersonal «надо» + infinitive","body":"«надо заметить» is a subjectless modal frame, 'one must note / it should be noted', with no nominative subject and the predicate built on invariable «надо» plus an infinitive — a hallmark of Russian's experiencer-first, impersonal syntax."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уж разумеется","title":"Emphatic particle «уж»","body":"«уж» here is the intensifying particle (kin to «же», «ведь»), lending 'of course, naturally' an insistent, conversational force — 'and, needless to say'. It colors the narrator's confiding tone."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"имел неделикатность выказывать это презрение свое","title":"Reflexive possessive «свое» and word order","body":"«свое» ('his own') points back to Kolya, the clause's subject. Placing it after the noun — «презрение свое» rather than «свое презрение» — is a bookish, slightly emphatic inversion typical of the literary register."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"отдаленно намекая ей, что понимает","title":"Present gerund «намекая»","body":"«намекая» is an imperfective present gerund ('hinting'), describing the manner attending the main verb and sharing Kolya as its subject. «ей» is the dative of the person hinted to."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего добивается Дарданелов","title":"Genitive object of «добиваться»","body":"«добиваться» ('to strive after, be after') governs the genitive, hence «чего» (genitive of «что») rather than accusative «что» — 'what Dardanelov is after'. The verb is reflexive in form, an inherent -ся verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"Надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb, predicative","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"It should"},{"surface":"заметить","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on Надо","gloss":"be noted"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понимал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of понимал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"понимал","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заметить","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"разгадывал","lemma":"разгадывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимал","gloss":"figured out"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стороны","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стороны","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"стороны","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разгадывал","gloss":"side"},{"surface":"Дарданелова","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of разгадывал","gloss":"Dardanelov"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies разумеется","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying презирал","gloss":"course"},{"surface":"глубоко","lemma":"глубоко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies презирал","gloss":"deeply"},{"surface":"презирал","lemma":"презирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимал","gloss":"despised"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of презирал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувства","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"determiner of чувства","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"чувства","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of презирал","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"earlier"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies имел","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"имел","lemma":"иметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with понимал","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"неделикатность","lemma":"неделикатность","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of имел","gloss":"the indelicacy"},{"surface":"выказывать","lemma":"выказывать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of неделикатность","gloss":"to display"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of презрение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"презрение","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выказывать","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of презрение","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матерью","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"матерью","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выказывать","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"отдаленно","lemma":"отдаленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies намекая","gloss":"distantly"},{"surface":"намекая","lemma":"намекать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выказывать","gloss":"hinting"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of намекая","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of понимает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"понимает","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of намекая","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of добивается","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"добивается","lemma":"добиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of понимает","gloss":"was after"},{"surface":"Дарданелов","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of добивается","gloss":"Dardanelov"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b10-c1-s72","source":"Но после случая на железной дороге он и на этот счет изменил свое поведение: намеков себе уже более не позволял, даже самых отдаленных, а о Дарданелове при матери стал отзываться почтительнее, что тотчас же с беспредельною благодарностью в сердце своем поняла чуткая Анна Федоровна, но зато при малейшем, самом нечаянном слове даже от постороннего какого-нибудь гостя о Дарданелове, если при этом находился Коля, вдруг вся вспыхивала от стыда, как роза.","translation":"But after the affair on the railway he changed his conduct on this score as well: he no longer permitted himself any hints, even the most distant ones, and began to speak of Dardanelov before his mother more respectfully — which the sensitive Anna Fyodorovna at once grasped with boundless gratitude in her heart; yet at the slightest, most accidental word about Dardanelov, even from some outside guest, if Kolya happened to be present, she would suddenly flush all over with shame, like a rose.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"и на этот счет изменил свое поведение","title":"«на этот счет» — on this score","body":"The idiom «на этот счет» means 'on this score, in this respect'. The perfective «изменил» ('changed') marks a single decisive shift, against the imperfective background of his earlier habits."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"намеков себе уже более не позволял","title":"Genitive of negation + reflexive «себе»","body":"Negated «не позволял» pulls the object into the genitive «намеков» (genitive of negation, here plural). «себе» is the dative reflexive, 'to himself' — he allowed himself no more hints."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"стал отзываться почтительнее","title":"Comparative adverb «почтительнее»","body":"«почтительнее» is the comparative of the adverb «почтительно» ('respectfully') — 'more respectfully'. «стал» + imperfective infinitive «отзываться» marks the inception of a new habit."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с беспредельною благодарностью","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«беспредельною благодарностью» shows the older literary feminine instrumental ending «-ою» (modern «-ой»). Dostoevsky favors this fuller, more solemn 19th-century form. The phrase is instrumental of manner after the preposition «с»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что тотчас же… поняла чуткая Анна Федоровна","title":"Object-fronted word order","body":"The object clause «что» stands first and the subject «чуткая Анна Федоровна» is held to the very end, after its verb — an inversion that lets the long modifier «чуткая» ('sensitive') and the name carry the weight. Free case-marking makes this reordering legible."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"при малейшем, самом нечаянном слове","title":"Superlative «малейшем» and «самом нечаянном»","body":"«малейшем» is the suffixal superlative ('the slightest', from «малый»), while «самом нечаянном» builds the superlative periphrastically with «самый» ('the most accidental'). Both sit in the prepositional after «при», 'at the slightest… word'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вдруг вся вспыхивала от стыда, как роза","title":"«от стыда» — cause in the genitive","body":"«от стыда» ('from / out of shame') uses «от» + genitive to express the cause of the blush. The imperfective «вспыхивала» renders the recurrent reaction — every time, she would flush."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the sentence to the previous one","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"после","lemma":"после","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случая","gloss":"after"},{"surface":"случая","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition после","gloss":"the affair"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дороге","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"железной","lemma":"железный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дороге","gloss":"railway"},{"surface":"дороге","lemma":"дорога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, modifies случая","gloss":"railway"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of изменил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies на этот счет","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking счет","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of счет","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"счет","lemma":"счёт","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of изменил","gloss":"score"},{"surface":"изменил","lemma":"изменить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"changed"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of поведение","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"поведение","lemma":"поведение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of изменил","gloss":"conduct"},{"surface":"намеков","lemma":"намёк","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of позволял (genitive under negation)","gloss":"hints"},{"surface":"себе","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of позволял","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies более","gloss":"any"},{"surface":"более","lemma":"более","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позволял","gloss":"longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies позволял","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"позволял","lemma":"позволять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with изменил, explains it","gloss":"permitted"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies самых","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"самых","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies отдаленных","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"отдаленных","lemma":"отдалённый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies намеков","gloss":"distant"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дарданелове","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Дарданелове","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отзываться","gloss":"Dardanelov"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking матери","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отзываться","gloss":"his mother"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with позволял","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"отзываться","lemma":"отзываться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стал","gloss":"to speak"},{"surface":"почтительнее","lemma":"почтительно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies отзываться","gloss":"more respectfully"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the relative clause on стал отзываться","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поняла","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking благодарностью","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"беспредельною","lemma":"беспредельный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies благодарностью","gloss":"boundless","note":"Archaic feminine instrumental singular ending -ою (modern -ой)."},{"surface":"благодарностью","lemma":"благодарность","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поняла","gloss":"gratitude"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердце","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердце","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поняла","gloss":"heart"},{"surface":"своем","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, prepositional, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of сердце","gloss":"her own"},{"surface":"поняла","lemma":"понять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on стал отзываться","gloss":"grasped"},{"surface":"чуткая","lemma":"чуткий","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Анна","gloss":"sensitive"},{"surface":"Анна","lemma":"Анна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of поняла","gloss":"Anna"},{"surface":"Федоровна","lemma":"Федоровна","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"depends on Анна","gloss":"Fyodorovna"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слове","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"малейшем","lemma":"малейший","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слове","gloss":"slightest"},{"surface":"самом","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies нечаянном","gloss":"most"},{"surface":"нечаянном","lemma":"нечаянный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies слове, coordinated with малейшем","gloss":"accidental"},{"surface":"слове","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспыхивала","gloss":"word"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies гостя","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking гостя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"постороннего","lemma":"посторонний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies гостя","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of гостя","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms какой-нибудь with какого","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"гостя","lemma":"гость","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition от, modifies слове","gloss":"guest"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Дарданелове","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Дарданелове","lemma":"Дарданелов","morphology":"proper noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies слове","gloss":"Dardanelov"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of находился","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking этом","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of находился","gloss":"that moment"},{"surface":"находился","lemma":"находиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on вспыхивала","gloss":"was present"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of находился","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вспыхивала","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"вся","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вспыхивала (referring to Anna Fyodorovna)","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"вспыхивала","lemma":"вспыхивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the final clause","gloss":"would flush"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стыда","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"стыда","lemma":"стыд","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспыхивала","gloss":"shame"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison роза","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"роза","lemma":"роза","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вспыхивала (comparison)","gloss":"a rose"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b10-c1-s73","source":"Коля же в эти мгновения или смотрел нахмуренно в окно, или разглядывал, не просят ли у него сапоги каши, или свирепо звал Перезвона, лохматую, довольно большую и паршивую собаку, которую с месяц вдруг откуда-то приобрел, втащил в дом и держал почему-то в секрете в комнатах, никому ее не показывая из товарищей.","translation":"Kolya, for his part, in such moments either looked frowning out the window, or examined whether his boots were 'asking for porridge,' or fiercely called for Perezvon — a shaggy, rather large, mangy dog that he had suddenly acquired from somewhere about a month before, dragged into the house, and kept for some reason a secret in the rooms, showing it to none of his comrades.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Коля же в эти мгновения или смотрел… или разглядывал… или свирепо звал","title":"Iterative imperfectives with «или… или…»","body":"The repeated «или… или… или…» ('either… or…') strings three imperfective past verbs naming Kolya's habitual alternatives in such moments. The imperfective is exactly right for recurring, characteristic behavior."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не просят ли у него сапоги каши","title":"Embedded yes/no «ли»","body":"«ли» turns the embedded clause into an indirect yes/no question — 'whether his boots were asking for porridge'. The focused verb «просят» is fronted and followed by «ли», the formal, literary way to mark such a question."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сапоги каши просят","title":"Boots \"asking for porridge\"","body":"The idiom «сапоги каши просят» literally says the boots 'are asking for porridge' — it means the soles have split open at the toe so the boot gapes like an open mouth. We keep the vivid colloquial image; it is a homely Russian way of saying one's footwear is worn out and broken."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Перезвона","title":"The dog's name «Перезвон»","body":"«Перезвон» means the pealing of bells, a chiming carillon (пере- + звон). A grandiose, ringing name bestowed on a shaggy mongrel — Kolya's romantic flair extends even to naming his dog."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"которую… приобрел, втащил в дом и держал… никому ее не показывая","title":"Relative «которую» and gerund «не показывая»","body":"«которую» (accusative, animate-style, agreeing with «собаку») heads a relative clause governing a run of perfective and imperfective verbs. The closing «не показывая» is a negated present gerund, 'showing to no one', with negative concord on «никому»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"паршивую","title":"«паршивый» — mangy, wretched","body":"«паршивый» literally means 'scabby, mangy' (from «парша», scurf/mange) and so 'wretched, lousy'. Here it is the literal mangy condition of the stray dog, with a sympathetic shading of pity for the creature."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Коля","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мгновения","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of мгновения","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"мгновения","lemma":"мгновение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"temporal complement of смотрел","gloss":"moments"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"either"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"нахмуренно","lemma":"нахмуренно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"frowning"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking окно","gloss":"out"},{"surface":"окно","lemma":"окно","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"the window"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"разглядывал","lemma":"разглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"просят","lemma":"просить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of разглядывал","gloss":"are asking"},{"surface":"ли","lemma":"ли","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies просят","gloss":"whether"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of просят","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сапоги","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of просят","gloss":"boots","note":"Idiom \"сапоги каши просят\": worn-out boots \"ask for porridge,\" i.e. are falling apart."},{"surface":"каши","lemma":"каша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of просят","gloss":"porridge"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"свирепо","lemma":"свирепо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies звал","gloss":"fiercely"},{"surface":"звал","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"called"},{"surface":"Перезвона","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of звал","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"лохматую","lemma":"лохматый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собаку","gloss":"shaggy"},{"surface":"довольно","lemma":"довольно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies большую","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"большую","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собаку, coordinated with лохматую","gloss":"large"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"паршивую","lemma":"паршивый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собаку","gloss":"mangy"},{"surface":"собаку","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Перезвона","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of приобрел","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking месяц (approximation)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"месяц","lemma":"месяц","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"temporal complement of приобрел","gloss":"a month"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приобрел","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приобрел","gloss":"from somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms откуда-то with откуда","gloss":"(indefinite)"},{"surface":"приобрел","lemma":"приобрести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on собаку","gloss":"had acquired"},{"surface":"втащил","lemma":"втащить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with приобрел","gloss":"dragged"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дом","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of втащил","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"держал","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with втащил","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies держал","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"forms почему-то with почему","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking секрете","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"секрете","lemma":"секрет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"secret"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"комнатах","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of держал","gloss":"the rooms"},{"surface":"никому","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, dative","role":"indirect object of показывая","gloss":"to no one"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of показывая","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показывая","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"показывая","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on держал","gloss":"showing"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking товарищей","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"товарищей","lemma":"товарищ","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of показывая","gloss":"his comrades"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b10-c1-s74","source":"Тиранил же ужасно, обучая ее всяким штукам и наукам, и довел бедную собаку до того, что та выла без него, когда он отлучался в классы, а когда приходил, визжала от восторга, скакала как полоумная, служила, валилась на землю и притворялась мертвою и проч., словом, показывала все штуки, которым ее обучили, уже не по требованию, а единственно от пылкости своих восторженных чувств и благодарного сердца.","translation":"He tyrannized it dreadfully, training it in all sorts of tricks and lessons, and brought the poor dog to such a state that it would howl without him when he was away at his classes, and when he came home would squeal with delight, bound about like a creature half mad, beg, throw itself to the ground and play dead, and so on — in a word, show off all the tricks it had been taught, no longer on command but solely out of the ardor of its rapturous feelings and its grateful heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Тиранил же ужасно, обучая ее всяким штукам","title":"Subject-dropping and gerund «обучая»","body":"The subject (Kolya) is dropped — the past «тиранил» carries it — and «обучая» is an imperfective present gerund ('training it') giving the simultaneous activity. «обучать» governs the dative of what is taught: «штукам и наукам»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"довел бедную собаку до того, что","title":"«довести до того, что» — to drive to such a state that","body":"The idiom «довести (кого) до того, что…» means 'to bring/drive someone to the point that…'. «до того» (genitive after «до») is the correlative filled by the «что»-clause that follows."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"та выла без него… визжала… скакала… служила, валилась… и притворялась","title":"Imperfective chain for habitual behavior","body":"A cascade of imperfective past verbs («выла, визжала, скакала, служила, валилась, притворялась») paints the dog's repeated, characteristic routine. «та» ('that one') is the demonstrative re-referring to the dog as topic."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как полоумная","title":"«полоумный» — half-witted","body":"«полоумная» (пол- 'half' + ум 'mind') means 'half-witted, crazed' — 'like a creature half mad'. The feminine ending agrees with the dog (собака)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"все штуки, которым ее обучили","title":"Relative «которым» in the dative","body":"«которым» takes the dative because «обучить (кого) чему» governs the dative of the thing taught — 'all the tricks it had been taught'. The relative pronoun agrees in number/gender with «штуки» but draws its case from its own clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"и проч.","title":"Abbreviation «и проч.»","body":"«и проч.» abbreviates «и прочее», 'and so forth, et cetera' — a slightly old-fashioned written equivalent of «и так далее». The narrator waves off the rest of the dog's repertoire."}],"words":[{"surface":"Тиранил","lemma":"тиранить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"tyrannized"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Тиранил","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Тиранил","gloss":"dreadfully"},{"surface":"обучая","lemma":"обучать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on Тиранил","gloss":"training"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обучая","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"всяким","lemma":"всякий","morphology":"adjective, dative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies штукам","gloss":"all sorts of"},{"surface":"штукам","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"indirect object of обучая","gloss":"tricks"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"наукам","lemma":"наука","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"coordinated with штукам","gloss":"lessons"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"довел","lemma":"довести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Тиранил","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"бедную","lemma":"бедный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собаку","gloss":"poor"},{"surface":"собаку","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of довел","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of довел","gloss":"such a point"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of выла","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выла","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"выла","lemma":"выть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying того","gloss":"would howl"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выла","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отлучался","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отлучался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отлучался","lemma":"отлучаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on выла","gloss":"was away"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классы","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"классы","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of отлучался","gloss":"classes"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приходил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"приходил","lemma":"приходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on визжала","gloss":"came home"},{"surface":"визжала","lemma":"визжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with выла","gloss":"would squeal"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторга","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of визжала","gloss":"delight"},{"surface":"скакала","lemma":"скакать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with визжала","gloss":"bounded about"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces comparison полоумная","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"полоумная","lemma":"полоумный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скакала (comparison)","gloss":"a half-mad creature"},{"surface":"служила","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with скакала","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"валилась","lemma":"валиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with служила","gloss":"threw itself down"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking землю","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"землю","lemma":"земля","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of валилась","gloss":"the ground"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"притворялась","lemma":"притворяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with валилась","gloss":"played"},{"surface":"мертвою","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of притворялась","gloss":"dead","note":"Archaic feminine instrumental singular ending -ою (modern -ой)."},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"проч","lemma":"прочее","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular (abbreviated)","role":"closes the list begun at служила, coordinated with мертвою","gloss":"so on","note":"\"и проч.\" is an abbreviation of \"и прочее\" (\"etcetera\")."},{"surface":"словом","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"parenthetical, introduces показывала","gloss":"in a word"},{"surface":"показывала","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"showed off"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of штуки","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"штуки","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of показывала","gloss":"tricks"},{"surface":"которым","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of обучили","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обучили","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"обучили","lemma":"обучить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on штуки","gloss":"had been taught"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies по требованию","gloss":"no longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies по требованию","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking требованию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"требованию","lemma":"требование","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывала","gloss":"command"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies от пылкости, coordinated with по требованию","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пылкости","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"пылкости","lemma":"пылкость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывала","gloss":"ardor"},{"surface":"своих","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of чувств","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"восторженных","lemma":"восторженный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies чувств","gloss":"rapturous"},{"surface":"чувств","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies пылкости","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"благодарного","lemma":"благодарный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердца","gloss":"grateful"},{"surface":"сердца","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with чувств, modifies пылкости","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b10-c1-s75","source":"Кстати: я и забыл упомянуть, что Коля Красоткин был тот самый мальчик, которого знакомый уже читателю мальчик Илюша, сын отставного штабс-капитана Снегирева, пырнул перочинным ножичком в бедро, заступаясь за отца, которого школьники задразнили «мочалкой».","translation":"By the way: I quite forgot to mention that Kolya Krassotkin was that very boy whom the boy Ilyusha — already known to the reader, the son of the retired staff captain Snegiryov — stabbed in the thigh with a penknife while defending his father, whom the schoolboys had teased with the name 'wisp-of-tow.'","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был тот самый мальчик, которого… пырнул… Илюша","title":"Correlative «тот самый» + relative «которого»","body":"«тот самый» ('that very') sets up the antecedent answered by «которого» — the accusative-as-genitive of the animate relative, object of «пырнул». The construction identifies Kolya as the exact boy from the earlier scene."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пырнул перочинным ножичком","title":"«пырнуть» and the diminutive «ножичек»","body":"«пырнуть» is a sharp, expressive perfective 'to jab, stab (once)'. «ножичком» is the affectionate diminutive of «нож» (a 'little knife'), and «перочинный» means 'pen-' (originally for trimming quills) — a small penknife, the homely weapon making the stabbing all the more startling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"заступаясь за отца","title":"Present gerund «заступаясь»","body":"«заступаясь» is an imperfective present gerund ('while defending'), giving the simultaneous motive of the stabbing and sharing Ilyusha as subject. «заступаться за (кого)» — 'to stand up for' — governs «за» + accusative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"задразнили «мочалкой»","title":"The taunt «мочалка»","body":"«мочалка» is a loofah or wisp of bast/tow used for scrubbing; as a nickname it mocks Snegiryov's straggly, frayed appearance — 'wisp-of-tow'. The prefix «за-» on «дразнить» («задразнить») means to tease relentlessly, to torment with teasing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Кстати","lemma":"кстати","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, introduces забыл","gloss":"by the way"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of забыл","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies забыл","gloss":"actually"},{"surface":"забыл","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to Кстати","gloss":"forgot"},{"surface":"упомянуть","lemma":"упомянуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of забыл","gloss":"to mention"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of был","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Коля","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to мальчик","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мальчик","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"самый","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of был","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пырнул","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"знакомый","lemma":"знакомый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик (w17)","gloss":"known"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies знакомый","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"читателю","lemma":"читатель","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of знакомый","gloss":"to the reader"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of пырнул","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"Илюша","lemma":"Илюша","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"Ilyusha"},{"surface":"сын","lemma":"сын","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"son"},{"surface":"отставного","lemma":"отставной","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies штабс-капитана","gloss":"retired"},{"surface":"штабс","lemma":"штабс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular (part of compound)","role":"modifies сын, part of штабс-капитана","gloss":"staff"},{"surface":"капитана","lemma":"капитан","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"captain"},{"surface":"Снегирева","lemma":"Снегирев","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies сын","gloss":"Snegiryov"},{"surface":"пырнул","lemma":"пырнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on мальчик (w17)","gloss":"stabbed"},{"surface":"перочинным","lemma":"перочинный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies ножичком","gloss":"pen-"},{"surface":"ножичком","lemma":"ножичек","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"instrumental complement (means) of пырнул","gloss":"penknife"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бедро","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"бедро","lemma":"бедро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of пырнул","gloss":"the thigh"},{"surface":"заступаясь","lemma":"заступаться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on пырнул","gloss":"defending"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отца","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"отца","lemma":"отец","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заступаясь","gloss":"his father"},{"surface":"которого","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of задразнили","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"школьники","lemma":"школьник","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of задразнили","gloss":"the schoolboys"},{"surface":"задразнили","lemma":"задразнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"relative clause on отца","gloss":"had teased"},{"surface":"мочалкой","lemma":"мочалка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of задразнили","gloss":"\"wisp-of-tow\"","note":"\"Мочалка\" (bast-fiber scrubber) was Snegiryov's mocking nickname, for his wispy beard."}]}]}