{"work":{"slug":"karamazov","title":{"source":"Братья Карамазовы","translated":"The Brothers Karamazov"},"author":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","language":"Russian","languageCode":"ru","url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov"},"unit":{"kind":"chapter","number":null,"id":"b10-c2","title":{"source":"II. Детвора","translated":"Children"},"section":"Book X — The Boys","summary":null,"url":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c2","lines":118},"previous":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c1","next":"https://1732studios.com/books/karamazov/b10-c3","license":"Source text: public domain (Fyodor Dostoevsky, d. 1881; Russian from the Nauka academic edition via ru.wikisource). English translation: original, © 1732 Studios (2026); rendered freshly from the public-domain Russian, not derived from any prior English translation. Sentence-aligned by 1732 Studios.","audioBase":null,"lines":[{"number":1,"label":"1","id":"b10-c2-s1","source":"Итак, в то морозное и сиверкое ноябрьское утро мальчик Коля Красоткин сидел дома.","translation":"And so, on that frosty, biting November morning, the boy Kolya Krassotkin was sitting at home.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"сиверкое","title":"«сиверкое» — raw and cold","body":"A dialectal, expressive adjective (from «сивер», a cold north wind) meaning raw, bleak, bitterly cold. It pairs with «морозное» (frosty) to set a doubly harsh November morning; the word itself is regional and old-fashioned, lending the narration a homely Russian texture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"в то морозное и сиверкое ноябрьское утро","title":"Accusative of time-when","body":"A point in time uses the accusative after «в» with no preposition for clock-words («в то утро» — on that morning), the demonstrative «то» and the adjectives all agreeing with neuter «утро». Compare «в город» (motion) with this temporal use of «в»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сидел","title":"Imperfective past for a held state","body":"«сидел» (imperfective) frames Kolya as sitting at home — an ongoing background state, not a finished event. This is the standard imperfective scene-setting against which the chapter's later perfectives will move."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"parenthetical, introduces сидел","gloss":"and so"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утро","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of утро","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"морозное","lemma":"морозный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies утро","gloss":"frosty"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сиверкое","lemma":"сиверкий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with морозное","gloss":"biting"},{"surface":"ноябрьское","lemma":"ноябрьский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies утро","gloss":"November"},{"surface":"утро","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"temporal complement of сидел","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидел","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Коля","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"сидел","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was sitting"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидел","gloss":"at home"}]},{"number":2,"label":"2","id":"b10-c2-s2","source":"Было воскресенье, и классов не было.","translation":"It was a Sunday, and there were no lessons.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"классов не было","title":"Genitive of negated existence","body":"With the impersonal «не было» (there were none), the absent subject «классы» shifts to genitive plural «классов». This genitive-of-negation is obligatory in existential negations — «не было» always governs the genitive."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"классов","title":"«классы» as school lessons","body":"Here «классы» does not mean classrooms but the school day's lessons/classes; «классов не было» = there were no lessons, because it was Sunday."}],"words":[{"surface":"Было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"it was"},{"surface":"воскресенье","lemma":"воскресенье","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of Было","gloss":"Sunday"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"классов","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"subject of было (genitive under negation)","gloss":"lessons"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with Было","gloss":"were"}]},{"number":3,"label":"3","id":"b10-c2-s3","source":"Но пробило уже одиннадцать часов, а ему непременно надо было идти со двора «по одному весьма важному делу», а между тем он во всем доме оставался один и решительно как хранитель его, потому что так случилось, что все его старшие обитатели, по некоторому экстренному и оригинальному обстоятельству, отлучились со двора.","translation":"But eleven o'clock had already struck, and he absolutely had to go out \"on a certain very important matter,\" yet meanwhile he remained alone in the whole house, and positively as its guardian, for it had so happened that all its grown-up inhabitants had, owing to a certain urgent and unusual circumstance, gone out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пробило одиннадцать часов","title":"«пробило» — the clock struck","body":"An impersonal use of «пробить» (to strike, of a clock): «пробило одиннадцать» = it struck eleven. The verb is neuter-impersonal with no subject, the standard way Russian reports a chiming hour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"ему непременно надо было идти","title":"Dative subject of necessity","body":"Necessity is impersonal: the person obliged stands in the dative («ему»), with «надо было» + infinitive and no nominative subject. This dative-experiencer frame is everywhere in Dostoevsky's inner life."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а между тем","title":"Contrastive «а» and «между тем»","body":"«а» here is the soft contrastive 'and/yet', hinging from his errand to his being stuck alone; «между тем» (meanwhile) reinforces the pivot. This untranslatable «а» is a constant connective in the narration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"потому что так случилось, что","title":"«потому что» + «что» subordination","body":"Two subordinators stack: «потому что» (because) opens a reason clause, then «так случилось, что…» (it so happened that…) opens a fact clause. Both are set off by commas, the backbone of Dostoevsky's long periodic sentences."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"пробило","lemma":"пробить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had struck"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одиннадцать","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"одиннадцать","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on часов","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"часов","lemma":"час","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of пробило","gloss":"o'clock"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of надо","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"absolutely"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"coordinated with пробило","gloss":"had to"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надо","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"to go"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking делу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"одному","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, dative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of делу","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"весьма","lemma":"весьма","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важному","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"важному","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies делу","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"делу","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of идти","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тем, forms между тем","gloss":"mean"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the adverbial phrase между тем, modifies оставался","gloss":"while","note":"\"между тем\" is a fixed adverbial phrase meaning \"meanwhile.\""},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оставался","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of доме","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставался","gloss":"house"},{"surface":"оставался","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with пробило","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"один","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of оставался","gloss":"alone"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with один","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking хранитель","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"хранитель","lemma":"хранитель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of оставался (comparison)","gloss":"the guardian"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies хранитель","gloss":"of it"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the conjunction потому что","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случилось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on оставался","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отлучились","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"все","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of обитатели","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of обитатели","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"старшие","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies обитатели","gloss":"grown-up"},{"surface":"обитатели","lemma":"обитатель","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of отлучились","gloss":"inhabitants"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking обстоятельству","gloss":"owing to"},{"surface":"некоторому","lemma":"некоторый","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельству","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"экстренному","lemma":"экстренный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies обстоятельству","gloss":"urgent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оригинальному","lemma":"оригинальный","morphology":"adjective, dative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with экстренному","gloss":"unusual"},{"surface":"обстоятельству","lemma":"обстоятельство","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"indirect object of отлучились","gloss":"circumstance"},{"surface":"отлучились","lemma":"отлучиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of случилось","gloss":"had gone out"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"off"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отлучились","gloss":"the premises"}]},{"number":4,"label":"4","id":"b10-c2-s4","source":"В доме вдовы Красоткиной, чрез сени от квартиры, которую занимала она сама, отдавалась еще одна и единственная в доме квартирка из двух маленьких комнат внаймы, и занимала ее докторша с двумя малолетними детьми.","translation":"In the house of the widow Krassotkina, across the entry from the apartment she herself occupied, there was let out one more and only other little flat in the house, of two small rooms, and it was occupied by a doctor's wife with two young children.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"чрез сени","title":"«сени» — the cold entry passage","body":"«Сени» (plural only) is the unheated entrance passage of a traditional Russian house, between the porch and the living rooms — here separating the widow's quarters from the rented flat. «чрез» is the archaic, bookish form of «через» (across, through)."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"квартиру, которую занимала она сама","title":"Relative «который» in the accusative","body":"«которую» agrees with its antecedent «квартиру» in feminine gender and number, but takes the accusative because it is the direct object inside its own clause («занимала квартиру»). The case is set by the relative clause, not the main one."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"квартирка","title":"«квартирка» — a little flat","body":"Diminutive of «квартира» via -к-; not just 'small' but tinged with the modest, even pitiable scale of the two-room let. The same affectionate-belittling suffix colours «комнатки» nearby."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"докторша","title":"«докторша» — the doctor's wife","body":"The suffix -ша here means 'wife of' (the doctor's wife), a common 19th-c. usage, not a female doctor. The whole chapter turns on her abandonment by her travelling husband."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of отдавалась","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"вдовы","lemma":"вдова","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies доме","gloss":"of the widow"},{"surface":"Красоткиной","lemma":"Красоткина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to вдовы","gloss":"Krassotkina"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of отдавалась, parallel to В доме","gloss":"the entry"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking квартиры","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"квартиры","lemma":"квартира","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies сени","gloss":"the apartment"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of занимала","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"занимала","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying квартиры","gloss":"she occupied"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of занимала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"сама","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"emphasizes subject она","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"отдавалась","lemma":"отдаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was let out"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одна","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"одна","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"quantifies квартирка","gloss":"one"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"единственная","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with одна","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking доме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"доме","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies единственная","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"квартирка","lemma":"квартирка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отдавалась","gloss":"little flat"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнат","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"двух","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies комнат","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"маленьких","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, genitive, plural","role":"modifies комнат","gloss":"small"},{"surface":"комнат","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies квартирка","gloss":"rooms"},{"surface":"внаймы","lemma":"внаймы","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отдавалась","gloss":"for rent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"занимала","lemma":"занимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with отдавалась","gloss":"occupied"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of занимала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"докторша","lemma":"докторша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of занимала","gloss":"a doctor's wife"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking детьми","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"двумя","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies детьми","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"малолетними","lemma":"малолетний","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies детьми","gloss":"young"},{"surface":"детьми","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of занимала","gloss":"children"}]},{"number":5,"label":"5","id":"b10-c2-s5","source":"Эта докторша была одних лет с Анной Федоровной и большая ее приятельница, сам же доктор вот уже с год заехал куда-то сперва в Оренбург, а потом в Ташкент, и уже с полгода как от него не было ни слуху ни духу, так что если бы не дружба с госпожою Красоткиной, несколько смягчавшая горе оставленной докторши, то она решительно бы истекла от этого горя слезами.","translation":"This doctor's wife was the same age as Anna Fyodorovna and a great friend of hers, while the doctor himself had, a year ago now, taken himself off somewhere — first to Orenburg, then to Tashkent — and for half a year already not a word, not a whisper, had come from him, so that had it not been for her friendship with Madame Krassotkina, which somewhat softened the grief of the abandoned doctor's wife, she would positively have dissolved away in tears from that grief.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"была одних лет с Анной Федоровной","title":"Genitive «одних лет» for age-equality","body":"«одних лет» (lit. 'of one [same] years') is a fixed genitive-plural construction meaning 'of the same age'; the comparison partner follows with «с» + instrumental («с Анной Федоровной»)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ни слуху ни духу","title":"«ни слуху ни духу» — not a word, not a whisper","body":"A fixed idiom (lit. 'neither rumour nor spirit') meaning no news whatsoever has been heard of someone. Note the old partitive-genitive endings «-у» in «слуху/духу», typical of such set phrases."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"если бы не дружба… то она решительно бы истекла… слезами","title":"Counterfactual «если бы… то… бы»","body":"An unreal condition: «если бы не дружба» (had it not been for the friendship) sets up a hypothesis, answered by «она решительно бы истекла слезами» — past-form verb + the irrealis particle «бы». «бы» appears in both halves, marking the whole as contrary to fact."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"смягчавшая горе оставленной докторши","title":"Participles stacked: active and passive","body":"«смягчавшая» is a past active participle ('which softened', from imperfective «смягчать»), agreeing with «дружба»; «оставленной» is a past passive participle ('abandoned', from «оставить»), agreeing with «докторши». Such participial layering compresses two который-clauses into modifiers — a hallmark of literary style."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of докторша","gloss":"This"},{"surface":"докторша","lemma":"докторша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"doctor's wife"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to лет","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"the same"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"age"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Анной","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"Анной","lemma":"Анна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"Anna"},{"surface":"Федоровной","lemma":"Фёдоровна","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Анной","gloss":"Fyodorovna"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"большая","lemma":"большой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies приятельница","gloss":"great"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies приятельница","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"приятельница","lemma":"приятельница","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"second predicate complement of была, coordinated with лет","gloss":"friend"},{"surface":"сам","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies доктор","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сам","gloss":"for his part"},{"surface":"доктор","lemma":"доктор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заехал","gloss":"the doctor"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уже","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies с год","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking год (approximative)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"год","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заехал","gloss":"a year"},{"surface":"заехал","lemma":"заехать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of second clause, parallel to была","gloss":"went off"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заехал","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms куда-то with куда","gloss":"(indef.)","note":"куда-то is an indefinite adverb, \"somewhere or other\"; spaCy split it into two tokens."},{"surface":"сперва","lemma":"сперва","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заехал","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Оренбург","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Оренбург","lemma":"Оренбург","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заехал","gloss":"Orenburg"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and then"},{"surface":"потом","lemma":"потом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies elided заехал, parallel to сперва","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Ташкент","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Ташкент","lemma":"Ташкент","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Оренбург","gloss":"Tashkent"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies полгода","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полгода (approximative)","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"полгода","lemma":"полгода","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"half a year"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of уже...как temporal construction, links to не было","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause (existential)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies слуху","gloss":"neither"},{"surface":"слуху","lemma":"слух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (fixed idiom ни слуху ни духу)","gloss":"word","note":"«ни слуху ни духу» is a fixed idiom meaning \"not a word, no news at all.\""},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"nor"},{"surface":"духу","lemma":"дух","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with слуху (fixed idiom)","gloss":"sign"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces result clause with что","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase так","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional particle with если","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дружба","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дружба","lemma":"дружба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of the conditional clause (если бы не дружба)","gloss":"friendship"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking госпожою","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"госпожою","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дружба","gloss":"Madame"},{"surface":"Красоткиной","lemma":"Красоткина","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожою","gloss":"Krassotkina"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смягчавшая","gloss":"somewhat"},{"surface":"смягчавшая","lemma":"смягчать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, feminine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"clause modifying дружба","gloss":"softening"},{"surface":"горе","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of смягчавшая","gloss":"the grief"},{"surface":"оставленной","lemma":"оставленный","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies докторши","gloss":"abandoned"},{"surface":"докторши","lemma":"докторша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies горе","gloss":"of the doctor's wife"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause (correlative with если бы)","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of истекла","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"решительно","lemma":"решительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies истекла","gloss":"positively"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"conditional particle with истекла","gloss":"(conditional)"},{"surface":"истекла","lemma":"истечь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the result clause (apodosis)","gloss":"would have dissolved"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking горя","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of горя","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"горя","lemma":"горе","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of истекла","gloss":"grief"},{"surface":"слезами","lemma":"слеза","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of истекла","gloss":"in tears"}]},{"number":6,"label":"6","id":"b10-c2-s6","source":"И вот надобно же было так случиться к довершению всех угнетений судьбы, что в эту же самую ночь, с субботы на воскресенье, Катерина, единственная служанка докторши, вдруг и совсем неожиданно для своей барыни объявила ей, что намерена родить к утру ребеночка.","translation":"And it had to happen, to crown all the oppressions of fate, that on that very night, from Saturday to Sunday, Katerina, the doctor's wife's only servant, suddenly and quite unexpectedly for her mistress announced to her that she intended to give birth to a baby by morning.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"барыня","title":"«барыня» — the mistress","body":"«Барыня» is the lady of the house / mistress (feminine of «барин»), the term a servant uses for her employer. Set against «служанка» (maidservant), it frames the household's social order."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ребеночка","title":"«ребёночек» — a wee baby","body":"Affectionate diminutive of «ребёнок» (child) via -очек, here gently comic in Katerina's blunt announcement that she intends «родить ребёночка». Dostoevsky uses such endearing suffixes throughout the children's chapter."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"намерена родить","title":"Short adjective «намерена» as predicate","body":"«намерена» is the short (predicative) feminine form of «намеренный» (intending), used with an infinitive: 'she is intending to give birth'. Short forms can only predicate, never modify a noun directly, and carry a crisp, bookish ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надобно","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"надобно","lemma":"надобно","morphology":"predicative adverb","role":"main predicate of the sentence (it was necessary), governs случиться","gloss":"was needed"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies надобно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to надобно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies случиться","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"случиться","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надобно","gloss":"to happen"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking довершению","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"довершению","lemma":"довершение","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of случиться","gloss":"the crowning"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of угнетений","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"угнетений","lemma":"угнетение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"modifies довершению","gloss":"oppressions"},{"surface":"судьбы","lemma":"судьба","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies угнетений","gloss":"of fate"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the complement clause of случиться","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ночь","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"эту","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of ночь","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies эту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"самую","lemma":"самый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies эту","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"ночь","lemma":"ночь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"temporal adverbial (object of в), modifies объявила","gloss":"night"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking субботы","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"субботы","lemma":"суббота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies ночь (с...на... phrase)","gloss":"Saturday"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воскресенье","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"воскресенье","lemma":"воскресенье","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with субботы (temporal phrase)","gloss":"Sunday"},{"surface":"Катерина","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of объявила","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"единственная","lemma":"единственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies служанка","gloss":"the only"},{"surface":"служанка","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Катерина","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"докторши","lemma":"докторша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies служанка","gloss":"of the doctor's wife"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies объявила","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies неожиданно","gloss":"quite"},{"surface":"неожиданно","lemma":"неожиданно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вдруг","gloss":"unexpectedly"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барыни","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of барыни","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"барыни","lemma":"барыня","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of объявила","gloss":"mistress"},{"surface":"объявила","lemma":"объявить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"announced"},{"surface":"ей","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of объявила","gloss":"to her"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of намерена","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"намерена","lemma":"намерен","morphology":"adjective, feminine, singular","role":"clausal complement of объявила","gloss":"intended"},{"surface":"родить","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of намерена","gloss":"to give birth"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking утру","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"утру","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of родить","gloss":"morning"},{"surface":"ребеночка","lemma":"ребёночек","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of родить","gloss":"a baby"}]},{"number":7,"label":"7","id":"b10-c2-s7","source":"Как случилось, что никто этого не заметил заранее, было для всех почти чудом.","translation":"How it had come about that no one had noticed it beforehand was almost a miracle to everyone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто этого не заметил","title":"Negative concord: «никто… не»","body":"Russian requires the verb to keep «не» even with a negative pronoun: «никто… не заметил» (no one noticed) doubles the negation as a single meaning. The negated object «этого» also stands in the genitive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Как случилось, что никто… было для всех почти чудом","title":"Whole clause as subject","body":"The subject of «было… чудом» is an entire embedded clause, «Как случилось, что никто этого не заметил заранее». A clause can fill the nominative-subject slot, with the neuter «было» agreeing by default."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было… чудом","title":"Instrumental predicate after «было»","body":"After past-tense «было», the predicate noun «чудо» takes the instrumental «чудом» rather than nominative — the regular pattern for «быть» in the past. The instrumental frames it as a state ascribed, not an inherent identity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of случилось","gloss":"How"},{"surface":"случилось","lemma":"случиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"verb of the subject clause (subject of было)","gloss":"it happened"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of заметил","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of заметил","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of заметил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заметил","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of случилось","gloss":"had noticed"},{"surface":"заранее","lemma":"заранее","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметил","gloss":"beforehand"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to чудом","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking всех","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of было (для всех)","gloss":"everyone"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чудом","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"чудом","lemma":"чудо","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of было","gloss":"a miracle"}]},{"number":8,"label":"8","id":"b10-c2-s8","source":"Пораженная докторша рассудила, пока есть еще время, свезти Катерину в одно приспособленное к подобным случаям в нашем городе заведение у повивальной бабушки.","translation":"The astonished doctor's wife decided, while there was still time, to take Katerina to an establishment in our town fitted out for such cases, kept by a midwife.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"повивальной бабушки","title":"«повивальная бабушка» — the midwife","body":"The traditional term for a midwife (lit. 'swaddling granny', from «повивать», to swaddle), more homely and old-fashioned than the formal «акушерка». It recurs in the children's debate about where babies come from."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заведение","title":"«заведение» — an establishment","body":"A neutral, slightly bureaucratic word for an establishment or institution; here a private lying-in house «приспособленное к подобным случаям» (fitted out for such cases). The -ение noun is bookish in flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"приспособленное к подобным случаям","title":"Past passive participle + dative","body":"«приспособленное» is a past passive participle ('adapted/fitted out', from «приспособить»), agreeing with neuter «заведение»; it governs «к подобным случаям» in the dative, since «к» always takes the dative."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пораженная","lemma":"поражённый","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies докторша","gloss":"astonished"},{"surface":"докторша","lemma":"докторша","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of рассудила","gloss":"the doctor's wife"},{"surface":"рассудила","lemma":"рассудить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of есть","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on рассудила","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies время","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"свезти","lemma":"свезти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with рассудила","gloss":"to take"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of свезти","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking заведение","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies заведение","gloss":"an"},{"surface":"приспособленное","lemma":"приспособленный","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), accusative, neuter, singular","role":"clause modifying заведение","gloss":"fitted out"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случаям","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"подобным","lemma":"подобный","morphology":"adjective, dative, plural","role":"modifies случаям","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"случаям","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of приспособленное","gloss":"cases"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking городе","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"нашем","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of городе","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"городе","lemma":"город","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies заведение (location)","gloss":"town"},{"surface":"заведение","lemma":"заведение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of свезти","gloss":"an establishment"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бабушки","gloss":"kept by"},{"surface":"повивальной","lemma":"повивальный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бабушки","gloss":"midwife's"},{"surface":"бабушки","lemma":"бабушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies заведение (location, у + genitive)","gloss":"midwife"}]},{"number":9,"label":"9","id":"b10-c2-s9","source":"Так как служанкою этой она очень дорожила, то немедленно и исполнила свой проект, отвезла ее и, сверх того, осталась там при ней.","translation":"Since she greatly valued this servant, she carried out her plan without delay, conveyed her there, and, over and above that, stayed there with her.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Так как… то немедленно и исполнила","title":"Correlative «так как… то»","body":"«так как» (since, because) opens the cause; the main clause is picked up by the resumptive «то» ('then', here untranslated). This «так как… то» frame is a tidy 19th-c. way of binding a reason to its consequence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"служанкою этой она очень дорожила","title":"«дорожить» governs the instrumental","body":"The verb «дорожить» (to value, prize) takes its object in the instrumental: «дорожила служанкою» (valued the servant). The archaic ending «-ою» for «-ой» adds a literary, period flavour."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"исполнила… отвезла… осталась","title":"Chain of perfectives moving the plot","body":"Three perfective past verbs in a row — «исполнила, отвезла, осталась» — narrate completed, sequential events, each a single finished step. This is the perfective's job: advancing the story against the imperfective background."}],"words":[{"surface":"Так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces the clause of дорожила (так как = since)","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase Так","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"служанкою","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique object of дорожила","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies служанкою","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of дорожила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дорожила","gloss":"greatly"},{"surface":"дорожила","lemma":"дорожить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on исполнила","gloss":"valued"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исполнила","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"немедленно","lemma":"немедленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies исполнила","gloss":"without delay"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"emphatic conjunction linking немедленно to исполнила","gloss":"(emphatic, untranslated)"},{"surface":"исполнила","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"carried out"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of проект","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"проект","lemma":"проект","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of исполнила","gloss":"plan"},{"surface":"отвезла","lemma":"отвезти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with исполнила","gloss":"took"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отвезла","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"over and above"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"object of сверх, adverbial modifying осталась","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"осталась","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with исполнила","gloss":"stayed"},{"surface":"там","lemma":"там","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осталась","gloss":"there"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of осталась","gloss":"her"}]},{"number":10,"label":"10","id":"b10-c2-s10","source":"Затем уже утром понадобилось почему-то всё дружеское участие и помощь самой госпожи Красоткиной, которая при этом случае могла кого-то о чем-то попросить и оказать какое-то покровительство.","translation":"Then, by morning, the whole friendly concern and help of Madame Krassotkina herself was somehow required, for in this matter she could ask someone for something and extend a certain measure of patronage.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"понадобилось… всё дружеское участие","title":"Reflexive «-ся» as a change of state","body":"«понадобилось» (from «понадобиться», -ся) means 'became needed / was required'; the thing required, «всё дружеское участие и помощь», is the grammatical subject. The -ся here marks a middle, intransitive 'come to be needed', not a true reflexive."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"кого-то о чем-то попросить","title":"Vague «-то»: a known-but-unnamed someone","body":"The clitic «-то» on «кого-то» and «чём-то» marks a specific but unspecified referent — she could ask some particular someone for some particular thing, left deliberately vague. Contrast «-нибудь», which would mean 'anyone at all'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Затем","lemma":"затем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понадобилось","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies утром","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"утром","lemma":"утро","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of понадобилось","gloss":"in the morning"},{"surface":"понадобилось","lemma":"понадобиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was required"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понадобилось","gloss":"somehow"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms почему-то with почему","gloss":"(indef.)","note":"почему-то is an indefinite adverb, \"for some reason\"; spaCy split it into two tokens."},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of участие","gloss":"the whole"},{"surface":"дружеское","lemma":"дружеский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies участие","gloss":"friendly"},{"surface":"участие","lemma":"участие","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of понадобилось","gloss":"concern"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"помощь","lemma":"помощь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with участие","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies госпожи","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies помощь","gloss":"of Madame"},{"surface":"Красоткиной","lemma":"Красоткина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Krassotkina"},{"surface":"которая","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking случае","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of случае","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"случае","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of могла","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"relative clause on госпожи Красоткиной","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"кого","lemma":"кто","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of могла","gloss":"someone"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms кого-то with кого","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of попросить","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms чем-то with чем","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"попросить","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"ask"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"оказать","lemma":"оказать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with попросить","gloss":"extend"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of покровительство","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"forms какое-то with какое","gloss":"(indef.)"},{"surface":"покровительство","lemma":"покровительство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of оказать","gloss":"patronage"}]},{"number":11,"label":"11","id":"b10-c2-s11","source":"Таким образом, обе дамы были в отлучке, служанка же самой госпожи Красоткиной, баба Агафья, ушла на базар, и Коля очутился таким образом на время хранителем и караульщиком «пузырей», то есть мальчика и девочки докторши, оставшихся одинешенькими.","translation":"Thus both ladies were away, and Madame Krassotkina's own servant, the peasant woman Agafya, had gone to the market, and so Kolya found himself for a time the keeper and sentinel of the \"bubbles\" — that is, of the doctor's wife's little boy and girl, who had been left all alone.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пузыри","title":"«Пузыри» — Kolya's slang for the kids","body":"Literally 'bubbles' (singular «пузырь»), here Kolya's affectionate-but-superior teenage slang for the two small children; we render it 'the bubbles.' The word's everyday meaning is a bubble or blister, so the nickname casts the toddlers as tiny round things he must mind."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"баба Агафья","title":"«баба» — peasant woman","body":"«Баба» denotes a peasant or common woman (here the servant Agafya), plain and unceremonious, as against the genteel «барыня» or «дама». Its register is low and earthy — apt for the household's hired help off at the market."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"одинешенькими","title":"«одинёшеньки» — all, all alone","body":"An intensive-affectionate elaboration of «одни» (alone) with the expressive suffix -ёшеньк-, meaning 'utterly, pitifully alone'. The suffix wrings extra tenderness from the word — the little ones are left quite by themselves."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оставшихся одинешенькими","title":"Past active participle in the genitive","body":"«оставшихся» (from reflexive «остаться») is a past active participle, 'who had been left', agreeing with «пузырей» in genitive plural, while the predicate «одинешенькими» appears in the instrumental — the standard instrumental after «остаться»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"Thus"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase (manner) modifying были","gloss":"in this way"},{"surface":"обе","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, feminine","role":"depends on дамы","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"дамы","lemma":"дама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of были","gloss":"ladies"},{"surface":"были","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"copula linking to отлучке","gloss":"were"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отлучке","gloss":"away"},{"surface":"отлучке","lemma":"отлучка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of были","gloss":"absent"},{"surface":"служанка","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of ушла","gloss":"the servant"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies служанка","gloss":"in turn"},{"surface":"самой","lemma":"сам","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies госпожи","gloss":"herself"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies служанка","gloss":"of Madame"},{"surface":"Красоткиной","lemma":"Красоткина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to госпожи","gloss":"Krassotkina"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to служанка","gloss":"the peasant woman"},{"surface":"Агафья","lemma":"Агафья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to баба","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"ушла","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of second clause","gloss":"had gone"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking базар","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"базар","lemma":"базар","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ушла","gloss":"the market"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of очутился","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"очутился","lemma":"очутиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of third clause","gloss":"found himself"},{"surface":"таким","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of образом","gloss":"in this"},{"surface":"образом","lemma":"образ","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial phrase (manner) modifying очутился","gloss":"way"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of очутился","gloss":"a time"},{"surface":"хранителем","lemma":"хранитель","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of очутился","gloss":"keeper"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"караульщиком","lemma":"караульщик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with хранителем","gloss":"sentinel"},{"surface":"пузырей","lemma":"пузырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies караульщиком","gloss":"of the babies","note":"«пузыри» (\"bubbles\") is Kolya's affectionate/mocking nickname for the two small children he is minding."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of то есть (\"that is\")","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"part of the phrase то","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"мальчика","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"genitive, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пузырей (via то есть)","gloss":"the boy"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"девочки","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"coordinated with мальчика","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"докторши","lemma":"докторша","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мальчика и девочки","gloss":"of the doctor's wife"},{"surface":"оставшихся","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive, perfective","role":"clause modifying мальчика и девочки","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"одинешенькими","lemma":"одинешенький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"complement of оставшихся","gloss":"all alone"}]},{"number":12,"label":"12","id":"b10-c2-s12","source":"Караулить дом Коля не боялся, с ним к тому же был Перезвон, которому повелено было лежать ничком в передней под лавкой «без движений» и который именно поэтому каждый раз, как входил в переднюю расхаживавший по комнатам Коля, вздрагивал головой и давал два твердые и заискивающие удара хвостом по полу, но увы, призывного свиста не раздавалось.","translation":"Kolya was not afraid to guard the house; besides, Perezvon was with him, who had been commanded to lie face down in the entry under the bench \"without moving,\" and who for that very reason, each time Kolya, pacing through the rooms, came into the entry, gave a start of the head and beat two firm, ingratiating taps of his tail on the floor — but alas, no summoning whistle was sounded.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"повелено было лежать ничком","title":"Impersonal short passive participle","body":"«повелено было» is the short-form past passive participle of «повелеть» (to command) used impersonally: 'it had been commanded'. The neuter short form + «было» states a result with no named agent — bookish and a touch solemn for a dog's orders."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"каждый раз, как входил… расхаживавший по комнатам Коля","title":"Past active participle modifying the subject","body":"«расхаживавший по комнатам» ('pacing through the rooms') is a past active participle agreeing with «Коля», packing a whole который-clause into one modifier before the noun. Such fronted participles are a signature of dense literary narration."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"заискивающие","title":"«заискивающий» — ingratiating","body":"From «заискивать» (to curry favour, fawn), this present active participle paints the dog's tail-taps as obsequious, currying favour. The word carries a faint pejorative, perfectly fitting the cowed, eager-to-please Perezvon."}],"words":[{"surface":"Караулить","lemma":"караулить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of боялся","gloss":"to guard"},{"surface":"дом","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Караулить","gloss":"the house"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of боялся","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies боялся","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"боялся","lemma":"бояться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"was afraid"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"besides","note":"«к тому же» is a fixed phrase meaning 'besides, moreover.'"},{"surface":"тому","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of был, part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom к тому же","gloss":"also"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential 'there was')","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"которому","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of повелено","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"повелено","lemma":"повелеть","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, short form, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main predicate of the relative clause modifying Перезвон","gloss":"was ordered"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to повелено","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"лежать","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on повелено","gloss":"to lie"},{"surface":"ничком","lemma":"ничком","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лежать","gloss":"face down"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking передней","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"передней","lemma":"передняя","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежать","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавкой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"лавкой","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежать","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking движений","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"движений","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of лежать (manner)","gloss":"movements"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"который","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вздрагивал","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"именно","lemma":"именно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поэтому","gloss":"precisely"},{"surface":"поэтому","lemma":"поэтому","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вздрагивал","gloss":"for that reason"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"every"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of вздрагивал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of входил","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"входил","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the clause modifying раз","gloss":"entered"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переднюю","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"переднюю","lemma":"передняя","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of входил","gloss":"the entryway"},{"surface":"расхаживавший","lemma":"расхаживать","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, imperfective","role":"modifies Коля","gloss":"pacing"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнатам","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"комнатам","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of расхаживавший","gloss":"the rooms"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of входил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"вздрагивал","lemma":"вздрагивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the relative clause, coordinated with давал","gloss":"gave a start"},{"surface":"головой","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вздрагивал","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"давал","lemma":"давать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with вздрагивал","gloss":"gave"},{"surface":"два","lemma":"два","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"depends on удара","gloss":"two"},{"surface":"твердые","lemma":"твёрдый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies удара","gloss":"firm"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"заискивающие","lemma":"заискивать","morphology":"verb, present, active, participle, plural, accusative, imperfective","role":"coordinated with твердые","gloss":"ingratiating"},{"surface":"удара","lemma":"удар","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of давал","gloss":"taps"},{"surface":"хвостом","lemma":"хвост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of давал","gloss":"his tail"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of давал","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"увы","lemma":"увы","morphology":"interjection","role":"parenthetical before раздавалось","gloss":"alas"},{"surface":"призывного","lemma":"призывный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies свиста","gloss":"summoning"},{"surface":"свиста","lemma":"свист","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of раздавалось (genitive of negation)","gloss":"whistle"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раздавалось","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"раздавалось","lemma":"раздаваться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но","gloss":"was heard"}]},{"number":13,"label":"13","id":"b10-c2-s13","source":"Коля грозно взглядывал на несчастного пса, и тот опять замирал в послушном оцепенении.","translation":"Kolya would glance menacingly at the wretched dog, and it would once more freeze in obedient torpor.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взглядывал… замирал","title":"Imperfectives for habitual repetition","body":"Both verbs are imperfective past («взглядывал», «замирал») expressing a repeated, habitual pattern: Kolya 'would glance' and the dog 'would freeze' again and again. English marks this with 'would'; Russian carries it entirely in the aspect."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и тот опять замирал","title":"«тот» tracking the subject","body":"The demonstrative «тот» ('the latter', i.e. the dog) picks out the second of two referents and keeps the discourse clear when subjects switch. This subject-tracking use of «тот»/«этот» lets Russian reorder freely without confusion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of взглядывал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"грозно","lemma":"грозно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взглядывал","gloss":"menacingly"},{"surface":"взглядывал","lemma":"взглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would glance"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пса","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"несчастного","lemma":"несчастный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пса","gloss":"wretched"},{"surface":"пса","lemma":"пёс","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of взглядывал","gloss":"the dog"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of замирал","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies замирал","gloss":"once more"},{"surface":"замирал","lemma":"замирать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взглядывал","gloss":"would freeze"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking оцепенении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"послушном","lemma":"послушный","morphology":"adjective, locative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies оцепенении","gloss":"obedient"},{"surface":"оцепенении","lemma":"оцепенение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of замирал","gloss":"torpor"}]},{"number":14,"label":"14","id":"b10-c2-s14","source":"Но если что смущало Колю, то единственно «пузыри».","translation":"But if anything troubled Kolya, it was solely the \"bubbles.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если что смущало Колю, то единственно «пузыри»","title":"Correlative «если… то» with topic focus","body":"A cleft-like construction: «если что смущало Колю, то…» ('if anything troubled Kolya, then it was…') front-loads the condition and resolves it with «то». Here «что» is the indefinite 'anything', and the new information «пузыри» lands in the stressed final slot."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of смущало","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of смущало","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"смущало","lemma":"смущать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the если-clause","gloss":"troubled"},{"surface":"Колю","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of смущало","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"correlative pronoun, neuter, singular","role":"resumes the если-clause, introducing the main clause","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"единственно","lemma":"единственно","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies пузыри","gloss":"solely"},{"surface":"пузыри","lemma":"пузырь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"predicate noun (with elided было)","gloss":"the 'bubbles'"}]},{"number":15,"label":"15","id":"b10-c2-s15","source":"На нечаянное приключение с Катериной он, разумеется, смотрел с самым глубоким презрением, но осиротевших пузырей он очень любил и уже снес им какую-то детскую книжку.","translation":"On the unforeseen adventure with Katerina he looked, of course, with the deepest contempt, but the orphaned bubbles he loved very much, and he had already brought them some children's book.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрел с самым глубоким презрением","title":"Superlative with «самый»","body":"«с самым глубоким презрением» builds the superlative periphrastically: «самый» ('most') declines together with the adjective «глубоким», both in the instrumental after «с». This is the everyday superlative, against the bookish suffix «-ейший»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осиротевших","title":"«осиротевший» — orphaned","body":"Past active participle from «осиротеть» (to be orphaned), here playfully applied to the children left motherless for the day. The word is weightier than the situation, part of the narrator's gently ironic register around Kolya's protectiveness."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже снес им какую-то детскую книжку","title":"Perfective «снёс» + indefinite «какую-то»","body":"«снёс» (perfective of «сносить/снести», to carry/bring) reports a single completed act — he had already brought them a book. «какую-то детскую книжку» uses «-то» for 'some [particular] children's book', specific but unnamed."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приключение","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"нечаянное","lemma":"нечаянный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies приключение","gloss":"unforeseen"},{"surface":"приключение","lemma":"приключение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"adventure"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катериной","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Катериной","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies приключение","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical before смотрел","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"самым","lemma":"самый","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies глубоким (forms superlative)","gloss":"utmost"},{"surface":"глубоким","lemma":"глубокий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies презрением","gloss":"deepest"},{"surface":"презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"осиротевших","lemma":"осиротеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, plural, genitive/accusative, perfective","role":"modifies пузырей","gloss":"orphaned"},{"surface":"пузырей","lemma":"пузырь","morphology":"noun, accusative (animate, genitive form), masculine, plural","role":"direct object of любил","gloss":"the 'bubbles'"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies снес","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"снес","lemma":"снести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with любил","gloss":"had brought"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of снес","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"какую","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of книжку, part of какую-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какую-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"детскую","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies книжку","gloss":"children's"},{"surface":"книжку","lemma":"книжка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of снес","gloss":"book"}]},{"number":16,"label":"16","id":"b10-c2-s16","source":"Настя, старшая девочка, восьми уже лет, умела читать, а младший пузырь, семилетний мальчик Костя, очень любил слушать, когда Настя ему читает.","translation":"Nastya, the elder girl, already eight years old, could read, while the younger bubble, the seven-year-old boy Kostya, loved very much to listen when Nastya read to him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"восьми уже лет… семилетний","title":"Numerals governing case","body":"«восьми лет» puts age in the genitive plural after the numeral («восьми» is the genitive of «восемь»), the regular case-after-numerals pattern; «семилетний» fuses 'seven' + 'year' into a single agreeing adjective ('seven-year-old')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"любил слушать, когда Настя ему читает","title":"Imperfective present inside past narration","body":"Within the past-tense frame, «когда Настя ему читает» uses the imperfective present «читает» for the habitual, repeated action of Nastya's reading aloud — a 'general truth' present nested in the story's past."}],"words":[{"surface":"Настя","lemma":"Настя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of умела","gloss":"Nastya"},{"surface":"старшая","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies девочка","gloss":"elder"},{"surface":"девочка","lemma":"девочка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to Настя","gloss":"girl"},{"surface":"восьми","lemma":"восемь","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"quantifies лет","gloss":"eight"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"in apposition to Настя (age phrase)","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"умела","lemma":"уметь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"читать","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of умела","gloss":"read"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"младший","lemma":"младший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пузырь","gloss":"younger"},{"surface":"пузырь","lemma":"пузырь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of любил","gloss":"bubble"},{"surface":"семилетний","lemma":"семилетний","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies мальчик","gloss":"seven-year-old"},{"surface":"мальчик","lemma":"мальчик","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to пузырь","gloss":"boy"},{"surface":"Костя","lemma":"Костя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"in apposition to мальчик","gloss":"Kostya"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies любил","gloss":"very much"},{"surface":"любил","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with умела","gloss":"loved"},{"surface":"слушать","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of любил","gloss":"to listen"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of читает","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"Настя","lemma":"Настя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of читает","gloss":"Nastya"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of читает","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"читает","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the когда-clause, modifying слушать","gloss":"reads"}]},{"number":17,"label":"17","id":"b10-c2-s17","source":"Разумеется, Красоткин мог бы их занять интереснее, то есть поставить обоих рядом и начать с ними играть в солдаты или прятаться по всему дому.","translation":"To be sure, Krassotkin could have entertained them more amusingly — that is, set the two of them side by side and begun playing soldiers with them, or hide-and-seek all over the house.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"мог бы их занять интереснее","title":"Conditional «мог бы» + comparative","body":"«мог бы» is the conditional ('could have'), past-form verb + «бы», naming an unrealised possibility. «интереснее» is the simple comparative ('more interestingly') in the invariable -ее form."}],"words":[{"surface":"Разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"parenthetical adverb","role":"parenthetical before мог","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could have"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks мог as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of занять","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"занять","lemma":"занять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"entertain"},{"surface":"интереснее","lemma":"интересно","morphology":"adverb, comparative","role":"modifies занять","gloss":"more amusingly"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть ('that is')","gloss":"that","note":"«то есть» is a fixed phrase meaning 'that is / i.e.'"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"то есть","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom то есть","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"поставить","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог, coordinated with занять","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"обоих","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, accusative, masculine","role":"direct object of поставить","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"рядом","lemma":"рядом","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поставить","gloss":"side by side"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начать","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"coordinated with поставить","gloss":"begin"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ними","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of начать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"играть","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начать","gloss":"playing"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking солдаты","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"солдаты","lemma":"солдаты","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of играть","gloss":"soldiers"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"прятаться","lemma":"прятаться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with играть","gloss":"to hide"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дому","gloss":"all over"},{"surface":"всему","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of дому","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"дому","lemma":"дом","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прятаться","gloss":"the house"}]},{"number":18,"label":"18","id":"b10-c2-s18","source":"Это он не раз уже делал прежде и не брезгал делать, так что даже в классе у них разнеслось было раз, что Красоткин у себя дома играет с маленькими жильцами своими в лошадки, прыгает за пристяжную и гнет голову, но Красоткин гордо отпарировал это обвинение, выставив на вид, что со сверстниками, с тринадцатилетними, действительно было бы позорно играть «в наш век» в лошадки, но что он делает это для «пузырей», потому что их любит, а в чувствах его никто не смеет у него спрашивать отчета.","translation":"This he had more than once done before and did not scorn to do, so that even at school it had once gotten about that Krassotkin played horses at home with his little lodgers, prancing as the trace-horse and bending his head; but Krassotkin proudly parried this accusation, pointing out that with one's coevals, with thirteen-year-olds, it would indeed be shameful to play horses \"in this day and age,\" but that he did it for the \"bubbles\" because he loved them, and that no one dared to demand of him an account of his feelings.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не брезгал делать","title":"«брезгать» — to disdain, find beneath one","body":"«Брезгать/брезговать» means to be squeamish about, to scorn doing something as beneath one. «не брезгал делать» = he did not scorn to do it — a key touch: Kolya, for all his teenage pride, is not too proud to play with the children."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"прыгает за пристяжную","title":"«пристяжная» — the trace-horse","body":"A «пристяжная» is the outside trace-horse harnessed alongside the central shaft-horse in a Russian three-horse team (тройка); it galloped with its head curved outward. Kolya 'prances as the trace-horse and bends his head', mimicking exactly that posture in the game of horses."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"действительно было бы позорно играть… в лошадки","title":"Impersonal conditional with short adjective","body":"«было бы позорно» is an impersonal conditional ('it would be shameful'): the neuter short adjective «позорно» + «было» + «бы», with the logical subject the infinitive «играть». No nominative subject appears — a typically Russian impersonal evaluation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"никто не смеет у него спрашивать отчета","title":"Negative concord + genitive object","body":"«никто не смеет» keeps both «никто» and «не» (negative concord), and the negated object «отчёта» ('an account') stands in the genitive after the negated «спрашивать». Two negatives, one meaning, plus the genitive of negation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делал","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of делал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies раз","gloss":"more than"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of делал","gloss":"once","note":"«не раз» is idiomatic for 'more than once.'"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делал","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"делал","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had done"},{"surface":"прежде","lemma":"прежде","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies делал","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies брезгал","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"брезгал","lemma":"брезгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with делал","gloss":"scorned"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of брезгал","gloss":"to do"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так что","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom так что ('so that')","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"так что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the result clause of разнеслось","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies классе","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking классе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"классе","lemma":"класс","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of разнеслось","gloss":"school"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of разнеслось","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"разнеслось","lemma":"разнестись","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the так-что result clause","gloss":"had gotten about"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to разнеслось","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"adverbial modifier of разнеслось","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of играет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of играет","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"oblique complement of играет, part of у себя дома","gloss":"his own"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дом","morphology":"adverb (locative form)","role":"modifies играет, part of у себя дома","gloss":"at home"},{"surface":"играет","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the что-clause (subject Красоткин)","gloss":"plays"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking жильцами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"маленькими","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies жильцами","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"жильцами","lemma":"жилец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of играет","gloss":"lodgers"},{"surface":"своими","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies жильцами","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лошадки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"лошадки","lemma":"лошадки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of играет","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"прыгает","lemma":"прыгать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with играет","gloss":"prances"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пристяжную","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"пристяжную","lemma":"пристяжная","morphology":"noun (substantivized adjective), accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прыгает","gloss":"the trace-horse"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"гнет","lemma":"гнуть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with играет","gloss":"bends"},{"surface":"голову","lemma":"голова","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of гнет","gloss":"his head"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отпарировал","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"гордо","lemma":"гордо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отпарировал","gloss":"proudly"},{"surface":"отпарировал","lemma":"отпарировать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause introduced by но, coordinated with делал","gloss":"parried"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of обвинение","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"обвинение","lemma":"обвинение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of отпарировал","gloss":"accusation"},{"surface":"выставив","lemma":"выставить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb (gerund), perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отпарировал","gloss":"pointing out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выставив","gloss":"view"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the content clause complementing выставив на вид","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сверстниками","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"сверстниками","lemma":"сверстник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of играть","gloss":"coevals"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тринадцатилетними","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"тринадцатилетними","lemma":"тринадцатилетний","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), instrumental, plural","role":"coordinated with сверстниками","gloss":"thirteen-year-olds"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies позорно","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to позорно","gloss":"would be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks было позорно as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"позорно","lemma":"позорный","morphology":"adjective, short form, neuter, singular","role":"predicate adjective, subject: играть","gloss":"shameful"},{"surface":"играть","lemma":"играть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"infinitival subject of позорно","gloss":"to play"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking век","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"наш","lemma":"наш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of век","gloss":"our"},{"surface":"век","lemma":"век","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of играть","gloss":"age","note":"«в наш век» = 'in this day and age.'"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лошадки","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"лошадки","lemma":"лошадки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of играть","gloss":"horses"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the second content clause complementing выставив на вид","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of делает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"делает","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"verb of the second что-clause","gloss":"does"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of делает","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пузырей","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"пузырей","lemma":"пузырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of делает","gloss":"the 'bubbles'"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom потому что ('because')","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"потому что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the idiom потому что, introduces the clause of любит","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of любит","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"любит","lemma":"любить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"causal clause explaining делает","gloss":"loves"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чувствах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чувствах","lemma":"чувство","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"feelings"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular (possessive)","role":"possessive modifier of чувствах","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"никто","lemma":"никто","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"subject of смеет","gloss":"no one"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies смеет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"смеет","lemma":"сметь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with любит","gloss":"dares"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of спрашивать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"спрашивать","lemma":"спрашивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of смеет","gloss":"to demand"},{"surface":"отчета","lemma":"отчёт","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of спрашивать","gloss":"an account"}]},{"number":19,"label":"19","id":"b10-c2-s19","source":"Зато и обожали же его оба «пузыря».","translation":"And in return both \"bubbles\" adored him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Зато и обожали же его оба «пузыря»","title":"Inverted word order with «же» for emphasis","body":"The verb «обожали» is fronted before its subject «оба пузыря», and the particle «же» drives the emphasis home — 'And how the two bubbles adored him in return!'. «Зато» ('but on the other hand, in return') hinges the contrast. The marked order foregrounds the intensity of their devotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Зато","lemma":"зато","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and in return"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle before обожали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"обожали","lemma":"обожать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"adored"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обожали","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of обожали","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"modifies пузыря","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"пузыря","lemma":"пузырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обожали (with оба)","gloss":"bubbles"}]},{"number":20,"label":"20","id":"b10-c2-s20","source":"Но на сей раз было не до игрушек.","translation":"But this time there was no thought of toys.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"было не до игрушек","title":"«не до» — no time/mood for","body":"The idiom «(кому) не до (чего)» + genitive means one has no time, heart, or mood for something: «было не до игрушек» = there was no thought of (no time for) toys. The genitive «игрушек» is governed by «до»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"На сей раз","title":"Archaic «сей» — 'this'","body":"«сей» is the bookish, archaic demonstrative 'this', surviving in fixed phrases like «на сей раз» (this time) and «до сих пор». A reader of Dostoevsky meets «сей/сия/сие» as period-elevated, where modern speech uses «этот»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"сей","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of было","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (existential)","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies до","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking игрушек, part of the idiom не до X","gloss":"for","note":"«не до X» is idiomatic for 'no time/thought for X.'"},{"surface":"игрушек","lemma":"игрушка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"complement of до","gloss":"toys"}]},{"number":21,"label":"21","id":"b10-c2-s21","source":"Ему предстояло одно очень важное собственное дело, и на вид какое-то почти даже таинственное, между тем время уходило, а Агафья, на которую можно бы было оставить детей, всё еще не хотела возвратиться с базара.","translation":"Before him lay a certain very important matter of his own, and one with an air about it of being almost even mysterious; meanwhile the time was slipping away, and Agafya, with whom the children could have been left, still would not come back from the market.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ему предстояло одно очень важное дело","title":"Dative subject of «предстоять»","body":"«предстояло» (lay ahead, was in store) takes the person in the dative («ему») and the thing in store as nominative subject («дело»): 'before him lay a matter'. Another dative-experiencer frame, casting Kolya as one to whom things befall."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Агафья, на которую можно бы было оставить детей","title":"Relative «которую» with preposition","body":"«на которую» fronts the preposition with the relative pronoun, in the accusative governed by «на»; «можно бы было оставить» is an impersonal conditional ('with whom one could have left the children'). The whole clause modifies «Агафья»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё ещё не хотела возвратиться","title":"Imperfective «не хотела» for ongoing refusal","body":"«всё ещё не хотела возвратиться» — the imperfective «хотела» with «всё ещё» renders a stubborn, continuing reluctance ('still would not come back'). English 'would not' captures exactly this imperfective sense of persistent refusal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of предстояло","gloss":"before him"},{"surface":"предстояло","lemma":"предстоять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"lay ahead"},{"surface":"одно","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"quantifies дело","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies важное","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"важное","lemma":"важный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"important"},{"surface":"собственное","lemma":"собственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"own"},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of предстояло","gloss":"matter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вид, idiom 'in appearance'","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"вид","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies таинственное, part of the idiom на вид","gloss":"appearance"},{"surface":"какое","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of то, part of какое-то","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"какой-то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the indefinite determiner какое-то, modifies таинственное","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies даже","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies таинственное","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"таинственное","lemma":"таинственный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate describing дело (coordinated with важное...дело)","gloss":"mysterious"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom между тем ('meanwhile')","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"между тем","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom между тем, modifies уходило","gloss":"meanwhile"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of уходило","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"уходило","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"parallel clause to предстояло","gloss":"was slipping away"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Агафья","lemma":"Агафья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хотела","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которую","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"которую","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оставить","gloss":"whom"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"predicate adverb","role":"predicate of the relative clause on Агафья","gloss":"one could"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"conditional particle","role":"marks можно as conditional","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to можно","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"оставить","lemma":"оставить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"to leave"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of оставить","gloss":"the children"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё ещё","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom всё ещё ('still'), modifies хотела","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"всё ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the idiom всё ещё, modifies хотела","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies хотела","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"хотела","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the Агафья clause","gloss":"wanted"},{"surface":"возвратиться","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хотела","gloss":"to come back"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking базара","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"базара","lemma":"базар","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратиться","gloss":"the market"}]},{"number":22,"label":"22","id":"b10-c2-s22","source":"Он несколько раз уже переходил чрез сени, отворял дверь к докторше и озабоченно оглядывал «пузырей», которые, по его приказанию, сидели за книжкой, и каждый раз, как он отворял дверь, молча улыбались ему во весь рот, ожидая, что вот он войдет и сделает что-нибудь прекрасное и забавное.","translation":"Several times already he had crossed the entry, opened the door to the doctor's wife's rooms, and anxiously surveyed the \"bubbles,\" who, on his orders, were sitting over their book, and each time he opened the door they smiled at him silently, grinning from ear to ear, expecting that now he would come in and do something splendid and entertaining.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переходил… отворял… оглядывал","title":"Imperfectives for repeated rounds","body":"A run of imperfective pasts («переходил, отворял, оглядывал») with «несколько раз» and «каждый раз» renders Kolya's repeated checking — he crossed, opened, and surveyed again and again. The aspect, not any adverb alone, carries the iteration."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"молча улыбались ему во весь рот, ожидая, что вот он войдет","title":"Gerunds «молча» and «ожидая»","body":"Both «молча» (silently, from «молчать») and «ожидая» (expecting, from «ожидать») are imperfective gerunds — деепричастия — naming actions simultaneous with the main verb «улыбались», and sharing its subject (the children). They compress 'as they kept silent and expected' into two adverbial forms."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"улыбались… во весь рот","title":"«во весь рот» — grinning from ear to ear","body":"Idiom 'to smile во весь рот' (lit. 'with the whole mouth') = to grin broadly, from ear to ear. The phrase, with «вот он войдёт» ('now he'll come in'), captures the children's wide, expectant delight."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of переходил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"quantifier, indeclinable","role":"depends on раз","gloss":"several"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of переходил","gloss":"times"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переходил","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"переходил","lemma":"переходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"had been crossing"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of переходил","gloss":"the entry"},{"surface":"отворял","lemma":"отворять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with переходил","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворял","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking докторше","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"докторше","lemma":"докторша","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"the doctor's wife"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"озабоченно","lemma":"озабоченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оглядывал","gloss":"anxiously"},{"surface":"оглядывал","lemma":"оглядывать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with переходил","gloss":"surveyed"},{"surface":"пузырей","lemma":"пузырь","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, plural","role":"direct object of оглядывал","gloss":"the \"bubbles\""},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of сидели","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приказанию","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"determiner","role":"determiner of приказанию","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"приказанию","lemma":"приказание","morphology":"noun, dative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидели","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"сидели","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause on пузырей","gloss":"were sitting"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking книжкой","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"книжкой","lemma":"книжка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидели","gloss":"their book"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"каждый","lemma":"каждый","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of улыбались","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of отворял","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отворял","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"отворял","lemma":"отворять","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"temporal clause modifying раз","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворял","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"молча","lemma":"молча","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies улыбались","gloss":"silently"},{"surface":"улыбались","lemma":"улыбаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидели","gloss":"smiled"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of улыбались","gloss":"at him"},{"surface":"во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking рот","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of рот","gloss":"whole"},{"surface":"рот","lemma":"рот","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of улыбались","gloss":"mouth","note":"Idiom \"во весь рот\" = grinning from ear to ear."},{"surface":"ожидая","lemma":"ожидать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on улыбались","gloss":"expecting"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of войдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies войдет","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of войдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"войдет","lemma":"войти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of ожидая","gloss":"would come in"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сделает","lemma":"сделать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with войдет","gloss":"would do"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"direct object of сделает","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"direct object of сделает","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"прекрасное","lemma":"прекрасный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"complement of сделает","gloss":"splendid"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забавное","lemma":"забавный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with прекрасное","gloss":"entertaining"}]},{"number":23,"label":"23","id":"b10-c2-s23","source":"Но Коля был в душевной тревоге и не входил.","translation":"But Kolya was in inward distress and did not go in.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"был в душевной тревоге и не входил","title":"Imperfective «не входил» — a sustained non-action","body":"«не входил» (imperfective) describes a held-back state — he kept not going in — matching his prolonged «душевная тревога». A perfective «не вошёл» would report a single non-entry; the imperfective stresses the drawn-out hesitation."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to тревоге","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тревоге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"душевной","lemma":"душевный","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тревоге","gloss":"inward"},{"surface":"тревоге","lemma":"тревога","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"distress"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies входил","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"входил","lemma":"входить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"go in"}]},{"number":24,"label":"24","id":"b10-c2-s24","source":"Наконец пробило одиннадцать, и он твердо и окончательно решил, что если чрез десять минут «проклятая» Агафья не воротится, то он уйдет со двора, ее не дождавшись, разумеется взяв с «пузырей» слово, что они без него не струсят, не нашалят и не будут от страха плакать.","translation":"At last eleven struck, and he resolved firmly and finally that if in ten minutes the \"accursed\" Agafya did not come back, he would go out without waiting for her — having, of course, first taken the \"bubbles'\" word that they would not lose their nerve without him, would not get up to mischief, and would not cry for fear.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"если… не воротится, то он уйдет","title":"Real future conditional with perfectives","body":"A real (open) condition about the future: «если… не воротится» (perfective future of «воротиться», to come back) in the if-clause, «он уйдёт» (perfective future of «уйти») in the result. Both are perfective-future forms — conjugated like a present but meaning a single completed future act."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"взяв с «пузырей» слово… её не дождавшись","title":"Perfective gerunds «взяв» and «дождавшись»","body":"Two perfective past gerunds: «взяв» (having taken) and «дождавшись» (in «её не дождавшись», 'without waiting for her'). The perfective деепричастие in -в/-вшись names a completed action bound to the main verb, sharing its subject — here Kolya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не струсят","title":"«струсить» — to lose one's nerve","body":"«Струсить» (perfective) means to turn coward, get scared, lose one's nerve. Kolya extracts a promise that the children «не струсят, не нашалят и не будут плакать» — a small comic catalogue of soldierly conditions for his absence."}],"words":[{"surface":"Наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies пробило","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"пробило","lemma":"пробить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"одиннадцать","lemma":"одиннадцать","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"direct object of пробило","gloss":"eleven"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies решил","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"окончательно","lemma":"окончательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with твердо","gloss":"finally"},{"surface":"решил","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with пробило","gloss":"resolved"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уйдет","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of воротится","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking минут","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"десять","lemma":"десять","morphology":"numeral, accusative","role":"depends on минут","gloss":"ten"},{"surface":"минут","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of воротится","gloss":"minutes"},{"surface":"проклятая","lemma":"проклятый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies Агафья","gloss":"accursed"},{"surface":"Агафья","lemma":"агафья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of воротится","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies воротится","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"воротится","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уйдет","gloss":"came back"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of уйдет","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of уйдет","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"уйдет","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of решил","gloss":"would leave"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of уйдет","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of дождавшись","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дождавшись","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"дождавшись","lemma":"дождаться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with уйдет","gloss":"waiting for"},{"surface":"разумеется","lemma":"разуметься","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical modifying взяв","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"взяв","lemma":"взять","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on уйдет","gloss":"having taken"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пузырей","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"пузырей","lemma":"пузырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of взяв","gloss":"the \"bubbles\""},{"surface":"слово","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of взяв","gloss":"word","note":"Idiom \"взять слово\" = to get someone's word/promise."},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of струсят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of струсят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking него","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"него","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of струсят","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies струсят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"струсят","lemma":"струсить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"clausal complement of взяв","gloss":"lose their nerve"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нашалят","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"нашалят","lemma":"нашалить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with струсят","gloss":"get up to mischief"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies плакать","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будут","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of плакать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of плакать","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of будут","gloss":"cry"}]},{"number":25,"label":"25","id":"b10-c2-s25","source":"В этих мыслях он оделся в свое ватное зимнее пальтишко с меховым воротником из какого-то котика, навесил через плечо свою сумку и, несмотря на прежние неоднократные мольбы матери, чтоб он по «такому холоду», выходя со двора, всегда надевал калошки, только с презрением посмотрел на них, проходя чрез переднюю, и вышел в одних сапогах.","translation":"With these thoughts he put on his quilted winter coat, with its fur collar of some sort of sealskin, slung his bag across his shoulder, and, despite his mother's previous repeated entreaties that, in \"such cold\" as this, he should always put on his galoshes when going out, he only cast a contemptuous glance at them as he passed through the entry and went out in just his boots.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пальтишко","title":"«пальтишко» — a shabby little coat","body":"The pejorative-diminutive suffix -ишк- on «пальто» gives 'a wretched/shabby little coat', faintly belittling. The same suffix family (cf. «городишко») colours an object with a touch of contempt or pity, here gently undercutting Kolya's wadded winter wear."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"котика… калошки","title":"«котик» (sealskin) and «калоши»","body":"«Котик» here is fur seal / sealskin (a fashionable trim), not 'kitten'; the collar is «из какого-то котика», 'of some sort of sealskin'. «Калошки» (diminutive of «калоши») are galoshes, the rubber overshoes his mother begs him to wear."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несмотря на… мольбы матери, чтоб он… всегда надевал калошки","title":"«чтоб(ы)» + past-form for an urged action","body":"After «мольбы… чтоб он… надевал», the conjunction «чтоб(ы)» introduces a willed, non-factual outcome and so takes the past-form verb «надевал», not an infinitive or present. «чтобы» always pairs with the irrealis past form for purposes, wishes, and entreaties."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"оделся… навесил… посмотрел… вышел","title":"Perfective sequence + reflexive «оделся»","body":"The action moves through perfectives — «оделся, навесил, посмотрел, вышел» — each a completed step. «оделся» (from «одеться», -ся) is the true reflexive 'dressed himself', the -ся turning the action back on the subject."}],"words":[{"surface":"В","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мыслях","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"этих","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"determiner of мыслях","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"мыслях","lemma":"мысль","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of оделся","gloss":"thoughts"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of оделся","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"оделся","lemma":"одеться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пальтишко","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of пальтишко","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"ватное","lemma":"ватный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пальтишко","gloss":"quilted"},{"surface":"зимнее","lemma":"зимний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies пальтишко","gloss":"winter"},{"surface":"пальтишко","lemma":"пальтишко","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of оделся","gloss":"coat"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking воротником","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"меховым","lemma":"меховой","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воротником","gloss":"fur"},{"surface":"воротником","lemma":"воротник","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пальтишко","gloss":"collar"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котика","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"какого","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of котика","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"determiner of котика","gloss":"kind of"},{"surface":"котика","lemma":"котик","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies воротником","gloss":"sealskin"},{"surface":"навесил","lemma":"навесить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оделся","gloss":"slung"},{"surface":"через","lemma":"через","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking плечо","gloss":"across"},{"surface":"плечо","lemma":"плечо","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of навесил","gloss":"shoulder"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сумку","lemma":"сумка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of навесил","gloss":"bag"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"несмотря","lemma":"несмотря","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мольбы","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase несмотря","gloss":"despite"},{"surface":"прежние","lemma":"прежний","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies мольбы","gloss":"previous"},{"surface":"неоднократные","lemma":"неоднократный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies мольбы","gloss":"repeated"},{"surface":"мольбы","lemma":"мольба","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of несмотря","gloss":"entreaties"},{"surface":"матери","lemma":"мать","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies мольбы","gloss":"his mother's"},{"surface":"чтоб","lemma":"чтоб","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of надевал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of надевал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking холоду","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"такому","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, dative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of холоду","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"холоду","lemma":"холод","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of надевал","gloss":"cold"},{"surface":"выходя","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on надевал","gloss":"going out"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"со","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выходя","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надевал","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"надевал","lemma":"надевать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with оделся","gloss":"put on"},{"surface":"калошки","lemma":"калошки","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of надевал","gloss":"galoshes"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies посмотрел","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking презрением","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"презрением","lemma":"презрение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"contempt"},{"surface":"посмотрел","lemma":"посмотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оделся","gloss":"looked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"oblique complement of посмотрел","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"проходя","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on посмотрел","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"чрез","lemma":"чрез","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking переднюю","gloss":"through"},{"surface":"переднюю","lemma":"передняя","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходя","gloss":"the hallway"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вышел","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with оделся","gloss":"went out"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сапогах","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"одних","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, locative, plural","role":"modifies сапогах","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"сапогах","lemma":"сапог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of вышел","gloss":"boots"}]},{"number":26,"label":"26","id":"b10-c2-s26","source":"Перезвон, завидя его одетым, начал было усиленно стучать хвостом по полу, нервно подергиваясь всем телом, и даже испустил было жалобный вой, но Коля, при виде такой страстной стремительности своего пса, заключил, что это вредит дисциплине, и хоть минуту, а выдержал его еще под лавкой и, уже отворив только дверь в сени, вдруг свистнул его.","translation":"Perezvon, catching sight of him dressed to go out, began beating his tail vigorously against the floor, twitching nervously all over, and even let out a plaintive whine; but Kolya, at the sight of his dog's such passionate eagerness, concluded that this was detrimental to discipline, and for one more minute kept him under the bench, and only when he had already opened the door into the entry did he suddenly whistle for him.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"завидя его одетым","title":"Gerund «завидя» + instrumental complement","body":"«завидя» is a perfective gerund ('catching sight of', from «завидеть»), sharing the subject Perezvon. Its complement «его одетым» pairs an accusative object with an instrumental predicate ('him [as] dressed') — the instrumental marks the state in which the dog perceives Kolya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал было… испустил было","title":"The «было» of the interrupted action","body":"The particle «было» after a perfective («начал было стучать», «испустил было вой») marks an action just begun and then cut short or undone — 'started to… but'. It is a delicate, distinctly Russian device for a movement checked almost as soon as it starts."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"хоть минуту, а выдержал его","title":"Concessive «хоть… а»","body":"«хоть минуту, а выдержал» pairs concessive «хоть» ('even if only [a minute]') with contrastive «а» to mean 'if only for a minute, still he held him back'. This «хоть… а/но» frame grants a minimal point while insisting on the action."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"завидя","lemma":"завидеть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"catching sight of"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of завидя","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"одетым","lemma":"одетый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"complement of завидя","gloss":"dressed"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"(started to)","note":"Particle \"было\" after a past verb marks an action begun but then interrupted."},{"surface":"усиленно","lemma":"усиленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies стучать","gloss":"vigorously"},{"surface":"стучать","lemma":"стучать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"beat"},{"surface":"хвостом","lemma":"хвост","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стучать","gloss":"his tail"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking полу","gloss":"against"},{"surface":"полу","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стучать","gloss":"the floor"},{"surface":"нервно","lemma":"нервно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies подергиваясь","gloss":"nervously"},{"surface":"подергиваясь","lemma":"подёргиваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on стучать","gloss":"twitching"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of телом","gloss":"his whole"},{"surface":"телом","lemma":"тело","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of подергиваясь","gloss":"body"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испустил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"испустил","lemma":"испустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"let out"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"было","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies испустил","gloss":"(started to)","note":"Particle \"было\" after a past verb marks an action begun but then interrupted."},{"surface":"жалобный","lemma":"жалобный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies вой","gloss":"plaintive"},{"surface":"вой","lemma":"вой","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of испустил","gloss":"whine"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заключил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"при","lemma":"при","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase при","gloss":"the sight"},{"surface":"такой","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of стремительности","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"страстной","lemma":"страстный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies стремительности","gloss":"passionate"},{"surface":"стремительности","lemma":"стремительность","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виде","gloss":"eagerness"},{"surface":"своего","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of пса","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"пса","lemma":"пёс","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies стремительности","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"заключил","lemma":"заключить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with начал","gloss":"concluded"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of вредит","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of вредит","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"вредит","lemma":"вредить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of заключил","gloss":"harms"},{"surface":"дисциплине","lemma":"дисциплина","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of вредит","gloss":"discipline"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"хоть","lemma":"хоть","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies минуту","gloss":"at least"},{"surface":"минуту","lemma":"минута","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдержал","gloss":"a minute"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"выдержал","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заключил","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдержал","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выдержал","gloss":"still"},{"surface":"под","lemma":"под","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лавкой","gloss":"under"},{"surface":"лавкой","lemma":"лавка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of выдержал","gloss":"the bench"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies отворив","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"отворив","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on свистнул","gloss":"having opened"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворив","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сени","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"the entry"},{"surface":"вдруг","lemma":"вдруг","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies свистнул","gloss":"suddenly"},{"surface":"свистнул","lemma":"свистнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заключил","gloss":"whistled"},{"surface":"его","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of свистнул","gloss":"for him"}]},{"number":27,"label":"27","id":"b10-c2-s27","source":"Пес вскочил как сумасшедший и бросился скакать пред ним от восторга.","translation":"The dog leapt up like one possessed and flung himself into capering about in front of him with delight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочил… бросился скакать","title":"Perfective burst of action","body":"«вскочил» and «бросился» (both perfective) capture two sharp, instantaneous events — leapt up, flung himself — the perfective's gift for sudden, completed motion. «бросился скакать» = 'flung himself into capering', the perfective + imperfective infinitive launching an ongoing activity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"как сумасшедший","title":"«как сумасшедший» — like a madman","body":"A stock simile ('like one possessed / a madman'), «сумасшедший» being the substantivised adjective 'mad person'. Applied to the ecstatic dog, it heightens the comic contrast with the iron 'discipline' Kolya has just imposed."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пес","lemma":"пёс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of вскочил","gloss":"the dog"},{"surface":"вскочил","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of сумасшедший","gloss":"like"},{"surface":"сумасшедший","lemma":"сумасшедший","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вскочил","gloss":"one possessed"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"бросился","lemma":"броситься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочил","gloss":"flung himself"},{"surface":"скакать","lemma":"скакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of бросился","gloss":"to caper about"},{"surface":"пред","lemma":"пред","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скакать","gloss":"him"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking восторга","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"восторга","lemma":"восторг","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of скакать","gloss":"delight"}]},{"number":28,"label":"28","id":"b10-c2-s28","source":"Перейдя сени, Коля отворил дверь к «пузырям».","translation":"Crossing the entry, Kolya opened the door to the \"bubbles.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Перейдя сени, Коля отворил дверь","title":"Perfective gerund of prior action","body":"«Перейдя» ('having crossed', perfective gerund of «перейти») names an action completed just before the main verb «отворил». The perfective деепричастие orders events: first the crossing, then the opening — both performed by Kolya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Перейдя","lemma":"перейти","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on отворил","gloss":"crossing"},{"surface":"сени","lemma":"сени","morphology":"noun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of Перейдя","gloss":"the entry"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of отворил","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"отворил","lemma":"отворить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of отворил","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пузырям","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"пузырям","lemma":"пузырь","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, plural","role":"modifies дверь","gloss":"the \"bubbles\""}]},{"number":29,"label":"29","id":"b10-c2-s29","source":"Оба по-прежнему сидели за столиком, но уже не читали, а жарко о чем-то спорили.","translation":"Both were sitting at the little table as before, but they were no longer reading; they were hotly disputing about something.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не читали, а жарко… спорили","title":"Corrective «а» after a negative","body":"After the negated «не читали», «а» introduces the correcting positive — 'not reading, but rather quarrelling'. This 'not X but Y' use of «а» (where English often needs 'but rather') is one of its core functions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"о чем-то спорили","title":"«спорить о» + prepositional, with «-то»","body":"«спорить о чём-то» governs the prepositional after «о» ('argue about something'), and «-то» marks the topic as specific but unnamed by the narrator. The verb «спорить» is imperfective, framing the dispute as in progress."}],"words":[{"surface":"Оба","lemma":"оба","morphology":"numeral, nominative, masculine","role":"subject of сидели","gloss":"both"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидели","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"прежнему","lemma":"по-прежнему","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сидели","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"сидели","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"were sitting"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столиком","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"столиком","lemma":"столик","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидели","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies читали","gloss":"any longer"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies читали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"читали","lemma":"читать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидели","gloss":"were reading"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"жарко","lemma":"жарко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спорили","gloss":"hotly"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking чем","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, locative","role":"oblique complement of спорили","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"oblique complement of спорили","gloss":"-thing"},{"surface":"спорили","lemma":"спорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with сидели","gloss":"were arguing"}]},{"number":30,"label":"30","id":"b10-c2-s30","source":"Эти детки часто друг с другом спорили о разных вызывающих житейских предметах, причем Настя, как старшая, всегда одерживала верх; Костя же, если не соглашался с нею, то всегда почти шел апеллировать к Коле Красоткину, и уж как тот решал, так оно и оставалось в виде абсолютного приговора для всех сторон.","translation":"These children often quarreled with each other about various provoking questions of everyday life, with Nastya, as the elder, always gaining the upper hand; and Kostya, if he did not agree with her, would almost always go off to appeal to Kolya Krassotkin, and once he had decided a thing, so it stood, in the form of an absolute verdict for all parties.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"детки","title":"«детки» — the dear little ones","body":"Affectionate diminutive plural of «дети» (children) via -к-, 'the little ones / the dear children'. The narrator's diction toward Nastya and Kostya is steeped in such tenderness, echoing the chapter's title «Детвора»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Настя, как старшая, всегда одерживала верх; Костя же…","title":"Contrastive «же» pairing the two children","body":"«же» on «Костя» sets him against Nastya ('Nastya… ; Kostya, for his part, …'), a mild contrastive use distinct from its emphatic one. It quietly structures the pair-comparison the sentence draws between the two siblings."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"как тот решал, так оно и оставалось","title":"Correlative «как… так» + tracking «тот»","body":"«как тот решал, так оно и оставалось» ('however he decided, so it stood') pairs «как… так», with «тот» picking out Kolya as the authority and «и» emphasising the resolution. The whole frames Kolya's word as final law."}],"words":[{"surface":"Эти","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of детки","gloss":"these"},{"surface":"детки","lemma":"детки","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of спорили","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"часто","lemma":"часто","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спорили","gloss":"often"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, nominative","role":"oblique complement of спорили","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase друг","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental","role":"part of the phrase друг","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"спорили","lemma":"спорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"argued"},{"surface":"о","lemma":"о","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking предметах","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"разных","lemma":"разный","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies предметах","gloss":"various"},{"surface":"вызывающих","lemma":"вызывающий","morphology":"adjective (participle), locative, plural","role":"modifies предметах","gloss":"provoking"},{"surface":"житейских","lemma":"житейский","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies предметах","gloss":"everyday"},{"surface":"предметах","lemma":"предмет","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of спорили","gloss":"matters"},{"surface":"причем","lemma":"причём","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"Настя","lemma":"настя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of одерживала","gloss":"Nastya"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of старшая","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"старшая","lemma":"старший","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"clause modifying Настя","gloss":"the elder"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies одерживала","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"одерживала","lemma":"одерживать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with спорили","gloss":"gained"},{"surface":"верх","lemma":"верх","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of одерживала","gloss":"the upper hand"},{"surface":"Костя","lemma":"костя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of шел","gloss":"Kostya"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Костя","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"если","lemma":"если","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of соглашался","gloss":"if"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies соглашался","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"соглашался","lemma":"соглашаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on шел","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нею","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"нею","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of соглашался","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of шел","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"всегда","lemma":"всегда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"always"},{"surface":"почти","lemma":"почти","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies шел","gloss":"almost"},{"surface":"шел","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"would go"},{"surface":"апеллировать","lemma":"апеллировать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of шел","gloss":"to appeal"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Коле","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Коле","lemma":"коля","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of апеллировать","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"Красоткину","lemma":"красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"depends on Коле","gloss":"Krasotkin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies решал","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of решал","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"тот","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of решал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"решал","lemma":"решать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шел","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оставалось","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"оно","lemma":"оно","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of оставалось","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies оставалось","gloss":"indeed","note":"Here \"и\" is an intensifying particle (\"indeed\"), not the conjunction \"and\"."},{"surface":"оставалось","lemma":"оставаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with шел","gloss":"remained"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking приговора","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в","gloss":"the form"},{"surface":"абсолютного","lemma":"абсолютный","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies приговора","gloss":"absolute"},{"surface":"приговора","lemma":"приговор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of виде","gloss":"verdict"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сторон","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of сторон","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"сторон","lemma":"сторона","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"modifies приговора","gloss":"parties"}]},{"number":31,"label":"31","id":"b10-c2-s31","source":"На этот раз спор «пузырей» несколько заинтересовал Красоткина, и он остановился в дверях послушать.","translation":"This time the \"bubbles'\" dispute rather interested Krassotkin, and he stopped in the doorway to listen.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"остановился в дверях послушать","title":"Reflexive «остановился» + purpose infinitive","body":"«остановился» (from «остановиться», -ся) is the intransitive 'came to a stop'; the bare perfective infinitive «послушать» ('to have a listen') states his purpose. The «по-» prefix gives a limited, brief-duration 'listen a while'."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз (idiom: на этот раз = \"this time\")","gloss":"at","note":"«На этот раз» is a fixed idiom meaning \"this time\"."},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"object of preposition на, adverbial modifier of заинтересовал","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"спор","lemma":"спор","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of заинтересовал","gloss":"dispute"},{"surface":"пузырей","lemma":"пузырь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies спор","gloss":"bubbles'"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заинтересовал","gloss":"rather"},{"surface":"заинтересовал","lemma":"заинтересовать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interested"},{"surface":"Красоткина","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of заинтересовал","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of остановился","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"остановился","lemma":"остановиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with заинтересовал","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дверях","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"дверях","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of остановился","gloss":"doorway"},{"surface":"послушать","lemma":"послушать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"purpose complement of остановился","gloss":"to listen"}]},{"number":32,"label":"32","id":"b10-c2-s32","source":"Детки видели, что он слушает, и тем еще с большим азартом продолжали свое препирание.","translation":"The children saw that he was listening, and with all the greater ardor went on with their wrangling.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем еще с большим азартом продолжали","title":"«тем + comparative» — all the more so","body":"«тем ещё с большим азартом» uses «тем» with a comparative ('with all the greater ardour') to mark a proportional increase — because he was listening, the more eagerly they went on. The «чем… тем» / «тем» correlative scales one thing to another."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"азартом… препирание","title":"«азарт» and «препирание»","body":"«Азарт» is heated passion, ardour, the thrill of contest (a French loan); «препирание» (from «препираться», to bicker) is squabbling, wrangling. Together they cast the toddlers' dispute as a fervent, gladiatorial wrangle."}],"words":[{"surface":"Детки","lemma":"детка","morphology":"noun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of видели","gloss":"The children"},{"surface":"видели","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"saw"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of слушает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слушает","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"слушает","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of видели","gloss":"was listening"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"intensifies большим азартом (\"all the more\")","gloss":"all the"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies большим","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking азартом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"большим","lemma":"больший","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies азартом","gloss":"greater"},{"surface":"азартом","lemma":"азарт","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of продолжали","gloss":"ardor"},{"surface":"продолжали","lemma":"продолжать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"coordinated with видели","gloss":"went on with"},{"surface":"свое","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of препирание","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"препирание","lemma":"препирание","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of продолжали","gloss":"wrangling"}]},{"number":33,"label":"33","id":"b10-c2-s33","source":"— Никогда, никогда я не поверю, — горячо лепетала Настя, — что маленьких деток повивальные бабушки находят в огороде, между грядками с капустой.","translation":"\"Never, never will I believe,\" Nastya prattled hotly, \"that midwives find little children in the kitchen garden, among the cabbage beds.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Никогда, никогда я не поверю","title":"Negative concord with «никогда… не»","body":"«никогда… не поверю» keeps the negative adverb and «не» together (negative concord), and «поверю» is a perfective future ('I will [never] believe'). The doubled «Никогда, никогда» is rhetorical repetition, all of one negation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лепетала","title":"«лепетать» — to prattle, babble","body":"«Лепетать» is to babble or prattle, the half-formed speech of a small child (or a tender lover). The narrator's choice of verb keeps Nastya's heated theorising charmingly childish even as she argues like a little logician."}],"words":[{"surface":"Никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверю","gloss":"Never"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поверю","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of поверю","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies поверю","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"поверю","lemma":"поверить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will believe"},{"surface":"горячо","lemma":"горячо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лепетала","gloss":"hotly"},{"surface":"лепетала","lemma":"лепетать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"prattled"},{"surface":"Настя","lemma":"Настя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of лепетала","gloss":"Nastya"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of находят","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"маленьких","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, plural","role":"modifies деток","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"деток","lemma":"детка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of находят","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"повивальные","lemma":"повивальный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, plural","role":"modifies бабушки","gloss":"midwife"},{"surface":"бабушки","lemma":"бабушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, plural","role":"subject of находят","gloss":"midwives"},{"surface":"находят","lemma":"находить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"find"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking огороде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"огороде","lemma":"огород","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of находят","gloss":"kitchen garden"},{"surface":"между","lemma":"между","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking грядками","gloss":"among"},{"surface":"грядками","lemma":"грядка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"additional oblique complement of находят, in apposition to огороде","gloss":"beds"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking капустой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"капустой","lemma":"капуста","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies грядками","gloss":"cabbage"}]},{"number":34,"label":"34","id":"b10-c2-s34","source":"Теперь уж зима, и никаких грядок нет, и бабушка не могла принести Катерине дочку.","translation":"It's winter now, and there aren't any beds at all, so the midwife couldn't have brought Katerina a baby girl.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никаких грядок нет","title":"«нет» + genitive of absence, with «никаких»","body":"«никаких грядок нет» = 'there are no beds at all': «нет» governs the genitive of the absent thing («грядок», gen. pl.), and the negative «никаких» intensifies it ('no… whatsoever'). The construction is the existential genitive of negation par excellence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не могла принести Катерине дочку","title":"Dative recipient «Катерине»","body":"«принести Катерине дочку» — «Катерине» is the dative indirect object (to/for Katerina) and «дочку» the accusative direct object: the midwife couldn't 'bring Katerina a baby girl'. The dative marks the one to whom the baby would be brought."}],"words":[{"surface":"Теперь","lemma":"теперь","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies зима","gloss":"Now"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies зима","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"зима","lemma":"зима","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun, head of the phrase","gloss":"winter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"никаких","lemma":"никакой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of грядок","gloss":"no"},{"surface":"грядок","lemma":"грядка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"beds"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, negative existential","role":"coordinated with зима","gloss":"there aren't"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"бабушка","lemma":"бабушка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of могла","gloss":"the midwife"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies могла","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"могла","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with нет","gloss":"couldn't have"},{"surface":"принести","lemma":"принести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of могла","gloss":"brought"},{"surface":"Катерине","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of принести","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"дочку","lemma":"дочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of принести","gloss":"a baby girl"}]},{"number":35,"label":"35","id":"b10-c2-s35","source":"— Фью! — присвистнул про себя Коля.","translation":"\"Phew!\" Kolya whistled to himself.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"присвистнул про себя","title":"«про себя» with the reflexive себя","body":"«про себя» (lit. 'to oneself') means inwardly, under one's breath — Kolya whistles «про себя», privately impressed. «себя» is the reflexive pronoun pointing back to the subject; it has no nominative and serves any person."}],"words":[{"surface":"Фью","lemma":"фью","morphology":"interjection","role":"exclamation","gloss":"Phew!"},{"surface":"присвистнул","lemma":"присвистнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"whistled"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking себя","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"себя","lemma":"себя","morphology":"pronoun, accusative","role":"oblique complement of присвистнул","gloss":"himself"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of присвистнул","gloss":"Kolya"}]},{"number":36,"label":"36","id":"b10-c2-s36","source":"— Или вот как: они приносят откуда-нибудь, но только тем, которые замуж выходят.","translation":"\"Or maybe it's like this: they bring them from somewhere, but only to those who are getting married.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"тем, которые замуж выходят","title":"Correlative «тем, которые»","body":"«только тем, которые замуж выходят» pairs the demonstrative «тем» (dative, 'to those') with the relative «которые» ('who get married'): 'only to those who marry'. «тем» is the antecedent inside the main clause; «которые» carries its own (nominative) case in the relative clause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"замуж выходят","title":"«выходить замуж» — (of a woman) to marry","body":"Russian splits 'to marry' by sex: a woman «выходит замуж» (lit. 'goes out behind a husband'), a man «женится». «Замуж» is a frozen adverbial accusative. The children's whole debate hinges on this — marriage as the precondition for babies."}],"words":[{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of приносят","gloss":"they"},{"surface":"приносят","lemma":"приносить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"bring"},{"surface":"откуда","lemma":"откуда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приносят (combines with нибудь)","gloss":"from","note":"откуда-нибудь is one indefinite word meaning \"from somewhere\", split across these two tokens."},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"indefinite particle","role":"combines with откуда (indefinite marker)","gloss":"somewhere"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тем","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"тем","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of приносят","gloss":"to those"},{"surface":"которые","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of выходят","gloss":"who"},{"surface":"замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выходят","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"выходят","lemma":"выходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, plural, imperfective","role":"relative clause modifying тем","gloss":"are getting"}]},{"number":37,"label":"37","id":"b10-c2-s37","source":"Костя пристально смотрел на Настю, глубокомысленно слушал и соображал.","translation":"Kostya gazed fixedly at Nastya, listened with profound seriousness, and pondered.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"смотрел… слушал и соображал","title":"Three imperfectives painting a held attitude","body":"«смотрел, слушал, соображал» (all imperfective) hold Kostya in a posture of grave attention — gazing, listening, pondering as ongoing, overlapping processes. The imperfective is the aspect of sustained inner activity."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"глубокомысленно","title":"«глубокомысленно» — with profound seriousness","body":"An adverb 'profoundly, with deep thought' (from «глубокомысленный», deep-thinking). Applied to a seven-year-old weighing Nastya's theory, it is gently ironic — the comically solemn gravity of a small boy thinking hard."}],"words":[{"surface":"Костя","lemma":"Костя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of смотрел","gloss":"Kostya"},{"surface":"пристально","lemma":"пристально","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies смотрел","gloss":"fixedly"},{"surface":"смотрел","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"gazed"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Настю","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Настю","lemma":"Настя","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of смотрел","gloss":"Nastya"},{"surface":"глубокомысленно","lemma":"глубокомысленно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слушал","gloss":"thoughtfully"},{"surface":"слушал","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"соображал","lemma":"соображать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with смотрел","gloss":"pondered"}]},{"number":38,"label":"38","id":"b10-c2-s38","source":"— Настя, какая ты дура, — произнес он наконец твердо и не горячась, — какой же может быть у Катерины ребеночек, когда она не замужем?","translation":"\"Nastya, what a goose you are,\" he pronounced at last, firmly and without getting heated, \"how can Katerina have a baby when she isn't married?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"какая ты дура","title":"«дура» — you goose / fool","body":"«Дура» is the feminine of «дурак», a fool/silly thing; «какая ты дура» = 'what a fool/goose you are'. Among the children it is an exasperated, not cruel, scolding — we render it 'goose'. The exclamatory «какая…» heightens it."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какой же может быть… ребеночек, когда она не замужем?","title":"Rhetorical «же» + «когда» = 'when/since'","body":"«какой же может быть ребёночек» uses «же» to sharpen a rhetorical question ('how on earth can there be a baby?'). «когда она не замужем» here means 'when/since she isn't married', «когда» shading from time toward cause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"не замужем","title":"«замужем» — (being) married, of a woman","body":"«Замужем» is the adverbial 'married' said of a woman (lit. 'behind a husband'), the state corresponding to «выйти замуж». Kostya's matter-of-fact logic — no husband, no baby — sets up Nastya's next leap of theory."}],"words":[{"surface":"Настя","lemma":"Настя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Nastya"},{"surface":"какая","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of дура","gloss":"what a"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of дура","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"дура","lemma":"дура","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate noun of the exclamation","gloss":"fool"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"твердо","lemma":"твердо","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies произнес","gloss":"firmly"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies горячась","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"горячась","lemma":"горячиться","morphology":"verb, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"getting heated"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of ребеночек","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies какой","gloss":"possibly"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"быть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of может","gloss":"be"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерины","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"Катерины","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of быть","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"ребеночек","lemma":"ребеночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of может","gloss":"baby"},{"surface":"когда","lemma":"когда","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of замужем","gloss":"when"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of замужем","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies замужем","gloss":"isn't"},{"surface":"замужем","lemma":"замужем","morphology":"adverb","role":"adverbial clause on может","gloss":"married"}]},{"number":39,"label":"39","id":"b10-c2-s39","source":"Настя ужасно загорячилась.","translation":"Nastya grew terribly heated.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ужасно загорячилась","title":"Inceptive «за-» + reflexive «-ся»","body":"«загорячилась» (from «загорячиться») fuses the inceptive prefix «за-» ('started to') with reflexive «-ся»: 'flared up, grew heated'. The «за-» marks the onset of the emotion; the perfective frames it as a single flare. «ужасно» ('terribly') is a colloquial intensifier."}],"words":[{"surface":"Настя","lemma":"Настя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of загорячилась","gloss":"Nastya"},{"surface":"ужасно","lemma":"ужасно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies загорячилась","gloss":"terribly"},{"surface":"загорячилась","lemma":"загорячиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grew heated"}]},{"number":40,"label":"40","id":"b10-c2-s40","source":"— Ты ничего не понимаешь, — раздражительно оборвала она, — может, у нее муж был, но только в тюрьме сидит, а она вот и родила.","translation":"\"You don't understand anything,\" she snapped irritably, \"maybe she had a husband, only he's sitting in prison, and there she's gone and had a baby.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Ты ничего не понимаешь","title":"Negative concord + genitive «ничего»","body":"«ничего не понимаешь» = 'you understand nothing': the negative pronoun «ничего» (genitive of «ничто») stands with «не» in negative concord, the object in the genitive of negation. A stock childish put-down."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а она вот и родила","title":"Narrative «вот и» + perfective «родила»","body":"«вот и родила» uses the deictic «вот» with «и» to present a result vividly ('and there she's gone and had a baby'). «родила» is perfective past, the single completed event clinching Nastya's tale."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of понимаешь","gloss":"You"},{"surface":"ничего","lemma":"ничто","morphology":"pronoun, genitive","role":"direct object of понимаешь","gloss":"anything"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимаешь","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"понимаешь","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understand"},{"surface":"раздражительно","lemma":"раздражительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies оборвала","gloss":"irritably"},{"surface":"оборвала","lemma":"оборвать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of оборвала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"может","lemma":"может","morphology":"adverb, parenthetical","role":"parenthetical, modifies был","gloss":"maybe"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of был","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"муж","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of был","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the может-clause","gloss":"had"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сидит","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюрьме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тюрьме","lemma":"тюрьма","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with был","gloss":"is sitting"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of родила","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies родила","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies родила","gloss":"went and"},{"surface":"родила","lemma":"родить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with сидит","gloss":"had a baby"}]},{"number":41,"label":"41","id":"b10-c2-s41","source":"— Да разве у нее муж в тюрьме сидит? — важно осведомился положительный Костя.","translation":"\"But is her husband really sitting in prison?\" the matter-of-fact Kostya inquired gravely.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Да разве у нее муж в тюрьме сидит?","title":"«разве» — incredulous question particle","body":"«разве» frames a question expecting (or at least open to) a 'no', voicing surprise or doubt: 'But is her husband really in prison?'. The opening «Да» is a hesitating 'but/now', not 'yes'. Such particle-laden questions give the dialogue its living voice."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"положительный Костя","title":"«положительный» — matter-of-fact","body":"«Положительный» here means level-headed, matter-of-fact, sober-minded (not 'positive' in the modern emotional sense — a false friend). The narrator's recurring epithet pins Kostya as the literal-minded foil to imaginative Nastya."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сидит (question particle for the whole clause)","gloss":"really"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"муж","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of сидит","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking тюрьме","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"тюрьме","lemma":"тюрьма","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сидит","gloss":"prison"},{"surface":"сидит","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is sitting"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies осведомился","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"положительный","lemma":"положительный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Костя","gloss":"matter-of-fact"},{"surface":"Костя","lemma":"Костя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"Kostya"}]},{"number":42,"label":"42","id":"b10-c2-s42","source":"— Или вот что, — стремительно перебила Настя, совершенно бросив и забыв свою первую гипотезу, — у нее нет мужа, это ты прав, но она хочет выйти замуж, вот и стала думать, как выйдет замуж, и всё думала, всё думала и до тех пор думала, что вот он у ней и стал не муж, а ребеночек.","translation":"\"Or rather, here's how it is,\" Nastya broke in impetuously, completely dropping and forgetting her first hypothesis, \"she has no husband, you're right about that, but she wants to get married, and so she began to think how she would get married, and she kept thinking and thinking and thinking about it until at last, instead of a husband, what she had was a baby.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"совершенно бросив и забыв свою первую гипотезу","title":"Perfective gerunds «бросив», «забыв» + «свой»","body":"«бросив» and «забыв» are perfective gerunds ('having dropped and forgotten'), prior actions sharing Nastya's subject. «свою первую гипотезу» uses the reflexive possessive «свой» — her own hypothesis, belonging to the clause's subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всё думала, всё думала и… думала, что вот он у ней и стал не муж, а ребеночек","title":"Iterative imperfective + corrective «не… а»","body":"The thrice-repeated imperfective «думала» mimics ceaseless, going-on thinking ('kept thinking and thinking'). The punchline turns on corrective «не муж, а ребёночек» — 'not a husband but a baby' — the «а» reversing the expectation."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"у ней","title":"«у ней» — colloquial for «у неё»","body":"«у ней» is a colloquial/dialectal variant of «у неё» ('she has / by her'), common in 19th-c. speech and folk register. Dostoevsky uses it to keep Nastya's voice childishly informal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Or"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies что","gloss":"here's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate of вот, exclamation","gloss":"what it is"},{"surface":"стремительно","lemma":"стремительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies перебила","gloss":"impetuously"},{"surface":"перебила","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"broke in"},{"surface":"Настя","lemma":"Настя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of перебила","gloss":"Nastya"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies бросив","gloss":"completely"},{"surface":"бросив","lemma":"бросить","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on перебила","gloss":"dropping"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"забыв","lemma":"забыть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"coordinated with бросив","gloss":"forgetting"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of гипотезу","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"первую","lemma":"первый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies гипотезу","gloss":"first"},{"surface":"гипотезу","lemma":"гипотеза","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of бросив and забыв","gloss":"hypothesis"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of нет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"predicative, negative existential","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"has no"},{"surface":"мужа","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of нет","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"fronted topic, refers to the previous clause","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of прав","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"прав","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, masculine, singular","role":"predicate adjective, main predicate of the clause","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of хочет","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"хочет","lemma":"хотеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"wants"},{"surface":"выйти","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of хочет","gloss":"to get"},{"surface":"замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйти","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стала","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стала","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the next clause","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"думать","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стала","gloss":"to think"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"выйдет","lemma":"выйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of думать","gloss":"she'd get"},{"surface":"замуж","lemma":"замуж","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies выйдет","gloss":"married"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думала (\"kept on\")","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with стала","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"всё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies думала (\"kept on\")","gloss":"kept"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думала (previous)","gloss":"thinking"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пор","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"тех","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"determiner of пор","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"object of preposition до","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"думала","lemma":"думать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with думала (previous)","gloss":"thought"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of стал","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of стал","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ней","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"ней","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стал","gloss":"her"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стал (emphatic)","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стал","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the что-clause","gloss":"turned out to be"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies муж","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"муж","lemma":"муж","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject complement of стал","gloss":"husband"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ребеночек","lemma":"ребеночек","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with муж","gloss":"a baby"}]},{"number":43,"label":"43","id":"b10-c2-s43","source":"— Ну разве так, — согласился совершенно побежденный Костя, — а ты этого раньше не сказала, так как же я мог знать.","translation":"\"Well, that could be,\" agreed the utterly vanquished Kostya, \"but you didn't say that before, so how was I supposed to know?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"побежденный Костя","title":"«побеждённый» — vanquished","body":"Past passive participle of «победить» (to defeat): 'the utterly vanquished Kostya'. The martial word, for a boy conceding an argument about babies, keeps the narrator's mock-heroic warmth toward the children's debates."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"так как же я мог знать","title":"«так… же» — exasperated 'so how could I…'","body":"«так как же я мог знать» strings the resumptive «так» ('so, in that case') with rhetorical «же» to voice aggrieved logic: 'so how was I supposed to know?'. «мог знать» is the imperfective 'could/was able to know'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"разве","lemma":"разве","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies так","gloss":"could it"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"predicate, head of the exclamation","gloss":"be so"},{"surface":"согласился","lemma":"согласиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb of the sentence","gloss":"agreed"},{"surface":"совершенно","lemma":"совершенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies побежденный","gloss":"utterly"},{"surface":"побежденный","lemma":"побеждённый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies Костя","gloss":"vanquished"},{"surface":"Костя","lemma":"Костя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of согласился","gloss":"Kostya"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"этого","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of сказала","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раньше","lemma":"раньше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"before"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сказала","gloss":"didn't"},{"surface":"сказала","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"say"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"correlative with как","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies мог","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"then"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the clause","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"знать","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"know"}]},{"number":44,"label":"44","id":"b10-c2-s44","source":"— Ну, детвора, — произнес Коля, шагнув к ним в комнату, — опасный вы, я вижу, народ!","translation":"\"Well, you small fry,\" Kolya pronounced, stepping into the room toward them, \"you're a dangerous lot, I see!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"детвора","title":"«детвора» — the small fry, the kids","body":"A collective, affectionate-colloquial noun for children-in-the-mass ('the kids, the small fry'); it is the chapter's own title («Детвора»). Grammatically singular feminine but plural in sense, it lumps the little ones together fondly."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"шагнув к ним в комнату","title":"Perfective gerund «шагнув»","body":"«шагнув» is the perfective past gerund of «шагнуть» (to take a step), naming the completed stepping just before he speaks. The «-ну-» suffix marks a single, momentary step — one stride into the room."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"опасный вы… народ","title":"«народ» — a 'lot', a crowd of people","body":"«Народ» (people, folk) is used loosely here for 'you lot, you crowd': «опасный вы народ» = 'you're a dangerous lot'. The mass noun applied to two small children is teasingly grand — Kolya's habitual half-mocking grandiosity."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"Well"},{"surface":"детвора","lemma":"детвора","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"you small fry"},{"surface":"произнес","lemma":"произнести","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"pronounced"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of произнес","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"шагнув","lemma":"шагнуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on произнес","gloss":"stepping"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ним","gloss":"toward"},{"surface":"ним","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"oblique complement of шагнув","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking комнату","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"комнату","lemma":"комната","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of шагнув","gloss":"room"},{"surface":"опасный","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies народ","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject, identified with народ","gloss":"you're"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of вижу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"вижу","lemma":"видеть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause","gloss":"see"},{"surface":"народ","lemma":"народ","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"predicate noun, complement of вы","gloss":"a lot"}]},{"number":45,"label":"45","id":"b10-c2-s45","source":"— И Перезвон с вами? — осклабился Костя и начал прищелкивать пальцами и звать Перезвона.","translation":"\"And Perezvon is with you?\" Kostya grinned and began snapping his fingers and calling Perezvon.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осклабился","title":"«осклабиться» — to grin broadly","body":"«Осклабиться» is to break into a broad, toothy grin (often a touch foolish or sly). The expressive, slightly low verb captures Kostya's instant delight at the dog's presence."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал прищелкивать… и звать","title":"«начал» + imperfective infinitives","body":"Phasal «начал» (began) requires imperfective infinitives: «прищёлкивать» (to keep snapping) and «звать» (to call). A perfective infinitive cannot follow 'begin', since one cannot begin a single completed act — only an ongoing one."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject, head of the phrase","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"modifies Перезвон, predicate complement","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"осклабился","lemma":"осклабиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"grinned"},{"surface":"Костя","lemma":"Костя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осклабился","gloss":"Kostya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with осклабился","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"прищелкивать","lemma":"прищёлкивать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"snapping"},{"surface":"пальцами","lemma":"палец","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"instrumental complement of прищелкивать","gloss":"his fingers"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"звать","lemma":"звать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with прищелкивать","gloss":"calling"},{"surface":"Перезвона","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of звать","gloss":"Perezvon"}]},{"number":46,"label":"46","id":"b10-c2-s46","source":"— Пузыри, я в затруднении, — начал важно Красоткин, — и вы должны мне помочь; Агафья, конечно, ногу сломала, потому что до сих пор не является, это решено и подписано, мне же необходимо со двора.","translation":"\"Bubbles, I'm in a fix,\" Krassotkin began importantly, \"and you must help me; Agafya, of course, has broken her leg, since she still hasn't shown up — that's decided and signed — and I absolutely must go out.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вы должны мне помочь","title":"Modal «должны» + dative «мне»","body":"«вы должны мне помочь» — «должны» (must, ought) is a short adjective agreeing with «вы», and «помочь» governs its object in the dative («мне», help to me). Many Russian verbs of helping, hindering, and trusting take the dative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"это решено и подписано","title":"«решено и подписано» — settled and signed","body":"A jokey-formal idiom 'decided and signed' (both short-form past passive participles), as of a sealed document. Kolya's mock-bureaucratic flourish about Agafya's broken leg is pure swagger — treating a guess as an official ruling."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мне же необходимо со двора","title":"Dative «мне» + emphatic «же» + ellipsis","body":"«мне необходимо со двора [идти]» is an impersonal necessity with dative experiencer «мне» and the verb of motion left elided ('I absolutely must [get] out'). The «же» adds insistence — 'and I really must'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пузыри","lemma":"пузырь","morphology":"noun, vocative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address to the children","gloss":"Bubbles","note":"His affectionate nickname for the little ones; not the ordinary word \"bubbles.\""},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of затруднении (predicate phrase)","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking затруднении","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"затруднении","lemma":"затруднение","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate complement of я","gloss":"a fix"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotation frame","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies начал","gloss":"importantly"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of должны","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"должны","lemma":"должный","morphology":"adjective (predicate), plural","role":"predicate, governs помочь","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of помочь","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"помочь","lemma":"помочь","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of должны","gloss":"help"},{"surface":"Агафья","lemma":"Агафья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сломала","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"конечно","lemma":"конечно","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies сломала","gloss":"of course"},{"surface":"ногу","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of сломала","gloss":"leg"},{"surface":"сломала","lemma":"сломать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the Агафья clause","gloss":"has broken"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"introduces cause clause (потому что), modifies сломала","gloss":"since"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому что","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"heads the phrase до сих пор, modifies является","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"сих","lemma":"сей","morphology":"determiner, genitive, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"these","note":"Archaic; survives only in the fixed phrase \"до сих пор\" (until now)."},{"surface":"пор","lemma":"пора","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"part of the phrase до сих пор","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies является","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"является","lemma":"являться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the потому что clause","gloss":"shows up"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of passive решено","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"решено","lemma":"решить","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"main verb, coordinated with подписано","gloss":"decided"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"подписано","lemma":"подписать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with решено","gloss":"signed"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of необходимо","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes мне","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"необходимо","lemma":"необходимый","morphology":"adjective (predicate), neuter, singular","role":"predicate, governs со двора","gloss":"must"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of необходимо","gloss":"the yard","note":"\"со двора\" is an idiom for leaving the house/going out, not literally \"off the yard.\""}]},{"number":47,"label":"47","id":"b10-c2-s47","source":"Отпустите вы меня али нет?","translation":"Will you let me go or not?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"али","title":"«али» — folksy 'or'","body":"«али» is a colloquial, folk-flavoured variant of «или» ('or'), common in peasant and old-fashioned speech. Kolya drops it half-playfully into «Отпустите вы меня али нет?» ('Will you let me go or not?'), affecting a homely, theatrical tone with the children."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"Отпустите вы меня","title":"Imperative «отпустите»","body":"«отпустите» is the plural/polite imperative of «отпустить» (to let go, release), addressed to both children. The post-posed «вы» is emphatic, almost mock-formal — Kolya theatrically begging the toddlers' leave to depart."}],"words":[{"surface":"Отпустите","lemma":"отпустить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you let go"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of Отпустите","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"direct object of Отпустите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"али","lemma":"али","morphology":"conjunction (dialectal)","role":"links the alternative нет","gloss":"or","note":"Dialectal/folk form of \"или\" (or)."},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"alternative to Отпустите","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":48,"label":"48","id":"b10-c2-s48","source":"Дети озабоченно переглянулись друг с другом, ослабившиеся лица их стали выражать беспокойство.","translation":"The children glanced anxiously at each other, their slackened faces beginning to show uneasiness.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"переглянулись друг с другом","title":"Reciprocal «переглянулись»","body":"«переглянулись» (from «переглянуться», -ся) is reciprocal — 'glanced at one another', the -ся encoding the mutual action. «друг с другом» ('with each other') reinforces the reciprocity that the -ся already carries."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ослабившиеся лица","title":"«ослабиться» — to slacken","body":"«ослабившиеся» (past active participle of «ослабиться») describes the children's faces going slack — their bright expectancy loosening into worry. The participle precedes its noun, modifying «лица» (faces)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of переглянулись","gloss":"The children"},{"surface":"озабоченно","lemma":"озабоченно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies переглянулись","gloss":"anxiously"},{"surface":"переглянулись","lemma":"переглянуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"glanced at each other"},{"surface":"друг","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun (reciprocal)","role":"part of the reciprocal phrase друг с другом, complement of переглянулись","gloss":"each"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the phrase друг с другом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"другом","lemma":"друг","morphology":"pronoun (reciprocal), instrumental","role":"part of the phrase друг с другом","gloss":"other"},{"surface":"ослабившиеся","lemma":"ослабиться","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, neuter, plural, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies лица","gloss":"slackened","note":"Reflexive past active participle (ослаб-и-вш-иеся, from -ить verb + -ся); the correct infinitive headword is ослабиться (\"to relax/loosen,\" of facial features), not ослабевший (a different, non-reflexive verb, ослабеть, \"to grow weak/exhausted\"), and a lemma must be the infinitive, not another inflected/participial form."},{"surface":"лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of стали","gloss":"faces"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun (possessive), genitive, plural","role":"determiner of лица","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"стали","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with переглянулись","gloss":"began to"},{"surface":"выражать","lemma":"выражать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стали","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"беспокойство","lemma":"беспокойство","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of выражать","gloss":"uneasiness"}]},{"number":49,"label":"49","id":"b10-c2-s49","source":"Они, впрочем, еще не понимали вполне, чего от них добиваются.","translation":"They did not yet, however, fully understand what was being asked of them.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще не понимали вполне, чего от них добиваются","title":"Impersonal «добиваются» + genitive «чего»","body":"«чего от них добиваются» — «добиваться» ('to seek to get, to demand') governs its object in the genitive («чего», what), and the plural «добиваются» is impersonal ('what is being sought of them', no named agent). The imperfective «не понимали» holds their puzzlement as ongoing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Они","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of понимали","gloss":"They"},{"surface":"впрочем","lemma":"впрочем","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"parenthetical, modifies понимали","gloss":"however"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимали","gloss":"yet"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies понимали","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"понимали","lemma":"понимать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"understood"},{"surface":"вполне","lemma":"вполне","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понимали","gloss":"fully"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of добиваются","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking них","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"них","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of добиваются","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"добиваются","lemma":"добиваться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, third, plural, imperfective","role":"verb of the чего-clause, complement of понимали","gloss":"was being asked"}]},{"number":50,"label":"50","id":"b10-c2-s50","source":"— Шалить без меня не будете?","translation":"\"You won't get up to mischief while I'm gone?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Шалить без меня не будете?","title":"Compound (imperfective) future «не будете шалить»","body":"«не будете шалить» is the imperfective future — «будете» + imperfective infinitive «шалить» — asking about ongoing behaviour ('you won't [be] getting up to mischief?'). Word order fronts the infinitive for focus; the negation is on the whole prospect."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Шалить","title":"«шалить» — to be naughty, get up to mischief","body":"«Шалить» is the verb for children's mischief — to act up, romp, misbehave. It anchors Kolya's whole list of conditions; the noun «шалость» (a prank, naughtiness) is its everyday companion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Шалить","lemma":"шалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on будете","gloss":"get up to mischief"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of Шалить","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies будете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"будете","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will"}]},{"number":51,"label":"51","id":"b10-c2-s51","source":"Не полезете на шкап, не сломаете ног?","translation":"You won't climb on the cupboard and break your legs?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не полезете на шкап, не сломаете ног?","title":"Perfective futures under negation","body":"«не полезете… не сломаете» are perfective futures ('you won't climb up… won't break'), each naming a single feared completed act. Note «не сломаете ног»: under negation the object «ноги» slips into the genitive «ног»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"шкап","title":"«шкап» — old spelling of «шкаф»","body":"«Шкап» is the older 19th-c. spelling/pronunciation of «шкаф» (cupboard, wardrobe). The form is period-authentic — exactly what a reader of an original Dostoevsky text meets."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies полезете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"полезете","lemma":"полезть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will climb"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking шкап","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"шкап","lemma":"шкап","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of полезете","gloss":"the cupboard"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сломаете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сломаете","lemma":"сломать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with полезете","gloss":"break"},{"surface":"ног","lemma":"нога","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of сломаете","gloss":"your legs"}]},{"number":52,"label":"52","id":"b10-c2-s52","source":"Не заплачете от страха одни?","translation":"You won't cry from fear, all alone?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не заплачете от страха одни?","title":"Inceptive «за-» perfective future","body":"«не заплачете» is the perfective future of «заплакать» (to start crying), the «за-» marking the onset of weeping — 'you won't burst into tears?'. «от страха» ('from fear') uses «от» + genitive for cause; «одни» = 'alone, on your own'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заплачете","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"заплачете","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will cry"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заплачете","gloss":"fear"},{"surface":"одни","lemma":"один","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"modifies заплачете (subject)","gloss":"alone"}]},{"number":53,"label":"53","id":"b10-c2-s53","source":"На лицах детей выразилась страшная тоска.","translation":"On the children's faces a dreadful anguish appeared.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"На лицах детей выразилась страшная тоска","title":"Topic-first inversion + reflexive «выразилась»","body":"The locative «На лицах детей» is fronted as topic, and the subject «страшная тоска» lands last as the new information. «выразилась» (from «выразиться», -ся) is the middle/intransitive 'showed itself, appeared'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тоска","title":"«тоска» — anguish, yearning","body":"«Тоска» is a deep, untranslatable Russian word: anguish, melancholy, an aching yearning or dread. On the children's faces it is a 'dreadful anguish' at the thought of being abandoned — a small key to one of Dostoevsky's central emotional registers."}],"words":[{"surface":"На","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лицах","gloss":"On"},{"surface":"лицах","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of выразилась","gloss":"the faces"},{"surface":"детей","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies лицах","gloss":"of the children"},{"surface":"выразилась","lemma":"выразиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"страшная","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies тоска","gloss":"dreadful"},{"surface":"тоска","lemma":"тоска","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of выразилась","gloss":"anguish"}]},{"number":54,"label":"54","id":"b10-c2-s54","source":"— А я бы вам за то мог вещицу одну показать, пушечку медную, из которой можно стрелять настоящим порохом.","translation":"\"And in return I could show you a certain little thing — a brass cannon, one you can fire with real powder.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"А я бы вам за то мог вещицу одну показать","title":"Conditional «бы мог» as a softened offer","body":"«я бы… мог показать» uses past-form «мог» + «бы» not for a real condition but to soften and tempt ('I could [just] show you…'). «вам» is the dative beneficiary, «за то» = 'in return for that'. The «бы» makes the offer alluring rather than blunt."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"вещицу… пушечку","title":"Diminutives «вещица» and «пушечка»","body":"«вещица» (little thing, from «вещь») and «пушечка» (little cannon, from «пушка») are diminutives via -иц-/-ечк-, dangling the toy enticingly before the children — 'a certain little thing… a little cannon'. The suffixes do the coaxing."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of мог","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (conditional)","role":"conditional marker with мог","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of мог показать","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking то","gloss":"in return for"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of мог","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"мог","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"could"},{"surface":"вещицу","lemma":"вещица","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of показать","gloss":"a little thing"},{"surface":"одну","lemma":"один","morphology":"numeral, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies вещицу","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"показать","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of мог","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"пушечку","lemma":"пушечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of показать, in apposition to вещицу","gloss":"cannon"},{"surface":"медную","lemma":"медный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пушечку","gloss":"brass"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking которой","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"которой","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun (relative), genitive, feminine, singular","role":"refers to пушечку, oblique complement of стрелять","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate, governs стрелять, relative clause on пушечку","gloss":"one can"},{"surface":"стрелять","lemma":"стрелять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"настоящим","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies порохом","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"порохом","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of стрелять","gloss":"powder"}]},{"number":55,"label":"55","id":"b10-c2-s55","source":"Лица деток мгновенно прояснились.","translation":"The children's faces instantly brightened.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Лица деток мгновенно прояснились","title":"Reflexive «прояснились» — change of state","body":"«прояснились» (from «проясниться», -ся) is the middle/intransitive 'cleared up, brightened', the -ся marking a change of state with no external agent. The perfective gives the brightening as a single instantaneous event («мгновенно», in a flash)."}],"words":[{"surface":"Лица","lemma":"лицо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of прояснились","gloss":"The faces"},{"surface":"деток","lemma":"детки","morphology":"noun, genitive, plural","role":"modifies Лица","gloss":"of the children"},{"surface":"мгновенно","lemma":"мгновенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies прояснились","gloss":"instantly"},{"surface":"прояснились","lemma":"проясниться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"brightened"}]},{"number":56,"label":"56","id":"b10-c2-s56","source":"— Покажите пушечку, — весь просиявший, проговорил Костя.","translation":"\"Show us the cannon,\" said Kostya, all aglow.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Покажите пушечку","title":"Imperative «покажите»","body":"«покажите» is the perfective plural/polite imperative of «показать» (to show) — 'show [us]'. The perfective imperative asks for a single, complete act of showing, fitting the children's eager, one-off demand."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"весь просиявший","title":"«просиявший» — all aglow","body":"Past active participle of «просиять» (to light up, beam): «весь просиявший» = 'all radiant, beaming all over'. The participle stands as a vivid predicate-modifier of Kostya, his whole face lit with joy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Покажите","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Show us"},{"surface":"пушечку","lemma":"пушечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Покажите","gloss":"the cannon"},{"surface":"весь","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of просиявший","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"просиявший","lemma":"просиять","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, nominative, perfective","role":"modifies Костя, describes his state while speaking","gloss":"aglow","note":"Lemma regressed to the participle surface form itself; the correct infinitive headword is просиять (the batch backbone already had this right)."},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"Костя","lemma":"Костя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"Kostya"}]},{"number":57,"label":"57","id":"b10-c2-s57","source":"Красоткин запустил руку в свою сумку и, вынув из нее маленькую бронзовую пушечку, поставил ее на стол.","translation":"Krassotkin thrust his hand into his bag and, taking out a little bronze cannon, set it on the table.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вынув из нее маленькую бронзовую пушечку","title":"Perfective gerund «вынув» + genitive after «из»","body":"«вынув» (perfective gerund of «вынуть», to take out) names the action just before «поставил». «из неё» uses «из» + genitive ('out of it'), and the object «пушечку» is accusative — the standard 'take X out of Y' frame."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"запустил руку в свою сумку","title":"«запустить руку» — to thrust one's hand in","body":"«запустить руку (в…)» is an idiomatic 'to thrust/plunge one's hand into' — Kolya dives into his bag. The reflexive possessive «свою сумку» marks the bag as his own."}],"words":[{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of запустил","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"запустил","lemma":"запустить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"thrust"},{"surface":"руку","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of запустил","gloss":"his hand"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумку","gloss":"into"},{"surface":"свою","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of сумку","gloss":"his"},{"surface":"сумку","lemma":"сумка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of запустил","gloss":"bag"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вынув","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on поставил","gloss":"taking out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынув","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"маленькую","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пушечку","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"бронзовую","lemma":"бронзовый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies пушечку","gloss":"bronze"},{"surface":"пушечку","lemma":"пушечка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вынув","gloss":"cannon"},{"surface":"поставил","lemma":"поставить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with запустил","gloss":"set"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of поставил","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking стол","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"стол","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of поставил","gloss":"the table"}]},{"number":58,"label":"58","id":"b10-c2-s58","source":"— То-то покажите!","translation":"\"There — show it indeed!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"То-то покажите!","title":"Expressive «то-то»","body":"«То-то» is an emphatic colloquial particle of triumphant confirmation ('there you go!', 'that's the thing!', 'show it indeed!'). It voices Kostya's gleeful satisfaction as the cannon appears, a flavour English can only approximate with stress."}],"words":[{"surface":"То","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"first element of то-то, exclamation before покажите","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то-то","morphology":"particle (emphatic)","role":"second element of то-то, exclamation before покажите","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"покажите","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"show it"}]},{"number":59,"label":"59","id":"b10-c2-s59","source":"Смотри, на колесках, — прокатил он игрушку по столу, — и стрелять можно.","translation":"Look, it's on little wheels,\" he rolled the toy along the table, \"and you can fire it.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смотри, на колесках","title":"Singular imperative «смотри»","body":"«смотри» is the singular (familiar) imperative of «смотреть» (to look) — 'look!'. Here it has weakened toward an attention-getting 'look, see' rather than a literal command, a very common conversational use."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"на колесках","title":"«колёски» — little wheels","body":"Diminutive plural of «колёса» (wheels): 'little wheels'. The toy-scale diminutive matches «пушечка», keeping the whole cannon-demonstration in a register of small, delightful things."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и стрелять можно","title":"Impersonal «можно» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«стрелять можно» is an impersonal possibility — «можно» ('one can/may') + imperfective infinitive «стрелять» ('to shoot') — with no subject: 'and you can fire it'. The imperfective frames firing as a repeatable activity the toy affords."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смотри","lemma":"смотреть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Look"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking колесках","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"колесках","lemma":"колёсико","morphology":"noun, locative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Смотри","gloss":"little wheels"},{"surface":"прокатил","lemma":"прокатить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative clause","gloss":"rolled"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прокатил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"игрушку","lemma":"игрушка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of прокатил","gloss":"the toy"},{"surface":"по","lemma":"по","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking столу","gloss":"along"},{"surface":"столу","lemma":"стол","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прокатил","gloss":"the table"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стрелять","lemma":"стрелять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"depends on можно","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (predicate)","role":"predicate of the coordinate clause, governs стрелять","gloss":"you can"}]},{"number":60,"label":"60","id":"b10-c2-s60","source":"Дробью зарядить и стрелять.","translation":"Load it with shot and fire.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дробью зарядить и стрелять","title":"Instrumental of means «дробью»","body":"«Дробью зарядить» = 'load [it] with shot': «дробью» is the instrumental of «дробь» (small shot/pellets), expressing the means with which the cannon is loaded. The bare infinitives «зарядить и стрелять» work as clipped instructions."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"зарядить и стрелять","title":"Perfective + imperfective infinitive paired","body":"The two infinitives differ in aspect by design: «зарядить» (perfective, 'load it up' as one act) then «стрелять» (imperfective, 'and fire away'). The pairing shows the single preparatory act giving way to the open activity of shooting."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дробью","lemma":"дробь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of зарядить","gloss":"with shot"},{"surface":"зарядить","lemma":"зарядить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"load"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"стрелять","lemma":"стрелять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with зарядить","gloss":"fire"}]},{"number":61,"label":"61","id":"b10-c2-s61","source":"— И убьет?","translation":"\"And will it kill?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"убьет","title":"Perfective future «убьёт»","body":"«Убьёт» is the perfective «убить» conjugated like a present, which yields future meaning: 'will it kill (and finish the deed)?'. The single, completed result is exactly the perfective's job."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will it kill"}]},{"number":62,"label":"62","id":"b10-c2-s62","source":"— Всех убьет, только стоит навести, — и Красоткин растолковал, куда положить порох, куда вкатить дробинку, показал на дырочку в виде затравки и рассказал, что бывает откат.","translation":"\"It'll kill anyone, you've only to aim it,\" and Krassotkin explained where to put the powder, where to roll in the bit of shot, pointed out a little hole that served as a touchhole, and told them that there was a recoil.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Всех убьет","title":"Animate accusative «всех»","body":"«Всех» is the accusative of «все» borrowing the genitive form, as animate plurals do — 'it'll kill everyone'. The fronted object before the verb carries the emphatic weight: anyone at all."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только стоит навести","title":"«Стоит» + infinitive: 'you've only to…'","body":"The impersonal «стоит» plus infinitive «навести» means 'one need only aim it' — a sufficient condition. There is no nominative subject; the construction is impersonal."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"куда положить порох, куда вкатить дробинку","title":"Indirect questions with «куда» + infinitive","body":"Krassotkin explains «куда положить… куда вкатить…» — 'where to put… where to roll in…'. The infinitive after an interrogative gives a neutral 'where one should put it', here governed by «растолковал»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дробинку","title":"«Дробинка» — a single grain of shot","body":"From «дробь» (lead shot) plus the diminutive/singulative «-инк-», so 'one little pellet of shot'. The suffix isolates a single grain out of the mass, with a touch of smallness."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"затравки","title":"«Затравка» — touchhole / priming","body":"The «затравка» is the small vent of an old muzzle-loading firearm through which the charge is ignited. The phrase «в виде затравки» = 'serving as a touchhole'; the boys are inspecting a homemade toy cannon."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"откат","title":"«Откат» — recoil","body":"Here «откат» is the recoil, the backward kick of a gun when fired (from «откатиться», to roll back). The word will fascinate the children in the next sentences."}],"words":[{"surface":"Всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of убьет","gloss":"anyone"},{"surface":"убьет","lemma":"убить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will kill"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies стоит","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"стоит","lemma":"стоить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of second clause, governs навести","gloss":"you have to"},{"surface":"навести","lemma":"навести","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on стоит","gloss":"aim"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of растолковал","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"растолковал","lemma":"растолковать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убьет","gloss":"explained"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies положить","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"положить","lemma":"положить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of растолковал","gloss":"to put"},{"surface":"порох","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of положить","gloss":"the powder"},{"surface":"куда","lemma":"куда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies вкатить","gloss":"where"},{"surface":"вкатить","lemma":"вкатить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of растолковал","gloss":"to roll in"},{"surface":"дробинку","lemma":"дробинка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of вкатить","gloss":"the bit of shot"},{"surface":"показал","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убьет","gloss":"pointed out"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дырочку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"дырочку","lemma":"дырочка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показал","gloss":"a little hole"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking виде","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"виде","lemma":"вид","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the phrase в виде затравки","gloss":"the form"},{"surface":"затравки","lemma":"затравка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"complement of виде, describes дырочку","gloss":"a touchhole"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"рассказал","lemma":"рассказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with убьет","gloss":"told"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of рассказал","gloss":"there is"},{"surface":"откат","lemma":"откат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бывает","gloss":"a recoil"}]},{"number":63,"label":"63","id":"b10-c2-s63","source":"Дети слушали со страшным любопытством.","translation":"The children listened with terrible curiosity.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слушали","title":"Imperfective past «слушали»","body":"«Слушали» is imperfective: the children were listening as an ongoing process, not a completed act — background to the scene. The perfective «выслушали» would have meant 'heard out to the end'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"со страшным любопытством","title":"Instrumental of manner","body":"«Со страшным любопытством» ('with terrible curiosity') is the instrumental after «с», describing the manner of listening. The adjective «страшным» agrees in the instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of слушали","gloss":"The children"},{"surface":"слушали","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"listened"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking любопытством","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"страшным","lemma":"страшный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies любопытством","gloss":"terrible"},{"surface":"любопытством","lemma":"любопытство","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of слушали","gloss":"curiosity"}]},{"number":64,"label":"64","id":"b10-c2-s64","source":"Особенно поразило их воображение, что бывает откат.","translation":"Their imagination was especially struck by the fact that there was a recoil.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Особенно поразило их воображение","title":"Inverted word order for emphasis","body":"The neuter perfective verb «поразило» stands first, the subject clause «что бывает откат» last — 'what especially struck their imagination was that there was a recoil'. Russian's free order puts the new, weighty information at the end."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что бывает откат","title":"«Бывает» — habitual/iterative 'there happens to be'","body":"«Бывает» is the iterative of «быть»: not just 'there is' but 'there occurs / it is the case that there is' a recoil. The «что»-clause reports a fact, the thing that amazes them."}],"words":[{"surface":"Особенно","lemma":"особенно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поразило","gloss":"Especially"},{"surface":"поразило","lemma":"поразить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"struck"},{"surface":"их","lemma":"они","morphology":"determiner (possessive)","role":"determiner of воображение","gloss":"their"},{"surface":"воображение","lemma":"воображение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of поразило","gloss":"imagination"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of бывает","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"бывает","lemma":"бывать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поразило","gloss":"there was"},{"surface":"откат","lemma":"откат","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of бывает","gloss":"a recoil"}]},{"number":65,"label":"65","id":"b10-c2-s65","source":"— А у вас есть порох? — осведомилась Настя.","translation":"\"And have you got powder?\" Nastya inquired.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"у вас есть порох","title":"Possession with «у вас есть»","body":"Russian says 'have' with «у» + genitive plus «есть»: «у вас есть порох» = literally 'by you there is powder'. The possessor takes the genitive after «у», the thing possessed stays nominative."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"осведомилась","title":"«Осведомиться» — to inquire (formal)","body":"A bookish, slightly formal verb for 'to inquire', funnier here in the mouth of little Nastya. Dostoevsky's narrator dignifies the children's questions with this elevated speech-verb."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"у","lemma":"у","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вас","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, plural","role":"oblique complement of есть","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"is there"},{"surface":"порох","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"powder"},{"surface":"осведомилась","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"Настя","lemma":"Настя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of осведомилась","gloss":"Nastya"}]},{"number":66,"label":"66","id":"b10-c2-s66","source":"— Есть.","translation":"\"I have.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Есть.","title":"«Есть» as a one-word affirmation","body":"Echoing the question «есть порох?», the bare «есть» answers 'there is / I have'. Russian routinely answers with the verb alone rather than a 'yes'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I have"}]},{"number":67,"label":"67","id":"b10-c2-s67","source":"— Покажите и порох, — протянула она с просящею улыбкой.","translation":"\"Show us the powder too,\" she drawled with a coaxing smile.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Покажите","title":"Polite/plural imperative «покажите»","body":"«Покажите» is the perfective imperative with the «-те» that marks plural or polite address — Nastya is asking more than one boy (or being mock-formal). The perfective requests a single, complete showing."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"с просящею улыбкой","title":"Archaic instrumental ending «-ою»","body":"«Просящею улыбкой» is the instrumental 'with a coaxing smile'. The fuller «-ою» (vs. modern «-ой») on the participle «просящею» is a 19th-century literary flavour. «Просящею» is itself a present active participle of «просить»."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"протянула","title":"«Протянуть» (a word) — to drawl","body":"Literally 'to stretch out', «протянуть» of speech means to draw a word out lingeringly — here a wheedling, sing-song delivery. The narrator uses it again for Kostya at s82."}],"words":[{"surface":"Покажите","lemma":"показать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Show us"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes порох","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"порох","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Покажите","gloss":"the powder"},{"surface":"протянула","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"drawled"},{"surface":"она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of протянула","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking улыбкой","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"просящею","lemma":"просящий","morphology":"adjective/participle, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies улыбкой","gloss":"coaxing"},{"surface":"улыбкой","lemma":"улыбка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of протянула","gloss":"smile"}]},{"number":68,"label":"68","id":"b10-c2-s68","source":"Красоткин опять слазил в сумку и вынул из нее маленький пузырек, в котором действительно было насыпано несколько настоящего пороха, а в свернутой бумажке оказалось несколько крупинок дроби.","translation":"Krassotkin rummaged in his bag again and drew out a little vial, into which a quantity of real powder had indeed been poured, while in a twist of paper there turned out to be a few grains of shot.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"слазил в сумку и вынул из нее","title":"Paired aspect and case in motion","body":"«Слазил» (colloquial: 'climbed/dug into') with «в сумку» takes the accusative of motion-toward, while «вынул из нее» takes «из» + genitive for motion-out. The two prepositions mirror the in-and-out gesture."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"было насыпано","title":"Passive participle «насыпано»","body":"«Было насыпано» is the periphrastic past passive: short neuter participle of perfective «насыпать» + «было» = 'had been poured in'. It states a result and is built from a perfective stem; the agent is left unnamed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"несколько настоящего пороха","title":"Genitive after «несколько»","body":"Quantity words like «несколько» ('a few/some') govern the genitive: «несколько… пороха» and «несколько крупинок дроби». «Пороха» is a partitive genitive ('some powder'), «крупинок» genitive plural, «дроби» genitive of the mass noun."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пузырек","title":"«Пузырёк» — little vial","body":"Diminutive of «пузырь» (bubble, bladder, here vial/phial), so 'a little glass vial'. Note the same root «пузырь» becomes Kolya's teasing nickname for the children ('bubbles') later."}],"words":[{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of слазил","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"опять","lemma":"опять","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies слазил","gloss":"again"},{"surface":"слазил","lemma":"слазить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"rummaged"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сумку","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сумку","lemma":"сумка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of слазил","gloss":"his bag"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вынул","lemma":"вынуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with слазил","gloss":"drew out"},{"surface":"из","lemma":"из","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking нее","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"нее","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вынул","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"маленький","lemma":"маленький","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пузырек","gloss":"little"},{"surface":"пузырек","lemma":"пузырёк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of вынул","gloss":"vial"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking котором","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"котором","lemma":"который","morphology":"pronoun (relative), locative, masculine, singular","role":"refers to пузырек, oblique complement of насыпано","gloss":"which"},{"surface":"действительно","lemma":"действительно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies насыпано","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"passive auxiliary of насыпано","gloss":"had been"},{"surface":"насыпано","lemma":"насыпать","morphology":"verb, past, passive, participle, neuter, singular, perfective","role":"relative clause on пузырек","gloss":"poured"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies пороха","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"настоящего","lemma":"настоящий","morphology":"adjective, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пороха","gloss":"real"},{"surface":"пороха","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"genitive complement of несколько, together subject of насыпано","gloss":"powder"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking бумажке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"свернутой","lemma":"свёрнутый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies бумажке","gloss":"rolled","note":"свернутой is the adjective/participle alone (\"rolled/folded,\" describing бумажке); \"a twist of\" glosses the whole noun phrase (свернутая бумажка) rather than this word."},{"surface":"бумажке","lemma":"бумажка","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of оказалось","gloss":"paper"},{"surface":"оказалось","lemma":"оказаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the second clause","gloss":"there turned out to be"},{"surface":"несколько","lemma":"несколько","morphology":"numeral, nominative","role":"modifies крупинок","gloss":"a few"},{"surface":"крупинок","lemma":"крупинка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, plural","role":"subject of оказалось","gloss":"grains"},{"surface":"дроби","lemma":"дробь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies крупинок","gloss":"of shot"}]},{"number":69,"label":"69","id":"b10-c2-s69","source":"Он даже откупорил пузырек и высыпал немножко пороху на ладонь.","translation":"He even uncorked the vial and shook a little powder out onto his palm.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"откупорил… и высыпал","title":"Chain of perfectives 'he even…'","body":"Both verbs are perfective («откупорил», «высыпал»), each a single completed act moving the action forward: he uncorked, then shook out. The particle «даже» ('even') marks this as going beyond what was asked."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"немножко","title":"«Немножко» — a wee bit","body":"Doubly diminutive form of «немного» ('a little'), softer and more childlike — 'just a tiny bit'. It recurs throughout this scene, colouring the talk as cosy and small-scale."}],"words":[{"surface":"Он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of откупорил","gloss":"He"},{"surface":"даже","lemma":"даже","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies откупорил","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"откупорил","lemma":"откупорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"uncorked"},{"surface":"пузырек","lemma":"пузырёк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of откупорил","gloss":"the vial"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"высыпал","lemma":"высыпать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with откупорил","gloss":"shook out"},{"surface":"немножко","lemma":"немножко","morphology":"adverb (quantifier)","role":"modifies пороху","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"пороху","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of высыпал (partitive)","gloss":"powder","note":"порох is a masculine noun; пороху here is the partitive genitive singular (немножко пороху, \"a little powder\"), not feminine plural. Carried over from the batch backbone's error; lemma was corrected but morphology was not."},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking ладонь","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"ладонь","lemma":"ладонь","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of высыпал","gloss":"his palm"}]},{"number":70,"label":"70","id":"b10-c2-s70","source":"— Вот, только не было бы где огня, а то так и взорвет и нас всех перебьет, — предупредил для эффекта Красоткин.","translation":"\"There — only there'd better be no fire anywhere, or it'll blow up and blast us all to bits,\" Krassotkin warned, for effect.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"только не было бы где огня","title":"Apprehensive «не было бы» with «бы»","body":"The past «было» + particle «бы» forms an irrealis: «не было бы где огня» = 'so long as there were no fire anywhere / let's hope there's no fire'. It expresses a feared possibility one wants to avoid."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не было бы где огня","title":"Genitive of negation «огня»","body":"With negated existence, the absent thing goes in the genitive: «не было… огня» ('there were no fire'). «Огня» is genitive singular of «огонь», the obligatory case after «не было»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и взорвет и нас всех перебьет","title":"Perfective futures of menace","body":"Two perfective verbs in future meaning: «взорвёт» ('it'll blow up') and «перебьёт» ('will kill us all off'). «Пере-» on «бить» adds the sense 'one after another, the whole lot' — blast us all to bits."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"parenthetical, introduces было","gloss":"There"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies не","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies было","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"было","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"there'd be"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle (conditional)","role":"conditional marker with было","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"где","lemma":"где","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies было","gloss":"anywhere"},{"surface":"огня","lemma":"огонь","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"subject of было (genitive under negation)","gloss":"fire"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"conjunction","role":"correlates with а, introduces the consequence clause","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies взорвет","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"взорвет","lemma":"взорвать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the а то clause","gloss":"it'll blow up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of перебьет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"всех","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of перебьет","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"перебьет","lemma":"перебить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with взорвет","gloss":"blast to bits"},{"surface":"предупредил","lemma":"предупредить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quotation frame","gloss":"warned"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking эффекта","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"эффекта","lemma":"эффект","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of предупредил","gloss":"effect"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of предупредил","gloss":"Krassotkin"}]},{"number":71,"label":"71","id":"b10-c2-s71","source":"Дети рассматривали порох с благоговейным страхом, еще усилившим наслаждение.","translation":"The children examined the powder with reverent dread, which only heightened their delight.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"с благоговейным страхом","title":"Instrumental of manner «с… страхом»","body":"«С благоговейным страхом» ('with reverent dread') is the instrumental of manner after «с». The elevated, almost liturgical adjective «благоговейный» lifts the children's awe to mock-religious heights."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"еще усилившим наслаждение","title":"Past active participle «усилившим»","body":"«Усилившим» is the past active participle of perfective «усилить», agreeing in the instrumental with «страхом»: 'a dread which had only heightened their delight'. It compresses a «который»-clause into one bookish modifier."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"благоговейным","title":"«Благоговейный» — reverent, awe-struck","body":"A solemn, church-tinged word for the awe felt before something holy. Applied to children gazing at gunpowder, it gently mocks the disproportion between the object and their devotion."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"subject of рассматривали","gloss":"The children"},{"surface":"рассматривали","lemma":"рассматривать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"examined"},{"surface":"порох","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of рассматривали","gloss":"the powder"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страхом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"благоговейным","lemma":"благоговейный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies страхом","gloss":"reverent"},{"surface":"страхом","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of рассматривали","gloss":"dread"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies усилившим","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"усилившим","lemma":"усилить","morphology":"verb, past, active, participle, masculine, singular, instrumental, perfective","role":"modifies страхом","gloss":"heightening","note":"Lemma regressed to the participle form усиливший; the correct infinitive headword is усилить (the batch backbone already had this right)."},{"surface":"наслаждение","lemma":"наслаждение","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of усилившим","gloss":"their delight"}]},{"number":72,"label":"72","id":"b10-c2-s72","source":"Но Косте больше понравилась дробь.","translation":"But Kostya liked the shot better.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Косте больше понравилась дробь","title":"Dative experiencer with «понравилась»","body":"«Нравиться» frames liking as something happening to the person: «Косте… понравилась дробь» = literally 'to Kostya the shot became pleasing'. «Косте» is dative, «дробь» the grammatical subject the verb agrees with."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"больше","title":"Comparative «больше» — 'better/more'","body":"«Больше понравилась» = 'pleased (him) more', i.e. he liked it better. «Больше» is the suppletive comparative of «много/большой», here adverbial."}],"words":[{"surface":"Но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"But"},{"surface":"Косте","lemma":"Костя","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object (experiencer) of понравилась","gloss":"Kostya"},{"surface":"больше","lemma":"больше","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies понравилась","gloss":"better"},{"surface":"понравилась","lemma":"понравиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"liked"},{"surface":"дробь","lemma":"дробь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of понравилась","gloss":"the shot"}]},{"number":73,"label":"73","id":"b10-c2-s73","source":"— А дробь не горит? — осведомился он.","translation":"\"And the shot doesn't burn?\" he inquired.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"дробь не горит","title":"Negation «не» before the verb","body":"«Не» negates the verb it precedes: «дробь не горит» = 'the shot doesn't burn'. Simple verbal negation, with the subject «дробь» in the nominative."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"дробь","lemma":"дробь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of горит","gloss":"the shot"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies горит","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"горит","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burn"},{"surface":"осведомился","lemma":"осведомиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"inquired"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of осведомился","gloss":"he"}]},{"number":74,"label":"74","id":"b10-c2-s74","source":"— Дробь не горит.","translation":"\"The shot doesn't burn.\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Дробь","lemma":"дробь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of горит","gloss":"the shot"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies горит","gloss":"doesn't"},{"surface":"горит","lemma":"гореть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"burn"}]},{"number":75,"label":"75","id":"b10-c2-s75","source":"— Подарите мне немножко дроби, — проговорил он умоляющим голоском.","translation":"\"Give me a little of the shot,\" he said in a pleading little voice.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Подарите мне немножко дроби","title":"Imperative + dative + partitive genitive","body":"«Подарите» is the polite/plural perfective imperative ('give as a gift'); «мне» is the dative recipient; «немножко дроби» a partitive genitive 'a little of the shot'. Three of Russian's signature constructions in one short plea."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"умоляющим голоском","title":"«Голосок» — a little voice","body":"Diminutive of «голос», so 'in a little (pleading) voice'. The «-ок» suffix makes the request sound small and coaxing; «умоляющим» is a present active participle of «умолять» (to implore) in the instrumental of manner."}],"words":[{"surface":"Подарите","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"give"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of Подарите","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"немножко","lemma":"немножко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies дроби","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"дроби","lemma":"дробь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of Подарите","gloss":"of shot"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to Подарите","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"умоляющим","lemma":"умоляющий","morphology":"participle (adjectival), present, active, instrumental, masculine, singular, imperfective","role":"modifies голоском","gloss":"pleading"},{"surface":"голоском","lemma":"голосок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проговорил","gloss":"little voice"}]},{"number":76,"label":"76","id":"b10-c2-s76","source":"— Дроби немножко подарю, вот, бери, только маме своей до меня не показывай, пока я не приду обратно, а то подумает, что это порох, и так и умрет от страха, а вас выпорет.","translation":"\"A little of the shot I'll give you — there, take it, only don't show it to your mama until I come back, or she'll think it's powder and just drop dead of fright, and have you whipped.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"маме своей… не показывай","title":"Reflexive possessive «своей»","body":"«Своей» ('your own') refers back to the clause's subject, 'you': don't show it to your own mama. Using «твоей» would also be possible, but «свой» is the precise reflexive 'one's own'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"пока я не приду обратно","title":"«Пока не» with perfective future — 'until'","body":"«Пока… не приду» means 'until I come back', not 'while … not'. With a perfective future the «не» is part of the temporal frame: the showing must wait until the moment of return."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и так и умрет от страха, а вас выпорет","title":"String of perfective futures","body":"«Подумает… умрёт… выпорет» are all perfective futures painting the consequences: she'll think, drop dead of fright, and have you whipped. «От страха» ('from fright') is «от» + genitive of cause."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"выпорет","title":"«Выпороть» — to flog, give a whipping","body":"To thrash, especially a child, with a switch or rod — a routine domestic punishment of the era. The verb recurs at the chapter's close, where Agafya turns it back on Kolya himself."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дроби","lemma":"дробь","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of подарю (fronted)","gloss":"some shot"},{"surface":"немножко","lemma":"немножко","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies Дроби","gloss":"a little"},{"surface":"подарю","lemma":"подарить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll give"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"parallel clause to бери","gloss":"here"},{"surface":"бери","lemma":"брать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подарю","gloss":"take it"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показывай","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"маме","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of показывай","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"своей","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, dative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of маме","gloss":"your own"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of показывай","gloss":"I'm back","note":"\"до меня\" idiomatically means \"until I return\", not literally \"before me\"."},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies показывай","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"показывай","lemma":"показывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with подарю","gloss":"show"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приду","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"not","note":"\"пока не приду\" = \"until I come back\"; не does not add negative meaning here."},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on показывай","gloss":"come back"},{"surface":"обратно","lemma":"обратно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приду","gloss":"back"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase а то","gloss":"else"},{"surface":"подумает","lemma":"подумать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with показывай","gloss":"she'll think"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of порох","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of порох","gloss":"it's"},{"surface":"порох","lemma":"порох","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"clausal complement of подумает","gloss":"powder"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies умрет","gloss":"just"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase так и","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"умрет","lemma":"умереть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with подумает","gloss":"will die"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"of"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of умрет","gloss":"fright"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"вас","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of выпорет","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"выпорет","lemma":"выпороть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with умрет","gloss":"will have whipped"}]},{"number":77,"label":"77","id":"b10-c2-s77","source":"— Мама нас никогда не сечет розгой, — тотчас же заметила Настя.","translation":"\"Mama never beats us with a switch,\" Nastya at once remarked.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не сечет","title":"Negative concord «никогда… не»","body":"Russian requires the verb to keep «не» even alongside a negative adverb: «никогда не сечёт» = 'never beats' — literally 'never doesn't beat'. The double negative is the norm, not an error."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"тотчас же","title":"«Тотчас же» — at once, that very instant","body":"«Тотчас» means 'immediately'; the particle «же» (s. ru.particle.zheVed) tightens it to 'right away, on the spot'. It captures how instantly Nastya leaps to defend her mother."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мама","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of сечет","gloss":"Mama"},{"surface":"нас","lemma":"мы","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, plural","role":"direct object of сечет","gloss":"us"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сечет","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сечет","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сечет","lemma":"сечь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"beats"},{"surface":"розгой","lemma":"розга","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сечет","gloss":"with a switch"},{"surface":"тотчас","lemma":"тотчас","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заметила","gloss":"at once"},{"surface":"же","lemma":"же","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies тотчас","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"заметила","lemma":"заметить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to сечет","gloss":"remarked"},{"surface":"Настя","lemma":"Настя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of заметила","gloss":"Nastya"}]},{"number":78,"label":"78","id":"b10-c2-s78","source":"— Знаю, я только для красоты слога сказал.","translation":"\"I know, I only said it for the elegance of the phrase.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"для красоты слога","title":"«Для красоты слога» — for the elegance of the phrasing","body":"Literally 'for the beauty of the phrasing/style'; we render it 'for the elegance of the phrase.' Kolya means he added the detail merely to round out his sentence, not because it is true. The idiom mocks his own habit of talking like a little orator."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"только для красоты слога сказал","title":"Perfective «сказал» of a single utterance","body":"«Сказал» (perfective past of «сказать») names one completed act of saying — 'I only said it'. Against the imperfective «говорил» it would not have implied this one bounded remark."}],"words":[{"surface":"Знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I know"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of сказал","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"только","lemma":"только","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies для красоты слога","gloss":"only"},{"surface":"для","lemma":"для","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking красоты","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"красоты","lemma":"красота","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of сказал","gloss":"the beauty"},{"surface":"слога","lemma":"слог","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"modifies красоты","gloss":"of phrasing"},{"surface":"сказал","lemma":"сказать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Знаю","gloss":"said"}]},{"number":79,"label":"79","id":"b10-c2-s79","source":"И маму вы никогда не обманывайте, но на этот раз — пока я приду.","translation":"\"And you must never deceive your mama — except this once, until I come back.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"никогда не обманывайте","title":"Imperfective imperative for a standing rule","body":"«Не обманывайте» is the imperfective imperative — the right aspect for a general, lasting prohibition: 'never deceive (as a rule)'. A perfective «не обманите» would warn against a single slip. With «никогда» it gives negative concord again."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"маму","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of обманывайте","gloss":"mama"},{"surface":"вы","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, plural","role":"subject of обманывайте","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"никогда","lemma":"никогда","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies обманывайте","gloss":"never"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies обманывайте","gloss":"must not"},{"surface":"обманывайте","lemma":"обманывать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"deceive"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking раз","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"этот","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of раз","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"раз","lemma":"раз","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of обманывайте (exception clause)","gloss":"once"},{"surface":"пока","lemma":"пока","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of приду","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of приду","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"приду","lemma":"прийти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on раз","gloss":"come back"}]},{"number":80,"label":"80","id":"b10-c2-s80","source":"Итак, пузыри, можно мне идти или нет?","translation":"\"So, bubbles, may I go or not?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"можно мне идти","title":"Impersonal «можно» + dative","body":"«Можно мне идти?» = 'may I go?' — the impersonal predicative «можно» ('it is permitted') with a dative experiencer «мне» and an infinitive. No nominative subject; permission is framed as happening to the person."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пузыри","title":"«Пузыри» — 'bubbles' as a nickname","body":"Kolya playfully dubs the little children «пузыри» ('bubbles'), picking up the «пузырёк» (vial) of a moment ago. It is half-affectionate, half-condescending — the tone of a boy who fancies himself their grown-up keeper."}],"words":[{"surface":"Итак","lemma":"итак","morphology":"adverb","role":"parallel clause to можно","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"пузыри","lemma":"пузырь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"bubbles","note":"Kolya's pet name for the younger children."},{"surface":"можно","lemma":"можно","morphology":"adverb (predicative)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"may"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of можно","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"идти","lemma":"идти","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of можно","gloss":"go"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"coordinated with идти","gloss":"not"}]},{"number":81,"label":"81","id":"b10-c2-s81","source":"Не заплачете без меня от страха?","translation":"You won't cry from fear without me?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Не заплачете без меня от страха?","title":"Perfective future as a question","body":"«Заплачете» is the perfective «заплакать» ('to start crying') in future meaning — 'you won't burst into tears?'. The «за-» prefix marks the onset of crying. «Без меня» and «от страха» are both «без/от» + genitive."}],"words":[{"surface":"Не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies заплачете","gloss":"won't"},{"surface":"заплачете","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"cry"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking меня","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"меня","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, singular","role":"oblique complement of заплачете","gloss":"me"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking страха","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"страха","lemma":"страх","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of заплачете","gloss":"fear"}]},{"number":82,"label":"82","id":"b10-c2-s82","source":"— За-пла-чем, — протянул Костя, уже приготовляясь плакать.","translation":"\"We're going to cry,\" Kostya drawled, already getting ready to cry.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"уже приготовляясь плакать","title":"Present gerund «приготовляясь»","body":"«Приготовляясь» is the imperfective present gerund (деепричастие) of the reflexive «приготовляться»: 'while getting ready (to cry)'. It names an action simultaneous with «протянул», sharing its subject Kostya."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"За-пла-чем","title":"«За-пла-чем» — syllable-by-syllable drawl","body":"The hyphens render Kostya stretching «заплачем» ('we're going to cry') across drawn-out syllables, as the narrator notes with «протянул». The spelling itself stages the child's theatrical, self-pitying delivery."}],"words":[{"surface":"За","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb fragment, first syllable of the drawled заплачем","role":"part of the drawled word за-пла-чем","gloss":"we'll—","note":"The word \"заплачем\" (we'll cry) is spelled syllable-by-syllable to show Kostya drawling it out."},{"surface":"пла","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb fragment, second syllable of the drawled заплачем","role":"part of the drawled word за-пла-чем","gloss":"—cry—"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb fragment, third syllable of the drawled заплачем","role":"part of the drawled word за-пла-чем","gloss":"—cry"},{"surface":"протянул","lemma":"протянуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"drawled"},{"surface":"Костя","lemma":"Костя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of протянул","gloss":"Kostya"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies приготовляясь","gloss":"already"},{"surface":"приготовляясь","lemma":"приготовляться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on протянул","gloss":"getting ready"},{"surface":"плакать","lemma":"плакать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of приготовляясь","gloss":"to cry"}]},{"number":83,"label":"83","id":"b10-c2-s83","source":"— Заплачем, непременно заплачем! — подхватила пугливою скороговоркой и Настя.","translation":"\"We'll cry, we'll certainly cry!\" Nastya chimed in too, in a frightened patter.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"непременно заплачем","title":"Emphatic perfective future «заплачем»","body":"«Заплачем» ('we'll burst out crying') is perfective future; «непременно» ('without fail') intensifies the vow. Nastya's repetition mirrors and outdoes Kostya's promise."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"пугливою скороговоркой","title":"«Скороговорка» — a rapid patter","body":"A «скороговорка» is fast, tumbling speech (and also a tongue-twister). «Пугливою скороговоркой» = 'in a frightened patter', instrumental of manner with the older «-ою» ending on «пугливою»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Заплачем","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"we'll cry"},{"surface":"непременно","lemma":"непременно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies заплачем","gloss":"certainly"},{"surface":"заплачем","lemma":"заплакать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, plural, perfective","role":"coordinated with Заплачем","gloss":"we'll cry"},{"surface":"подхватила","lemma":"подхватить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to Заплачем","gloss":"chimed in"},{"surface":"пугливою","lemma":"пугливый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies скороговоркой","gloss":"frightened"},{"surface":"скороговоркой","lemma":"скороговорка","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of подхватила","gloss":"patter"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies Настя","gloss":"too"},{"surface":"Настя","lemma":"Настя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of подхватила","gloss":"Nastya"}]},{"number":84,"label":"84","id":"b10-c2-s84","source":"— Ох, дети, дети, как опасны ваши лета.","translation":"\"Oh, children, children, how perilous are your years.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как опасны","title":"Short adjective «опасны»","body":"«Опасны» is the short (predicative) form of «опасный» — 'are perilous'. The short form, bookish and absolute in tone, suits the mock-solemn, quoted register; the long «опасные» could not stand as predicate here."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"лета","title":"«Лета» — years (of one's age)","body":"«Лета» (plural of «лето», summer) is the suppletive plural used for years of age — 'your years'. The poetic, slightly archaic «лета» (rather than «годы») heightens the quotation's old-fashioned ring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Ох","lemma":"ох","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to дети","gloss":"oh"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"дети","lemma":"ребёнок","morphology":"noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, plural","role":"coordinated with дети (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"children"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies опасны","gloss":"how"},{"surface":"опасны","lemma":"опасный","morphology":"adjective, short form, plural","role":"predicate of the sentence","gloss":"dangerous"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, nominative, plural","role":"determiner of лета","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"лета","lemma":"лета","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, plural","role":"subject of опасны","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":85,"label":"85","id":"b10-c2-s85","source":"Нечего делать, птенцы, придется с вами просидеть не знаю сколько.","translation":"\"There's no help for it, little nestlings, I'll have to sit here with you for I don't know how long.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Нечего делать","title":"Negative «нечего» + infinitive","body":"«Нечего делать» = 'there's nothing to be done / no help for it'. The negative pronoun «нечего» is genitive and pairs with an infinitive in this fixed impersonal construction of resignation."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"придется с вами просидеть","title":"Impersonal «придётся» — 'I'll have to'","body":"«Придётся» is the impersonal perfective future of «прийтись»: 'it will fall to (me) to…', i.e. 'I'll have to sit'. The understood experiencer would be dative; here it is implied. «Про-» on «сидеть» marks sitting through a span of time."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"птенцы","title":"«Птенцы» — little nestlings","body":"Literally fledgling birds, «птенцы» is Kolya's tender-mocking pet name for the children, like 'little chicks'. He cycles through such names («пузыри», «детки», «птенцы»), each a flourish of his patronizing fondness."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"pronoun (negative, predicative)","role":"head of the phrase, predicate","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of Нечего","gloss":"to be done"},{"surface":"птенцы","lemma":"птенец","morphology":"noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"little nestlings"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with Нечего","gloss":"I'll have to"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of придется","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"просидеть","lemma":"просидеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of придется","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies знаю","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"знаю","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical clause modifying просидеть (не знаю governs сколько as its object)","gloss":"know"},{"surface":"сколько","lemma":"сколько","morphology":"pronoun, interrogative, accusative","role":"direct object of знаю; modifies просидеть","gloss":"how long"}]},{"number":86,"label":"86","id":"b10-c2-s86","source":"А время-то, время-то, ух!","translation":"And the time, the time — ugh!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"время-то, время-то","title":"Emphatic clitic «-то»","body":"The hyphenated «-то» on «время» foregrounds a known, fraught topic — 'and the time, the time of it!'. This is the topic-emphasizing «-то», distinct from the indefinite «кто-то». Its doubling conveys Kolya's mounting impatience."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes время","gloss":"-to"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"coordinated with время (repeated for emphasis)","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphasizes время","gloss":"-to"},{"surface":"ух","lemma":"ух","morphology":"interjection","role":"parallel clause to время","gloss":"ugh"}]},{"number":87,"label":"87","id":"b10-c2-s87","source":"— А прикажите Перезвону мертвым притвориться, — попросил Костя.","translation":"\"And tell Perezvon to play dead,\" Kostya begged.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"прикажите Перезвону мертвым притвориться","title":"«Приказать» + dative + infinitive","body":"«Прикажите Перезвону… притвориться» = 'order Perezvon to pretend'. The one commanded goes in the dative («Перезвону»), the command itself in the infinitive. «Притвориться» is a reflexive «-ся» verb ('to feign')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"мертвым притвориться","title":"Instrumental predicate «мёртвым»","body":"After «притвориться» ('to pretend to be'), the role taken on goes in the instrumental: «мёртвым» = 'pretend to be dead'. Like «быть/стать», these 'become/seem' verbs govern the predicate instrumental."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прикажите","lemma":"приказать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, plural, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"order"},{"surface":"Перезвону","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of прикажите","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"мертвым","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of притвориться","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"притвориться","lemma":"притвориться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of прикажите","gloss":"pretend"},{"surface":"попросил","lemma":"попросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to прикажите","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"Костя","lemma":"Костя","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of попросил","gloss":"Kostya"}]},{"number":88,"label":"88","id":"b10-c2-s88","source":"— Да уж нечего делать, придется прибегнуть и к Перезвону.","translation":"\"Well, there's no help for it, I'll have to fall back on Perezvon too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"придется прибегнуть и к Перезвону","title":"«Прибегнуть к» + dative","body":"«Прибегнуть к Перезвону» = 'to resort to / fall back on Perezvon'. The verb «прибегнуть» ('to have recourse') governs «к» + dative. The particle «и» here means 'too, as well'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Да","lemma":"да","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"уж","lemma":"уж","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies нечего","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"нечего","lemma":"нечего","morphology":"pronoun (negative, predicative)","role":"head of the phrase, predicate","gloss":"nothing"},{"surface":"делать","lemma":"делать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of нечего","gloss":"to be done"},{"surface":"придется","lemma":"прийтись","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with нечего","gloss":"we'll have to"},{"surface":"прибегнуть","lemma":"прибегнуть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of придется","gloss":"resort"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies к Перезвону","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Перезвону","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"Перезвону","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прибегнуть","gloss":"Perezvon"}]},{"number":89,"label":"89","id":"b10-c2-s89","source":"Иси, Перезвон! — И Коля начал повелевать собаке, а та представлять всё, что знала.","translation":"Ici, Perezvon!\" And Kolya began commanding the dog, and it began performing everything it knew.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"начал повелевать собаке, а та представлять","title":"Contrastive «а» with gapped «начал»","body":"«А» marks the gentle topic-switch from boy to dog: 'Kolya began commanding…, and it (began) performing…'. The second «начал» is gapped (understood), and «та» ('that one') points back to the dog as the new subject."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"повелевать собаке","title":"«Повелевать» governs the dative","body":"The bookish, elevated «повелевать» ('to command, hold sway over') takes a dative object: «собаке» = 'commanding the dog'. The lofty verb comically inflates Kolya's bossing of his mongrel."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иси","lemma":"иси","morphology":"interjection (French \"ici\", transliterated)","role":"command to the dog","gloss":"here!","note":"French \"Ici!\" (here!), a dog-training command, spelled as pronounced."},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative (vocative use), masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"повелевать","lemma":"повелевать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of начал","gloss":"command"},{"surface":"собаке","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"indirect object of повелевать","gloss":"the dog"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"while"},{"surface":"та","lemma":"тот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of представлять","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"представлять","lemma":"представлять","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"coordinated with повелевать (with начала elided)","gloss":"perform"},{"surface":"всё","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of представлять","gloss":"everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of знала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"знала","lemma":"знать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of всё","gloss":"she knew"}]},{"number":90,"label":"90","id":"b10-c2-s90","source":"Это была лохматая собака, величиной с обыкновенную дворняжку, какой-то серо-лиловой шерсти.","translation":"It was a shaggy dog, about the size of an ordinary mongrel, of some sort of grayish-lilac coat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"величиной с обыкновенную дворняжку","title":"Instrumental «величиной» + «с» of approximate size","body":"«Величиной с… дворняжку» = 'in size about a mongrel', i.e. roughly the size of one. «Величиной» is the instrumental of respect ('in respect of size'); «с» + accusative here means 'about the size of'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"какой-то серо-лиловой шерсти","title":"Genitive of description «шерсти»","body":"«Какой-то серо-лиловой шерсти» = 'of some grayish-lilac coat', a genitive describing the dog's quality. «Какой-то» (s. ru.particle.toNibud) marks an indefinite 'some sort of' shade."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"дворняжку","title":"«Дворняжка» — a yard-dog / mongrel","body":"A common mutt of no breed, from «двор» (yard) — the dog that lives in the courtyard. The diminutive «-яжк-» adds a homely, slightly disparaging warmth."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of была","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"была","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to собака","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"лохматая","lemma":"лохматый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собака","gloss":"shaggy"},{"surface":"собака","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"predicate complement of была","gloss":"dog"},{"surface":"величиной","lemma":"величина","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собака","gloss":"the size of"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворняжку","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"обыкновенную","lemma":"обыкновенный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies дворняжку","gloss":"an ordinary"},{"surface":"дворняжку","lemma":"дворняжка","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of величиной","gloss":"mongrel"},{"surface":"какой","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"part of the phrase какой-то, determiner of шерсти","gloss":"some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase какой-то","gloss":"-"},{"surface":"серо","lemma":"серый","morphology":"adjective (combining form)","role":"part of the compound серо-лиловой, modifies шерсти","gloss":"grayish-"},{"surface":"лиловой","lemma":"лиловый","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies шерсти","gloss":"lilac"},{"surface":"шерсти","lemma":"шерсть","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies собака (descriptive genitive)","gloss":"coat"}]},{"number":91,"label":"91","id":"b10-c2-s91","source":"Правый глаз ее был крив, а левое ухо почему-то с разрезом.","translation":"Its right eye was askew, and its left ear was, for some reason, slit.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Правый глаз ее был крив","title":"Short adjective «крив»","body":"«Крив» is the short predicative form of «кривой» ('crooked, askew') — 'its right eye was askew'. The short form states the condition as a fact, a bookish flavour. «Её» is the invariable third-person possessive 'its'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"а левое ухо… с разрезом","title":"Contrastive «а» pairing the two ears","body":"«А» links the matched, contrasting clauses — right eye…, and left ear…. With no verb in the second clause ('was' understood), «с разрезом» ('with a slit') is «с» + instrumental describing the ear."}],"words":[{"surface":"Правый","lemma":"правый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies глаз","gloss":"right"},{"surface":"глаз","lemma":"глаз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of крив","gloss":"eye"},{"surface":"ее","lemma":"она","morphology":"determiner (possessive), genitive form","role":"determiner of глаз","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"был","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"copula linking to крив","gloss":"was"},{"surface":"крив","lemma":"кривой","morphology":"adjective, short form, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of глаз","gloss":"askew"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"левое","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies ухо","gloss":"left"},{"surface":"ухо","lemma":"ухо","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of с разрезом (было elided)","gloss":"ear"},{"surface":"почему","lemma":"почему","morphology":"adverb (part of почему-то)","role":"modifies с разрезом","gloss":"for some"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase почему-то","gloss":"reason"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking разрезом","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"разрезом","lemma":"разрез","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of ухо (elided было)","gloss":"a slit"}]},{"number":92,"label":"92","id":"b10-c2-s92","source":"Она взвизгивала и прыгала, служила, ходила на задних лапах, бросалась на спину всеми четырьмя лапами вверх и лежала без движения как мертвая.","translation":"It yelped and jumped, begged, walked on its hind legs, flung itself onto its back with all four paws in the air, and lay motionless as if dead.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"взвизгивала и прыгала… бросалась… и лежала","title":"Imperfective chain for habitual tricks","body":"The whole list of tricks runs in the imperfective past («взвизгивала, прыгала, служила, ходила, бросалась, лежала») — repeated, characteristic actions the dog does as a routine, not one-off events."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"всеми четырьмя лапами вверх","title":"Instrumental with numeral «всеми четырьмя лапами»","body":"'With all four paws up' uses the instrumental throughout: «всеми четырьмя лапами», where the numeral «четырьмя» and «всеми» agree with «лапами» in the instrumental. A vivid instrumental of manner/accompaniment."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"служила","title":"«Служить» — (of a dog) to sit up and beg","body":"Besides 'to serve', «служить» is the standard term for the trick of a dog sitting up on its haunches with paws raised — 'to beg'. Here it sits in a list of the mongrel's whole repertoire."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of взвизгивала","gloss":"it"},{"surface":"взвизгивала","lemma":"взвизгивать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"yelped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"прыгала","lemma":"прыгать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взвизгивала","gloss":"jumped"},{"surface":"служила","lemma":"служить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взвизгивала","gloss":"begged"},{"surface":"ходила","lemma":"ходить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взвизгивала","gloss":"walked"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking лапах","gloss":"on"},{"surface":"задних","lemma":"задний","morphology":"adjective, locative, plural","role":"modifies лапах","gloss":"hind"},{"surface":"лапах","lemma":"лапа","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of ходила","gloss":"legs"},{"surface":"бросалась","lemma":"бросаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взвизгивала","gloss":"flung itself"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking спину","gloss":"onto"},{"surface":"спину","lemma":"спина","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бросалась","gloss":"its back"},{"surface":"всеми","lemma":"весь","morphology":"determiner, instrumental, plural","role":"determiner of лапами","gloss":"all"},{"surface":"четырьмя","lemma":"четыре","morphology":"numeral, instrumental","role":"quantifies лапами","gloss":"four"},{"surface":"лапами","lemma":"лапа","morphology":"noun, instrumental, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of бросалась","gloss":"paws"},{"surface":"вверх","lemma":"вверх","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies лапами","gloss":"in the air"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"лежала","lemma":"лежать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated with взвизгивала","gloss":"lay"},{"surface":"без","lemma":"без","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking движения","gloss":"without"},{"surface":"движения","lemma":"движение","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"movement"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of мертвая","gloss":"as if"},{"surface":"мертвая","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of лежала","gloss":"dead"}]},{"number":93,"label":"93","id":"b10-c2-s93","source":"Во время этой последней штуки отворилась дверь, и Агафья, толстая служанка госпожи Красоткиной, рябая баба лет сорока, показалась на пороге, возвратясь с базара с кульком накупленной провизии в руке.","translation":"During this last trick the door opened, and Agafya, the stout servant of Madame Krassotkina, a pockmarked peasant woman of about forty, appeared in the doorway, returning from the market with a sack of purchased provisions in her hand.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Во время этой последней штуки отворилась дверь","title":"Reflexive «отворилась» (middle voice)","body":"«Отворилась» is the «-ся» reflexive of «отворить»: the door 'opened' intransitively, of itself. The «-ся» here marks a middle/change-of-state, not a true reflexive. Note the verb-then-subject order, framing the entrance."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"возвратясь с базара","title":"Past gerund «возвратясь»","body":"«Возвратясь» is the perfective past gerund (деепричастие) of «возвратиться»: 'having returned from the market'. It attaches to Agafya, the subject of «показалась», describing the prior, completed action she brings with her."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"рябая баба лет сорока","title":"«Баба» and «лет сорока»","body":"«Баба» is a plain (often peasant) word for a woman, here colouring Agafya's social rank; «рябая» = 'pockmarked' (from smallpox scars, common then). «Лет сорока» ('about forty') is the genitive-of-approximation: numeral after the noun = 'roughly'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"кульком накупленной провизии","title":"«Накупленной провизии» — provisions bought up","body":"«Кулёк» is a paper cone/sack for goods; «накупленной» is the past passive participle of «накупить» ('to buy up a quantity of'), genitive after «кулёк»: 'a sack of provisions she had bought'. «Про-визия» is a bookish word for foodstuffs."}],"words":[{"surface":"Во","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking время","gloss":"during"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase Во время, marking штуки","gloss":"the time"},{"surface":"этой","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of штуки","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"последней","lemma":"последний","morphology":"adjective, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies штуки","gloss":"last"},{"surface":"штуки","lemma":"штука","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of время","gloss":"trick"},{"surface":"отворилась","lemma":"отвориться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"opened"},{"surface":"дверь","lemma":"дверь","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of отворилась","gloss":"the door"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"Агафья","lemma":"Агафья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of показалась","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"толстая","lemma":"толстый","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies служанка","gloss":"stout"},{"surface":"служанка","lemma":"служанка","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive to Агафья","gloss":"servant"},{"surface":"госпожи","lemma":"госпожа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies служанка","gloss":"of Madame"},{"surface":"Красоткиной","lemma":"Красоткина","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"depends on госпожи","gloss":"Krassotkina"},{"surface":"рябая","lemma":"рябой","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies баба","gloss":"pockmarked"},{"surface":"баба","lemma":"баба","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"appositive to Агафья","gloss":"peasant woman"},{"surface":"лет","lemma":"год","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, plural","role":"modifies баба","gloss":"years"},{"surface":"сорока","lemma":"сорок","morphology":"numeral, genitive","role":"modifies лет","gloss":"forty"},{"surface":"показалась","lemma":"показаться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with отворилась","gloss":"appeared"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пороге","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"пороге","lemma":"порог","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of показалась","gloss":"the doorway"},{"surface":"возвратясь","lemma":"возвратиться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on показалась","gloss":"having returned"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking базара","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"базара","lemma":"базар","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратясь","gloss":"the market"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking кульком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"кульком","lemma":"кулёк","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возвратясь","gloss":"a sack"},{"surface":"накупленной","lemma":"накупленный","morphology":"adjective (past passive participle), genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies провизии","gloss":"purchased"},{"surface":"провизии","lemma":"провизия","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кульком","gloss":"of provisions"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies кульком","gloss":"her hand"}]},{"number":94,"label":"94","id":"b10-c2-s94","source":"Она стала и, держа в левой руке на отвесе кулек, принялась глядеть на собаку.","translation":"She stopped and, holding the sack dangling in her left hand, set to watching the dog.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"держа в левой руке на отвесе кулек","title":"Present gerund «держа»","body":"«Держа» is the imperfective present gerund of «держать»: 'while holding the sack…'. It runs simultaneously with the main «принялась глядеть», both belonging to Agafya. «На отвесе» = 'hanging straight down, dangling'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принялась глядеть","title":"«Приняться» + imperfective infinitive","body":"«Приняться» ('to set about, begin') takes an imperfective infinitive: «принялась глядеть» = 'began watching'. The verb itself is a reflexive «-ся» perfective; it marks the inception of the gazing."}],"words":[{"surface":"Она","lemma":"она","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of стала","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"стала","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"stopped"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"держа","lemma":"держать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on принялась","gloss":"holding"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking руке","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"левой","lemma":"левый","morphology":"adjective, locative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies руке","gloss":"her left"},{"surface":"руке","lemma":"рука","morphology":"noun, locative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держа","gloss":"hand"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отвесе","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"отвесе","lemma":"отвес","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of держа","gloss":"a dangle"},{"surface":"кулек","lemma":"кулёк","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of держа","gloss":"the sack"},{"surface":"принялась","lemma":"приняться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with стала","gloss":"set about"},{"surface":"глядеть","lemma":"глядеть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принялась","gloss":"watching"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking собаку","gloss":"at"},{"surface":"собаку","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of глядеть","gloss":"the dog"}]},{"number":95,"label":"95","id":"b10-c2-s95","source":"Коля, как ни ждал Агафьи, представления не прервал и, выдержав Перезвона определенное время мертвым, наконец-то свистнул ему: собака вскочила и пустилась прыгать от радости, что исполнила свой долг.","translation":"Kolya, however much he had been waiting for Agafya, did not break off the performance, and having kept Perezvon dead for the appointed time, at last whistled to him: the dog leapt up and set about jumping for joy that it had done its duty.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"как ни ждал Агафьи","title":"Concessive «как ни…» — 'however much'","body":"«Как ни ждал» = 'however much he had been waiting'. The «ни» in «как ни / сколько ни» builds a concessive 'no matter how', not a simple negation. «Ждал» governs the genitive «Агафьи» ('waited for Agafya')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"выдержав Перезвона определенное время мертвым","title":"Past gerund «выдержав» + instrumental predicate","body":"«Выдержав» is the perfective past gerund of «выдержать» ('having kept'), prior to the main action. The result-state «мёртвым» is again predicate instrumental — 'having held Perezvon dead for the set time'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"вскочила и пустилась прыгать от радости, что исполнила свой долг","title":"Perfectives moving the action; «свой долг»","body":"«Вскочила… пустилась» are perfectives carrying the climax forward (leapt up, set to jumping). «Свой долг» ('its own duty') uses the reflexive possessive «свой», pointing back to the dog; «что исполнила» gives the cause of its joy."}],"words":[{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of прервал","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of ждал (как ни = however much)","gloss":"however much"},{"surface":"ни","lemma":"ни","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies как","gloss":"-ever"},{"surface":"ждал","lemma":"ждать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"clause modifying Коля","gloss":"he waited"},{"surface":"Агафьи","lemma":"Агафья","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"direct object of ждал","gloss":"for Agafya"},{"surface":"представления","lemma":"представление","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of прервал (genitive under negation)","gloss":"the performance"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies прервал","gloss":"did not"},{"surface":"прервал","lemma":"прервать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"interrupt"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"выдержав","lemma":"выдержать","morphology":"verb, past, active, converb, perfective","role":"adverbial clause on свистнул","gloss":"having kept up"},{"surface":"Перезвона","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of выдержав","gloss":"Perezvon"},{"surface":"определенное","lemma":"определённый","morphology":"adjective, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies время","gloss":"a certain"},{"surface":"время","lemma":"время","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies выдержав (duration)","gloss":"time"},{"surface":"мертвым","lemma":"мёртвый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"predicate complement of Перезвона","gloss":"dead"},{"surface":"наконец","lemma":"наконец","morphology":"adverb (part of наконец-то)","role":"modifies свистнул","gloss":"at last"},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase наконец-то","gloss":"-to"},{"surface":"свистнул","lemma":"свистнуть","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with прервал","gloss":"whistled"},{"surface":"ему","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"indirect object of свистнул","gloss":"to him"},{"surface":"собака","lemma":"собака","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of вскочила","gloss":"the dog"},{"surface":"вскочила","lemma":"вскочить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"parallel clause to свистнул","gloss":"leapt up"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"пустилась","lemma":"пуститься","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"coordinated with вскочила","gloss":"set about"},{"surface":"прыгать","lemma":"прыгать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of пустилась","gloss":"jumping"},{"surface":"от","lemma":"от","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking радости","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"радости","lemma":"радость","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of прыгать","gloss":"joy"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of исполнила","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"исполнила","lemma":"исполнить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of радости","gloss":"it had done"},{"surface":"свой","lemma":"свой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of долг","gloss":"its"},{"surface":"долг","lemma":"долг","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of исполнила","gloss":"duty"}]},{"number":96,"label":"96","id":"b10-c2-s96","source":"— Вишь, пес! — проговорила назидательно Агафья.","translation":"\"Just look at that dog!\" Agafya said edifyingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Вишь, пес!","title":"«Вишь» — folksy 'just look!'","body":"«Вишь» is a colloquial, rustic contraction of «видишь» ('you see'), used as an exclamation of wonder — 'just look at that!'. It instantly marks Agafya's plain peasant speech. «Пёс» is a blunt, earthy word for 'dog/cur'."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"назидательно","title":"«Назидательно» — edifyingly","body":"An adverb meaning 'instructively, as if pointing a moral'. The narrator's dry word gently mocks Agafya for delivering her one-word «Вишь, пёс!» as though it were a lesson."}],"words":[{"surface":"Вишь","lemma":"вишь","morphology":"interjection/particle","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"look"},{"surface":"пес","lemma":"пёс","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with Вишь","gloss":"the dog"},{"surface":"проговорила","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to Вишь","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"назидательно","lemma":"назидательно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорила","gloss":"edifyingly"},{"surface":"Агафья","lemma":"Агафья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of проговорила","gloss":"Agafya"}]},{"number":97,"label":"97","id":"b10-c2-s97","source":"— А ты чего, женский пол, опоздала? — спросил грозно Красоткин.","translation":"\"And you, female sex, why are you late?\" Krassotkin asked menacingly.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"чего… опоздала","title":"Colloquial «чего» for 'why'","body":"Here «чего» (genitive of «что») is used colloquially for «почему» — 'why are you late?'. This substandard «чего = why» is a marker of casual, lower-register speech, fitting Kolya's jeering tone."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"женский пол","title":"«Женский пол» — 'the female sex'","body":"Kolya mock-grandly addresses Agafya as «женский пол» ('the female sex'), a pompous abstraction used as a vocative. The comic pretension of a schoolboy lecturing the cook is pure Kolya. «Грозно» ('menacingly') heightens the put-on severity."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of опоздала","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular (colloquial \"why\")","role":"modifies опоздала","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"женский","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пол","gloss":"female"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"sex"},{"surface":"опоздала","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"are you late"},{"surface":"спросил","lemma":"спросить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"reporting verb, parallel clause to опоздала","gloss":"asked"},{"surface":"грозно","lemma":"грозно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies спросил","gloss":"menacingly"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of спросил","gloss":"Krassotkin"}]},{"number":98,"label":"98","id":"b10-c2-s98","source":"— Женский пол, ишь пупырь!","translation":"\"Female sex — look at you, you little blister!\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"ишь пупырь","title":"«Ишь» and «пупырь»","body":"«Ишь» is a folksy interjection of mock indignation ('look at you!'), kin to «вишь». «Пупырь» literally means a pimple or little bump/blister; Agafya flings it back as a teasing insult — 'you little pip-squeak'. The whole exchange is affectionate sparring."}],"words":[{"surface":"Женский","lemma":"женский","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies пол","gloss":"Female"},{"surface":"пол","lemma":"пол","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"sex"},{"surface":"ишь","lemma":"ишь","morphology":"interjection/particle","role":"discourse marker, expresses mocking surprise","gloss":"look at you","note":"Colloquial interjection expressing mocking surprise, roughly 'well look at that'."},{"surface":"пупырь","lemma":"пупырь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"exclamatory address (vocative-like)","gloss":"little blister"}]},{"number":99,"label":"99","id":"b10-c2-s99","source":"— Пупырь?","translation":"\"Little blister?\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Пупырь","lemma":"пупырь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Little blister"}]},{"number":100,"label":"100","id":"b10-c2-s100","source":"— И пупырь.","translation":"\"A little blister, that's what.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И пупырь.","title":"Affirming particle «и» — 'a blister, that's what'","body":"Standing alone before the noun, «и» here is an affirming/insisting particle: 'a blister indeed, yes a blister'. It echoes and confirms the disputed word «пупырь» rather than meaning 'and'."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"пупырь","lemma":"пупырь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"blister"}]},{"number":101,"label":"101","id":"b10-c2-s101","source":"Что тебе, что я опоздала, значит так надо, коли опоздала, — бормотала Агафья, принимаясь возиться около печки, но совсем не недовольным и не сердитым голосом, а, напротив, очень довольным, как будто радуясь случаю позубоскалить с веселым барчонком.","translation":"What's it to you that I'm late — if I'm late, that means it had to be,\" Agafya muttered, setting about busying herself around the stove, but not at all in a displeased or angry voice — on the contrary, in a very contented one, as though glad of the chance to banter with the merry young master.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Что тебе, что я опоздала","title":"Dative «тебе» — 'what's it to you'","body":"«Что тебе, что я опоздала» = 'what is it to you that I'm late'. The dative «тебе» is the person concerned in this curt impersonal idiom of indifference, with no verb expressed."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"коли опоздала, значит так надо","title":"Dialectal «коли» — 'if/since'","body":"«Коли» is a folksy, archaic conjunction for «если/раз» ('if, since'). 'Since I'm late, it means it had to be.' «Надо» is the impersonal 'it is necessary'; the fatalistic logic is pure peasant Agafya."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"принимаясь возиться около печки","title":"Present gerund «принимаясь»","body":"«Принимаясь возиться» = 'setting about busying herself', the imperfective present gerund of «приниматься» plus an imperfective infinitive. It runs alongside «бормотала», sketching her muttering as she potters by the stove."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"позубоскалить с веселым барчонком","title":"«Зубоскалить» and «барчонок»","body":"«Зубоскалить» (literally 'to bare the teeth') means to banter, jeer good-naturedly. «Барчонок» is the diminutive of «барчук» — a 'young master', the gentry-family boy; the suffix is fondly belittling. Together they catch the easy, fond teasing across the class line."}],"words":[{"surface":"Что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"predicate with тебе, opens the sentence","gloss":"What"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"dative experiencer of Что","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of опоздала","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of опоздала","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"опоздала","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the что-clause","gloss":"am late"},{"surface":"значит","lemma":"значить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"links the что-clause to надо","gloss":"that means"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies надо","gloss":"so"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"predicate complement of значит","gloss":"it had to be"},{"surface":"коли","lemma":"коли","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the conditional clause repeating опоздала","gloss":"if","note":"Dialectal/folk form of 'если' (if)."},{"surface":"опоздала","lemma":"опоздать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"predicate of the коли-clause","gloss":"I'm late"},{"surface":"бормотала","lemma":"бормотать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"muttered"},{"surface":"Агафья","lemma":"Агафья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of бормотала","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"принимаясь","lemma":"приниматься","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бормотала","gloss":"setting about"},{"surface":"возиться","lemma":"возиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of принимаясь","gloss":"busying herself"},{"surface":"около","lemma":"около","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking печки","gloss":"around"},{"surface":"печки","lemma":"печка","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of возиться","gloss":"the stove"},{"surface":"но","lemma":"но","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"совсем","lemma":"совсем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies недовольным (via не)","gloss":"at all"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies недовольным","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"недовольным","lemma":"недовольный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies голосом","gloss":"displeased"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies сердитым","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"сердитым","lemma":"сердитый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with недовольным","gloss":"angry"},{"surface":"голосом","lemma":"голос","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of бормотала","gloss":"voice"},{"surface":"а","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"but"},{"surface":"напротив","lemma":"напротив","morphology":"adverb (parenthetical)","role":"contrasts with недовольным, parenthetical","gloss":"on the contrary"},{"surface":"очень","lemma":"очень","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies довольным","gloss":"very"},{"surface":"довольным","lemma":"довольный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with недовольным, modifies голосом","gloss":"contented"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the compound как будто, introduces радуясь","gloss":"as"},{"surface":"будто","lemma":"будто","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase как","gloss":"though"},{"surface":"радуясь","lemma":"радоваться","morphology":"verb, present, middle, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on бормотала","gloss":"being glad"},{"surface":"случаю","lemma":"случай","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of радуясь","gloss":"the chance"},{"surface":"позубоскалить","lemma":"позубоскалить","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"modifies случаю","gloss":"to banter"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking барчонком","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"веселым","lemma":"весёлый","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"modifies барчонком","gloss":"merry"},{"surface":"барчонком","lemma":"барчонок","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of позубоскалить","gloss":"young master"}]},{"number":102,"label":"102","id":"b10-c2-s102","source":"— Слушай, легкомысленная старуха, — начал, вставая с дивана, Красоткин, — можешь ты мне поклясться всем, что есть святого в этом мире, и сверх того чем-нибудь еще, что будешь наблюдать за пузырями в мое отсутствие неустанно?","translation":"\"Listen, you frivolous old woman,\" Krassotkin began, rising from the sofa, \"can you swear to me by everything that is holy in this world, and over and above that by something else as well, that you will watch over the bubbles in my absence, without flagging?","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"вставая с дивана","title":"Present gerund «вставая»","body":"«Вставая с дивана» = 'rising from the sofa', the imperfective present gerund of «вставать», simultaneous with «начал». «С дивана» is «с» + genitive for motion off/away from a surface."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"поклясться всем, что есть святого в этом мире","title":"«Клясться» + instrumental of what one swears by","body":"One swears 'by' something in the instrumental: «поклясться всем» = 'to swear by everything'. «Что есть святого» ('whatever is holy') uses a partitive genitive «святого» after the quantifying «что есть»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"что будешь наблюдать за пузырями… неустанно","title":"Compound future «будешь наблюдать»","body":"«Будешь наблюдать» is the imperfective compound future (быть + imperfective infinitive): 'you will (continuously) watch over'. The imperfective fits the sustained, «неустанно» ('unflaggingly') watching Kolya demands. «За пузырями» is «за» + instrumental ('after/over the bubbles')."}],"words":[{"surface":"Слушай","lemma":"слушать","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"Listen"},{"surface":"легкомысленная","lemma":"легкомысленный","morphology":"adjective, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies старуха","gloss":"frivolous"},{"surface":"старуха","lemma":"старуха","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative addressee of Слушай","gloss":"old woman"},{"surface":"начал","lemma":"начать","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"began"},{"surface":"вставая","lemma":"вставать","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on начал","gloss":"rising"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дивана","gloss":"from"},{"surface":"дивана","lemma":"диван","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of вставая","gloss":"the sofa"},{"surface":"Красоткин","lemma":"Красоткин","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of начал","gloss":"Krassotkin"},{"surface":"можешь","lemma":"мочь","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the question","gloss":"can"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of можешь","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of поклясться","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"поклясться","lemma":"поклясться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of можешь","gloss":"swear"},{"surface":"всем","lemma":"весь","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклясться","gloss":"by everything"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of есть","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"есть","lemma":"быть","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, third, singular, imperfective","role":"predicate of the relative clause modifying всем","gloss":"is"},{"surface":"святого","lemma":"святой","morphology":"adjective (substantivized), genitive, neuter, singular","role":"genitive complement of есть, quantifies что","gloss":"holy"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking мире","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"этом","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, locative, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of мире","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"мире","lemma":"мир","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies святого","gloss":"world"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom сверх того, modifies чем","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"чем","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклясться, coordinated with всем","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чем, marks indefiniteness","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"еще","lemma":"ещё","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies чем-нибудь","gloss":"as well"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of наблюдать","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"будешь","lemma":"быть","morphology":"auxiliary verb, present, indicative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"auxiliary of наблюдать","gloss":"will"},{"surface":"наблюдать","lemma":"наблюдать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"clausal complement of поклясться","gloss":"watch over"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking пузырями","gloss":"over"},{"surface":"пузырями","lemma":"пузырь","morphology":"noun, instrumental, masculine, plural","role":"oblique complement of наблюдать","gloss":"the bubbles"},{"surface":"в","lemma":"в","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking отсутствие","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"мое","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"determiner of отсутствие","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"отсутствие","lemma":"отсутствие","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of наблюдать","gloss":"absence"},{"surface":"неустанно","lemma":"неустанно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies наблюдать","gloss":"untiringly"}]},{"number":103,"label":"103","id":"b10-c2-s103","source":"Я ухожу со двора.","translation":"I'm going out.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Я ухожу со двора","title":"Prefixed motion verb «уходить»","body":"«Ухожу» is the imperfective «уходить» ('to go away, leave'), the «у-» prefix giving the sense of departure. The present here reads as imminent: 'I'm leaving / off I go'. «Со двора» = «с» + genitive, 'out of the yard / out of doors'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of ухожу","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"ухожу","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"am going"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking двора","gloss":"out of"},{"surface":"двора","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of ухожу","gloss":"the yard"}]},{"number":104,"label":"104","id":"b10-c2-s104","source":"— А зачем я тебе клястись стану? — засмеялась Агафья, — и так присмотрю.","translation":"\"And why should I go swearing oaths to you?\" Agafya laughed, \"I'll keep an eye on them as it is.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"зачем я тебе клястись стану?","title":"«Стану» + infinitive as future intention","body":"«Стану клясться» = 'am I going to swear', the perfective «стать» used as a future auxiliary with an imperfective infinitive — 'why should I take to swearing?'. «Клястись» is Agafya's non-standard form of «клясться» (with «тебе» dative, 'to you')."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и так присмотрю","title":"«И так» — 'as it is, anyway'","body":"«И так присмотрю» = 'I'll keep an eye on them as it is (without oaths)'. The set phrase «и так» means 'even so / anyway'. «Присмотрю» is a perfective future, promising the watching itself."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"зачем","lemma":"зачем","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies клястись","gloss":"why"},{"surface":"я","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"subject of стану","gloss":"I"},{"surface":"тебе","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"indirect object of клястись","gloss":"to you"},{"surface":"клястись","lemma":"клясться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of стану","gloss":"swear"},{"surface":"стану","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"should I go"},{"surface":"засмеялась","lemma":"засмеяться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"laughed"},{"surface":"Агафья","lemma":"Агафья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of засмеялась","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"так","lemma":"так","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies присмотрю","gloss":"anyway"},{"surface":"присмотрю","lemma":"присмотреть","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"I'll watch"}]},{"number":105,"label":"105","id":"b10-c2-s105","source":"— Нет, не иначе как поклявшись вечным спасением души твоей.","translation":"\"No, no other way than by swearing on the eternal salvation of your soul.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"не иначе как поклявшись","title":"Past gerund «поклявшись»","body":"«Поклявшись» is the perfective past gerund of «поклясться»: 'no other way than by having sworn'. Here the gerund expresses the condition/means — only through swearing. «Вечным спасением» is the instrumental of what is sworn by."}],"words":[{"surface":"Нет","lemma":"нет","morphology":"particle","role":"discourse marker","gloss":"No"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies иначе","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies поклявшись","gloss":"otherwise"},{"surface":"как","lemma":"как","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"introduces the clause of поклявшись","gloss":"than"},{"surface":"поклявшись","lemma":"поклясться","morphology":"verb, past, middle, converb, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"swearing"},{"surface":"вечным","lemma":"вечный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies спасением","gloss":"eternal"},{"surface":"спасением","lemma":"спасение","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of поклявшись","gloss":"salvation"},{"surface":"души","lemma":"душа","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies спасением","gloss":"soul's"},{"surface":"твоей","lemma":"твой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of души","gloss":"your"}]},{"number":106,"label":"106","id":"b10-c2-s106","source":"Иначе не уйду.","translation":"Otherwise I won't go.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Иначе не уйду.","title":"Perfective future «не уйду»","body":"«Не уйду» is the negated perfective future of «уйти» — 'I won't leave (otherwise)'. The prefixed motion verb «уйти» (perfective of «уходить») denotes the single act of departing; the threat is absolute."}],"words":[{"surface":"Иначе","lemma":"иначе","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies уйду","gloss":"Otherwise"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уйду","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"уйду","lemma":"уйти","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, first, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'll go"}]},{"number":107,"label":"107","id":"b10-c2-s107","source":"— И не уходи.","translation":"\"Then don't go.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"И не уходи.","title":"Imperfective imperative «не уходи»","body":"Agafya's «не уходи» ('then don't go') is the imperfective negative imperative — the standard aspect for prohibitions. «И» at the front means 'well then, so'. Her flat reply deflates Kolya's grand ultimatum."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"Then"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies уходи","gloss":"don't"},{"surface":"уходи","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"go"}]},{"number":108,"label":"108","id":"b10-c2-s108","source":"Мне како дело, на дворе мороз, сиди дома.","translation":"What's it to me, there's a frost outside, sit at home.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Мне како дело","title":"Dative «мне» — 'what's it to me'","body":"«Мне какое дело» = 'what concern is it of mine', the dative of the person concerned in an idiom of indifference. «Како» is Agafya's clipped, dialectal «какое» — colloquial speech dropping the ending."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"сиди дома","title":"Imperfective imperative «сиди»","body":"«Сиди дома» = 'stay home', the imperfective imperative of «сидеть» for an ongoing state. «Дома» is the fixed adverbial 'at home' (locative). The terse command caps her unbothered dismissal."}],"words":[{"surface":"Мне","lemma":"я","morphology":"pronoun, dative, singular","role":"experiencer, modifies дело","gloss":"to me"},{"surface":"како","lemma":"какой","morphology":"determiner, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"modifies дело","gloss":"what","note":"Dialectal form of 'какое' (what kind of), typical of Agafya's peasant speech."},{"surface":"дело","lemma":"дело","morphology":"noun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"head of the phrase (elliptical subject)","gloss":"business"},{"surface":"на","lemma":"на","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking дворе","gloss":"outside"},{"surface":"дворе","lemma":"двор","morphology":"noun, locative, masculine, singular","role":"locative adverbial of the clause мороз","gloss":"the yard"},{"surface":"мороз","lemma":"мороз","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject (elliptical predicate) of the clause","gloss":"frost"},{"surface":"сиди","lemma":"сидеть","morphology":"verb, imperative, active, second, singular, imperfective","role":"coordinated main clause","gloss":"sit"},{"surface":"дома","lemma":"дома","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies сиди","gloss":"at home"}]},{"number":109,"label":"109","id":"b10-c2-s109","source":"— Пузыри, — обратился Коля к деткам, — эта женщина останется с вами до моего прихода или до прихода вашей мамы, потому что и той давно бы воротиться надо.","translation":"\"Bubbles,\" Kolya addressed the children, \"this woman will stay with you until I come back, or until your mama comes, since she ought to have been back long ago too.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"останется с вами до моего прихода или до прихода вашей мамы","title":"«До» + genitive for 'until'","body":"«До моего прихода… до прихода вашей мамы» = 'until my coming… until your mama's coming'. «До» governs the genitive; the verbal noun «прихода» ('arrival') replaces a 'until I/she comes' clause — a tidy bookish nominalization."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"и той давно бы воротиться надо","title":"«Бы… надо» — 'she ought to have'","body":"«Той давно бы… надо воротiться» = 'she too ought to have come back long ago'. The impersonal «надо» + infinitive with the irrealis «бы» gives the reproachful 'should have'. «Той» is the dative of «та» ('that one' = mama)."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"воротиться","title":"«Воротиться» — to return (folksy)","body":"An older, more colloquial variant of «возвратиться/вернуться» ('to come back'). Its homely ring suits the domestic, slightly old-fashioned register of the household talk."}],"words":[{"surface":"Пузыри","lemma":"пузырь","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Bubbles"},{"surface":"обратился","lemma":"обратиться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the narrative frame","gloss":"addressed"},{"surface":"Коля","lemma":"Коля","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of обратился","gloss":"Kolya"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking деткам","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"деткам","lemma":"детка","morphology":"noun, dative, feminine, plural","role":"oblique complement of обратился","gloss":"the little ones"},{"surface":"эта","lemma":"этот","morphology":"determiner, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of женщина","gloss":"this"},{"surface":"женщина","lemma":"женщина","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of останется","gloss":"woman"},{"surface":"останется","lemma":"остаться","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, middle, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the quoted clause","gloss":"will stay"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking вами","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"вами","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, instrumental, plural","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прихода","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"моего","lemma":"мой","morphology":"determiner, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"determiner of прихода","gloss":"my"},{"surface":"прихода","lemma":"приход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"oblique complement of останется","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"или","lemma":"или","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"or"},{"surface":"до","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking прихода","gloss":"until"},{"surface":"прихода","lemma":"приход","morphology":"noun, genitive, masculine, singular","role":"coordinated with прихода","gloss":"coming"},{"surface":"вашей","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"determiner of мамы","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"мамы","lemma":"мама","morphology":"noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"modifies прихода","gloss":"mama's"},{"surface":"потому","lemma":"потому","morphology":"adverb","role":"part of the phrase потому что, introduces the clause of надо","gloss":"because"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"subordinating conjunction","role":"part of the phrase потому","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies той (emphatic)","gloss":"even"},{"surface":"той","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, dative, feminine, singular","role":"dative experiencer of надо","gloss":"she"},{"surface":"давно","lemma":"давно","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies воротиться","gloss":"long ago"},{"surface":"бы","lemma":"бы","morphology":"particle, conditional","role":"part of the idiom давно бы надо","gloss":"would"},{"surface":"воротиться","lemma":"воротиться","morphology":"verb, middle, infinitive, perfective","role":"depends on надо","gloss":"return"},{"surface":"надо","lemma":"надо","morphology":"adverb (impersonal predicate)","role":"main predicate of the той-clause","gloss":"ought to"}]},{"number":110,"label":"110","id":"b10-c2-s110","source":"Сверх того, даст вам позавтракать.","translation":"Over and above that, she'll give you something to eat.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"даст вам позавтракать","title":"«Дать» + dative + infinitive","body":"«Даст вам позавтракать» = 'she'll give you (something) to eat / let you breakfast'. «Дать» here governs a dative «вам» plus an infinitive, the idiom for 'let/give to do'. «Позавтракать» is the perfective 'to have breakfast'."}],"words":[{"surface":"Сверх","lemma":"сверх","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking того","gloss":"Besides"},{"surface":"того","lemma":"тот","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the phrase Сверх","gloss":"that"},{"surface":"даст","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, third, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will give"},{"surface":"вам","lemma":"вы","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of даст","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"позавтракать","lemma":"позавтракать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"complement of даст","gloss":"breakfast"}]},{"number":111,"label":"111","id":"b10-c2-s111","source":"Дашь чего-нибудь им, Агафья?","translation":"You'll give them something, Agafya?\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Дашь чего-нибудь им, Агафья?","title":"«Чего-нибудь» — non-specific 'anything'","body":"«Чего-нибудь» is the «-нибудь» indefinite ('something/anything at all'), genitive as the object of «дашь» (with a partitive tinge). It marks an open, unspecified 'whatever you've got', unlike the specific «что-то»."}],"words":[{"surface":"Дашь","lemma":"дать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"will you give"},{"surface":"чего","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"direct object of Дашь (partitive)","gloss":"something"},{"surface":"нибудь","lemma":"нибудь","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the phrase чего, marks indefiniteness","gloss":"some-"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of Дашь","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"Агафья","lemma":"Агафья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"vocative addressee","gloss":"Agafya"}]},{"number":112,"label":"112","id":"b10-c2-s112","source":"— Это возможно.","translation":"\"That can be done.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"Это возможно.","title":"«Это возможно» — 'that can be done'","body":"Agafya's dry «Это возможно» ('that's possible / can be arranged') is a deadpan minimal assent, matching her unbothered, faintly ironic manner throughout the exchange."}],"words":[{"surface":"Это","lemma":"это","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"subject of возможно","gloss":"That"},{"surface":"возможно","lemma":"возможный","morphology":"adjective (short form), neuter, singular","role":"predicate","gloss":"can be done"}]},{"number":113,"label":"113","id":"b10-c2-s113","source":"— До свидания, птенцы, ухожу со спокойным сердцем.","translation":"\"Goodbye, little nestlings, I go off with an easy heart.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"ухожу со спокойным сердцем","title":"Instrumental of manner «со спокойным сердцем»","body":"«Со спокойным сердцем» = 'with an easy heart', the instrumental after «с» describing his state of departure. «Ухожу» again is the prefixed «уходить»; the mock-tender flourish parodies a grown-up taking his leave."}],"words":[{"surface":"До","lemma":"до","morphology":"preposition","role":"part of the idiom До свидания (goodbye)","gloss":"Good"},{"surface":"свидания","lemma":"свидание","morphology":"noun, genitive, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom До свидания","gloss":"-bye"},{"surface":"птенцы","lemma":"птенец","morphology":"noun, nominative, masculine, plural","role":"vocative address","gloss":"nestlings"},{"surface":"ухожу","lemma":"уходить","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, active, first, singular, imperfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"I'm off"},{"surface":"со","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцем","gloss":"with"},{"surface":"спокойным","lemma":"спокойный","morphology":"adjective, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"modifies сердцем","gloss":"easy"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of ухожу","gloss":"heart"}]},{"number":114,"label":"114","id":"b10-c2-s114","source":"А ты, бабуся, — вполголоса и важно проговорил он, проходя мимо Агафьи, — надеюсь, не станешь им врать обычные ваши бабьи глупости про Катерину, пощадишь детский возраст.","translation":"And you, granny,\" he said in a low voice and importantly, passing by Agafya, \"I hope you won't go telling them your usual peasant-woman nonsense about Katerina — you'll spare their tender years.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"проходя мимо Агафьи","title":"Present gerund «проходя» + «мимо» + genitive","body":"«Проходя мимо Агафьи» = 'passing by Agafya', the imperfective present gerund of «проходить», simultaneous with «проговорил». «Мимо» governs the genitive «Агафьи»."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"не станешь им врать… пощадишь","title":"«Станешь» future + perfective «пощадишь»","body":"«Не станешь врать» ('won't go telling lies') is the «стать»-future of intention with an imperfective infinitive; «пощадишь» ('you'll spare') is a perfective future. «Им» is the dative recipients of the lies."},{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"бабуся… бабьи глупости","title":"«Бабуся» and «бабьи»","body":"«Бабуся» is an affectionate-familiar 'granny' (diminutive of «баба»); «бабьи глупости» = 'old-women's nonsense', the adjective «бабий» carrying a dismissive 'womanish' edge. Kolya condescends and cajoles in one breath — and «врать… про Катерину» hints at the gossip he wants kept from the children."}],"words":[{"surface":"А","lemma":"а","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"And"},{"surface":"ты","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, singular","role":"vocative address, in apposition with бабуся","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"бабуся","lemma":"бабуся","morphology":"noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"in apposition to ты","gloss":"granny"},{"surface":"вполголоса","lemma":"вполголоса","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies проговорил","gloss":"in a low voice"},{"surface":"и","lemma":"и","morphology":"conjunction","role":"links the coordination","gloss":"and"},{"surface":"важно","lemma":"важно","morphology":"adverb","role":"coordinated with вполголоса, modifies проговорил","gloss":"gravely"},{"surface":"проговорил","lemma":"проговорить","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, active, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"said"},{"surface":"он","lemma":"он","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"subject of проговорил","gloss":"he"},{"surface":"проходя","lemma":"проходить","morphology":"verb, present, active, converb, imperfective","role":"adverbial clause on проговорил","gloss":"passing"},{"surface":"мимо","lemma":"мимо","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Агафьи","gloss":"by"},{"surface":"Агафьи","lemma":"Агафья","morphology":"proper noun, genitive, feminine, singular","role":"oblique complement of проходя","gloss":"Agafya"},{"surface":"надеюсь","lemma":"надеяться","morphology":"verb, present, indicative, middle, first, singular, imperfective","role":"parenthetical main verb, governs станешь-clause","gloss":"I hope"},{"surface":"не","lemma":"не","morphology":"particle","role":"modifies станешь","gloss":"not"},{"surface":"станешь","lemma":"стать","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"clausal complement of надеюсь","gloss":"you'll go"},{"surface":"им","lemma":"они","morphology":"pronoun, dative, plural","role":"indirect object of врать","gloss":"them"},{"surface":"врать","lemma":"врать","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, imperfective","role":"complement of станешь","gloss":"tell lies"},{"surface":"обычные","lemma":"обычный","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies глупости","gloss":"usual"},{"surface":"ваши","lemma":"ваш","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of глупости","gloss":"your"},{"surface":"бабьи","lemma":"бабий","morphology":"adjective, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"modifies глупости","gloss":"old-womanish"},{"surface":"глупости","lemma":"глупость","morphology":"noun, accusative, feminine, plural","role":"direct object of врать","gloss":"nonsense"},{"surface":"про","lemma":"про","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking Катерину","gloss":"about"},{"surface":"Катерину","lemma":"Катерина","morphology":"proper noun, accusative, feminine, singular","role":"modifies глупости via про","gloss":"Katerina"},{"surface":"пощадишь","lemma":"пощадить","morphology":"verb, future, indicative, active, second, singular, perfective","role":"second main clause, coordinated with станешь врать","gloss":"you'll spare"},{"surface":"детский","lemma":"детский","morphology":"adjective, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"modifies возраст","gloss":"tender"},{"surface":"возраст","lemma":"возраст","morphology":"noun, accusative, masculine, singular","role":"direct object of пощадишь","gloss":"years"}]},{"number":115,"label":"115","id":"b10-c2-s115","source":"Иси, Перезвон!","translation":"Ici, Perezvon!\"","audio":null,"notes":[],"words":[{"surface":"Иси","lemma":"иси","morphology":"interjection (command)","role":"head of the phrase","gloss":"Here","note":"Transliteration of French 'ici' (here), a command given to the dog."},{"surface":"Перезвон","lemma":"Перезвон","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"vocative address","gloss":"Perezvon"}]},{"number":116,"label":"116","id":"b10-c2-s116","source":"— И ну тебя к богу, — огрызнулась уже с сердцем Агафья.","translation":"\"Oh, the devil take you,\" Agafya snapped back, now in earnest.","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"vocabulary","term":"И ну тебя к богу","title":"«Ну тебя!» — 'oh, get away with you'","body":"«Ну тебя к богу» is a dismissive idiom of mild exasperation — literally 'off with you to God', i.e. 'oh, bother you / the devil take you'. The softened «к богу» (rather than «к чёрту») keeps it good-humored. «Огрызнулась» = 'snapped back' (from «грызть», to gnaw)."}],"words":[{"surface":"И","lemma":"и","morphology":"interjection","role":"opens the dismissive idiom","gloss":"Oh"},{"surface":"ну","lemma":"ну","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom ну тебя к богу","gloss":"well"},{"surface":"тебя","lemma":"ты","morphology":"pronoun, accusative, singular","role":"head of the idiom phrase","gloss":"you"},{"surface":"к","lemma":"к","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking богу","gloss":"to"},{"surface":"богу","lemma":"бог","morphology":"noun, dative, masculine, singular","role":"part of the idiom, modifies тебя via к","gloss":"the devil","note":"'Ну тебя к богу' is a dismissive idiom, literally 'off with you to God', used like 'devil take you'."},{"surface":"огрызнулась","lemma":"огрызнуться","morphology":"verb, past, indicative, middle, singular, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence","gloss":"snapped back"},{"surface":"уже","lemma":"уже","morphology":"adverb","role":"modifies огрызнулась","gloss":"now"},{"surface":"с","lemma":"с","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking сердцем","gloss":"in"},{"surface":"сердцем","lemma":"сердце","morphology":"noun, instrumental, neuter, singular","role":"oblique complement of огрызнулась","gloss":"earnest"},{"surface":"Агафья","lemma":"Агафья","morphology":"proper noun, nominative, feminine, singular","role":"subject of огрызнулась","gloss":"Agafya"}]},{"number":117,"label":"117","id":"b10-c2-s117","source":"— Смешной!","translation":"\"What a ridiculous boy!","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Смешной!","title":"Long adjective as exclamation «Смешной!»","body":"A bare adjective «Смешной!» ('what a funny/ridiculous one!') stands as a whole exclamation, the noun ('boy') left implicit. The long form here lets the adjective act almost as a noun — the ridiculous one."}],"words":[{"surface":"Смешной","lemma":"смешной","morphology":"adjective, nominative, masculine, singular","role":"head of the exclamation","gloss":"Ridiculous!"}]},{"number":118,"label":"118","id":"b10-c2-s118","source":"Выпороть самого-то, вот что, за такие слова.","translation":"He's the one who ought to be whipped, that's what, for such talk.\"","audio":null,"notes":[{"kind":"grammar","term":"Выпороть самого-то","title":"Infinitive of obligation + emphatic «-то»","body":"An infinitive «выпороть» standing alone urges what ought to be done: 'he's the one to be whipped'. «Самого-то» = the intensifier «сам» ('himself') in the animate accusative, with the emphatic topic clitic «-то» — 'him, of all people'."},{"kind":"grammar","term":"за такие слова","title":"«За» + accusative of cause","body":"«За такие слова» = 'for such words/talk', «за» + accusative expressing the grounds for the punishment. Agafya neatly turns Kolya's own threat of whipping (s76) back onto him."}],"words":[{"surface":"Выпороть","lemma":"выпороть","morphology":"verb, active, infinitive, perfective","role":"main verb of the sentence (elliptical predicate)","gloss":"should whip"},{"surface":"самого","lemma":"сам","morphology":"pronoun, accusative (animate), masculine, singular","role":"direct object of Выпороть","gloss":"him himself","note":"'-то' adds emphatic focus: it's HE who deserves the whipping."},{"surface":"то","lemma":"то","morphology":"particle","role":"emphatic particle attached to самого","gloss":"indeed"},{"surface":"вот","lemma":"вот","morphology":"particle","role":"part of the idiom вот что","gloss":"that's"},{"surface":"что","lemma":"что","morphology":"pronoun, nominative, neuter, singular","role":"part of the idiom вот что","gloss":"what"},{"surface":"за","lemma":"за","morphology":"preposition","role":"preposition marking слова","gloss":"for"},{"surface":"такие","lemma":"такой","morphology":"determiner, accusative, plural","role":"determiner of слова","gloss":"such"},{"surface":"слова","lemma":"слово","morphology":"noun, accusative, neuter, plural","role":"oblique complement of Выпороть","gloss":"talk"}]}]}